Author: "Uthman, Olalekan" / Topic: humans - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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43 results on '"Uthman, Olalekan"'

1. Pharmacies in informal settlements: a retrospective, cross-sectional household and health facility survey in four countries

Author: Bakibinga, Pauline, Kabaria, Caroline, Kasiira, Ziraba, Kibe, Peter, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Mbaya, Nelson, Mberu, Blessing, Mohammed, Shukri, Njeri, Anne, Azam, Iqbal, Iqbal, Romaina, Nazish, Ahsana, Rizvi, Narijis, Shifat Ahmed, Syed A. K., Choudhury, Nazratun, Alam, Ornob, Khan, Afreen Zaman, Rahman, Omar, Yusuf, Rita, Odubanjo, Doyin, Ayobola, Motunrayo, Fayehun, Olufunke, Omigbodun, Akinyinka, Osuh, Mary, Owoaje, Eme, Taiwo, Olalekan, Lilford, Richard J., Sartori, Jo, Watson, Samuel I., Diggle, Peter J., Aujla, Navneet, Chen, Yen-Fu, Gill, Paramjit, Griffiths, Frances, Harris, Bronwyn, Madan, Jason, Muir, Helen, Oyebode, Oyinlola, Pitidis, Vangelis, de Albuquerque, João Porto, Smith, Simon, Taylor, Celia A., Ulbrich, Philipp, Uthman, Olalekan A., Wilson, Ria, Yeboah, Godwin, and HASH(0x5651c96a08e0)
Subjects: HD, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Pharmacist, Welfare, Pharmacy, LMICs, RS, Health administration, HV, Health facility, Environmental health, Health care, Humans, Medicine, Child, Retrospective Studies, Pharmacies, business.industry, Research, Health Policy, Public health, Nursing research, Healthcare access, Slums, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pharmaceutical Services, Health Facilities, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, business, RA, Slum
Abstract: BackgroundSlums or informal settlements characterize most large cities in LMIC. Previous evidence suggests pharmacies may be the most frequently used source of primary care in LMICs but that pharmacy services are of variable quality. However, evidence on pharmacy use and availability is very limited for slum populations.MethodsWe conducted household, individual, and healthcare provider surveys and qualitative observations on pharmacies and pharmacy use in seven slum sites in four countries (Nigeria, Kenya, Pakistan, and Bangladesh). All pharmacies and up to 1200 households in each site were sampled. Adults and children were surveyed about their use of healthcare services and pharmacies were observed and their services, equipment, and stock documented.ResultsWe completed 7692 household and 7451 individual adults, 2633 individual child surveys, and 157 surveys of pharmacies located within the seven sites. Visit rates to pharmacies and drug sellers varied from 0.1 (Nigeria) to 3.0 (Bangladesh) visits per person-year, almost all of which were for new conditions. We found highly variable conditions in what constituted a “pharmacy” across the sites and most pharmacies did not employ a qualified pharmacist. Analgesics and antibiotics were widely available but other categories of medications, particularly those for chronic illness were often not available anywhere. The majority of pharmacies lacked basic equipment such as a thermometer and weighing scales.ConclusionsPharmacies are locally and widely available to residents of slums. However, the conditions of the facilities and availability of medicines were poor and prices relatively high. Pharmacies may represent a large untapped resource to improving access to primary care for the urban poor.
Published: 2021

2. A contextual exploration of healthcare service use in urban slums in Nigeria

Author: Dasvarma, Gouranga Lal, Fayehun, Olufunke, Ajisola, Motunrayo, Uthman, Olalekan, Oyebode, Oyinlola, Oladejo, Abiola, Owoaje, Eme, Taiwo, Olalekan, Odubanjo, Oladoyin, Harris, Bronwyn, Lilford , Richard, Omigbodun, Akinyinka, and HASH(0x5651ca9f5fc0)
Subjects: Adult, Male, Transients and Migrants, Multidisciplinary, Adolescent, Nigeria, Pain, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Communicable Diseases, Health Services Accessibility, Perinatal Care, Young Adult, HV, Pregnancy, Unemployment, Poverty Areas, Surveys and Questionnaires, Odds Ratio, Humans, Female, Indigenous Peoples, RA
Abstract: Introduction Many urban residents in low- and middle-income countries live in unfavorable conditions with few healthcare facilities, calling to question the long-held view of urban advantage in health, healthcare access and utilization. We explore the patterns of healthcare utilization in these deprived neighborhoods by studying three such settlements in Nigeria. Methods The study was conducted in three slums in Southwestern Nigeria, categorized as migrant, indigenous or cosmopolitan, based on their characteristics. Using observational data of those who needed healthcare and used in-patient or out-patient services in the 12 months preceding the survey, frequencies, percentages and odds-ratios were used to show the study participants’ environmental and population characteristics, relative to their patterns of healthcare use. Results A total of 1,634 residents from the three slums participated, distributed as 763 (migrant), 459 (indigenous) and 412 (cosmopolitan). Residents from the migrant (OR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.51 to 0.97) and indigenous (OR = 0.65, 95%CI: 0.45 to 0.93) slums were less likely to have used formal healthcare facilities than those from the cosmopolitan slum. Slum residents were more likely to use formal healthcare facilities for maternal and perinatal conditions, and generalized pains, than for communicable (OR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.34 to 0.72) and non-communicable diseases (OR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.41 to 0.91). The unemployed had higher odds (OR = 1.45, 95%CI: 1.08 to 1.93) of using formal healthcare facilities than those currently employed. Conclusion The cosmopolitan slum, situated in a major financial center and national economic hub, had a higher proportion of formal healthcare facility usage than the migrant and indigenous slums where about half of families were classified as poor. The urban advantage premise and Anderson behavioral model remain a practical explanatory framework, although they may not explain healthcare use in all possible slum types in Africa. A context-within-context approach is important for addressing healthcare utilization challenges in slums in sub-Saharan Africa.
Published: 2021

3. Correction: Mind the gap: What explains the poor-non-poor inequalities in severe wasting among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries? Compositional and structural characteristics

Author: Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin, and Uthman, Olalekan A.
Subjects: Family Characteristics, Multidisciplinary, Wasting Syndrome, Science, Correction, Health Status Disparities, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk Factors, Child, Preschool, Income, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, Child, Developing Countries, Poverty
Abstract: A good understanding of the poor-non-poor gap in childhood development of severe wasting (SW) is a must in tackling the age-long critical challenge to health outcomes of vulnerable children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). There is a dearth of information about the factors explaining differentials in wealth inequalities in the distribution of SW in LMICs. This study is aimed at quantifying the contributions of demographic, contextual and proximate factors in explaining the poor-non-poor gap in SW in LMICs. We pooled successive secondary data from the Demographic and Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018 in LMICs. The final data consist of 532,680 under-five children nested within 55,823 neighbourhoods from 51 LMICs. Our outcome variable is having SW or not among under-five children. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was used to decipher poor-non-poor gap in the determinants of SW. Children from poor households ranged from 37.5% in Egypt to 52.1% in Myanmar. The overall prevalence of SW among children from poor households was 5.3% compared with 4.2% among those from non-poor households. Twenty-one countries had statistically significant pro-poor inequality (i.e. SW concentrated among children from poor households) while only three countries showed statistically significant pro-non-poor inequality. There were variations in the important factors responsible for the wealth inequalities across the countries. The major contributors to wealth inequalities in SW include neighbourhood socioeconomic status, media access, as well as maternal age and education. Socio-economic factors created the widest gaps in the inequalities between the children from poor and non-poor households in developing SW. A potential strategy to alleviate the burden of SW is to reduce wealth inequalities among mothers in the low- and middle-income countries through multi-sectoral and country-specific interventions with considerations for the factors identified in this study.
Published: 2021

4. Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

Author: Kinyoki, Damaris K., Ross, Jennifer M., Lazzar-Atwood, Alice, Munro, Sandra B., Schaeffer, Lauren E., Abbasalizad-Farhangi, Mahdieh, Abbasi, Masoumeh, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Nebiyu Dereje, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R. M., Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Adabi, Maryam, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adham, Davoud, Aduroja, Posi Emmanuel, Advani, Shailesh M., Afarideh, Mohsen, Aghaali, Mohammad, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Rushdia, Ajumobi, Olufemi, Akal, Chalachew Genet, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Samiah, Alamene, Genet Melak, Alanzi, Turki M., Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde, Alema, Niguse Meles, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Muhammad, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almasi, Afshin, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Amare, Azmeraw T., Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Saeed, Rarani, Mostafa Amini, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever Loreche, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Anteneh, Zelalem Alamrew, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Araya, Ephrem Mebrahtu, Arefi, Zohreh, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., Asgari, Samaneh, Asghari, Babak, Ashagre, Alebachew Fasil, Asrat, Anemaw A., Ataeinia, Bahar, Atalay, Hagos Tasew, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide F. G. A., Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared A. Asmare, Azadmehr, Abbas, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Babaee, Ebrahim, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D., Bahrami, Mohamad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin A., Bakhtiari, Ahad, Bakkannavar, Shankar M., Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Bali, Ayele Geleto, Banach, Maciej, Banik, Palash Chandra, Baradaran-Seyed, Zahra, Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher, Barboza, Miguel A., Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barua, Lingkan, Basaleem, Huda, Basu, Sanjay, Bayati, Mohsen, Bayih, Mulat Tirfie, Baynes, Habtamu Wondifraw, Bedi, Neeraj, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Bekele, Yibeltal Alemu, Bennett, Derrick A., Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema, Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Berhe, Abadi Kidanemariam, Berman, Adam E., Bernstein, Robert S., Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bharadwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharjee, Natalia V., Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bilano, Ver, Bililign, Nigus, Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin, Birara, Setognal, Birhane, Minuye Biniam Biniam, Birhanu, Minyichil, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bitew, Zebenay Workneh, Bogale, Kassawmar Angaw, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Borzì, Antonio M., Borzouei, Shiva, Brady, Oliver J., Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Braithwaite, Dejana, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Britton, Gabrielle, Budhathoki, Shyam S., Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Cano, Jorge, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Félix, Castaldelli-Maia, João Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castro, Franz, Cerin, Ester, Chansa, Collins, Charan, Jaykaran, Chatterjee, Pranab, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chauhan, Bal Govind, Chavshin, Ali Reza, Chehrazi, Mohammad, Chichiabellu, Tesfaye Yitna, Chin, Ken Lee, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cicuttini, Flavia M., Collison, Michael L., Cork, Michael A., Cormier, Natalie, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera M., Dadi, Abel Fekadu Fekadu, Dagnew, Baye, Dahlawi, Saad M. A., Damiani, Giovanni, Darwish, Amira Hamed, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Jai K., Gupta, Rajat Das, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio, Davis Weaver, Nicole, Leo, Diego De, Neve, Jan-Walter De, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh, Demissie, Dereje Bayissa, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Desai, Rupak, Desalegn, Beruk Berhanu, Desalew, Assefa, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Dey, Sagnik, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhillon, Preeti, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Nasab, Mostafa Dianati, Diaz, Daniel, Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji, Dinsa, Girmaye Deye, Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Hoa Thi, Do, Huyen Phuc, Doku, Paul Narh, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshmangir, Leila, Dubey, Manisha, Adema, Bereket Duko, Dunachie, Susanna J., Duncan, Bruce B., Cousin, Ewerton, Durães, Andre R., Earl, Lucas, Leylabadlo, Hamed Ebrahimzadeh, Eftekhari, Aziz, El Sayed, Iman, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, El Tantawi, Maha, Elbarazi, Iffat, Elemineh, Demelash Abewa, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I., El-Khatib, Ziad, Elsharkawy, Aisha, El-Sherbiny, Yasser Mohamed, Elyazar, Iqbal R. F., Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Enany, Shymaa, Endalew, Daniel Adane, Endalifer, Melese Linger, Eskandari, Khalil, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esteghamati, Alireza, Etemadi, Arash, Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas, Fanzo, Jessica, Farahmand, Mohammad, Faraj, Anwar, Farashi, Sajjad, Fareed, Mohammad, Farioli, Andrea, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Farzam, Hossein, Fatima, Syeda Sadia, Fattahi, Nazir, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Fazaeli, Ali Akbar, Fentahun, Netsanet, Ferede, Tomas Y., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, João C., Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flohr, Carsten, Foigt, Nataliya A., Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Foroutan, Masoud, Förster, Jana, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremariam, Hadush, Gebremariam, Kidane Tadesse, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew, Gebretsadik, Gebretsadkan G. G., Gedefaw, Getnet Azeze, Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Geta, Birhanu, Getenet, Agegnehu Bante, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghajarzadeh, Mahsa, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghiasvand, Hesam, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Tiffany K., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed, Goli, Srinivas, Gomes, Nelson G. M., Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goudarzi, Houman, Goulart, Alessandra C., Govindakarnavar, Arunkumar, Grada, Ayman, Grivna, Michal, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guled, Rashid Abdi, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Michael Tamene, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hall, Brian J., Halvaei, Iman, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamidi, Yadollah, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Hankey, Graeme J., Haririan, Hamidreza, Hariyani, Ninuk, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasan, Md. Mehedi, Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanpoor, Edris, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hashemian, Maryam, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hawkes, Corinna, Hayat, Khezar, Hayelom, Desta Haftu, Heidari, Behnam, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hendrie, Delia, Henok, Andualem, Henry, Nathaniel J., Herrero, Mario, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, de Hidru, Hagos D., Hoang, Chi Linh, Hoek, Hans W., Hole, Michael K., Holla, Ramesh, Hollerich, Gillian, Rad, Enayatollah Homaie, Hong, Sung Hwi, Hoogar, Praveen, Horino, Masako, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huda, Tanvir M., Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iwu, Chidozie C. D., Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Izadi, Neda, Jaafari, Jalil, Jaca, Anelisa, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Balalami, Nader Jafari, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalali, Amir, Jalilian, Farzad, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jehan, Fyezah, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S., Jia, Peng, John, Oommen, John-Akinola, Yetunde O., Johnson, Kimberly B., Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jungari, Suresh Banayya, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kahsay, Amaha, Kahssay, Molla, Kalani, Hamed, Kalankesh, Leila L., Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapil, Umesh, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami, Manoochehr, Matin, Behzad Karami, Karch, André, Karim, Mohd A., Karki, Surendra, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie, Kasaye, Habtamu Kebebe, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassaye, Hagazi Gebremedhin, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Karyani, Ali Kazemi, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khaksarian, Mojtaba, Khalid, Nauman, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Asad, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Mohammad Saud, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Amir, Khater, Mona M., Khatib, Mahalqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khazaei-Pool, Maryam, Khazaei, Mohammad, Khazaei, Salman, Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khundkar, Roba, Kiadaliri, Ali, Kianipour, Neda, Kiirithio, Daniel N., Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kolola, Tufa, Komaki, Hamidreza, Kondlahalli, Shivakumar K. M., Koolivand, Ali, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kraemer, Moritz U. G., Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J., Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Vivek, Kurmi, Om P., Kuti, Oluwatosin, Vecchia, Carlo La, Lacey, Ben, Lad, Deepesh P., Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lami, Faris Hasan, Lamichhane, Prabhat, Lang, Justin J., Lansingh, Van C., Lasrado, Savita, Lebedev, Georgy, Lee, Paul H., Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leili, Mostafa, Letourneau, Ian D., Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Linn, Shai, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Simin, Lodha, Rakesh, Longbottom, Joshua, Lopez, Jaifred Christian F., Lorkowski, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Madadin, Mohammed, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd, Maghavani, Dhaval P., Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur, Maled, Venkatesh, Maleki, Afshin, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manafi, Ali, Manafi, Farzad, Manafi, Navid, Manohar, Narendar Dawanu, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mapoma, Chabila Christopher, Marami, Dadi, Marczak, Laurie B., Arnedo, Carlos Alberto Marrugo, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masaka, Anthony, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Maulik, Pallab K., Mayala, Benjamin K., Mazidi, Mohsen, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehri, Freshteh, Mehta, Kala M., Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda, Mekonnen, Fantahun Ayenew, Mekonnen, Teferi, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Melese, Addisu, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mengesha, Meresa Berwo, Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Tuomo J., Miazgowski, Tomasz, Kostova, Neda Milevska, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mini, G. K., Mir, Seyed Mostafa, Miri, Mohammad, Mirjalali, Hamed, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei, Roya, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Amjad, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad, Dara K., Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Milad, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Salahuddin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mohammed, Ammas Siraj, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokari, Amin, Mokdad, Ali H., Montañez, Julio Cesar, Montero-Zamora, Pablo A., Moodley, Yoshan, Moossavi, Maryam, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Yousef, Moradi-Joo, Mohammad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradpour, Farhad, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosapour, Abbas, Mosser, Jonathan F., Mouodi, Simin, Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Murray, Christopher J. L., Murthy, G. V. S., Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nabavizadeh, Behnam, Naderi, Mehdi, Nadkarni, Girish N., Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Narayan, K. M. Venkat, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Nayak, Vinod, Nazari, Javad, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nigatu, Dabere, Nigatu, Yeshambel T., Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nnaji, Chukwudi A., Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Oancea, Bogdan, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike, Omer, Muktar Omer, Onwujekwe, Obinna E., Asante, Kwaku Oppong, Oren, Eyal, Orisakwe, Orish Ebere, Ortiz, Alberto, Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron E., Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, P. A., Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Parsian, Hadi, Pashaei, Tahereh, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Pathak, Ashish, Pathak, Mona, Pati, Sanghamitra, Patle, Ajay, Patton, George C., Paulos, Kebreab, Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Perico, Norberto, Petri, William A., Pickering, Brandon V., Pigott, David M., Pirestani, Majid, Piroozi, Bakhtiar, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J., Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Kalhori, Reza Pourmirza, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Prada, Sergio I., Preotescu, Liliana, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Sajjad ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rajati, Fatemeh, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rana, Saleem Muhammad, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J., Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rastogi, Prateek, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Ray, Sarah E., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Nima, Rezaeian, Shahab, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Ana Isabel, Rickard, Jennifer, Rodriguez, Alina, Roever, Leonardo, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Rubagotti, Enrico, Saad, Anas M., Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad, Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sabour, Siamak, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Safari, Saeed, Safari, Yahya, Safarpour, Hamid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salam, Nasir, Salehi, Farkhonde, Zahabi, Saleh Salehi, Salem, Hosni, Salem, Marwa R. Rashad, Salimi, Yahya, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Kafil, Hossein Samadi, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M., Santos, Itamar S., Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Saxena, Sonia, Sayyah, Mehdi, Sbarra, Alyssa N., Schipp, Megan F., Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwebel, David C., Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba, Shaahmadi, Faramarz, Shafaat, Omid, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S., Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamshirian, Amir, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharma, Rajesh, Shehata, Hatem Samir, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shibuya, Kenji, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Simonetti, Biagio, Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Pushpendra, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Pankaj Kumar, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sintayehu, Yitagesu, Sisay, Malede Mequanent M., Soheili, Amin, Soleymani, Bija, Soltani, Farzaneh, Soltani, Shahin, Soriano, Joan B., Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Spotin, Adel, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srivastava, Rajni Kant Kant, Starodubova, Antonina, Sudaryanto, Agus, Sufiyan, Mu’awiyyah Babale, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Sulo, Gerhard, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sykes, Bryan L., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadesse, Birkneh Tilahun, Taherkhani, Amir, Tamirat, Koku Sisay, Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel, Taveira, Nuno, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tekulu, Gebretsadkan Hintsa, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thomas, Nihal, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tlaye, Kenean Getaneh, Tohidinik, Hamid Reza, Tonelli, Marcello, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Khanh Bao, Tripathi, Manjari, Uddin, Riaz, Ullah, Irfan, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Useh, Ushotanefe, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vacante, Marco, Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Valdez, Pascual R., VanderHeide, John, Varavikova, Elena, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasseghian, Yasser, Veisani, Yousef, Venkatesh, Srinivasaraghavan, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Madhur, Vidale, Simone, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasily, Vollmer, Sebastian, Vukovic, Rade, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay, Werdecker, Andrea, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wiens, Kirsten E., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wolde, Haileab Fekadu, Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wonde, Tewodros Eshete, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Wu, Ai-Min, Xu, Gelin, Yadegar, Abbas, Yadollahpour, Ali, Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh, Yamada, Tomohide, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Youm, Yoosik, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A., Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Moghadam, Telma Zahirian, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zarafshan, Hadi, Zepro, Nejimu Biza, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zewale, Taye Abuhay, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Xiu-Ju, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zomorodian, Kamiar, Zotor, Francis Bruno, Afshin, Ashkan, Hay, Simon I., LBD Double Burden of Malnutrition Collaborator, Violante FS, Adema, Bereket Duko, Yeshaw, Yigizie, LBD Double Burden of Malnutrition Collaborators, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 10922180 - Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, UAM. Departamento de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (ISS-FJD), Kinyoki, D, Ross, J, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Munro, S, Schaeffer, L, Abbasalizad-Farhangi, M, Abbasi, M, Abbastabar, H, Abdelalim, A, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, N, Abebo, T, Abegaz, K, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abushouk, A, Accrombessi, M, 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A, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Azene, Z, Babaee, E, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Bahrami, M, Baig, A, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, S, Balakrishnan, S, Bali, A, Banach, M, Banik, P, Baradaran-Seyed, Z, Baraki, A, Barboza, M, Barnighausen, T, Barua, L, Basaleem, H, Basu, S, Bayati, M, Bayih, M, Baynes, H, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, Y, Bennett, D, Berbada, D, Berhe, K, Berhe, A, Berman, A, Bernstein, R, Bhageerathy, R, Bhandari, D, Bharadwaj, P, Bhattacharjee, N, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Bililign, N, Sayeed, M, Birara, S, Birhane, M, Birhanu, M, Biswas, R, Bitew, Z, Bogale, K, Bohlouli, S, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Borzi, A, Borzouei, S, Brady, O, Bragazzi, N, Braithwaite, D, Briko, N, Britton, G, Budhathoki, S, Nagaraja, S, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Cano, J, Car, J, Cardenas, R, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castro, F, Cerin, E, Chansa, C, Charan, J, Chatterjee, P, Chattu, V, Chauhan, B, Chavshin, A, Chehrazi, M, Chichiabellu, T, Chin, K, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Cicuttini, F, Collison, M, Cork, M, Cormier, N, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Dadi, A, Dagnew, B, Dahlawi, S, Damiani, G, Darwish, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Gupta, R, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davis Weaver, N, Leo, D, Neve, J, Demeke, F, Demis, A, Demissie, D, Demoz, G, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Desalegn, B, Desalew, A, Deshpande, A, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dhillon, P, Dhimal, M, Dhungana, G, Nasab, M, Diaz, D, Forooshani, Z, Dinsa, G, Dipeolu, I, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Doku, P, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Dubey, M, Adema, B, Dunachie, S, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Earl, L, Leylabadlo, H, Eftekhari, A, El Sayed, I, El Sayed Zaki, M, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elemineh, D, El-Jaafary, S, El-Khatib, Z, Elsharkawy, A, El-Sherbiny, Y, Elyazar, I, Emamian, M, Enany, S, Endalew, D, Endalifer, M, Eskandari, K, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esteghamati, A, Etemadi, A, Etisso, A, Fanzo, J, Farahmand, M, Faraj, A, Farashi, S, Fareed, M, Farioli, A, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Farzam, H, Fatima, S, Fattahi, N, Fauk, N, Fazaeli, A, Fentahun, N, Ferede, T, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flohr, C, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Forster, J, Francis, J, Fukumoto, T, Gayesa, R, Geberemariyam, B, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebremariam, H, Gebremariam, K, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremeskel, G, Gebreslassie, A, Gebretsadik, G, Gedefaw, G, Geramo, Y, Gesesew, H, Geta, B, Getenet, A, Gezae, K, Ghaffarifar, F, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghajarzadeh, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghiasvand, H, Gholamian, A, Gilani, S, Gill, T, Ginawi, I, Goli, S, Gomes, N, Gopalani, S, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, A, Govindakarnavar, A, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Guimaraes, R, Guled, R, Guo, Y, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, M, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Halvaei, I, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, Y, Handiso, D, Hankey, G, Haririan, H, Hariyani, N, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hasankhani, M, Hasanpoor, E, Hasanzadeh, A, Hashemian, M, Hassanipour, S, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hawkes, C, Hayat, K, Hayelom, D, Heidari, B, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Henry, N, Herrero, M, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, de Hidru, H, Hoang, C, Hoek, H, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hollerich, G, Rad, E, Hong, S, Hoogar, P, Horino, M, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Housseh, M, Hsairi, M, Hu, G, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, M, Imani-Nasab, M, Inbaraj, L, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Iwu, C, Izadi, N, Jaafari, J, Jaca, A, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Balalami, N, Jafarinia, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, Jalilian, F, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jehan, F, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Jia, P, John, O, John-Akinola, Y, Johnson, K, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jungari, S, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kahsay, A, Kahssay, M, Kalani, H, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kapil, U, Kapoor, N, Karami, M, Matin, B, Karch, A, Karim, M, Karki, S, Kasaeian, A, Kasahun, G, Kasaye, H, Kassa, T, Kassaye, H, Kassebaum, N, Karyani, A, Kengne, A, Ketema, D, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khaksarian, M, Khalid, N, Khalil, I, Khalilov, R, Khan, A, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khatab, K, Khater, A, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaei-Pool, M, Khazaei, M, Khazaei, S, Khodayari, M, Khosravi, M, Khundkar, R, Kiadaliri, A, Kianipour, N, Kiirithio, D, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kolola, T, Komaki, H, Kondlahalli, S, Koolivand, A, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kugbey, N, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Kumar, V, Kurmi, O, Kuti, O, Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lad, D, Lal, A, Lal, D, Lami, F, Lamichhane, P, Lang, J, Lansingh, V, Lasrado, S, Lebedev, G, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leili, M, Letourneau, I, Lewycka, S, Li, S, Lim, L, Linn, S, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Longbottom, J, Lopez, J, Lorkowski, S, Macarayan, E, Madadin, M, El Razek, H, El Razek, M, Maghavani, D, Mahasha, P, Mahotra, N, Maled, V, Maleki, A, Maleki, S, Malta, D, Manafi, A, Manafi, F, Manafi, N, Manohar, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mapoma, C, Marami, D, Marczak, L, Arnedo, C, Martins-Melo, F, Masaka, A, Massenburg, B, Maulik, P, Mayala, B, Mazidi, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mehta, K, Meitei, W, Mekonnen, F, Mekonnen, T, Meles, G, Meles, H, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, M, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Miazgowski, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mini, G, Mir, S, Miri, M, Mirjalali, H, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Mohamadi, E, Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A, Mohammad, K, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, D, Darwesh, A, Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohammed, J, Mohammed, A, Mohebi, F, Mokari, A, Mokdad, A, Montanez, J, Montero-Zamora, P, Moodley, Y, Moossavi, M, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Joo, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradpour, F, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mouodi, S, Khaneghah, A, Mozaffarian, D, Mueller, U, Murray, C, Murthy, G, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Nabavizadeh, B, Naderi, M, Nadkarni, G, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naik, G, Najafi, F, Nansseu, J, Narayan, K, Nascimento, B, Nayak, V, Nazari, J, Ndwandwe, D, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nigatu, D, Nigatu, Y, Nikbakhsh, R, Ningrum, D, Nnaji, C, Nong, V, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Oancea, B, Ofori-Asenso, R, Oghenetega, O, Oh, I, Oladimeji, O, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Oluwasanu, M, Omer, M, Onwujekwe, O, Asante, K, Oren, E, Orisakwe, O, Ortiz, A, Osarenotor, O, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Owolabi, M, P. A, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Parsian, H, Pashaei, T, Pasupula, D, Patel, S, Pathak, A, Pathak, M, Pati, S, Patle, A, Patton, G, Paulos, K, Toroudi, H, Pepito, V, Perico, N, Petri, W, Pickering, B, Pigott, D, Pirestani, M, Piroozi, B, Pirsaheb, M, Pokhrel, K, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Kalhori, R, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Prada, S, Preotescu, L, Pribadi, D, Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, S, Rai, R, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, S, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rasella, D, Rashedi, V, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Ray, S, Remuzzi, G, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezaeian, S, Rezai, M, Rezapour, A, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, A, Rickard, J, Rodriguez, A, Roever, L, Roro, E, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Rubagotti, E, Saad, A, Saadatagah, S, Sabde, Y, Sabour, S, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Safari, S, Safari, Y, Safarpour, H, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, S, Salahshoor, M, Salam, N, Salehi, F, Zahabi, S, Salem, H, Salem, M, Salimi, Y, Salimzadeh, H, Kafil, H, Sambala, E, Samy, A, Santos, I, Jose, B, Saraswathy, S, Sarker, A, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Saxena, S, Sayyah, M, Sbarra, A, Schipp, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Senbeta, A, Senthilkumaran, S, Seyedmousavi, S, Shaahmadi, F, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shalash, A, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamshirian, A, Shamsizadeh, M, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sharif, M, Sharma, R, Shehata, H, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, W, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shiue, I, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, T, Sigfusdottir, I, Silva, D, Simonetti, B, Singh, A, Singh, P, Singh, V, Singh, J, Sinha, D, Sintayehu, Y, Sisay, M, Soheili, A, Soleymani, B, Soltani, F, Soltani, S, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, I, Spotin, A, Sreeramareddy, C, Srivastava, R, Starodubova, A, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, M, Suleria, H, Sulo, G, Sunguya, B, Sykes, B, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadesse, B, Taherkhani, A, Tamirat, K, Tassew, S, Taveira, N, Teklehaimanot, B, Tekulu, G, Temsah, M, Terkawi, A, Tessema, Z, Thomas, N, Titova, M, Tlaye, K, Tohidinik, H, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, K, Tripathi, M, Uddin, R, Ullah, I, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Useh, U, Usman, M, Uthman, O, Vacante, M, Vaezghasemi, M, Valdez, P, Vanderheide, J, Varavikova, E, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Veisani, Y, Venkatesh, S, Venketasubramanian, N, Verma, M, Vidale, S, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Wang, H, Wang, Y, Weldesamuel, G, Werdecker, A, Wiangkham, T, Wiens, K, Wijeratne, T, Wolde, H, Wondafrash, D, Wonde, T, Wondmieneh, A, Wu, A, Xu, G, Yadegar, A, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, S, Yamada, T, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeshaneh, A, Yeshaw, Y, Yeshitila, Y, Yilma, M, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Youm, Y, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yousof, H, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Moghadam, T, Zaki, L, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zarafshan, H, Zepro, N, Zerfu, T, Zewale, T, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X, Zodpey, S, Zomorodian, K, Zotor, F, Afshin, A, Hay, S, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), and Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD)
Subjects: Male, Local patterns, Double burden, Börn, Research & Experimental Medicine, Sjúkdómseinkenni, DOUBLE BURDEN, Childhood overweight, Lífefnafræði, Læknisfræði, 0302 clinical medicine, Syndemic, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, under 5 years of age, General Medicine, 3. Good health, Geography, Medicine, Research & Experimental, Child, Preschool, Income, GROWTH, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, RJ, Medicina, Immunology, education, MODELS, wa_395, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Humans, Author Correction, Developing Countries, Poverty, Biology, LBD Double Burden of Malnutrition Collaborators, Demography, Science & Technology, Wasting Syndrome, Public health, MORTALITY, Infant, Næringarskortur, medicine.disease, Obesity, TRENDS, signs and symptoms, Social Class, Risk factors, Sameindalíffræði, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, UNDERNUTRITION, Human medicine, Clinical Medicine, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Pediatric Obesity, obesity, Offita, Áhættuþættir, Geographic Mapping, Overweight, RA0421, Global health, risk factors, 030212 general & internal medicine, Signs and symptoms, Wasting, Malnutrition, Global Burden of Diseases, Global Nutrition, low- and middle-income countries, 2. Zero hunger, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, A900 Others in Medicine and Dentistry, Childhood wasting, PREVALENCE, Chemistry, Mapping, Female, Lýðheilsa, medicine.symptom, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, GROWTH FAILURE, Nutritional Status, malnutrition, ITC-HYBRID, ws_115, children, Environmental health, medicine, Erfðafræði, wd_200, Malnutrition, Infant, Newborn, Klinisk medicin, Cell Biology, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, NA
Abstract: Artículo con numerosos autores, sólo se mencionan el primero, los de la UAM y grupo colectivo, A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of, This work was primarily supported by grant OPP1132415 from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation awarded to S.I.H.
Published: 2020

