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Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and highly aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma. The MCC incidence rate has rapidly grown over the last years, with Italy showing the highest increase among European countries. This malignancy has been the focus of active scientific research over the last years, focusing mainly on pathogenesis, new therapeutic trials and diagnosis. A national expert board developed 28 consensus statements that delineated the evolution of disease management and highlighted the paradigm shift towards the use of immunological strategies, which were then presented to a national MCC specialists panel for review. Sixty-five panelists answered both rounds of the questionnaire. The statements were divided into five areas: a high level of agreement was reached in the area of guidelines and multidisciplinary management, even if in real life the multidisciplinary team was not always represented by all the specialists. In the diagnostic pathway area, imaging played a crucial role in diagnosis and initial staging, planning for surgery or radiation therapy, assessment of treatment response and surveillance of recurrence and metastases. Concerning diagnosis, the usefulness of Merkel cell polyomavirus is recognized, but the agreement and consensus regarding the need for cytokeratin evaluation appears greater. Regarding the areas of clinical management and follow-up, patients with MCC require customized treatment. There was a wide dispersion of results and the suggestion to increase awareness about the adjuvant radiation therapy. The panelists unanimously agreed that the information concerning avelumab provided by the JAVELIN Merkel 200 study is adequate and reliable and that the expanded access program data could have concrete clinical implications. An immunocompromised patient with advanced MCC can be treated with immunotherapy after multidisciplinary risk/benefit assessment, as evidenced by real-world analysis and highlighted in the guidelines. A very high consensus regarding the addition of radiotherapy to treat the ongoing focal progression of immunotherapy was observed. This paper emphasizes the importance of collaboration and communication among the interprofessional team members and encourages managing patients with MCC within dedicated multidisciplinary teams. New insights in the treatment of this challenging cancer needs the contribution of many and different experts.

Background: Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting the alpha subunit of IL-4 was recently approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in adult patients. Objective: To assess dupilumab effectiveness and safety in adults with moderate-to-severe AD in a real-life Italian multicentre retrospective cohort. Methods: Adult moderate-to-severe AD patients, referring to 39 Italian centers, received dupilumab in the context of a national patient access program. Disease assessment was performed at baseline, after 4 and 16 weeks of treatment using Eczema-Area-and-Severity-Index (EASI) score, itch and sleep numerical-rating-score (itch-NRS, sleep-NRS) and Dermatology-Life-Quality-Index (DLQI). Results: A total of 109 (71 M/38F) patients was studied. There was a significant reduction in EASI score, itch-NRS, sleep-NRS and DLQI from baseline to week 4 and a further significant decline to week 16. EASI 50, EASI75 and EASI90 were achieved by 59.6%, 28.4% and 9.3% of patients at 4 weeks and by 87.2%, 60.6% and 32.4% of them at 16 weeks, respectively. Adverse events were experienced by 19.2% (21/109) of the patients and they were all mild in intensity, being conjunctivitis the most common side effect. Conclusions: Dupilumab significantly improved disease severity, pruritus, sleep loss and quality of life with an acceptable safety profile.

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Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal neoplasm of lymphatic endothelium-derived cells infected with human herpesvirus 8. Four clinical subtypes are distinguished: the classic, the endemic, the epidemic subtype in HIV positive patients and the iatrogenic subtype. The diagnosis is primarily based on clinical features and confirmation by histology with immunohistochemistry. Cutaneous distribution and severity, mucosal, nodal and visceral involvement depend on the type of KS with in general indolent behaviour and chronic evolution in the classic subtype and the more severe forms in iatrogenic or epidemic subtypes. Management should aim at achieving disease control. For localised lesions, several local therapies have been developed without randomised trial comparisons. Radiotherapy, intralesional chemotherapies and electrochemotherapy have high response rates. Topical treatments-imiquimod or topical 9-cis-retinoid acid-can also be used. Systemic treatments are reserved for locally aggressive extensive and disseminated KS: the recommended first-line agents are pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) and paclitaxel. In CKS, PLD or low-dose interferon-alfa are the recommended first-line agents in younger patients. In AIDS-related KS, combination antiretroviral therapy is the first treatment option; specific systemic treatment is needed only in case of extensive disease and in the prevention and treatment of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. In post-transplant KS, tapering down immunosuppressive therapy and switching to mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR) inhibitors are used. Follow-up schedules for patients with KS disease depend on aggressiveness of the disease.

Spitzoid lesions represent a challenging and controversial group of tumours, in terms of clinical recognition, biologic behavior and management strategies. Although Spitz naevi are considered benign tumours, their clinical and dermoscopic morphologic overlap with spitzoid melanoma renders the management of spitzoid lesions particularly difficult. The controversy deepens because of the existence of tumours that cannot be safely histopathologically diagnosed as naevi or melanomas (atypical Spitz tumours). The dual objective of the present study was to provide an updated classification on dermoscopy of Spitz naevi, and management recommendations of spitzoid looking lesions based on a consensus among experts in the field. After a detailed search of the literature for eligible studies, a data synthesis was performed from 15 studies on dermoscopy of Spitz naevi. Dermoscopically, Spitz naevi are typified by 3 main patterns: starburst pattern (50.6%), a pattern of regularly distributed dotted vessels (19.3%) and globular pattern with reticular depigmentation (17.0%). A consensus-based algorithm for the management of spitzoid lesions is proposed. According to it, dermoscopically asymmetric lesions with spitzoid features (both flat/raised and nodular) should be excised to rule out melanoma. Dermoscopically symmetric spitzoid nodules should also be excised or closely monitored, irrespectively of the age, to rule out atypical Spitz tumours. Dermoscopically symmetric flat spitzoid lesions should be managed according to the age of the patient. Finally, the histopathologic diagnosis of atypical Spitz tumour should warrant wide excision but not a sentinel lymph node biopsy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

