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The efficient and reliable monitoring of the flow of water in open channels provides useful information for preventing water slow-downs due to the deposition of materials within the bed of the channel, which might lead to critical floods. A reliable monitoring system can thus help to protect properties and, in the most critical cases, save lives. A sensing system capable of monitoring the flow conditions and the possible geo-environmental constraints within a channel can operate using still images or video imaging. The latter approach better supports the above two features, but the acquisition of still images can display a better accuracy. To increase the accuracy of the video imaging approach, we propose an improved particle tracking algorithm for flow hydrodynamics supported by a machine learning approach based on a convolutional neural network-evolutionary fuzzy integral (CNN-EFI), with a sub-comparison performed by multi-layer perceptron (MLP). Both algorithms have been applied to process the video signals captured from a CMOS camera, which monitors the water flow of a channel that collects rain water from an upstream area to discharge it into the sea. The channel plays a key role in avoiding upstream floods that might pose a serious threat to the neighboring infrastructures and population. This combined approach displays reliable results in the field of environmental and hydrodynamic safety.

In this study, the chaotic behavior of gas-solid flow in a laboratory scale conical spouted bed during spraying of water on the sugar particles was investigated using non-linear analyses of pressure fluctuations (PFs) and acoustic emission (AE) signals. The phase space trajectories, recurrence plots (RP) and recurrence quantification analyses (RQA), as powerful non-linear techniques, were used for monitoring of the bed hydrodynamics. It was concluded that the reconstructed phase space trajectories of both PFs and AE signals approach to a slim and elongated patterns with the formation of agglomerates due to injection of water into the bed. Examinations of the RP maps show that the contribution of patches with larger distances increases by an increase of water content in the bed. Moreover, the RQA results show that the maximum length of diagonal lines of RPs increases by injection of the water into the bed showing that the hydrodynamic status of the bed becomes more deterministic. The results of this work show the high potential of these methods for proper understanding of the hydrodynamics of spouted beds with liquid injection and associated agglomeration phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A built environment, that also includes infrastructures, needs to be taken under control to prevent unexpected modifications, otherwise it could react as a loose cannon. Sensing techniques and technologies can come to the rescue of built environments thanks to their capabilities to monitor appropriately. This article illustrates findings related to monitoring a channel hydrodynamic behavior by means of sensors based on imaging and ultrasound. The ultrasound approach is used here to monitor the height of the water with respect to a maximum limit. Imaging treatment is here proposed to understand the flow velocity under the area to be considered. Since these areas can be covered by trash, an enhanced version of the particle image velocimetry technique has been implemented, allowing the discrimination of trash from water flow. Even in the presence of the total area occupied by trash, it is able to detect the velocity of particles underneath. Rainfall and hydraulic levels have been included and processed to strengthen the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]