5. Epidemiology of prediabetes and diabetes in Namibia, Africa: A multilevel analysis

Author: Adekanmbi, Victor T., Uthman, Olalekan A., Erqou, Sebhat, Echouffo‐Tcheugui, Justin B., Harhay, Meera N., and Harhay, Michael O.
Subjects: 社会经济状况, Adult, Blood Glucose, Male, wk_810, wa_395, community factors, socioeconomic status, 糖尿病, Prediabetic State, Diabetes Mellitus, Prevalence, Humans, 多层面分析, diabetes, 纳米比亚, Original Articles, Fasting, Middle Aged, Namibia, Health Surveys, Logistic Models, Multivariate Analysis, 社区因素, Multilevel Analysis, Original Article, Female, RC
Abstract: Background Diabetes is a leading cause of progressive morbidity and early mortality worldwide. Little is known about the burden of diabetes and prediabetes in Namibia, a Sub‐Saharan African (SSA) country that is undergoing a demographic transition. Methods We estimated the prevalence and correlates of diabetes (defined as fasting [capillary] blood glucose [FBG] ≥126 mg/dL) and prediabetes (defined by World Health Organization [WHO] and American Diabetes Association [ADA] criteria as FBG 110–125 and 100–125 mg/dL, respectively) in a random sample of 3278 participants aged 35–64 years from the 2013 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey. Results The prevalence of diabetes was 5.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.2–6.2), with no evidence of gender differences (P = 0.45). The prevalence of prediabetes was 6.8% (95% CI 5.8–8.0) using WHO criteria and 20.1% (95% CI 18.4–21.9) using ADA criteria. Male sex, older age, higher body mass index (BMI), and occupation independently increased the odds of diabetes in Namibia, whereas higher BMI was associated with a higher odds of prediabetes, and residing in a household categorized as “middle wealth index” was associated with a lower odds of prediabetes (adjusted odds ratio 0.71; 95% credible interval 0.46–0.99). There was significant clustering of prediabetes and diabetes at the community level. Conclusions One in five adult Namibians has prediabetes based on ADA criteria. Resources should be invested at the community level to promote efforts to prevent the progression of this disease and its complications., Highlights There is considerable community‐level clustering in dysglycemia, providing logic for considering community‐based prevention strategies.There was a positive association of diabetes with higher socioeconomic status.There was a strong association of body mass index with prediabetes and diabetes, and our findings suggest the trends are interlinked.
Published: 2018

6. Burden of lower respiratory infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region between 1990 and 2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Colombara, Danny, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Foreman, Kyle J, Frostad, Joseph, Godwin, William W, Kutz, Michael, Rao, Puja C, Reiner, Robert, Troeger, Christopher, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbas, Kaja M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Adane, Kelemework, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Beshir, Muktar, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Arthur, Euripide Frinel G, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Drew, Charles R, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Michael, Brauer, Butt, Zahid A, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Danawi, Hadi, Djalalinia, Shirin, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Kiros Tedla, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Horita, Nobuyuki, Husseini, Abdullatif, Spencer, Lewis James, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Farid, Habibolah Masoudi, Mehari, Alem, Memish, Ziad A, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mensah, George A, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Nakamura, Sachiko, Oren, Eyal, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shigematsu, Mika, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Topor-Madry, Roman, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Werdecker, Andrea, Wijeratne, Tissa, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, and Hay, S
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Adolescent, 030231 tropical medicine, Disease, Eastern, Global Health, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Middle East, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Environmental health, medicine, Global health, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mortality, Child, Respiratory Tract Infections, Aged, DALY, Respiratory tract infections, business.industry, Mediterranean Region, Public health, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Age Factors, Infant, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Quality-adjusted life year, Lower respiratory infection, Malnutrition, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Child, Preschool, Life expectancy, Female, Original Article, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, business
Abstract: We used data from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study (GBD) to calculate the burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) in the 22 countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) from 1990 to 2015. We conducted a systematic analysis of mortality and morbidity data for LRI and its specific etiologic factors, including pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus. We used modeling methods to estimate incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We calculated burden attributable to known risk factors for LRI. In 2015, LRIs were the fourth-leading cause of DALYs, causing 11,098,243 (95% UI 9,857,095-12,396,566) DALYs and 191,114 (95% UI 170,934-210,705) deaths. The LRI DALY rates were higher than global estimates in 2015. The highest and lowest age-standardized rates of DALYs were observed in Somalia and Lebanon, respectively. Undernutrition in childhood and ambient particulate matter air pollution in the elderly were the main risk factors. Our findings call for public health strategies to reduce the level of risk factors in each age group, especially vulnerable child and elderly populations. Horizon Pharmaceuticals; American College of Rheumatology's (ACR) Annual Meeting Planning Committee (AMPC); Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee; Chair of the ACR Meet-the-Professor, Workshop and Study Group Subcommittee Dr. Carl Abelardo T. Antonio reports Grants and personal fees from Johnson and Johnson (Philippines), Inc. outside the submitted work. Dr. Jasvinder Singh serves as the principal investigator for an investigator-initiated study funded by Horizon Pharmaceuticals through a grant to DINORA, Inc., a 501 (c)(3) entity. Dr. Singh is a member of the executive of OMERACT, an organization that develops outcome measures in rheumatology and receives arms-length funding from 36 companies; a member of the American College of Rheumatology's (ACR) Annual Meeting Planning Committee (AMPC); Chair of the ACR Meet-the-Professor, Workshop and Study Group Subcommittee; and a member of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee. Other authors have no conflict of interest.
Published: 2017
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7. Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Safi, Sare, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Katibeh, Marzieh, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ramezani, Alireza, Shahraz, Saeid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Khalil, Ibrahim, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Collison, Michael, Chew, Adrienne, Daoud, Farah, Krohn, Kristopher J, Rankin, Zane, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Olsen, Helen E, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Wang, Haidong, Wilson, Katie, Yitayih, Gebre, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Mansoura, Anber Phd University Mansoura, Ansari, Hossein, Anwari, Palwasha, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Bedi, Neeraj, Butt, Zahid A, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Djalalinia, Shirin, Phuc, Huyen Do, Eshrati, Babak, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Higazi, Tarig B, Hsairi, Mohamed, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Saleh, Yousef, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, McAlinden, Colm, Memish, Ziad A, Miller, Ted R, Mohammadi, Seyed-Farzad, Nangia, Vinay, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sobaih, Badr HA, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Taylor, Hugh R, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Topor-Madry, Roman, Xuan, Bach, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Wakayo, Tolassa, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, and Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean
Subjects: Burden of disease, impairment, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Injury control, Vision, Population, Poison control, Eastern Mediterranean region, Eye care, Vision impairment, Blindness, Global Health, 03 medical and health sciences, Middle East, 0302 clinical medicine, Unit increase, Global health, Prevalence, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, education.field_of_study, Vision disorder, business.industry, Mediterranean Region, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Global burden of disease, Eastern mediterranean, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Socioeconomic Factors, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Original Article, Public Health, business, Demography
Abstract: Objectives To report the estimated trend in prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to vision loss (VL) in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) from 1990 to 2015. Methods The estimated trends in age-standardized prevalence and the YLDs rate due to VL in 22 EMR countries were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study. The association of Socio-demographic Index (SDI) with changes in prevalence and YLDs of VL was evaluated using a multilevel mixed model. Results The age-standardized prevalence of VL in the EMR was 18.2% in 1990 and 15.5% in 2015. The total age-standardized YLDs rate attributed to all-cause VL in EMR was 536.9 per 100,000 population in 1990 and 482.3 per 100,000 population in 2015. For each 0.1 unit increase in SDI, the age-standardized prevalence and YLDs rate of VL showed a reduction of 1.5% (p
Published: 2017

8. Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016:Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Orpana, Heather M., Marczak, Laurie B., Arora, Megha, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Zegeye, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshari, Mahdi, Ahmadi, Alireza, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akseer, Nadia, Al‐raddadi, Rajaa M., Alahdab, Fares, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Allebeck, Peter, Alvis‐guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anjomshoa, Mina, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Arora, Amit, Aryal, Krishna K., Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Badali, Hamid, Barker‐collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Bazargan‐hejazi, Shahrzad, Benjet, Corina, Bensenor, Isabela M., Berfeld, Noami, Beuran, Mircea, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Biadgo, Belete, Bililign, Nigus, Borges, Guilherme, Borschmann, Rohan, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Brugha, Traolach, Butt, Zahid A., Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Félix, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda‐orjuela, Carlos A., Catalá‐lópez, Ferrán, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I., Daryani, Ahmad, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, Davletov, Kairat, Degenhardt, Louisa, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Jarlais, Don C.Des, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doan, Linh, Doku, David Teye, Dubey, Manisha, El‐khatib, Ziad, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Sadaf, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fekadu, Wubalem, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrari, Alize J., Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foreman, Kyle J., Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gupta, Rahul, Haagsma, Juanita A., Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Haj‐mirzaian, Arvin, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J., Haro, Josep Maria, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Heidari, Behnam, Hendrie, Delia, Rad, Enayatollah Homaie, Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa, Hostiuc, Sorin, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, James, Spencer, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kawakami, Norito, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Kemp, Grant Rodgers, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Muhammad Ali, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, Khang, Young Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A., Kieling, Christian, Kim, Young Eun, Kisa, Adnan, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Koyanagi, Ai, Krish, Varsha Sarah, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Lamichhane, Prabhat, Lang, Justin J., Latifi, Arman, Lee, Paul H., Leung, Janni, Lim, Lee Ling, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Mahesh, P. A., Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manda, Ana Laura, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Maravilla, Joemer C., Martinez‐raga, Jose, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K., McGrath, John J., Mehrotra, Ravi, Mekonen, Tesfa, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G. K., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mitchell, Philip B., Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Moslem, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi‐lakeh, Maziar, Moradinazar, Mehdi, Velásquez, Ilais Moreno, Morisaki, Naho, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Moschos, Marilita M., Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mustafa, Ghulam, Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Long Hoang, Nixon, Molly R., Ofori‐asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Panda‐jonas, Songhomitra, Parry, Charles D.H., Pati, Sanghamitra, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R., Plana‐ripoll, Oleguer, Postma, Maarten J., Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi‐movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi‐movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rezaeian, Shahab, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Sachdev, Perminder S., Safari, Hosein, Safiri, Saeid, Salamati, Payman, Salimi, Yahya, Salomon, Joshua A., Samy, Abdallah M., Santos, Itamar S., Santric‐milicevic, Milena M., Sartorius, Benn, Sarvi, Shahabeddin, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Schwebel, David C., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharif, Mehdi, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Jasvinder A., Filho, Adauto Martins Soares, Sobhani, Soheila, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F., Tabarés‐seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M., Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Tehrani‐banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad Hani, Topor‐madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Ullah, Irfan, Unutzer, Jurgen, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A., Valdez, Pascual R., Yonemoto, Naohiro, Vasconcelos, Cintia, Vlassov, Vasily, Vos, Theo, Vujcic, Isidora S., Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yuan Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wyper, Grant M.A., Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimer, Ebrahim M., Yisma, Engida, Yoon, Seok Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zamani, Mohammad, Murray, Christopher J.L., Naghavi, Mohsen, Orpana, H, Marczak, L, Arora, M, Abbasi, N, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, Z, Abraha, H, Afarideh, M, Afshari, M, Ahmadi, A, Aichour, A, Aichour, I, Aichour, M, Akseer, N, Al‐raddadi, R, Alahdab, F, Alkerwi, A, Allebeck, P, Alvis‐guzman, N, Anber, N, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arora, A, Aryal, K, Asgedom, S, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, B, Badali, H, Barker‐collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Bazargan‐hejazi, S, Benjet, C, Bensenor, I, Berfeld, N, Beuran, M, Bhutta, Z, Biadgo, B, Bililign, N, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, N, Brugha, T, Butt, Z, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Malta, D, Castañeda‐orjuela, C, Catalá‐lópez, F, Ciobanu, L, Dachew, B, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dargan, P, Daryani, A, Davitoiu, D, Davletov, K, Degenhardt, L, Demoz, G, Jarlais, D, Dharmaratne, S, Djalalinia, S, Doan, L, Doku, D, Dubey, M, El‐khatib, Z, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Esteghamati, S, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fekadu, W, Fernandes, E, Ferrari, A, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foreman, K, Fukumoto, T, Gebre, A, Grosso, G, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Bidgoli, H, Haj‐mirzaian, A, Hamidi, S, Hankey, G, Haro, J, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Heidari, B, Hendrie, D, Rad, E, Hosseini, S, Hostiuc, S, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Jayatilleke, A, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, G, Kawakami, N, Kefale, A, Kemp, G, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khubchandani, J, Kiadaliri, A, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Knudsen, A, Kokubo, Y, Koyanagi, A, Krish, V, Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Lamichhane, P, Lang, J, Latifi, A, Lee, P, Leung, J, Lim, L, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lunevicius, R, Mahesh, P, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Malekzadeh, R, Manda, A, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Maravilla, J, Martinez‐raga, J, Mathur, M, Maulik, P, Mcgrath, J, Mehrotra, R, Mekonen, T, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miller, T, Mini, G, Mirrakhimov, E, Mitchell, P, Moazen, B, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Moosazadeh, M, Moradi, G, Moradi‐lakeh, M, Moradinazar, M, Velásquez, I, Morisaki, N, Morrison, S, Moschos, M, Mousavi, S, Mustafa, G, Nagel, G, Naheed, A, Naik, G, Najafi, F, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, L, Nixon, M, Ofori‐asenso, R, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Øverland, S, Owolabi, M, Panda‐jonas, S, Parry, C, Pati, S, Patten, S, Patton, G, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Plana‐ripoll, O, Postma, M, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Qorbani, M, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi‐movaghar, A, Rahimi‐movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Rezaeian, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rostami, A, Sachdev, P, Safari, H, Safiri, S, Salamati, P, Salimi, Y, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Santos, I, Santric‐milicevic, M, Sartorius, B, Sarvi, S, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Schwebel, D, Sepanlou, S, Shaikh, M, Sharif, M, Shibuya, K, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shiue, I, Siabani, S, Siddiqi, T, Sigfusdottir, I, Silva, J, Singh, J, Filho, A, Sobhani, S, Stein, D, Stein, M, Sufiyan, M, Sunguya, B, Tabarés‐seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Tavakkoli, M, Tehrani‐banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Topor‐madry, R, Tran, B, Tran, K, Ullah, I, Unutzer, J, Usman, M, Uthman, O, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Vasconcelos, C, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Vujcic, I, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Weiderpass, E, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Whiteford, H, Wyper, G, Yaseri, M, Yimer, E, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Yousefifard, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zamani, M, Murray, C, and Naghavi, M
Subjects: Suicide Prevention, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Male, Data Interpretation, Adolescent, Outcome Assessment, Age Distribution, Age Factors, Aged, Cause of Death, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Global Health, Humans, Life Expectancy, Mortality, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Sex Distribution, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Global Burden of Disease, Suicide, Medicine (all), Research, Statistical, Health Care
Abstract: Objectives To use the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 to describe patterns of suicide mortality globally, regionally, and for 195 countries and territories by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index, and to describe temporal trends between 1990 and 2016. Design Systematic analysis. Main outcome measures Crude and age standardised rates from suicide mortality and years of life lost were compared across regions and countries, and by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index (a composite measure of fertility, income, and education). Results The total number of deaths from suicide increased by 6.7% (95% uncertainty interval 0.4% to 15.6%) globally over the 27 year study period to 817 000 (762 000 to 884 000) deaths in 2016. However, the age standardised mortality rate for suicide decreased by 32.7% (27.2% to 36.6%) worldwide between 1990 and 2016, similar to the decline in the global age standardised mortality rate of 30.6%. Suicide was the leading cause of age standardised years of life lost in the Global Burden of Disease region of high income Asia Pacific and was among the top 10 leading causes in eastern Europe, central Europe, western Europe, central Asia, Australasia, southern Latin America, and high income North America. Rates for men were higher than for women across regions, countries, and age groups, except for the 15 to 19 age group. There was variation in the female to male ratio, with higher ratios at lower levels of Socio-demographic index. Women experienced greater decreases in mortality rates (49.0%, 95% uncertainty interval 42.6% to 54.6%) than men (23.8%, 15.6% to 32.7%). Conclusions Age standardised mortality rates for suicide have greatly reduced since 1990, but suicide remains an important contributor to mortality worldwide. Suicide mortality was variable across locations, between sexes, and between age groups. Suicide prevention strategies can be targeted towards vulnerable populations if they are informed by variations in mortality rates.
Published: 2019