BackgroundWhen used correctly, dermoscopy is an essential tool for helping clini-cians in the diagnosis of skin diseases and the early detection of skin cancers.Despite its proven benefits, there is a lack of data about how European dermatol-ogists use dermoscopy in everyday practice.ObjectivesTo identify the motivations, obstacles and modifiable factors influencingthe use of dermoscopy in daily dermatology practice across Europe.MethodsAll registered dermatologists in 32 European countries were invited tocomplete an online survey of 20 questions regarding demographic and practicecharacteristics, dermoscopy training and self-confidence in dermoscopic skills,patterns of dermoscopy use, reasons for not using dermoscopy and attitudesrelating to dermoscopy utility.ResultsWe collected 7480 valid answers, of which 89% reported use of der-moscopy. The main reasons for not using dermoscopy were lack of equipment(58% of nonusers) and lack of training (42%). Dermoscopy training during resi-dency was reported by 41% of dermoscopy users and by 12% of nonusers(P

Background: Dermoscopy is a widely used technique that can increase the sensitivity and specificity of melanoma detection. Information is lacking on the impact of dermoscopy use on the detection of melanoma in the real-life practice of European dermatologists. Objective: To identify factors that influence the benefit of using dermoscopy for increasing melanoma detection and lowering the number of unnecessary biopsies in the practice of European dermatologists. Methods: We conducted a survey of dermatologists registered in 32 European countries regarding the following: the demographic and practice characteristics, dermoscopy training and use, opinions on dermoscopy and the self-estimated impact of dermoscopy use on the number of melanomas detected and the number of unnecessary biopsies performed in practice. Results: Valid answers were collected for 7480 respondents, of which 6602 reported using dermoscopy. Eighty-six per cent of dermoscopy users reported that dermoscopy increased the numbers of melanomas they detected, and 70% reported that dermoscopy decreased the number of unnecessary biopsies of benign lesions they performed. The dermatologists reporting these benefits were more likely to have received dermoscopy training during residency, to use dermoscopy frequently and intensively, and to use digital dermoscopy systems and pattern analysis compared to dermatologists who did not perceive any benefit of dermoscopy for the melanoma recognition in their practice. Conclusions: Improving dermoscopy training, especially during residency and increasing access to digital dermoscopy equipment are important paths to enhance the benefit of dermoscopy for melanoma detection in the practice of European dermatologists.

Dermoscopy is useful in evaluating skin tumours, but its applicability also extends into the field of inflammatory skin disorders. Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) represents the most common subtype of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. While dermoscopy and videodermoscopy have been shown to aid the differentiation of scalp DLE from other causes of scarring alopecia, limited data exist concerning dermoscopic criteria of DLE in other locations, such as the face, trunk and extremities.To describe the dermoscopic criteria observed in a series of patients with DLE located on areas other than the scalp, and to correlate them to the underlying histopathological alterations.DLE lesions located on the face, trunk and extremities were dermoscopically and histopathologically examined. Selection of the dermoscopic variables included in the evaluation process was based on data in the available literature on DLE of the scalp and on our preliminary observations. Analysis of data was done with SPSS analysis software.Fifty-five lesions from 37 patients with DLE were included in the study. Perifollicular whitish halo, follicular keratotic plugs and telangiectasias were the most common dermoscopic criteria. Statistical analysis revealed excellent correlation between dermoscopic and histopathological findings. Notably, a time-related alteration of dermoscopic features was observed.The present study provides new insights into the dermoscopic variability of DLE located on the face, trunk and extremities.

Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by the association of sebaceous tumors or keratoacanthomas with an early onset visceral cancer in the spectrum of Lynch syndrome.A total of 20 sebaceous tumors including 18 sebaceous adenoma and two sebaceomas of six patients with MTS were analysed. Two main clinico-dermoscopic features were observed: (1) clinically pink to white papules/nodules with a central crater, dermoscopically characterized by radially arranged, elongated crown vessels surrounding opaque structureless yellow areas at times covered by blood crusts (n = 13) and (2), clinically pink to yellow papules/nodules without a central crater, dermoscopically exhibiting a few, loosely arranged yellow comedo-like globules and branching arborizing vessels (n = 7). Confocal microscopy was available in three sebaceous adenomas and revealed a good histopathologic correlation; sebaceous lobules were composed by clusters of ovoid cells with dark nuclei and bright, highly refractile glistening cytoplasm. They were delimited by a rim of epithelial cells, corresponding to basaloid cells.A better characterization of clinical, dermoscopic and confocal microscopy features of sebaceous tumors may improve their recognition and consequently, aid to rise the suspect for MTS.

Little is known about the dermoscopic features of scalp tumours. Objective To determine the dermoscopic features of scalp tumours. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of dermoscopic images of histopathologically diagnosed scalp tumours from International Dermoscopy Society members. RESULTS: A total of 323 tumours of the scalp from 315 patients (mean age: 52 years; range 3-88 years) were analysed. Scalp nevi were significantly associated with young age (65 years and sun damage. Atypical network and regression were predictive for thin (≤1 mm) melanomas, whereas advanced melanomas (tumour thickness > 1 mm) revealed blue white veil, unspecific patterns and irregular black blotches or dots. CONCLUSIONS: The data collected provide a new knowledge regarding the clinical and dermoscopy features of pigmented scalp tumours

P>Background Most dermoscopic algorithms to diagnose melanoma were established more than 10 years ago and have been tested primarily on clear-cut melanomas and excised melanocytic naevi. Objectives To assess the diagnostic performance of pattern analysis and seven-point checklist on lesions that reflect the current clinical setting, compared with a revised seven-point checklist with a lower threshold for excision. Methods Eight experienced dermatologists viewed dermoscopic images of 100 excised melanomas, 100 excised naevi and 100 monitored naevi. Each lesion was evaluated by pattern analysis and scored as naevus, melanoma or lesion to be excised. Images were then evaluated using the seven-point criteria, with both standard and revised thresholds for excision. Results Pooled data using the pattern analysis algorithm showed that 82% of melanomas and 87 center dot 5% of monitored naevi were correctly scored as lesion to be excised and benign naevus, respectively. Using the standard and revised thresholds for the seven-point checklist, excision was recommended for 77 center dot 9% and 87 center dot 8% of the lesions in the melanoma set, respectively. The standard threshold produced 'no excision' recommendations for 85 center dot 6% of the monitored naevi, compared with 74 center dot 5% using the revised threshold. Pattern analysis, standard seven-point and revised seven-point algorithms resulted in recommendations of 'excision' for 63 center dot 6%, 60 center dot 3% and 72 center dot 0% of the excised naevi, respectively. Conclusions The diagnostic approach to naevi and melanoma should be adapted to the current clinical setting, in which patients may present with early-stage melanomas and multiple atypical naevi. To increase sensitivity, a revised seven-point checklist with a lower threshold for excision should be used.