9. Comparison of mHealth and face-to-face interventions for smoking cessation among people living with HIV : meta-analysis

Author: Uthman, Olalekan A, Nduka, Chidozie U, Abba, Mustapha, Enriquez, Rocio, Nordenstedt, Helena, Nalugoda, Fred, Kengne, Andre P, and Ekström, Anna M
Subjects: Adult, Male, Original Paper, HIV, HIV Infections, Professional-Patient Relations, Information technology, Middle Aged, T58.5-58.64, Telemedicine, smoking cessation, Treatment Outcome, mHealth, Humans, Female, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Cell Phone, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Abstract: BackgroundThe prevalence of smoking among people living with HIV (PLHIV) is higher than that reported in the general population, and it is a significant risk factor for noncommunicable diseases in this group. Mobile phone interventions to promote healthier behaviors (mobile health, mHealth) have the potential to reach a large number of people at a low cost. It has been hypothesized that mHealth interventions may not be as effective as face-to-face strategies in achieving smoking cessation, but there is no systematic evidence to support this, especially among PLHIV. ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare two modes of intervention delivery (mHealth vs face-to-face) for smoking cessation among PLHIV. MethodsLiterature on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating effects of mHealth or face-to-face intervention strategies on short-term (4 weeks to
Published: 2019

10. The global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Safiri, Saeid, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Ikuta, Kevin S., Bisignano, Catherine, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Delavari, Alireza, Ansari, Reza, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Merat, Shahin, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Force, Lisa M., Nixon, Molly R., Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Afarideh, Mohsen, Ahmadi, Ayat, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Alahdab, Fares, Ali, Raghib, Alikhani, Mahtab, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Saeed, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Arabloo, Jalal, Arefi, Zohreh, Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari, Azadmehr, Abbas, Badawi, Alaa, Baheiraei, Nafiseh, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Basaleem, Huda, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Belayneh, Yaschilal Muche, Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Biondi, Antonio, Bjorge, Tone, Borzi, Antonio M., Bosetti, Cristina, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R., Brenner, Hermann, Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Carreras, Giulia, Carvalho, Felix, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Cerin, Ester, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chido-Amajuoyi, Onyema Greg, Daryani, Ahmad, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Desai, Rupak, Nasab, Mostafa Dianati, Eftekhari, Aziz, El Sayed, Iman, Elbarazi, Iffat, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz, Esteghamati, Alireza, Etemadi, Arash, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, Joao C., Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foroutan, Masoud, Gad, Mohamed M., Gallus, Silvano, Ghaseni-Kebria, Fatemeh, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gorini, Giuseppe, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hasanpour-Heidari, Susan, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hay, Simon, I, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Househ, Mowafa, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Innos, Kaire, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islami, Farhad, Jaca, Anelisa, Balalami, Nader Jafari, Delouei, Nastaran Jafari, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, James, Spencer L., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Joukar, Farahnaz, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassaw, Mesfin Wudu, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khaksarian, Mojtaba, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khazaee-Pool, Maryam, Khazaei, Salman, Shadmani, Fatemeh Khosravi, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kocarnik, Jonathan M., Komaki, Hamidreza, Kopec, Jacek A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kumar, Vivek, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lami, Faris Hasan, Lopez, Alan D., Lopukhov, Platon D., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Majeed, Azeem, Majidinia, Maryam, Manafi, Amir, Manafi, Navid, Manda, Ana-Laura, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Mehta, Dhruv, Meier, Toni, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Mendoza, Walter, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mir, Seyed Mostafa, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Milad, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Moossavi, Maryam, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradpour, Farhad, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Nahvijou, Azin, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Nazari, Javad, Negoi, Ionut, Negru, Serban, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olagunju, Tinuke O., Pana, Adrian, Pereira, David M., Pirestani, Majid, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rahmati, Marveh, Rajati, Fatemeh, Raoofi, Samira, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reiner, Robert C., Jr., Renzaho, Andre M. N., Rezaei, Nima, Rezapour, Aziz, Saad, Anas M., Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad, Saddik, Basema, Salehi, Farkhonde, Zahabi, Saleh Salehi, Salz, Inbal, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Milicevic, Milena M. Santric, Sarveazad, Arash, Satpathy, Maheswar, Schneider, Ione J. C., Sekerija, Mario, Shaahmadi, Faramarz, Shabaninejad, Hosein, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharafi, Zeinab, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharifi, Amrollah, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shirkoohi, Reza, Malleshappa, Sudeep K. Siddappa, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sisay, Mekonnen, Smarandache, Catalin-Gabriel, Soofi, Moslem, Soreide, Kjetil, Soshnikov, Sergey, Starodubov, Vladimir, I, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Sullman, Mark, Taherkhani, Amir, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Topor-Madry, Roman, Traini, Eugenio, Bach Xuan Tran, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Ullah, Irfan, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vacante, Marco, Vahedian-Azimi, Amir, Valli, Alessandro, Varavikova, Elena, Vujcic, Isidora S., Westerman, Ronny, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yisma, Engida, Yu, Chuanhua, Zadnik, Vesna, Moghadam, Telma Zahirian, Zaki, Leila, Zandian, Hamed, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Murray, Christopher J. L., Naghavi, Mohsen, Malekzadeh, Reza, Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Safiri, S, Sepanlou, S, Ikuta, K, Bisignano, C, Salimzadeh, H, Delavari, A, Ansari, R, Roshandel, G, Merat, S, Fitzmaurice, C, Force, L, Nixon, M, Abbastabar, H, Abegaz, K, Afarideh, M, Ahmadi, A, Ahmed, M, Akinyemiju, T, Alahdab, F, Ali, R, Alikhani, M, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almadi, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Anber, N, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Arabloo, J, Arefi, Z, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Azadmehr, A, Badawi, A, Baheiraei, N, Barnighausen, T, Basaleem, H, Behzadifar, M, Belayneh, Y, Berhe, K, Bhattacharyya, K, Biadgo, B, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bjorge, T, Borzi, A, Bosetti, C, Bou-Orm, I, Brenner, H, Briko, A, Briko, N, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Cerin, E, Chiang, P, Chido-Amajuoyi, O, Daryani, A, Davitoiu, D, Demoz, G, Desai, R, Dianati Nasab, M, Eftekhari, A, El Sayed, I, Elbarazi, I, Emamian, M, Endries, A, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Esteghamati, A, Etemadi, A, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Gad, M, Gallus, S, Ghaseni-Kebria, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gorini, G, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hasanpour-Heidari, S, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassanipour, S, Hay, S, Hoang, C, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, M, Innos, K, Irvani, S, Islami, F, Jaca, A, Jafari Balalami, N, Jafari Delouei, N, Jafarinia, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javanbakht, M, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Joukar, F, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, T, Kassaw, M, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khaksarian, M, Khalilov, R, Khan, E, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaee-Pool, M, Khazaei, S, Khosravi Shadmani, F, Khubchandani, J, Kim, D, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kocarnik, J, Komaki, H, Kopec, J, Koyanagi, A, Kuipers, E, Kumar, V, La Vecchia, C, Lami, F, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lunevicius, R, Majeed, A, Majidinia, M, Manafi, A, Manafi, N, Manda, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mantovani, L, Mehta, D, Meier, T, Meles, H, Mendoza, W, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Mir, S, Mirzaei, H, Mohammad, K, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Moossavi, M, Moradi, G, Moradpour, F, Moradzadeh, R, Nahvijou, A, Naik, G, Najafi, F, Nazari, J, Negoi, I, Negru, S, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, T, Ningrum, D, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Pirestani, M, Pourshams, A, Poustchi, H, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rahmati, M, Rajati, F, Raoofi, S, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reiner, R, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Saad, A, Saadatagah, S, Saddik, B, Salehi, F, Zahabi, S, Salz, I, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Sarveazad, A, Satpathy, M, Schneider, I, Sekerija, M, Shaahmadi, F, Shabaninejad, H, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, Z, Sharif, M, Sharifi, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shirkoohi, R, Siddappa Malleshappa, S, Silva, D, Sisay, M, Smarandache, C, Soofi, M, Soreide, K, Soshnikov, S, Starodubov, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Sullman, M, Taherkhani, A, Tesfay, B, Topor-Madry, R, Traini, E, Tran, B, Tran, K, Ullah, I, Uthman, O, Vacante, M, Vahedian-Azimi, A, Valli, A, Varavikova, E, Vujcic, I, Westerman, R, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yisma, E, Yu, C, Zadnik, V, Zahirian Moghadam, T, Zaki, L, Zandian, H, Zhang, Z, Murray, C, Naghavi, M, Malekzadeh, R, Safiri, Saeid, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Ikuta, Kevin S, Bisignano, C., Yisma, Engida, Malekzadeh, Reza, GBD 2017 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators, and Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Subjects: Hepatology, Gastroenterology, global health, colorectal neoplasms, Global Health, Corrections, Article, Global Burden of Disease, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, Humans, global disease burden, Colorectal Neoplasms, GBD 2017 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators, medicine (all), colorectal tumor
Abstract: Background Data about the global, regional, and country-specific variations in the levels and trends of colorectal cancer are required to understand the impact of this disease and the trends in its burden to help policy makers allocate resources. Here we provide a status report on the incidence, mortality, and disability caused by colorectal cancer in 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017. Methods Vital registration, sample vital registration, verbal autopsy, and cancer registry data were used to generate incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) estimates of colorectal cancer at the global, regional, and national levels. We also determined the association between development levels and colorectal cancer age-standardised DALY rates, and calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. All of the estimates are reported as counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 person-years, with some estimates also presented by sex and 5-year age groups. Findings In 2017, there were 1.8 million (95% UI 1.8-1.9) incident cases of colorectal cancer globally, with an age-standardised incidence rate of 23.2 (22.7-23.7) per 100 000 person-years that increased by 9.5% (4.5-13.5) between 1990 and 2017. Globally, colorectal cancer accounted for 896 000 (876 300-915 700) deaths in 2017, with an age-standardised death rate of 11.5 (11.3-11.8) per 100 000 person-years, which decreased between 1990 and 2017 (-13.5% [-18.4 to -10.0]). Colorectal cancer was also responsible for 19.0 million (18.5-19.5) DALYs globally in 2017, with an age-standardised rate of 235.7 (229.7-242.0) DALYs per 100 000 person-years, which decreased between 1990 and 2017 (-14.5% [-20.4 to -10.3]). Slovakia, the Netherlands, and New Zealand had the highest age-standardised incidence rates in 2017. Greenland, Hungary, and Slovakia had the highest age-standardised death rates in 2017. Numbers of incident cases and deaths were higher among males than females up to the ages of 80-84 years, with the highest rates observed in the oldest age group (>= 95 years) for both sexes in 2017. There was a non-linear association between the Socio-demographic Index and the Healthcare Access and Quality Index and age-standardised DALY rates. In 2017, the three largest contributors to DALYs at the global level, for both sexes, were diet low in calcium (20.5% [12.9-28.9]), alcohol use (15.2% [12.1-18.3]), and diet low in milk (14.3% [5.1-24.8]). Interpretation There is substantial global variation in the burden of colorectal cancer. Although the overall colorectal cancer age-standardised death rate has been decreasing at the global level, the increasing age-standardised incidence rate in most countries poses a major public health challenge across the world. The results of this study could be useful for policy makers to carry out cost-effective interventions and to reduce exposure to modifiable risk factors, particularly in countries with high incidence or increasing burden. Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2019

11. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Afshin, Ashkan, Sur, Patrick John, Fay, Kairsten A., Cornaby, Leslie, Ferrara, Giannina, Salama, Joseph S., Mullany, Erin C., Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abebe, Zegeye, Afarideh, Mohsen, Aggarwal, Anju, Agrawal, Sutapa, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Alahdab, Fares, Bacha, Umar, Bachman, Victoria F., Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Bensenor, Isabela M., Bernabe, Eduardo, Biryukov, Stan H., Biadgilign, Sibhatu Kassa K., Cahill, Leah E., Carrero, Juan J., Cercy, Kelly M., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Degefa, Meaza Girma, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Esteghamati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Sadaf, Fanzo, Jessica, Farinha, Carla Sofia E. Sa, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fernandes, Joao C., Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A., Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Ganji, Morsaleh, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gillum, Richard F., Goulart, Alessandra C., Grosso, Giuseppe, Guessous, Idris, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hoang, Chi Linh, Horino, Masako, Islami, Farhad, Jackson, Maria D., James, Spencer L., Johansson, Lars, Jonas, Jost B., Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khang, Young-Ho, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kumar, G. Anil, Lallukka, Tea, Lopez, Alan D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marz, Winfried, Meier, Toni, Melaku, Yohannes A., Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B. M., Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mirarefin, Mojde, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mokdad, Ali H., Mozaffarian, Dariush, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nixon, Molly R., Ong, Kanyin L., Pereira, David M., Poustchi, Hossein, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Razo-Garcia, Christian, Rehm, Colin D., Rivera, Juan A., Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Sanabria, Juan, Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G., Sartorius, Benn, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shin, Min-Jeong, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Springmann, Marco, Szponar, Lucjan, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Touvier, Mathilde, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Ullah, Irfan, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Werdecker, Andrea, Wijeratne, Tissa, Willett, Walter C., Wu, Jason H., Xu, Gelin, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Murray, Christopher J. L., GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators, and Springmann, M
Subjects: Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Humans, preventable risk factor, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, non-communicable diseases, burden of disease, Human medicine, Article, Diet, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract: Background: Suboptimal diet is an important preventable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs); however, its impact on the burden of NCDs has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of major foods and nutrients across 195 countries and to quantify the impact of their suboptimal intake on NCD mortality and morbidity. Methods: By use of a comparative risk assessment approach, we estimated the proportion of disease-specific burden attributable to each dietary risk factor (also referred to as population attributable fraction) among adults aged 25 years or older. The main inputs to this analysis included the intake of each dietary factor, the effect size of the dietary factor on disease endpoint, and the level of intake associated with the lowest risk of mortality. Then, by use of disease-specific population attributable fractions, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), we calculated the number of deaths and DALYs attributable to diet for each disease outcome. Findings: In 2017, 11 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 10–12) deaths and 255 million (234–274) DALYs were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium (3 million [1–5] deaths and 70 million [34–118] DALYs), low intake of whole grains (3 million [2–4] deaths and 82 million [59–109] DALYs), and low intake of fruits (2 million [1–4] deaths and 65 million [41–92] DALYs) were the leading dietary risk factors for deaths and DALYs globally and in many countries. Dietary data were from mixed sources and were not available for all countries, increasing the statistical uncertainty of our estimates. Interpretation: This study provides a comprehensive picture of the potential impact of suboptimal diet on NCD mortality and morbidity, highlighting the need for improving diet across nations. Our findings will inform implementation of evidence-based dietary interventions and provide a platform for evaluation of their impact on human health annually.
Published: 2019