Background Recent evidence suggests that melanoma is a family of different tumours with varying abilities to grow and metastasize. Trends in melanoma epidemiology show a strong increase in the incidence of thin melanoma, with no corresponding increase in mortality or incidence of thick melanoma. We initially evaluated five cases and found that none had baseline features suggestive of melanoma; excision was performed based on slight changes visible only in side-by-side comparisons of dermoscopic images. Objectives To assess the clinico-dermoscopic features and the growth patterns of melanomas that were excised after a follow-up of 1 year or more due to their inconspicuous features at the baseline consultation. Methods In a multicentre, retrospective study of histopathologically confirmed melanomas excised after follow-up, we analysed dermoscopic images obtained at the initial consultation and compared them with images obtained at the last follow-up consultation. Images were analysed and graded using standard algorithms and scored for changes in size, symmetrical or asymmetrical structural change, and development of new melanoma-specific criteria. An overall score reflecting the amount of change was calculated for each lesion. Results Our series consisted of 103 melanomas. After a median follow-up of 20 months, most lesions were still in situ or early invasive (median Breslow thickness of 0 48 mm), with only three lesions showing tumour thickness of 1 mm or more. The most frequent baseline characteristics were asymmetrical pigmentation (78.6% of lesions), reticular overall pattern (62.1%), and regression features (35.9%). Most melanomas (58.3%) showed minor to moderate changes over time, with

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Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy worldwide and is characterized by invasive growth and local tissue destruction. Cure rates for BCC exceed 90% with most treatment modalities. Metastasizing BCC (MBCC) is a rare complication of BCC with high morbidity and mortality rates. We report the case of a 66-year-old man with a large ulcerative lesion on the left side of the flank that was histopathologically diagnosed as a BCC. Clinical and imaging evaluations revealed substantial local invasion with regional lymph node, lung, liver, bone marrow, and bone metastasis. The patient died 7 months after the diagnosis was made. Potentially metastasizing BCCs cannot be definitely identified; thus early intervention with adequate treatment of all BCCs is advised.

Small-diameter melanocytic lesions represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians, as they do not follow the ABCD rule for diagnosis and do not always display reliable histopathological criteria.To analyse the confocal features of small-diameter lesions (naevi and melanomas with diameter ≤ 5 mm) to determine whether they show specific morphological criteria.Twenty-four melanomas and 72 naevi were subjected to dermoscopic and confocal evaluation along with histopathology. Significant dermoscopic and confocal differences between melanomas and naevi were evaluated by means of the Pearson χ(2) test. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each parameter. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify the reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) independently significant features for melanoma diagnosis.The seven-point checklist dermoscopic score was ≥ 3 in 22 melanomas and in 33 naevi. The combination of cells' pleomorphism and architectural disorder (i.e. nonspecific pattern or irregular junctional nests upon confocal examination) are the most striking criteria for consistent diagnosis of small melanoma. The presence of atypical cells, more than five atypical cells per mm(2) , and roundish atypical cells at the dermoepidermal junction showed the highest odds ratios. From logistic regression, the presence of at least five pagetoid cells per mm(2) , tangled lines within the epidermis, and atypical roundish cells at the dermoepidermal junction resulted in the three independent confocal parameters that characterized small melanomas.Small melanomas frequently reveal specific dermoscopic and confocal features. Moreover, the combination of dermoscopy and RCM can lead to a correct diagnosis of a number of naevi that share some morphological aspects with melanomas.

A series of studies has investigated epidemiological, clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with multiple primary melanoma (MPM). However, comparison of the clinical and dermoscopic features of MPM within a given individual has been described only in case reports.To describe the dermoscopic features of MPM for each given patient, and to evaluate the characteristics eventually associated with similar or dissimilar appearance.From the databases of three skin-lesion clinics in the U.S.A., Italy and Spain we collected the dermoscopic images of melanomas in patients diagnosed with MPM.Among 58 patients with MPM, we found that 53% of patients had dermoscopically similar melanomas and 47% of patients had dermoscopically different melanomas. In older patients 59% of melanomas were dermoscopically similar vs. 47% in younger patients (P=0·377). Similar thickness was associated with the occurrence of dermoscopically similar melanomas (19/30 cases, 63%; P=0·039). Most (65%) of the synchronous lesions were similar, compared with 36% of nonsynchronous lesions (P=0·029), and most (69%) of the melanomas on sun-damaged skin were similar, vs. 37% of melanomas on nonsun-damaged skin (P=0·015; odds ratio 3·88, 95% confidence interval 1·11-13·98). The percentage of dermoscopically different melanomas was higher in patients with a family history of melanoma (67% vs. 48%).MPMs in a given patient have almost the same chance of looking dermoscopically similar or different. However, a subset of elderly patients with sun-damaged skin may present multiple, similar, thin melanomas characterized by pigment-network and regression structures.

Amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma often leads to delayed clinical diagnosis because its clinical appearance can mimic other hypopigmented skin conditions. Dermatoscopy (dermoscopy, epiluminescence microscopy) is thought to be a helpful diagnostic tool in pigmented skin lesions, but it can be used also in non-pigmented skin tumors due to the recognition of vascular structures not visible to the naked eye.7 amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanomas in 6 patients were analyzed in order to define their dermatoscopic findings using standard pattern analysis.Clinical and dermoscopic images of each lesion were obtained using Dermaphot (Heine Optotechnik, Herrsching, Germany), with 10-fold magnification of the lesion and the color slides were converted to digital format using a Kodak Photo CD system.All 7 amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanomas revealed peculiar dermatoscopic findings, namely, atypical vessels, dotted vessels, and a central pink to white veil. In addition, in 2 patients a slight brownish homogenous pigmentation at the periphery of the lesion was observed. In one case the correct diagnosis was done by an experienced dermatologist using dermatoscopy, whereas in the remaining 6 cases the clinical diagnoses included squamous cell carcinoma, Bowen disease, pyogenic granuloma and basal cell carcinoma. In 2 of 6 patients amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma was associated with a previous history of melanoma.Amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma exhibits as a common dermatoscopic denominator atypical vessels, varying in size and shape, usually associated with a central pink to white veil.

Dermatofibroma is a common skin neoplasm that is usually easy to recognize, but in some cases its differentiation from melanoma and other tumours may be difficult.To describe the dermoscopic features of dermatofibromas, with special emphasis on the characteristics of atypical patterns, and to calculate pattern frequency according to the patients age and gender, anatomical site and histopathological subtype.Two groups of patients were consecutively seen, one with dermatofibromas that were surgically excised because of clinically and/or dermoscopically equivocal aspects or following patient request, and another with non-equivocal dermatofibromas. Each lesion was scored for previously reported global dermoscopic patterns and for additional features.A typical pattern was observed in 92 of 130 (70.8%) lesions, whereas an atypical pattern, that we named the 'non Dermatofibroma (DF)-like' pattern, was seen in 38 of 130 (29.2%). Atypical dermatofibromas showed features reminiscent of different conditions, such as melanoma in 21(16.2%) cases, vascular tumour in six (4.6%), basal cell carcinoma in five (3.8%), collision tumour in three (2.3%) and psoriasis in three (2.3%). A significant association was found between the 'melanoma-like' pattern/'vascular tumour-like' pattern and males, whereas a trend was observed between the above-mentioned patterns and hemosiderotic/aneurysmal DFs. 'Peripheral pigment network and central white scar-like patch' pattern was found associated with females and classic histopathological variant of DF.Dermatofibromas may display different morphological faces. The typical dermoscopic patterns allow a confident diagnosis, whereas a full surgical excision is always recommended in all doubtful cases.

Combined tumours are often a serendipitous finding. Among the spectrum of melanocytic tumours, the co-existence of different cell populations of the same lineage is a well-recognised phenomenon. Less commonly documented, but still well documented is the event of a melanocytic tumour in collision with an epithelial benign or malignant neoplasm. Exceptionally infrequent is however the collision of a Spitz naevus with an epithelial tumour. Here we report the clinical-dermoscopic and histopathological findings of a Spitz naevus occurring in collision with a syringoma.

Background Dermoscopy is useful in evaluating skin tumours, but its applicability extends also to the field of inflammatory skin disorders. Plaque psoriasis (PP), dermatitis, lichen planus (LP) and pityriasis rosea (PR) are common inflammatory skin diseases, but little is currently known about their dermoscopic features. Objectives To determine and compare the dermoscopic patterns associated with PP, dermatitis, LP and PR and to assess the validity of certain dermoscopic criteria in the diagnosis of PP. Methods Patients with PP, dermatitis, LP and PR were prospectively enrolled. The single most recently developed lesion was examined dermoscopically and histopathologically. Variables included vascular morphology, vascular arrangement, background colour, scale colour, scale distribution and presence of Wickham striae. Univariate and adjusted odds ratios were calculated. Discriminant functions were used to plot receiver-operator characteristic curves. Results Eighty-three patients with PP and 86 patients with either dermatitis, LP or PR were included in the study. Dotted vessels in a regular arrangement over a light red background and white scales were highly predictive for the diagnosis of PP, whereas dermatitis more commonly showed yellow scales and dotted vessels in a patchy arrangement. PR was characterized by yellowish background, dotted vessels and peripheral scales; whitish lines (Wickham striae) were seen exclusively in LP. Conclusions PP, LP, PR and dermatitis show specific dermoscopic patterns that may aid their clinical diagnosis. Certain combinations of dermoscopic features can reliably predict the diagnosis of PP.

In this article, we will summarize some of the highlights of the third annual conference on skin cancer, with special emphasis on the the recent advances regarding melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Topics were particularly addressed to a newly developing medical branch in Australia, namely that of Primary Care Skin Cancer Practitioners, and focused on strategies to improve primary and secondary prevention and early detection of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer using dermoscopy. Controversies related to skin cancer screening programs and recent progresses for treating advanced melanoma were additionally discussed. Yet, besides its scientific goals, the conference aimed also to encourage research originating in primary care and relevant to primary care.

Background Dermoscopy improves melanoma recognition, but most criteria were described in the context of superficial spreading melanoma. Objectives To test whether pigmented nodular melanoma could be recognized dermoscopically by the presence of a combination of blue and black colour within the lesion. Methods Dermoscopic images of histopathologically diagnosed pigmented nodular tumours with no (or only minimal) flat component were evaluated for the presence of standard melanoma criteria and for the presence of a new feature named blue-black (BB) colour. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated for standard criteria and BB feature in relation to the diagnosis of melanoma and to diagnosis of malignancy. Results Of 283 lesions, 160 were malignant, including 78 (27.6%) melanomas, and 123 were benign. The BB feature and the standard criteria had 78.2% and 43.6% sensitivity for melanoma, respectively, whereas a combined method based on the presence of either the BB feature or one (or more) of the standard criteria reached 84.6% sensitivity, with 80.5% specificity and 93.2% negative predictive value. Sensitivity values for malignant lesions were only 24.4%, 56.9% and 60% for standard criteria, BB feature and the combined method, respectively. However, the combined method gave 91.9% specificity and 90.6% positive predictive value for malignancy. Conclusions Using a method based on the BB feature or one of the standard melanoma criteria, only 9.4% of positive pigmented nodular lesions were found to be benign and only 6.8% of negative lesions were found to be melanoma histopathologically.

Epidemiological studies suggest that the number of acquired melanocytic nevi increases from puberty until midlife and, thereafter, decreases. The latter phenomenon is related to spontaneous involution/apoptosis of nevi. The widespread use of dermoscopy has enriched profoundly our knowledge of the morphological variability of nevi during their evolution. A peripheral symmetric rim of small grown globules represents a clear sign of nevus growth. Instead, nevi in adults often reveal a reticular or reticular-mixed pattern. In patients aged 30 to 40 years clinically vanishing nevi can be noticed, which represent nevi during involution. The important differential diagnoses are melanocytic nevi and melanoma with regression. The life cycle of a nevus is also reflected by the phrase" we are born and we die without nevi".