12. Global, Regional, and Country-Specific Lifetime Risks of Stroke, 1990 and 2016

Author: GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, Feigin, Valery L, Nguyen, Grant, Cercy, Kelly, Johnson, Catherine O, Alam, Tahiya, Parmar, Priyakumari G, Abajobir, Amanuel A, Abate, Kalkidan H, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abejie, Ayenew N, Abyu, Gebre Y, Ademi, Zanfina, Agarwal, Gina, Ahmed, Muktar B, Akinyemi, Rufus O, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Aminde, Leopold N, Amlie-Lefond, Catherine, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay M, Ayele, Henok T, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Basu, Sanjay, Bedi, Neeraj, Behzadifar, Masoud, Béjot, Yannick, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhe, Derbew F, Boneya, Dube J, Brainin, Michael, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacquelin C, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Christensen, Hanne, Criqui, Michael H, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, deVeber, Gabrielle, Dokova, Klara, Edessa, Dumessa, Endres, Matthias, Faraon, Emerito JA, Farvid, Maryam S, Fischer, Florian, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Gall, Seana L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gillum, Richard F, Giroud, Maurice, Goulart, Alessandra C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hankey, Graeme J, Hareri, Habtamu A, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Hibstu, Desalegn T, James, Spencer L, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Jóźwiak, Jacek, Kalani, Rizwan, Kandel, Amit, Kasaeian, Amir, Kengne, Andre P, Khader, Yousef S, Khan, Abdur R, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun J, Kivimaki, Mika, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnamurthi, Rita, Kumar, G Anil, Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lavados, Pablo M, Legesse, Yirga, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lo, Warren D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Loy, Clement T, Mackay, Mark T, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah C, Mamun, Abdullah A, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Martins, Sheila CO, Mate, Kedar K, Mazidi, Mohsen, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Melaku, Yohannes A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay B, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Miller, Ted R, Ibrahim, Norlinah M, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul I, Negoi, Ruxandra I, Nguyen, Minh, Nguyen, Quyen L, Nguyen, Trang H, Tran, Tung T, Nguyen, Thanh T, Anggraini Ningrum, Dina Nur, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean J, O’Donnell, Martin J, Olagunju, Andrew T, Onuma, Oyere K, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patton, George C, Piradov, Michael, Pletcher, Martin A, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prakash, V, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad A, Rai, Rajesh K, Ranta, Annemarei, Rawaf, David, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Robinson, Stephen R, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salomon, Joshua A, Santalucia, Paola, Santos, Itamar S, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta E, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaikh, Masood A, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sheth, Kevin N, Sisay, Mekonnen, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiue, Ivy, Silva, Diego AS, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soljak, Michael, Sorensen, Reed JD, Sposato, Luciano A, Stranges, Saverio, Suliankatchi, Rizwan A, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tanne, David, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Thakur, JS, Thrift, Amanda G, Tirschwell, David L, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach X, Nguyen, Luong T, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uthman, Olalekan A, Varakin, Yuri, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasiliy V, Wang, Wenzhi, Werdecker, Andrea, Wolfe, Charles DA, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziaeian, Boback, Zipkin, Ben, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, and Roth, Gregory A
Subjects: Risk, Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Medical And Health Sciences, Incidence, Middle Aged, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Stroke, Age Distribution, GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, Socioeconomic Factors, Cause of Death, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Female, Sex Distribution, Aged
Abstract: BACKGROUND:The lifetime risk of stroke has been calculated in a limited number of selected populations. We sought to estimate the lifetime risk of stroke at the regional, country, and global level using data from a comprehensive study of the prevalence of major diseases. METHODS:We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016 estimates of stroke incidence and the competing risks of death from any cause other than stroke to calculate the cumulative lifetime risks of first stroke, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke among adults 25 years of age or older. Estimates of the lifetime risks in the years 1990 and 2016 were compared. Countries were categorized into quintiles of the sociodemographic index (SDI) used in the GBD Study, and the risks were compared across quintiles. Comparisons were made with the use of point estimates and uncertainty intervals representing the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles around the estimate. RESULTS:The estimated global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was 24.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.5 to 26.2); the risk among men was 24.7% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.3 to 26.0), and the risk among women was 25.1% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.7 to 26.5). The risk of ischemic stroke was 18.3%, and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was 8.2%. In high-SDI, high-middle-SDI, and low-SDI countries, the estimated lifetime risk of stroke was 23.5%, 31.1% (highest risk), and 13.2% (lowest risk), respectively; the 95% uncertainty intervals did not overlap between these categories. The highest estimated lifetime risks of stroke according to GBD region were in East Asia (38.8%), Central Europe (31.7%), and Eastern Europe (31.6%), and the lowest risk was in eastern sub-Saharan Africa (11.8%). The mean global lifetime risk of stroke increased from 22.8% in 1990 to 24.9% in 2016, a relative increase of 8.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 6.2 to 11.5); the competing risk of death from any cause other than stroke was considered in this calculation. CONCLUSIONS:In 2016, the global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was approximately 25% among both men and women. There was geographic variation in the lifetime risk of stroke, with the highest risks in East Asia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.).
Published: 2018

13. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blyth, Fiona M, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Briant, Paul S, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Casey, Daniel, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castle, Chris D, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, Honglei, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, 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Johnson, C, Johnson, S, Jonas, J, Jürisson, M, Kabir, Z, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kamal, R, Kar, C, Karam, N, Karch, A, Karema, C, Karimi, S, Karimkhani, C, Kasaeian, A, Kassa, G, Kassaw, N, Kassebaum, N, Kastor, A, Katikireddi, S, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Keiyoro, P, Kemmer, L, Kengne, A, Keren, A, Kesavachandran, C, Khader, Y, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khang, Y, Khoja, A, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kiadaliri, A, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kim, D, Kimokoti, R, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kissoon, N, Kivimaki, M, Knudsen, A, Kokubo, Y, Kolte, D, Kopec, J, Kosen, S, Kotsakis, G, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kravchenko, M, Krohn, K, Kumar, G, Kumar, P, Kyu, H, Lager, A, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lambert, N, Lan, Q, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Leasher, J, Lee, P, Leigh, J, Leshargie, C, Leung, J, Leung, R, Levi, M, Li, Y, Liang, X, Liben, M, Lim, S, Linn, S, Liu, P, Liu, A, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lodha, R, Logroscino, G, Looker, K, Lopez, A, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lucas, T, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, R, Macarayan, E, Maddison, E, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Magis-Rodriguez, C, Mahdavi, M, Majdan, M, Majdzadeh, R, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manguerra, H, Manhertz, T, Mantovani, L, Mapoma, C, March, L, Marczak, L, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins, P, Martins-Melo, F, Martopullo, I, März, W, Mathur, M, Mazidi, M, Mcalinden, C, Mcgaughey, M, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehata, S, Meier, T, Meles, K, Memiah, P, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Mengesha, M, Mengistie, M, Mengistu, D, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mezgebe, H, Micha, R, Millear, A, Miller, T, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Mirrakhimov, E, Misganaw, A, Mishra, S, Mitchell, P, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, K, Mohammed, S, Mohan, M, Mokdad, A, Mollenkopf, S, Monasta, L, Montañez Hernandez, J, Montico, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Morrison, S, Moses, M, Mountjoy-Venning, C, Mruts, K, Mueller, U, Muller, K, Murdoch, M, Murray, C, Murthy, G, Murthy, S, Musa, K, Nachega, J, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naheed, A, Naidoo, K, Nangia, V, Nasher, J, Natarajan, G, Negasa, D, Negoi, R, Negoi, I, Newton, C, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, Q, Nguyen, T, Nguyen, G, Nguyen, M, Nichols, E, Ningrum, D, Nong, V, Norheim, O, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nyandwi, A, Obermeyer, C, O'Donnell, M, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okoro, A, Oladimeji, O, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Ong, K, Opio, J, Oren, E, Ortiz, A, Osborne, R, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Osman, M, Ota, E, Owolabi, M, Pa, M, Pacella, R, Panda, B, Pandian, J, Papachristou, C, Park, E, Parry, C, Parsaeian, M, Patil, S, Patten, S, Patton, G, Paudel, D, Paulson, K, Pearce, N, Pereira, D, Perez, K, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Peterson, C, Petri, W, Petzold, M, Phillips, M, Phipps, G, Pigott, D, Pillay, J, Pinho, C, Piradov, M, Plass, D, Pletcher, M, Popova, S, Poulton, R, Pourmalek, F, Prabhakaran, D, Prasad, N, Purcell, C, Purwar, M, Qorbani, M, Quintanilla, B, Rabiee, R, Radfar, A, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rai, R, Rajsic, S, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Rangaswamy, T, Rankin, Z, Rao, P, Rawaf, S, Ray, S, Reiner, R, Reinig, N, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, S, Ribeiro, A, Rivas, J, Roba, H, Robinson, S, Rojas-Rueda, D, Rokni, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Roy, A, Rubagotti, E, Ruhago, G, Saadat, S, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahathevan, R, Sahraian, M, Salama, J, Saleh, M, Salomon, J, Salvi, S, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Niño, M, Santomauro, D, Santos, J, Santos, I, Santric Milicevic, M, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Saxena, S, Schelonka, K, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schöttker, B, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Seedat, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsipour, M, Sharma, R, Sharma, J, She, J, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shields, C, Shifa, G, Shiferaw, M, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shirude, S, Shishani, K, Shoman, H, Siabani, S, Sibai, A, Sigfusdottir, I, Silberberg, D, Silva, D, Silva, J, Silveira, D, Singh, J, Singh, O, Singh, N, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Skiadaresi, E, Slepak, E, Smith, D, Smith, M, Sobaih, B, Sobngwi, E, Soljak, M, Sorensen, R, Sousa, T, Sposato, L, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stathopoulou, V, Steel, N, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Steinke, S, Stokes, M, Stovner, L, Strub, B, Subart, M, Sufiyan, M, Sunguya, B, Sur, P, Swaminathan, S, Sykes, B, Sylte, D, Szoeke, C, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tadakamadla, S, Taffere, G, Takala, J, Tandon, N, Tanne, D, Tarekegn, Y, Tavakkoli, M, Taveira, N, Taylor, H, Tegegne, T, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekelab, T, Terkawi, A, Tesfaye, D, Tesssema, B, Thakur, J, Thamsuwan, O, Theadom, A, Theis, A, Thomas, K, Thomas, N, Thompson, R, Thrift, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Tobollik, M, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Tortajada, M, Touvier, M, Traebert, J, Tran, B, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T, Tsoi, D, Tuzcu, E, Tymeson, H, Tyrovolas, S, Ukwaja, K, Undurraga, E, Uneke, C, Updike, R, Uthman, O, Uzochukwu, B, van Boven, J, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Veerman, L, Venkatesh, S, Venketasubramanian, N, Vidavalur, R, Vijayakumar, L, Violante, F, Vishnu, A, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Wadilo, F, Wakayo, T, Wallin, M, Wang, Y, Weichenthal, S, Weiderpass, E, Weintraub, R, Weiss, D, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Whiteford, H, Wijeratne, T, Williams, H, Wiysonge, C, Woldeyes, B, Wolfe, C, Woodbrook, R, Woolf, A, Workicho, A, Xavier, D, Xu, G, Yadgir, S, Yaghoubi, M, Yakob, B, Yan, L, Yano, Y, Ye, P, Yihdego, M, Yimam, H, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Yotebieng, M, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaki, M, Zegeye, E, Zenebe, Z, Zhang, X, Zheng, Y, Zhou, M, Zipkin, B, Zodpey, S, Zoeckler, L, Zuhlke, L, Brayne, Carol [0000-0001-5307-663X], Chowdhury, Rajiv [0000-0003-4881-5690], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Male, Dánarmein, AUSTRALIA, GBD, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), Heilsufar, Lífslíkur, Epidemiology, Life expectancy, Diseases, Global Health, THERAPY, Global Burden of Disease, Residence Characteristics, Fullorðnir, Cause of Death, Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychology, Konur, Aged, 80 and over, Tölfræði, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM, Aldraðir, Sjúkdómar, Medicine (all), Fatlaðir, Men, Þjóðir, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ASSOCIATION, Middle Aged, Health policy, PREVALENCE, Sálfræði, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), Female, Lýðheilsa, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Global Health Metrics, Adult, AFRICA, Quality of life, People with disabilities, GBD, WEIGHTS, Social ecology, Lífsgæði, Communicable Diseases, World health/statistics, Age Distribution, Life Expectancy, Medicine, General & Internal, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, Humans, Adults, Disabled Persons, Women, Sex Distribution, Mortality, Noncommunicable Diseases, Aged, Science & Technology, Faraldsfræði, MORTALITY, Wounds and injuries, EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, HIV, Áverkar, Karlar, Wounds and Injuries, Félagshagfræði, Older people
Abstract: Correction in: LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017, Background Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. Findings The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75.2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71.9-78.6) for females and 72.0 years (68.8-75.1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45.6 years [42.0-49.5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41.5 years [39.0-44.0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6.24 years (5.97-6.48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6.04 years (5.74-6.27) for males and 6.49 years (6.08-6.77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1.78 years (1.61-1.93) for males and 1.96 years (1.69-2.13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2.3% [-5.9 to 0.9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16.1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. Interpretation At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Published: 2017

14. Intentional injuries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Charara, Raghid, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Collison, Michael, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Daoud, Farah, Colombara, Danny, Graetz, Nicholas, Kutz, Michael, Wang, Haidong, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alam, Khurshid, Alghnam, Suliman, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Anwari, Palwasha, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bedi, Neeraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Butt, Zahid A, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, Hadi, De Leo, Diego, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doyle, Kerrie E, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gutierrez, Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Haro, Josep Maria, Hendrie, Delia, Hu, Guoqing, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kopec, Jacek A, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Memish, Ziad A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Miller, Ted R, Mohammed, Shafiu, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sobaih, Badr HA, Tabb, Karen M, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, RomanTopor-Madry, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Yaseri, Mehdi, NaohiroYonemoto, Younis, Mustafa Z, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Mokdad, AH, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Charara, R, Ahmed, M Beshir, Murray, C hristopher JL, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Intentional Injuries Collaborators, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, II kirurgian klinikka, Department of Oncology, and HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center
Subjects: Adult, Male, Burden of disease, SUICIDE, Health (social science), Adolescent, Scopus, Violence, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Middle East, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, Global health, Cost of illness, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, CONFLICT, MORTALITY, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Eastern mediterranean region, Intentional injuries, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 16. Peace & justice, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, humanities, 3. Good health, Quality-adjusted life year, Eastern mediterranean, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Geography, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Female, Original Article, Public Health, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, Self-Injurious Behavior, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Objectives: We used GBD 2015 findings to measure the burden of intentional injuries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2015. Methods: The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study defines intentional injuries as a combination of self-harm (including suicide), interpersonal violence, collective violence (war), and legal intervention. We estimated number of deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for each type of intentional injuries. Results: In 2015, 28,695 individuals (95% UI: 25,474-37,832) died from self-harm, 35,626 (95% UI: 20,947-41,857) from interpersonal violence, and 143,858 (95% UI: 63,554-223,092) from collective violence and legal interventions. In 2015, collective violence and legal intervention was the fifth-leading cause of DALYs in the EMR and the leading cause in Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya; they account for 49.7% of total DALYs in Syria. Conclusions: Our findings call for increased efforts to stabilize the region and assist in rebuilding the health systems, as well as increasing transparency and employing preventive strategies to reduce self-harm and interpersonal injuries., Funding Agency:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Published: 2018