Background The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of nonpigmented, facial actinic keratosis (AK) is often suboptimal, even for experienced clinicians. Objectives To investigate the dermoscopic features of nonpigmented AK located on the head/neck that may assist the clinical diagnosis. Methods Forty-one nonpigmented AKs on facial sites were examined by dermoscopy for any consistent underlying features. Lesions were gathered from skin cancer centres in Australia, Austria, Italy and the U.S.A. All cases were diagnosed histopathologically. Results Four essential dermoscopic features were observed in facial AK: (i) erythema, revealing a marked pink-to-red 'pseudonetwork' surrounding the hair follicles (95%); (ii) white-to-yellow surface scale (85%); (iii) fine, linear-wavy vessels surrounding the hair follicles (81%); and (vi) hair follicle openings filled with yellowish keratotic plugs (66%) and/or surrounded by a white halo (100%). These features combined, in 95% of cases, to produce a peculiar 'strawberry' appearance. Conclusions A dermoscopic model of 'strawberry' pattern is presented, which may prove helpful in the in vivo diagnosis of nonpigmented, facial AK. A limitation of this study is the lack of testing of the specificity of the described dermoscopic criteria in differentiating nonpigmented AKs from other nonpigmented skin lesions at this site.

Background Based on the dermoscopic classification of acquired melanocytic naevi, six different dermoscopic types can be distinguished by morphology (globular, globular-reticular, globular-homogeneous, reticular, reticular-homogeneous, homogeneous) and by pigment distribution (uniform, central hyperpigmentation, central hypopigmentation, peripheral hyperpigmentation, peripheral hypopigmentation, multifocal hyper/hypopigmentation). It has been suggested that most individuals harbour one predominant dermoscopic type among their naevi. Objectives To evaluate whether the age of the patient influences the predominant naevus pattern observed in individuals with multiple acquired melanocytic naevi. Methods Individuals were recruited from the pigmented skin lesion clinic in Graz between July 2000 and February 2001. Individuals with at least 10 melanocytic naevi were selected consecutively until a total of 10 individuals in each of five age groups was obtained. Age groups were: 0-15 years, 16-30 years, 31-45 years, 46-60 years and > 60 years. Digitized images of acquired melanocytic naevi, defined as benign melanocytic proliferations having a diameter of at least 5 mm with a macular component and which were not apparent within the first year of life, were evaluated by dermoscopic criteria. The associations of dermoscopic features as a function of patient age were analysed. We calculated absolute numbers and frequencies, given as percentages, as well as predominance of the dermoscopic types of naevi in the different age groups. Results Analysis of 1268 naevi revealed that the globular pattern predominated in the youngest age group. By contrast, the reticular and/or homogeneous patterns were increasingly exhibited in naevi from older individuals (older than 15 years). Uniform pigmentation was most common in melanocytic naevi in the youngest age group, while central hyperpigmentation was predominantly seen in the group of individuals aged 16-30 years. Conclusions The predominance of dermoscopic types of melanocytic naevi varies according to the individual's age. Awareness of the age-related dermoscopic predominance of melanocytic naevi might allow more accurate recognition of dermoscopic patterns of melanocytic skin lesions that are unusual with respect to the individual's age. This observation may help in the early recognition of some 'banal'-appearing melanomas. Furthermore, the observations made in this study raise interesting questions regarding naevus evolution.

Background In a pilot study, the three-point checklist of dermoscopy has been shown to represent a valid and reproducible tool with high sensitivity for the diagnosis of skin cancer in the hands of a small group of nonexperts. Objectives To re-evaluate these preliminary results in a large number of observers independently from their profession and expertise in dermoscopy. Methods The study was conducted via the internet to provide worldwide access for participants. After a short web-based tutorial, the participants evaluated dermoscopic images of 165 (116 benign and 49 malignant) skin lesions (15 training and 150 test lesions). For each lesion participants scored the presence of the three-point checklist criteria (asymmetry, atypical network and blue-white structures). Kappa values, odds ratios, sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios were estimated. Results Overall, 150 participants joined the study. The three-point checklist showed good interobserver reproducibility (kappa value: 0.53). Sensitivity for skin cancer (melanoma and basal cell carcinoma) was 91.0% and this value remained basically uninfluenced by the observers' professional profile. Only 20 participants lacking any experience in dermoscopy performed significantly more poorly, but the sensitivity was still remarkably high (86.7%) when considering that they were untrained novices in dermoscopy. The specificity was 71.9% and was significantly influenced by the profession, with dermatologists performing best. Conclusions Our study confirms that the three-point checklist is a feasible, simple, accurate and reproducible skin cancer screening tool.

A 62-year-old man presented with the unusual association of acrokeratosis verruciformis of Hopf and multiple keratoacanthomas. Both conditions were treated successfully with acitretin.

Response rates of cutaneous-subcutaneous or lymph node metastases of melanoma to systemic chemotherapy are rather low. We report our clinical experience with superficial and deep regional hyperthermia in combination with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy with carboplatin.We treated 15 patients with metastatic melanoma (6 men, 9 women; age 39-84 years, mean age 60 years) by using superficial or deep regional hyperthermia produced by electromagnetic energy. Superficial hyperthermia was delivered to skin or lymph node metastases in combination with radiochemotherapy in 12 patients, while deep regional hyperthermia was administered with an annular array applicator to lymph node metastases either in combination with radiochemotherapy (1 patient) or with carboplatin alone (2 patients). The clinical response was assessed by clinical evaluation and/or computer tomography and/or ultrasonography at monthly intervals.Both superficial and deep regional hyperthermia was well tolerated. We observed 5 complete local remissions (34%), 6 partial local remissions (40%) and 2 patients with stable disease (13%). The best results were obtained in cutaneous or retroperitoneal metastases.Local response can be achieved in inoperable metastatic melanoma using superficial or deep regional hyperthermia in combination with radiochemotherapy or chemotherapy.

Accuracy in melanoma detection is important to recognize early curable melanomas and to minimize the unnecessary excision of benign lesions. The aim of this paper was to evaluate melanoma screening accuracy of Italian pigmented lesion clinics in terms of number needed to excise (NNE), melanoma thickness, and number of melanomas diagnosed during patient follow-up.Information on all skin tumors excised in 2011 were extracted from the databases of the participating centers. Information whether the lesion was excised at the baseline examination or during patient follow-up was recorded, as well as the overall number of patients examined in each center in 2011.After e-mail solicitation, 22 of 40 centers agreed to participate. A total of 8229 excised lesions were collected. The overall number of examined patients was 86.564, thus 9.5% of screened patients had a lesion removed. Of the excised lesions, 866 were diagnosed as melanoma (1% of examined patients) and 5311 (88.9%) were melanocytic nevi. Three NNE were calculated giving values of 7.9 excised lesions to find 1 melanoma, 7.1 melanocytic lesions to find 1 melanoma, and 3.7 lesions to find 1 skin malignancy. The median melanoma thickness was 0.6 mm, with only 15.1% of melanomas ≥ 1 mm of thickness. Melanomas detected over time were 96 (11.1%; mean thickness, 0.3 mm), with 15.6% of lesions excised after short-term follow-up and 84.4% after long-term follow-up.The NNE values comparable to those achieved in specialized clinical settings and the high number of early melanomas diagnosed at the baseline examination or during patient follow-up indicate a high level of accuracy in melanoma screening achieved by Italian pigmented lesion clinics.

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Children may present a variable spectrum of melanocytic skin lesions and the great majority of them is benign. Childhood melanoma is still exceptionally rare, although recent data suggest an increasing incidence even in young age. The optimal management of children presenting with melanocytic skin lesions aims therefore to a twofold goal, that is to reduce unnecessary surgical excisions of benign melanocytic nevi without running the risk to miss melanoma. Dermoscopy is an in vivo, noninvasive optical tool that aids to approaching this goal. It comes therefore not as a surprise that dermoscopy has gained popularity for the diagnosis and management of pigmented and nonpigmented skin lesions in the pediatric praxis. In this article, we provide a review of the current literature on dermoscopy patterns of melanocytic skin lesions and their management with special emphasis to a pediatric population. Moreover, we discuss recent concepts regarding nevogenesis and highlight some controversial aspects regarding childhood melanoma.

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Background: Basal cell carcinoma can simulate melanoma and specific dermoscopic criteria have not yet been defined in a large cohort. Objective: To identify dermoscopic “trump” characteristics for differential diagnosis, identify cluster groups and assess the clinical impact of this study's findings. Methods: Retrospective, multicentric comparative study of atypical, non-facial basal cell carcinoma (≥1seven-point checklist criteria) and melanoma (with at least one BCC criteria) at dermoscopy. Observed dermoscopic features were used to develop a proposed score. Lesion clusters were defined with hierarchical analysis. Clinical impact was assessed with a blinded reader study following this study's results. Results: A total of 146 basal cell carcinoma and 76melanoma were included. Atypical vascular pattern was common to most lesions (74.5%). Twelve trump features were included in the proposed score (sensitivity 94.1% and specificity 79.5%). Cluster analysis identified 3 basal cell carcinoma and 3melanoma clusters. Findings improved overall diagnostic accuracy and confidence (26.8% and 13.8%, respectively; p&nbsp

Because of the tendency of lentigo maligna (LM) for subclinical extension, staged excisions with margin control achieve lower recurrence rates than conventional wide local excision (0-9.5% vs 8-20%). However, these surgical techniques are limited by their requirement in time, costs and training.

Background Few and small studies have described the management of immunomodulant/immunosuppressive therapies or phototherapy in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Methods A national registry, named DA‐COVID‐19 and involving 35 Italian dermatology units, was established in order to evaluate the impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on the management of adult AD patients treated with systemic immunomodulant/immunosuppressive medications or phototherapy. Demographic and clinical data were obtained at different timepoints by teledermatology during COVID‐19 pandemic, when regular visits were not allowed due to sanitary restrictions. Disease severity was assessed by both physician‐ and patient‐reported assessment scores evaluating itch intensity, sleep disturbances, and AD severity. Results A total of 1831 patients were included, with 1580/1831 (86.3%) continuing therapy during pandemic. Most patients were treated with dupilumab (86.1%, 1576/1831) that was interrupted in only 9.9% (156/1576) of cases, while systemic immunosuppressive compounds were more frequently withdrawn. Treatment interruption was due to decision of the patient, general practitioner, or dermatologist in 39.9% (114/286), 5.6% (16/286), and 30.1% (86/286) of cases, respectively. Fear of increased susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (24.8%, 71/286) was one of the main causes of interruption. Sixteen patients (0.9%) resulted positive to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection; 3 of them (0.2%) were hospitalized but no cases of COVID‐related death occurred. Conclusions Most AD patients continued systemic treatments during COVID pandemic and lockdown period, without high impact on disease control, particularly dupilumab‐treated patients., Among 1831 studied AD patients, 86.1% were treated with dupilumab. Patients continuing therapy experienced a marked reduction of disease severity during pandemic. The causes of treatment interruption included: fear of increased susceptibility to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (24.8%), occurrence of comorbidities (5.9%), age above 60 years (5.2%), SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (2.8%), close contact with SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive subject (2.4%), other reasons, for example, inability to maintain drug supply, non‐medical/unspecified causes (58.7%).

International audience; Background: The lack of uniformity in the outcomes reported in clinical studies of the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) complicates efforts to compare treatment effectiveness across trials. Objectives: To develop a core outcome set (COS), a minimum set of agreed-upon outcomes to be measured in all clinical trials of a given disease or outcome, for the treatment of cSCC. Methods: One hundred and nine outcomes were identified via a systematic literature review and interviews with 28 stakeholders. After consolidation of this long list, 55 candidate outcomes were rated by 19 physician and 10 patient stakeholders, in two rounds of Delphi exercises. Outcomes scored ‘critically important’ (score of 7, 8 or 9) by ≥ 70% of patients and ≥ 70% of physicians were provisionally included. At the consensus meeting, after discussion and voting of 44 international experts and patients, the provisional list was reduced to a final core set, for which consensus was achieved among all meeting participants. Results: A core set of seven outcomes was finalized at the consensus meeting: (i) serious or persistent adverse events, (ii) patient-reported quality of life, (iii) complete response, (iv) partial response, (v) recurrence-free survival, (vi) progression-free survival and (vii) disease-specific survival. Conclusions: In order to increase the comparability of results across trials and to reduce selective reporting bias, cSCC researchers should consider reporting these core outcomes. Further work needs to be performed to identify the measures that should be reported for each of these outcomes.