15. Transport injuries and deaths in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Colombara, Danny, Cornaby, Leslie, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Graetz, Nicholas, Kutz, Michael, Troeger, Christopher, Wang, Haidong, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alghnam, Suliman, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Philippines Palwasha, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Boufous, Soufiane, Butt, Zahid A, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, Hadi, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Djalalinia, Shirin, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gao, Wayne, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, James, Spencer Lewis, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jiang, Guohong, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kosen, Soewarta, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Linn, Shai, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Miller, Ted R, Mohammed, Shafiu, Assaye, Ashagre Molla, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Rojas-Rueda, David, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Schwebel, David C, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunshine, Jacob E, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, JS, Topor-Madry, Roman, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Werdecker, Andrea, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, II kirurgian klinikka, Department of Oncology, and HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center
Subjects: Male, Health (social science), Poison control, Global Health, Suicide prevention, Occupational safety and health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cause of death, CASUALTIES, OUTCOMES, Mediterranean Region, 030503 health policy & services, Accidents, Traffic, Burden of disease, Human factors and ergonomics, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, MEDICAL-TREATMENT, POLICE, OPPORTUNITIES, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Original Article, Female, Public Health, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, 0305 other medical science, Adult, COUNTRIES, Adolescent, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Middle East, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, EPIDEMIC, Environmental health, Injury prevention, Transport injuries, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, ROAD-TRAFFIC INJURIES, Estimation, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, Wounds and Injuries, business
Abstract: Objectives Transport injuries (TI) are ranked as one of the leading causes of death, disability, and property loss worldwide. This paper provides an overview of the burden of TI in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by age and sex from 1990 to 2015. Methods Transport injuries mortality in the EMR was estimated using the Global Burden of Disease mortality database, with corrections for ill-defined causes of death, using the cause of death ensemble modeling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on inpatient and outpatient datasets, 26 cause-of-injury and 47 nature-of-injury categories. Results In 2015, 152,855 (95% uncertainty interval: 137,900–168,100) people died from TI in the EMR countries. Between 1990 and 2015, the years of life lost (YLL) rate per 100,000 due to TI decreased by 15.5%, while the years lived with disability (YLD) rate decreased by 10%, and the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate decreased by 16%. Conclusions Although the burden of TI mortality and morbidity decreased over the last two decades, there is still a considerable burden that needs to be addressed by increasing awareness, enforcing laws, and improving road conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-0987-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018

16. Burden of cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2005-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study

Author: Fitzmaurice, Christina, Alsharif, Ubai, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Charara, Raghid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Collison, Michael, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Daoud, Farah, Dicker, Daniel, Foreman, Kyle J, Frostad, Joseph, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kutz, Michael, Wang, Haidong, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Erfan, Anber, Nahla, Anwari, Palwasha, Artaman, Al, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Awasthi, Ashish, Saleem, Huda Omer Ba, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Bedi, Neeraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Butt, Zahid A, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Danawi, Hadi, das Neves, Jose, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ekwueme, Donatus U, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hay, Roderick J, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hsairi, Mohamed, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Kim, Daniel, Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Linn, Shai, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Markos, Desalegn, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Miller, Ted R, Mohammed, Shafiu, Nangia, Vinay, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Mahesh, PA, Park, Eun-Kee, Patel, Tejas, Pereira, David M, Pishgar, Farhad, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Roba, Kedir Teji, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shrime, Mark G, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Werdecker, Andrea, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zein, Bassel, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Mokdad, Ali H, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Alsharif, U, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Charara, R, Ahmed, MB, Fitzmaurice, C, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, II kirurgian klinikka, Clinicum, Department of Oncology, and HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center
Subjects: Health (social science), Palliative care, Global Health, Mediterranean Region / epidemiology, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Disability-adjusted life years, Global Burden of Disease, Middle East, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Neoplasms / economics, Neoplasms, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, Environmental health, medicine, cancer, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mortality, Lung cancer, Disease burden, Global Burden of Disease / statistics & numerical data, Cancer, Cancer prevention, Mediterranean Region, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, DEATH, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, CARE, medicine.disease, mortality, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Neoplasms / mortality, 3. Good health, Cancer registry, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Original Article, Public Health, Neoplasms / epidemiology, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, business, Middle East / epidemiology
Abstract: Objectives: To estimate incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 2005 and 2015. Methods: Vital registration system and cancer registry data from the EMR region were analyzed for 29 cancer groups in 22 EMR countries using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 methodology. Results: In 2015, cancer was responsible for 9.4% of all deaths and 5.1% of all DALYs. It accounted for 722,646 new cases, 379,093 deaths, and 11.7 million DALYs. Between 2005 and 2015, incident cases increased by 46%, deaths by 33%, and DALYs by 31%. The increase in cancer incidence was largely driven by population growth and population aging. Breast cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia were the most common cancers, while lung, breast, and stomach cancers caused most cancer deaths. Conclusions: Cancer is responsible for a substantial disease burden in the EMR, which is increasing. There is an urgent need to expand cancer prevention, screening, and awareness programs in EMR countries as well as to improve diagnosis, treatment, and palliative care services. The funding source played no role in the design of thestudy, the analysis and interpretation of data, and the writing of thepaper. GBD 2015 is funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

17. Neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, Collison, Michael, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Krohn, Kristopher J, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Colombara, Danny, Cornaby, Leslie, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Foreman, Kyle J, Fraser, Maya, Frostad, Joseph, Kemmer, Laura, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Liu, Patrick, Mikesell, Joseph, Nguyen, Grant, Rao, Puja C, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Arnlov, Johan, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alraddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bennett, Derrick A, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bisanzio, Donal, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Estanislao Castro, Ruben, Danawi, Hadi, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giussani, Giorgia, Gona, Philimon N, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hoy, Damian G, Hu, Guoqing, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Karimi, Seyed M, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leasher, Janet L, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R, Monasta, Lorenzo, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ortiz, Alberto, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Pereira, Claudia C, Petzold, Max, Pereira, David M, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sartorius, Benn, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shiri, Rahman, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thakur, Arabia JS, Thomson, Alan J, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Wang, Haidong, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, and University of Helsinki
Subjects: Male, PNEUMONIA, Pediatrics, Health (social science), Poison control, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Infant mortality, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Neonatal, Global health, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, health care economics and organizations, Mediterranean Region, Child Health, Burden of disease, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, UPDATED SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Child, Preschool, Female, Original Article, Public Health, CHILD-MORTALITY, INTERVENTIONS, COUNTRIES, Child mortality, medicine.medical_specialty, INTEGRATED APPROACH, Eastern Mediterranean Region, 03 medical and health sciences, Middle East, Neonatal mortality, Environmental health, Injury prevention, medicine, Humans, PROGRESS, Perinatal Mortality, METAANALYSIS, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, Klinisk medicin, Infant, DIARRHEA, mortality, Eastern mediterranean, Life expectancy, Morbidity, Clinical Medicine, business
Abstract: Objectives Although substantial reductions in under-5 mortality have been observed during the past 35 years, progress in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) has been uneven. This paper provides an overview of child mortality and morbidity in the EMR based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Methods We used GBD 2015 study results to explore under-5 mortality and morbidity in EMR countries. Results In 2015, 755,844 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 712,064–801,565) children under 5 died in the EMR. In the early neonatal category, deaths in the EMR decreased by 22.4%, compared to 42.4% globally. The rate of years of life lost per 100,000 population under 5 decreased 54.38% from 177,537 (173,812–181,463) in 1990 to 80,985 (76,308–85,876) in 2015; the rate of years lived with disability decreased by 0.57% in the EMR compared to 9.97% globally. Conclusions Our findings call for accelerated action to decrease child morbidity and mortality in the EMR. Governments and organizations should coordinate efforts to address this burden. Political commitment is needed to ensure that child health receives the resources needed to end preventable deaths. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-0998-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018

18. Burden of cardiovascular diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Afshin, Ashkan, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Krohn, Kristopher J, Chew, Adrienne, Cornaby, Leslie, Foreman, Kyle J, Frostad, Joseph, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kemmer, Laura, Kutz, Michael, Liu, Patrick, Mirarefin, Mojde, Nguyen, Grant, Wang, Haidong, Zipkin, Ben, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abouzeid, Marian, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla, Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlov, Johan, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Awasthi, Ashish, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Butt, Zahid A, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Estanislao Castro, Ruben, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Solomon Weldemariam, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gillum, Richard F, Gona, Philimon N, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hsairi, Mohamed, Jee, Sun Ha, Jonas, Jost B, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Kim, Daniel, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Linn, Shai, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Meier, Toni, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Miller, Ted R, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mohammed, Shafiu, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nong, Vuong Minh, Pearson-Stuttard, Jonathan, Pishgar, Farhad, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Roba, Kedir Teji, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Szoeke, Cassandra EI, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Weintraub, Robert G, Wessly, Priscilla R, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wolfe, Charles DA, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Roth, Gregory A, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Ahmed, MB, Mokdad, AH, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Cardiovascular Disease Collaborators, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Clinicum, and HUS Neurocenter
Subjects: AFFORDABILITY, PERSONAL HEALTH-CARE, Health (social science), Heart disease, Eastern Mediterranean region, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, burden of disease, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, Cardiovascular disease, Burden of disease, Eastern Mediterranean Region, 0302 clinical medicine, SAUDI-ARABIA, Risk Factors, cardiovascular disease, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, PREDICTORS, 2. Zero hunger, Middle East, Mediterranean Region, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, MIDDLE-INCOME, Cholesterol, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Cardiovascular Diseases, MEDICINES, Hypertension, Original Article, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, INCOME COUNTRIES, ARÁBIA SAUDITA, business.industry, MORTALITY, AVAILABILITY, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Klinisk medicin, Middle income, medicine.disease, Quality-adjusted life year, Eastern mediterranean, Clinical Medicine, business, Body mass index
Abstract: Objectives To report the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) during 1990–2015. Methods We used the 2015 Global Burden of Disease study for estimates of mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of different CVD in 22 countries of EMR. Results A total of 1.4 million CVD deaths (95% UI: 1.3–1.5) occurred in 2015 in the EMR, with the highest number of deaths in Pakistan (465,116) and the lowest number of deaths in Qatar (723). The age-standardized DALY rate per 100,000 decreased from 10,080 in 1990 to 8606 in 2015 (14.6% decrease). Afghanistan had the highest age-standardized DALY rate of CVD in both 1990 and 2015. Kuwait and Qatar had the lowest age-standardized DALY rates of CVD in 1990 and 2015, respectively. High blood pressure, high total cholesterol, and high body mass index were the leading risk factors for CVD. Conclusions The age-standardized DALY rates in the EMR are considerably higher than the global average. These findings call for a comprehensive approach to prevent and control the burden of CVD in the region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1012-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018

19. The global burden of tuberculosis: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015'

Author: Murray, Christopher J. L., Kyu, Hmwe H., Maddison, Emilie R., Henry, Nathaniel J., Mumford, John Everett, Barber, Ryan, Shields, Chloe, Brown, Jonathan C., Nguyen, Grant, Carter, Austin, Wolock, Timothy M., Wang, Haidong, Liu, Patrick Y., Reitsma, Marissa, Ross, Jennifer M., Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja, Abera, Mubarek, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Ahmed, Muktar, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amo-Adjei, Joshua, Andrews, Jason, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo, Anwari, Palwasha, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin, Barac, Aleksandra, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Butt, Zahid Ahmad, Cardona, Pere-Joan, Christopher, Devasahayam, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Endries, Aman, Feyissa, Tesfaye R., Fischer, Florian, Gai, Ruoyan, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gesesew, Hailay, Getahun, Belete, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gugnani, Harish, Haghparast-Bidgoli, Hassan, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hilawe, Esayas, Horita, Nobuyuki, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jonas, Jost B., Kasaeian, Amir, Kedir, Muktar Sano, Kemmer, Laura, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Ejaz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah T., Kim, Yun Jin, Koul, Parvaiz, Koyanagi, Ai, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kumar, G. Anil, Kutz, Michael, Lodha, Rakesh, Magdy, Hassan, El Razek, Abd, Majdzadeh, Reza, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Memish, Ziad, Mendoza, Walter, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Mohammed, Shafiu, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oren, Eyal, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron, Pereira, David, Plass, Dietrich, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rao, Puja C., Ray, Sarah E., Reiner, Robert, Reinig, Nickolas, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A., Sandar, Logan, Sartorius, Benn, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shey, Muki, Shifti, Desalegn Markos, Shore, Hirbo, Singh, Jasvinder, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Swaminathan, Soumya, Swartz, Scott J., Tadese, Fentaw, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tegegne, Balewgizie Sileshi, Tessema, Belay, Topor-Madry, Roman, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A., Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Weldegebreal, Solomon, Westerman, Ronny, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Naghavi, Mohsen, Hay, Simon I., and Vos, Theo
Subjects: Alcohol Drinking, Incidence, Smoking, HIV Infections, Smoking Prevention, Global Health, Article, Global Burden of Disease, Risk Factors, Diabetes Mellitus, Prevalence, Humans, Tuberculosis, Investments
Abstract: Background An understanding of the trends in tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality is crucial to tracking of the success of tuberculosis control programmes and identification of remaining challenges. We assessed trends in the fatal and non-fatal burden of tuberculosis over the past 25 years for 195 countries and territories. Methods We analysed 10 691 site-years of vital registration data, 768 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 361 site-years of mortality surveillance data using the Cause of Death Ensemble model to estimate tuberculosis mortality rates. We analysed all available age-specific and sex-specific data sources, including annual case notifications, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality, to generate internally consistent estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality using DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool. We assessed how observed tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality differed from expected trends as predicted by the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator based on income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. We also estimated tuberculosis mortality and disability-adjusted life-years attributable to the independent effects of risk factors including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes. Findings Globally, in 2015, the number of tuberculosis incident cases (including new and relapse cases) was 10.2 million (95% uncertainty interval 9.2 million to 11.5 million), the number of prevalent cases was 10.1 million (9.2 million to 11.1 million), and the number of deaths was 1.3 million (1.1 million to 1.6 million). Among individuals who were HIV negative, the number of incident cases was 8.8 million (8.0 million to 9.9 million), the number of prevalent cases was 8.9 million (8.1 million to 9.7 million), and the number of deaths was 1.1 million (0.9 million to 1.4 million). Annualised rates of change from 2005 to 2015 showed a faster decline in mortality (-4.1% [-5.0 to -3.4]) than in incidence (-1.6% [-1.9 to -1.2]) and prevalence (-0.7% [-1.0 to -0.5]) among HIV-negative individuals. The SDI was inversely associated with HIV-negative mortality rates but did not show a clear gradient for incidence and prevalence. Most of Asia, eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa had higher rates of HIV-negative tuberculosis burden than expected given their SDI. Alcohol use accounted for 11.4% (9.3-13.0) of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals in 2015, diabetes accounted for 10.6% (6.8-14.8), and smoking accounted for 7.8% (3.8-12.0). Interpretation Despite a concerted global effort to reduce the burden of tuberculosis, it still causes a large disease burden globally. Strengthening of health systems for early detection of tuberculosis and improvement of the quality of tuberculosis care, including prompt and accurate diagnosis, early initiation of treatment, and regular follow-up, are priorities. Countries with higher than expected tuberculosis rates for their level of sociodemographic development should investigate the reasons for lagging behind and take remedial action. Efforts to prevent smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes could also substantially reduce the burden of tuberculosis. Copyright (c) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
Published: 2018