Background: Combined blue nevi (CBN) may mimic melanoma and are relatively often biopsied for diagnostic reasons. Objective: To better characterize CBN and to compare it with melanoma. Methods: We collected clinical and dermatoscopic images of 111 histologically confirmed CBN and contrasted their dermatoscopic characteristics with 132 partly blue coloured melanomas. Furthermore, we compared the accuracy of human experts using pattern analysis with a computer algorithm based on deep learning. Results: Combined blue nevi are usually flat or slightly elevated and, in comparison with melanoma, more frequent on the head and neck. Dermatoscopically, they are typified by a blue structureless part in combination with either brown clods (n=52, 46.8%), lines (n=28, 25.2%) or skin-coloured or brown structureless areas (n=31, 27.9%). In contrast with melanoma, the blue part of CBN is more often well defined (18.9% vs. 4.5%, P&nbsp

Background The susceptibility of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and the risks or benefits related to the use of biological therapies for COVID-19 are unknown. Few data about prevalence, clinical course and outcomes of COVID-19 among psoriatic patients were reported. The aims of this study were 1) to assess the prevalence and severity of COVID-19 in psoriatic patients treated with biologic agents during the first phase of the emergency (22 February to 22 April 2020) in Italy, and 2) to report the clinical outcomes of patients who have been exposed to individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods Patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis, aged ≥18 years and undergoing treatment with biologic agents as of 22 February 2020, were eligible to be included in PSO-BIO-COVID study. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients using any biologic for psoriasis treatment between 22 February and 22 April 2020 were registered. For all confirmed or suspected cases of COVID-19, data about concomitant disease, ongoing therapies, and comorbidities were also reported. Results A total of 12,807 psoriatic patients were included in the PSO-BIO-COVID study. In this cohort twenty-six patients (0.2%) had a swab confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eleven patients required hospitalization and two died. 125 of 12807 patients (1.0%) with exposure to a patient with COVID-19 under quarantine or active health surveillance, were reported. Conclusion The incidence of COVID-19 observed in our cohort of psoriatic patients (0.2%) is similar to that seen in the general population (0.31%) in Italy. However, the course of the disease was mild in most patients. Biological therapies may likely lessen "cytokine storm" of COVID-19, which sometimes lead to multiple organ failure, ARDS, and death.

Naevi typically involute after the fourth decade of life and are rare in the elderly. However, the rate at which naevi disappear with age varies greatly with some individuals still having large numbers of naevi in late middle age. A small subset of compound naevi in adolescence exhibits a peripheral rim of small brown clods. These naevi enlarge symmetrically with time, accompanied by a progressive development of reticular pattern until the disappearance of the peripheral clods that indicates their growth stabilization. On the other hand, a melanocytic lesion that shows a growth after the age of 30 should raise the doubt of being a melanoma and should thereafter be considered as candidate for excision. In a clinical setting, common behaviour is to excise a melanocytic lesion that shows growing parameters (like a peripheral rim of clods) after 35 years old.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is creating an unprecedented global public health emergency with the continuous growth of infected individuals worldwide. Italy was one of the first European country to face the first wave of infection outside mainland China. The first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in Lombardy on February 20th , 2020, and subsequently, a rapid increase in the number of detected cases was observed, spreading through Italy and the rest of Europe.3 As of April 22nd , confirmed COVID-19 cases in Italy were 183,957.

The melanoma care landscape is changing fast in the last years. As a result of new insights in melanoma biology, prognosis and therapeutic options, both the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the World Health OrgaÂnization (WHO) Classification of Skin Tumors underwent substantial changes in 2018. Consequently, all the leading guidelines on melanoma management have been updated. Most of the recommendations derive from systematic reÂviews, while others are based on expert opinion, due to the lack of high-level evidence in some aspects of melanoma management. We provide a revision of all the available guidelines that have been updated to the 8th version of the AJCC classification system. Comparison is not provided for topics on which there is agreement on the standard of care.

The long-term efficacy and safety of dupilumab has been demonstrated in clinical trials and only in few real-world studies. We conducted an extension analysis from a previous 16-week study on 109 adult patients affected by moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis treated with dupilumab. Eczema-Area-and-Severity-Index (EASI), itch numerical-rating-score (itch-NRS), Dermatology-Life-Quality-Index (DLQI) scores, drug survival rate and occurrence of adverse events after 24 and 48 weeks of dupilumab treatment were retrospectively collected. Dupilumab demonstrated sustained improvement of disease severity, pruritus, and quality of life in our series with an increasing percentage of patients gaining EASI75 and EASI90 response during the study period. Few patients interrupted treatment resulting in a very high drug survival rate. We also confirmed the favorable safety profile of the drug with absence of serious adverse events and serious infections throughout the 48-week period. The prevalence of conjunctivitis was low and mainly occurred in the mid-term with resolution of the majority of cases at 48 weeks.

Background Mammary Paget's disease (MPD) is a rare intraepidermal adenocarcinoma of the nipple-areola complex, associated with an underlying breast cancer in approximately 90% of cases. Delayed diagnosis of MPD is common. Its dermoscopic features have been ill defined in the literature. Objectives To determine the clinical and dermoscopic features of MPD versus other dermatologic entities that involve nipple and areola. Methods Members of the IDS were invited to submit any case of histologically confirmed MPD, as well as other benign and malignant dermatoses that involve the nipple and areola complex. A standardized evaluation of the dermoscopic images was performed and the results were statistically analyzed. Results Sixty-five lesions were included in the study, 22 (33.8%) of them MPD and 43 (66.2%) controls. The most frequent dermoscopic criteria of MPD were white scales (86.4%) and pink structureless areas (81.8%), followed by dotted vessels (72.7%), erosion/ulceration (68.2%) and white shiny lines (63.6%). The multivariate analysis showed that white scales and pink structureless areas were significant predictors of MPD, posing a 68-fold and a 31-fold probability of MPD, respectively. Split of the population into pigmented and non-pigmented lesions showed that in pigmented MPD, pink structureless areas, white lines and grey granules and dots are positive predictors of the disease. Among non-pigmented lesions, pink structureless areas, white lines, erosion/ulceration and white scales served as predictors of MPD. Conclusions The most frequent profile of an individual with MPD is an elderly female with unilateral, asymptomatic, erythematous plaque of the nipple, dermoscopically displaying pink structureless areas, fine white scales, dotted and a few short linear vessels. In case of pigmentation we may also observe brown structureless areas and pigmented granules. Limitations Small sample size, retrospective design.

Background. Despite the efficacy of innovative treatments for metastatic melanoma, their high costs has led to disparities in cancer care among different European countries. We analysed the availability of these innovative therapies in Europeand estimated the number of patients without access to first-line recommended treatment per current guidelines of professional entities such as the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), and European Dermatology Forum (EDF). Materials and methods Web-based online survey was conducted in 30 European countries with questions about the treatment schedules from 1st May 2015 to 1st May 2016: number of metastatic melanoma patients, registration and reimbursement of innovative medicines (updated data, as of 1st October 2016), percentage of patients treated and availability of clinical studies and compassionate-use programmes. Results The recommended BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi)+MEK inhibitor (MEKi) combination was both registered and fully reimbursed in 9/30 (30%) countries, and in 13/30 (43%) (all from Eastern Europe) not reimbursed. First-line immunotherapy with anti-PD1 antibodies was registered and fully reimbursed in 14/30 (47%) countries, while in 13/30 (43%) (all from Eastern Europe) not reimbursed. It was estimated that in Europe 19,600 patients with metastatic melanoma are treated, and 5238 (27%) do not have access to recommended first-line therapy. Significant correlation was found between human development index (HDI, UNDP report 2015), (r=0.662; p Previous article in issue

Background Digital dermoscopy monitoring (DDM) is an effective strategy for melanoma detection. Two methods are currently employed. Short-term follow-up (STFU) for the evaluation of single, atypical lesions to detect subtle changes over a short period of time (3–6 months). Long-term follow-up (LTFU) is recommended for patients with multiple nevi. Although a study demonstrated that STFU improves the patients’ compliance for DDM, little remains known about the impact and reliability of STFU in this setting. Objectives The aim of this retrospective, observational study was to evaluate the impact and reliability of a schedule combining STFU and LTFU in patients with multiple atypical nevi. Methods We searched our database for all cases of patients with multiple atypical nevi occurring between 2006 and 2014. Results A total of 3823 lesions in 541 patients were dermoscopically monitored (mean number = 7 lesions per patient; median = 6 lesions; range, 2–51). In all, 264 (6.9%) lesions in 184 (34.4%) patients were excised (mean of 0.5 lesions per patient). In total, 197 (74.6%) lesions were excised at follow-up, with melanomas representing 30.5% of lesions excised after follow-up. A total of 30 (33.3%) melanomas were excised at baseline, 23 (25.6%) after STFU and 37 (41.1%) after LTFU. There was no difference in the number of in situ melanomas detected at baseline with those detected after follow-up. The mean Breslow thickness of melanomas detected at baseline was higher than those detected after STFU (P = 0.038) and LTFU (P = 0.055). Conclusions Our study confirm that digital dermoscopy follow-up is a valid management strategy for patients with multiple atypical nevi, with short-term monitoring playing an effective role also in this setting of patients.

Summary Background Basosquamous carcinoma (BSC) is a rare and potentially aggressive tumour, characterized by clinical and pathological features of both basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It is reported to have a nonspecific clinical presentation, which makes naked-eye diagnosis a challenge. Objectives To describe the dermoscopic patterns of BSC, which may facilitate early diagnosis and accurate management. Methods This was a retrospective evaluation of clinical and dermoscopic images of histopathologically proven BSC, collected from skin cancer centres in Australia (Perth), Greece (Thessaloniki) and Italy (Naples, Reggio Emilia). Results Twenty-two tumours were included in the study. Our analysis revealed that the dermoscopic pattern of BSC comprises BCC-related criteria, as well as features that are known to characterize invasive SCC. The most frequently detected criteria were: unfocused (peripheral) arborizing vessels (73%), keratin masses (73%), white structureless areas (73%), superficial scale (68%), ulceration or blood crusts (68%), white structures (64%), blue-grey blotches (59%) and blood spots in keratin masses (55%). Notably, all but one of the tumours exhibited at least one BCC-related plus one SCC-related dermoscopic feature. Conclusions BSC appears to have overlapping dermoscopic features of BCC and invasive SCC, and detection of at least one dermoscopic criterion of both BCC and SCC should raise suspicion for the tumour. Appreciation of the dermoscopic patterns of BSC might assist in the timely and accurate diagnosis and subsequent optimal management of this unusual and potentially metastatic skin tumour.

Background Longitudinal melanonychia might be difficult to differentiate and the use of dermoscopy can be useful for the preoperative evaluation and management decision. Objectives The aim of our study was to investigate clinical and dermoscopic criteria of acquired longitudinal melanonychia in adults to identify the best predictors of melanoma using a multivariate analysis and to explore eventual new dermoscopic criteria for nail melanoma diagnosis. Methods In this retrospective observational study, 82 histopathologically diagnosed, acquired nail pigmented bands were collected and examined. All variables were included in the analysis and examined as possible predictors of nail melanoma. Both univariate and multivariable analyses have been performed. Results Among 82 cases, 25 were diagnosed as nail melanoma and 57 as benign lesions (including 32 melanocytic nevi and 25 benign melanocytic hyperplasia). Melanoma cases were significantly associated with a width of the pigmented band higher than 2/3 of the nail plate, grey and black colours, irregularly pigmented lines, Hutchinson and micro-Hutchinson signs, and nail dystrophy. Granular pigmentation, a newly defined dermoscopic criterion, was found in 40% of melanomas and only in 3.51% of benign lesions. Conclusions Dermoscopic examination of longitudinal melanonychia provides useful information that could help clinicians to improve melanoma recognition.

Spitz naevi (SN) are benign melanocytic naevi characterized by spindled and epithelioid cells in histology seen in both children and adults. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether there is a difference in the dermoscopic features of SN by age and anatomic site. Previous studies have demonstrated this association in congenital and common naevi. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Cleft formation is thought to be a retraction artefact observed in histopathology due to formalin fixation dehydration. However, cleft-like retraction spaces between intraepidermal nests of melanocytes and adjacent epidermis are observed on histopathology more frequently in Spitz/Reed naevi and melanomas than in other melanocytic proliferations.