20. Maternal mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, Collison, Michael, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Chew, Adrienne, Daoud, Farah, Krohn, Kristopher J, Colombara, Danny, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Kutz, Michael, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Ayele, Tadesse Awoke, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Boneya, Dube Jara, Borschmann, Rohan, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Butt, Zahid A, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Danawi, Hadi, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Doyle, Kerrie E, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Fekadu, Wubalem, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Maria Haro, Josep, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hsairi, Mohamed, Huang, Hsiang, Husseini, Abdullatif, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Spencer Lewis, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lee, Paul H, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Ricky, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Farid, Habibolah Masoudi, Mazidi, Mohsen, McGrath, John J, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mensah, George A, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Palomares Castillo, Elizabeth, Papachristou, Christina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Pervaiz, Aslam, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiabadi, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Saylan, Mete I, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah, Tabb, Karen M, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Topor-Madry, Roman, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, UCH. Departamento de Farmacia, Producción Científica UCH 2018, Mokdad, Ali H, Khalil, Ibrahim, Collison, Michael, El Bcheraou, Charbel, Ciobanu, Liliana G, and Murray, Christopher JL
Subjects: Adult, Burden of disease, Maternal mortality, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Psychological intervention, SAÚDE DA MULHER, Global Health, maternal health, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Global Burden of Disease, Middle East, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, medicine, Global health, Journal Article, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Mediterranean Region, maternal mortality, business.industry, Public health, Age Factors, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Reproductive life, 3. Good health, Eastern mediterranean, Pregnant women - Mortality - Eastern Mediterranean, Standardized mortality ratio, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Life expectancy, Mujeres embarazadas - Mortalidad - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Original Article, Female, Public Health, Maternal health, Morbidity, business
Abstract: Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la página web de la revista en la siguiente URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00038-017-1004-3 Este artículo forma parte del suplemento titulado "The state of health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015". Objectives Assessing the burden of maternal mortality is important for tracking progress and identifying public health gaps. This paper provides an overview of the burden of maternal mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to explore maternal mortality in the EMR countries. Results The maternal mortality ratio in the EMR decreased 16.3% from 283 (241–328) maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 237 (188–293) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratio was strongly correlated with socio-demographic status, where the lowest-income countries contributed the most to the burden of maternal mortality in the region. Conclusion Progress in reducing maternal mortality in the EMR has accelerated in the past 15 years, but the burden remains high. Coordinated and rigorous efforts are needed to make sure that adequate and timely services and interventions are available for women at each stage of reproductive life.
Published: 2018

21. The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2015 : findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Charara, Raghid, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Collison, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Chew, Adrienne, Daoud, Farah, Charlson, Fiona J, Colombara, Danny, Degenhardt, Louisa, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Kutz, Michael, Leung, Janni, Santomauro, Damian, Wang, Haidong, Whiteford, Harvey A, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Yimam, Kedir, Beshir, Muktar, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Ayele, Tadesse Awoke, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Drew, Charles R, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Boneya, Dube Jara, Borschmann, Rohan, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Butt, Zahid A, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Danawi, Hadi, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Doyle, Kerrie E, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Fekadu, Wubalem, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Carvalho, Alessandra, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hsairi, Mohamed, Huang, Hsiang, Husseini, Abdullatif, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Spencer Lewis, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lee, Paul H, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Ricky, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Farid, Habibolah Masoudi, Mazidi, Mohsen, McGrath, John J, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Castillo, Elizabeth Palomares, Papachristou, Christina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pervaiz, Aslam, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiabadi, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Saylan, Mete I, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Stein, Dan J, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Topor-Madry, Roman, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zein, Bassel, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, UCH. Departamento de Farmacia, Producción Científica UCH 2018, Hay, S, Mokdad, Ali H, Charara, Raghid, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Ciobanu, Liliana G, and Murray, Christopher JL
Subjects: Male, Health (social science), Eastern Mediterranean region, Poison control, burden of disease, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Depression, Mental - Eastern Mediterranean, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Global health, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mental illness - Eastern Mediterranean, Mediterranean Region, Mental Disorders, Epidemiología psiquiátrica, Burden of disease, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Anxiety, Original Article, Mental health, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, medicine.symptom, mental health, Adult, Depressive disorders, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Anxiety - Eastern Mediterranean, Mental health - Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, anxiety disorders, Injury prevention, Journal Article, Humans, Depresión mental - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Psychiatry, Disease burden, Aged, DEPRESSÃO, business.industry, Public health, Enfermedades mentales - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Salud mental - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), Ansiedad - Mediterráneo oriental (Región), 030227 psychiatry, Quality-adjusted life year, Psychiatric epidemiology, depressive disorders, business, Anxiety disorders
Abstract: Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la página web de la revista en la siguiente URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00038-017-1006-1 Este artículo forma parte del suplemento titulado "The state of health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015". Objectives. Mental disorders are among the leading causes of nonfatal burden of disease globally. Methods. We used the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2015 to examine the burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). We defined mental disorders according to criteria proposed in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV and the 10th International Classification of Diseases. Results Mental disorders contributed to 4.7% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 3.7–5.6%) of total disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), ranking as the ninth leading cause of disease burden. Depressive disorders and anxiety disorders were the third and ninth leading causes of nonfatal burden, respectively. Almost all countries in the EMR had higher age-standardized mental disorder DALYs rates compared to the global level, and in half of the EMR countries, observed mental disorder rates exceeded the expected values. Conclusions The burden of mental disorders in the EMR is higher than global levels, particularly for women. To properly address this burden, EMR governments should implement nationwide quality epidemiological surveillance of mental disorders and provide adequate prevention and treatment services.
Published: 2018

22. Adolescent health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region : findings from the global burden of disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Azzopardi, Peter, Cini, Karly, Kennedy, Elissa, Sawyer, Susan, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Collison, Michael, Afifi, Rima A, Al-Raiby, Jamela, Krohn, Kristopher J, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Afshin, Ashkan, Foreman, Kyle J, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Liu, Patrick, Olsen, Helen E, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Wang, Haidong, Arnlov, Johan, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Butt, Zahid A, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Charlson, Fiona J, Danawi, Hadi, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Denno, Donna, Deribe, Kebede, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Erskine, Holly E, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrari, Alize J, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gona, Philimon N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rajeev, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Maria Haro, Josep, Hay, Roderick J, Hearps, Stephen JC, Hendrie, Delia, Hotez, Peter J, Hu, Guoqing, Jonas, Jost B, Karch, Andre, Karimi, Seyed M, Kasaeian, Amir, Kebede, Seifu, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Leasher, Janet L, Leung, Janni, Li, Yongmei, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mitchell, Philip B, Monasta, Lorenzo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Oh, In-Hwan, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Ortiz, Alberto, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Matti, Pereira, David M, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reavley, Nicola, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Sadegh-Rezai, Mohammad, Rios-Zertuche, Diego, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Santomauro, Damian, Sartorius, Benn, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shiri, Rahman, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Whiteford, Harvey A, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Patton, George C, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany., Department of Public Health, Secure Systems research group / N. Asokan, and Clinicum
Subjects: Male, Health (social science), Nutrition and Disease, Laboratory of Virology, Poison control, Adolescent health, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, Occupational safety and health, Global Burden of Disease, Disasters, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Voeding en Ziekte, Prevalence, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, education.field_of_study, Middle East, Mediterranean Region, Mental Disorders, Smoking, 1. No poverty, Burden of disease, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, MEDITERRÂNEO, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Contraception, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, OBESITY, Original Article, Female, Public Health, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Population, OS Groenvoorziening, Developing country, Communicable Diseases, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Laboratorium voor Virologie, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, FUTURE, Environmental health, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Humans, Noncommunicable Diseases, education, VLAG, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Klinisk medicin, Overweight, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, RISK-FACTORS, INJURIES, Morbidity, Clinical Medicine
Abstract: Objectives The 22 countries of the East Mediterranean Region (EMR) have large populations of adolescents aged 10–24 years. These adolescents are central to assuring the health, development, and peace of this region. We described their health needs. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we report the leading causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents in the EMR from 1990 to 2015. We also report the prevalence of key health risk behaviors and determinants. Results Communicable diseases and the health consequences of natural disasters reduced substantially between 1990 and 2015. However, these gains have largely been offset by the health impacts of war and the emergence of non-communicable diseases (including mental health disorders), unintentional injury, and self-harm. Tobacco smoking and high body mass were common health risks amongst adolescents. Additionally, many EMR countries had high rates of adolescent pregnancy and unmet need for contraception. Conclusions Even with the return of peace and security, adolescents will have a persisting poor health profile that will pose a barrier to socioeconomic growth and development of the EMR. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1003-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018

23. Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Khalil, Ibrahim, Charara, Raghid, Afshin, Ashkan, Wang, Haidong, Collison, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Chew, Adrienne, Daoud, Farah, Blosser, Christopher D, Cornaby, Leslie, Foreman, Kyle J, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kemmer, Laura, Kutz, Michael, Liu, Patrick, Zipkin, Ben, Arnlov, Johan, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini, Erfan, Anber, Nahla, Anwari, Palwasha, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Baernighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Drew, Charles R, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Boris, Birhanu, Mulugeta M, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine J, Danawi, Hadi, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doyle, Kerrie E, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gyawali, Bishal, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Horino, Masako, Hsairi, Mohamed, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Ketema, Ezra Belay, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A, Koyanagi, Ai, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Anders, Li, Yongmei, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mazidi, Mohsen, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mensah, George A, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Miller, Ted R, Mohammed, Muktar Sano Kedir, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mueller, Ulrich O, Nagel, Gabriele, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Patel, Tejas, Pearson-Stuttard, Jonathan, Perico, Norberto, Petzold, Max, Pishgar, Farhad, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rana, Saleem M, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre MNN, Rezaei, Satar, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Bacher, Dietrich Rothen, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Alves Silveira, Dayane Gabriele, Sobaih, Badr HA, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job FM, Wakayo, Tolassa, Werdecker, Andrea, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, Moradi-Lakeh, M, El Bcheraoui, C, Khalil, I, Ahmed, MB, Mokdad, AH, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean Region Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease Collaborators, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), and Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE)
Subjects: Diabetes, Chronic kidney disease, Burden of disease, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Health (social science), Mediterranean Region/epidemiology, Psychological intervention, Eastern Mediterranean region, Eastern, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, burden of disease, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, SAUDI-ARABIA, WORLD, Health care, Global health, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/economics, diabetes, Mediterranean Region, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, MORTALIDADE, Diabetes Complications/economics, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Original Article, Public Health, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, INTERVENTIONS, KINGDOM, medicine.medical_specialty, Middle East/epidemiology, Global Burden of Disease/statistics & numerical data, Diabetes Complications, Middle East, 03 medical and health sciences, DIETARY, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, medicine, Humans, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Diabetes Mellitus/economics, Intensive care medicine, METAANALYSIS, business.industry, MORTALITY, Klinisk medicin, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, PREVENTION, Quality-adjusted life year, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Eastern mediterranean, HEALTH-CARE, RISK-FACTORS, Physical therapy, Clinical Medicine, business, chronic kidney disease, Kidney disease
Abstract: Objectives We used findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to update our previous publication on the burden of diabetes and chronic kidney disease due to diabetes (CKD-DM) during 1990–2015. Methods We extracted GBD 2015 estimates for prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of diabetes (including burden of low vision due to diabetes, neuropathy, and amputations and CKD-DM for 22 countries of the EMR from the GBD visualization tools. Results In 2015, 135,230 (95% UI 123,034–148,184) individuals died from diabetes and 16,470 (95% UI 13,977–18,961) from CKD-DM, 216 and 179% increases, respectively, compared to 1990. The total number of people with diabetes was 42.3 million (95% UI 38.6–46.4 million) in 2015. DALY rates of diabetes in 2015 were significantly higher than the expected rates based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Conclusions Our study showed a large and increasing burden of diabetes in the region. There is an urgency in dealing with diabetes and its consequences, and these efforts should be at the forefront of health prevention and promotion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1014-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2018

24. Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Lim, Stephen S, Allen, Kate, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Dandona, Lalit, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Hay, Simon I, Holmberg, Mollie, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, McNellan, Claire R, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Olsen, Helen E, Pigott, David M, Salomon, Joshua A, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, Alasfoor, Deena, AlBuhairan, Fadia S, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alkhateeb, Mohammad AB, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlov, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bejot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly A, Bikbov, Boris, Binagwaho, Agnes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Bourne, Rupert RA, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Broday, David M, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Helene, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cecilio, Pedro, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Che, Xuan, Chen, Alan Zian, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron J, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Sofia e Sa Farinha, Carla, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Mendonca Felicio, Manuela, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Ferrari, Alize J, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph RA, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Fraser, Maya, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gabbe, Belinda, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gessner, Bradford D, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Graetz, Nicholas, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Griswold, Max, Gugnani, Harish, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haakenstad, Annie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Jansen, Henrica AFM, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karunapema, Palitha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfi K Ahmed Muthafer, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-Il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krueger, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mapoma, Chabila C, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, Joao, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, McGrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert BM, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefi, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafi U, Monasta, Lorenzo, De la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murdoch, Michele E, Murimira, Brighton, Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Neal, Bruce, Nejjari, Chakib, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Mahesh, PA, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Patel, Vikram, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz HS, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja C, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Rios Blancas, Maria Jesus, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Roberts, Bayard, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Joao Vasco, Santomauro, Damian F, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sawyer, Susan M, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione JC, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sligar, Amber, Soneji, Samir, Soreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed JD, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stahl, Hans-Christian, Stanaway, Jeff rey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Stockl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Sun, Jiandong, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra EI, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, JS, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Nogales Vasconcelos, Ana Maria, Veerman, J Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Volkow, Patricia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Wanga, Valentine, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles DA, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos, Zapata, Tomas, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Murray, Christopher JL, Collaborators, GBD 2015 SDG, Stephen S., Lim, Kate, Allen, Zulfi qar A., Bhutta, Lalit, Dandona, Mohammad H., Forouzanfar, Nancy, Fullman, Peter W., Gething, Ellen M., Goldberg, Simon I., Hay, Mollie, Holmberg, Yohannes, Kinfu, Michael J., Kutz, Heidi J., Larson, Xiaofeng, Liang, Alan D., Lopez, Rafael, Lozano, Claire R., Mcnellan, Ali H., Mokdad, Meghan D., Mooney, Mohsen, Naghavi, Helen E., Olsen, David M., Pigott, Joshua A., Salomon, Theo, Vo, Haidong, Wang, Amanuel Alemu, Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja M., Abba, Foad Abd, Allah, Abdishakur M., Abdulle, Biju, Abraham, Ibrahim, Abubakar, Laith J., Abu Raddad, Niveen M. E., Abu Rmeileh, Gebre Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Akindele Olupelumi, Adebiyi, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedeji, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Hamid, Ahmadieh, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Ali Shafqat, Akanda, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi F., Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Ziyad Al, Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Fadia S., Albuhairan, Saleh Fahed, Aldhahri, Robert William, Aldridge, Zewdie Aderaw, Alemu, Raghib, Ali, Ala’A, Alkerwi, Mohammad AB, Alkhateeb, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Rajaa Al, Raddadi, Khalid A., Altirkawi, Elena Alvarez, Martin, Nelson Alvis, Guzman, Azmeraw T., Amare, Alemayehu, Amberbir, Adeladza Kofi, Amegah, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen Marc, Amrock, Hjalte H., Andersen, Benjamin O., Anderson, Gregory M., Anderson, Carl Abelardo T., Antonio, Palwasha, Anwari, Johan, Ärnlöv, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide Frinel G., Arthur Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Quintanilla, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Ryan, Barber, Suzanne L., Barker Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lope H., Barrero, Tonatiuh Barrientos, Gutierrez, Sanjay, Basu, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Shahrzad Bazargan, Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Yannick, Béjot, Michelle L., Bell, Aminu K., Bello, Derrick A., Bennett, Isabela M., Bensenor, Habib, Benzian, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Oscar Alberto, Bernal, Balem Demtsu, Betsu, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Samir, Bhatt, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Kelly A., Bienhoff, Boris, Bikbov, Agnes, Binagwaho, Donal, Bisanzio, Espen, Bjertne, Jed, Blore, Rupert R. A., Bourne, Michael, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas J. K., Breitborde, David M., Broday, Traolach S., Brugha, Rachelle, Buchbinder, Zahid A., Butt, Leah E., Cahill, Ismael Ricardo Campos, Nonato, Julio Cesar, Campuzano, Hélène, Carabin, Rosario, Cárdena, Juan Jesus, Carrero, Austin, Carter, Daniel, Casey, Valeria, Caso, Carlos A., Castañeda Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo, Riva, Ferrán Catalá, López, Fiorella, Cavalleri, Pedro, Cecílio, Hsing Yi, Chang, Jung Chen, Chang, Fiona J., Charlson, Xuan, Che, Alan Zian, Chen, Peggy Pei Chia, Chiang, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Jee Young Jasmine, Choi, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Liliana G., Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Matthew M., Coate, Megan, Coggeshall, Aaron J., Cohen, Graham S., Cooke, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Benjamin C., Cowie, John A., Crump, Solomon Abrha, Damtew, Rakhi, Dandona, Paul I., Dargan, José das, Neve, Adrian C., Davi, Kairat, Davletov, E., Filipa de Castro, Diego De, Leo, Louisa, Degenhardt, Liana C., Del Gobbo, Kebede, Deribe, Sarah, Derrett, Don C., Des Jarlai, Aniruddha, Deshpande, Gabrielle A., Deveber, Subhojit, Dey, Samath D., Dharmaratne, Preet K., Dhillon, Eric L., Ding, E., Ray Dorsey, Kerrie E., Doyle, Tim R., Driscoll, Leilei, Duan, Manisha, Dubey, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan, Hedyeh, Ebrahimi, Aman Yesuf, Endrie, Sergey Petrovich, Ermakov, Holly E., Erskine, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Saman, Fahimi, Talha A., Farid, Carla Sofi a. e., Sa Farinha, André, Faro, Maryam S., Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery L., Feigin, Manuela Mendonca, Felicio, Seyed Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jefferson G., Fernande, Joao C., Fernande, Alize J., Ferrari, Florian, Fischer, Joseph R. A., Fitchett, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, Foreman, F. Gerry R., Fowke, Elisabeth Barboza, Franca, Richard C., Franklin, Maya, Fraser, Joseph, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Thomas, Fürst, Belinda, Gabbe, Alberto L., Garcia Basteiro, Teshome, Gebre, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Alemseged Aregay, Gebru, Bradford D., Gessner, Richard F., Gillum, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Ginawi, Ababi Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu Dedefo, Gishu, William, Godwin, Philimon, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer Vali, Gopalani, Carolyn C., Gotay, Atsushi, Goto, Hebe N., Gouda, Nicholas, Graetz, Karen Fern, Greenwell, Max, Griswold, Yuming, Guo, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Reyna A., Gutiérrez, Bishal, Gyawali, Juanita A., Haagsma, Annie, Haakenstad, Nima Hafezi, Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Gessessew Bugssa, Hailu, Yara A., Halasa, Randah Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Mouhanad, Hammami, Graeme J., Hankey, Hilda L., Harb, Josep Maria, Haro, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassanvand, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Ileana Beatriz Heredia, Pi, Hans W., Hoek, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, H., Dean Hosgood, Damian G., Hoy, Aung Soe, Htet, Guoqing, Hu, Hsiang, Huang, Kim Moesgaard, Iburg, Bulat T., Idrisov, Manami, Inoue, Farhad, Islami, Troy A., Jacob, Kathryn H., Jacobsen, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B., Jakovljevic, Peter, Jame, Henrica A. F. M., Jansen, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Achala Upendra, Jayatilleke, Sun Ha, Jee, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Vivekanand, Jha, Ying, Jiang, Tariku, Jibat, Ye, Jin, Jost B., Jona, Zubair, Kabir, Yogeshwar, Kalkonde, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Amit, Kandel, André, Karch, Corine Kakizi, Karema, Chante, Karimkhani, Palitha, Karunapema, Amir, Kasaeian, Nicholas J., Kassebaum, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Jeanne Françoise, Kayibanda, Peter Njenga, Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew Haddon, Kemp, Andre Pascal, Kengne, Andre, Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair, Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh, Khader, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Young Ho, Khang, Tawfi k., Ahmed Muthafer Khoja, Ardeshir, Khosravi, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Christian, Kieling, Cho il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Ruth W., Kimokoti, Niranjan, Kissoon, Miia, Kivipelto, Luke D., Knibb, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Dhaval, Kolte, Soewarta, Kosen, Georgios A., Kotsaki, Parvaiz A., Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Michael, Kravchenko, Hans, Krueger, Barthelemy Kuate, Defo, Ricardo S., Kuchenbecker, Ernst J., Kuiper, Xie Rachel, Kulikoff, Veena S., Kulkarni, G., Anil Kumar, Gene F., Kwan, Hmwe H., Kyu, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Qing, Lan, Sinead M., Langan, Anders, Larsson, Dennis Odai, Laryea, Asma Abdul, Latif, Janet L., Leasher, James, Leigh, Mall, Leinsalu, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Leung, Miriam, Levi, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Li, Margaret, Lind, Shai, Linn, Steven E., Lipshultz, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Liu, Belinda K., Lloyd, Loon Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Paulo A., Lotufo, Robyn M., Luca, Raimundas, Luneviciu, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, Razek, Carlos Magis, Rodriguez, Mahdi, Mahdavi, Marek, Majdan, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho, Malta, Chabila C., Mapoma, David Joel, Margoli, Randall V., Martin, Jose Martinez, Raga, Felix, Masiye, Amanda J., Mason Jone, João, Massano, Richard, Matzopoulo, Bongani M., Mayosi, John J., Mcgrath, Martin, Mckee, Peter A., Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Alemayehu B., Mekonnen, Yohannes Adama, Melaku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad A., Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Gert B. M., Mensink, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Meretoja, Yonatan Moges Mesfi, N, Francis Apolinary, Mhimbira, Renata, Micha, Ted R., Miller, Edward J., Mill, Mojde Mirarefi, N, Awoke, Misganaw, Philip B., Mitchell, Charles N., Mock, Alireza, Mohammadi, Shafi u., Mohammed, Lorenzo, Monasta, Jonathan de la Cruz, Moni, Julio Cesar Montañez, Hernandez, Marcella, Montico, Maziar Moradi, Lakeh, Lidia, Morawska, Rintaro, Mori, Ulrich O., Mueller, Michele E., Murdoch, Brighton, Murimira, Joseph, Murray, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul Imran, Musa, Jean B., Nachega, Gabriele, Nagel, Kovin S., Naidoo, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Bruce, Neal, Chakib, Nejjari, Charles R., Newton, John N., Newton, Frida Namnyak, Ngalesoni, Peter, Nguhiu, Grant, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Muhammad Imran, Nisar, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Pete, Sandra, Nolte, Marika, Nomura, Ole F., Norheim, Bo, Norrving, Carla Makhlouf, Obermeyer, Felix Akpojene, Ogbo, In Hwan, Oh, Olanrewaju, Oladimeji, Pedro R., Olivare, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Olusanya, John Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Richard H., Osborne, Erika, Ota, Mayowa O., Owolabi, Mahesh, Pa, Eun Kee, Park, Hye Youn, Park, Charles D., Parry, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Tejas, Patel, Vikram, Patel, Angel J., Paternina Caicedo, Snehal T., Patil, Scott B., Patten, George C., Patton, Deepak, Paudel, João Mário, Pedro, David M., Pereira, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudov, Max, Petzold, Michael Robert, Phillip, Frédéric B., Piel, Julian David, Pillay, Christine, Pinho, Farhad, Pishgar, Suzanne, Polinder, Richie G., Poulton, Farshad, Pourmalek, Mostafa, Qorbani, Rynaz H. S., Rabiee, Amir, Radfar, Vafa Rahimi, Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rahman, Rajesh Kumar, Rai, Sasa, Rajsic, Murugesan, Raju, Usha, Ram, Saleem M., Rana, Chhabi Lal, Ranabhat, Kavitha, Ranganathan, Puja C., Rao, Amany H., Refaat, Marissa B., Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Serge, Resnikoff, Antonio L., Ribeiro, Maria Jesus Rios, Blanca, Hirbo Shore, Roba, Bayard, Robert, Alina, Rodriguez, David Rojas, Rueda, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Gregory A., Roth, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Roy, Ben Benasco, Sackey, Rajesh, Sagar, Muhammad Muhammad, Saleh, Juan R., Sanabria, Damian F., Santomauro, Itamar S., Santo, Rodrigo Sarmiento, Suarez, Benn, Sartoriu, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Susan M., Sawyer, Josef, Schmidhuber, Maria Inês, Schmidt, Ione J. C., Schneider, Aletta E., Schutte, David C., Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Sadaf G., Sepanlou, Edson E., Servan Mori, Katya, Shackelford, Amira, Shaheen, Masood Ali, Shaikh, Teresa Shamah, Levy, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Kevin N., Sheth, Muki, Shey, Peilin, Shi, Kenji, Shibuya, Mika, Shigematsu, Min Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Kawkab, Shishani, Ivy, Shiue, Inga Dora, Sigfusdottir, Naris, Silpakit, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Jonathan I., Silverberg, Edgar P., Simard, Shireen, Sindi, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Vegard, Skirbekk, Amber, Sligar, Samir, Soneji, Kjetil, Søreide, Reed J. D., Sorensen, Joan B., Soriano, Sergey, Soshnikov, Luciano A., Sposato, Chandrashekhar T., Sreeramareddy, Hans Christian, Stahl, Jeff rey D., Stanaway, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Nadine, Steckling, Nicholas, Steel, Dan J., Stein, Caitlyn, Steiner, Heidi, Stöckl, Saverio, Strange, Mark, Strong, Jiandong, Sun, Bruno F., Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan L., Syke, Cassandra E. I., Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés, Seisdedo, Karen M., Tabb, Roberto Tchio, Talongwa, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarawneh, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Bineyam, Taye, Hugh R., Taylor, Bemnet Amare, Tedla, Worku, Tefera, Teketo Kassaw, Tegegne, Dejen Yemane, Tekle, Girma Temam, Shifa, Abdullah Sulieman, Terkawi, Gizachew Assefa, Tessema, J. S., Thakur, Alan J., Thomson, Andrew L., Thorne Lyman, Amanda G., Thrift, George D., Thurston, Taavi, Tillmann, Ruoyan Tobe, Gai, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman Topor, Madry, Fotis, Topouzi, Bach Xuan, Tran, Zacharie Tsala, Dimbuene, Abera Kenay, Tura, Emin Murat, Tuzcu, Stefanos, Tyrovola, Kingsley Nnanna, Ukwaja, Eduardo A., Undurraga, Chigozie Jesse, Uneke, Olalekan A., Uthman, Aaron van, Donkelaar, Yuri Y., Varakin, Tommi, Vasankari, Ana Maria Nogales, Vasconcelo, J., Lennert Veerman, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Raj Kumar, Verma, Francesco S., Violante, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vlassov, Patricia, Volkow, Stein Emil, Vollset, Gregory R., Wagner, Mitchell T., Wallin, Linhong, Wang, Valentine, Wanga, David A., Watkin, Scott, Weichenthal, Elisabete, Weiderpa, Robert G., Weintraub, Daniel J., Wei, Andrea, Werdecker, Ronny, Westerman, Harvey A., Whiteford, James D., Wilkinson, Charles Shey, Wiysonge, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Wolfe, Sungho, Won, Anthony D., Woolf, Shimelash Bitew, Workie, Mamo, Wubshet, Gelin, Xu, Ajit Kumar, Yadav, Bereket, Yakob, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yalew, Lijing L., Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Pengpeng, Ye, Paul, Yip, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Seok Jun, Yoon, Mustafa Z., Youni, Chuanhua, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa El Sayed, Zaki, Carlos Zambrana, Torrelio, Tomas, Zapata, Elias Asfaw, Zegeye, Yi, Zhao, Maigeng, Zhou, Sanjay, Zodpey, David, Zonie, Christopher J. L., Murray, Lim, Stephen S, Allen, Kate, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Dandona, Lalit, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Hay, Simon I, Holmberg, Mollie, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kutz, Michael J, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Mcnellan, Claire R, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Olsen, Helen E, Pigott, David M, Salomon, Joshua A, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, 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Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron J, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Cyru, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Neves, José da, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felicio, Manuela Mendonca, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Ferrari, Alize J, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Fraser, Maya, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Gabbe, Belinda, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gessner, Bradford D, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Godwin, William, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Graetz, Nichola, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Griswold, Max, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haakenstad, Annie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, 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Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krueger, Han, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, Jame, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, 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Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, spline regressions, Health Status, Global Health, Goal, Health Statu, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, Universal Health Insurance, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, health-related SDG performance indicators, socio-demographic index, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Conservation of Natural Resource, Disabled Persons, Health Status Indicator, Medicine(all), Insurance, Health, Risk Factor, Medicine (all), Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, Cost of Illne, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Disabled Person, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Universal Coverage, Goals, Human
Abstract: Summary Background In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030. We provide an analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods We applied statistical methods to systematically compiled data to estimate the performance of 33 health-related SDG indicators for 188 countries from 1990 to 2015. We rescaled each indicator on a scale from 0 (worst observed value between 1990 and 2015) to 100 (best observed). Indices representing all 33 health-related SDG indicators (health-related SDG index), health-related SDG indicators included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG index), and health-related indicators not included in the MDGs (non-MDG index) were computed as the geometric mean of the rescaled indicators by SDG target. We used spline regressions to examine the relations between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI, a summary measure based on average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate) and each of the health-related SDG indicators and indices. Findings In 2015, the median health-related SDG index was 59·3 (95% uncertainty interval 56·8–61·8) and varied widely by country, ranging from 85·5 (84·2–86·5) in Iceland to 20·4 (15·4–24·9) in Central African Republic. SDI was a good predictor of the health-related SDG index (r2=0·88) and the MDG index (r2=0·92), whereas the non-MDG index had a weaker relation with SDI (r2=0·79). Between 2000 and 2015, the health-related SDG index improved by a median of 7·9 (IQR 5·0–10·4), and gains on the MDG index (a median change of 10·0 [6·7–13·1]) exceeded that of the non-MDG index (a median change of 5·5 [2·1–8·9]). Since 2000, pronounced progress occurred for indicators such as met need with modern contraception, under-5 mortality, and neonatal mortality, as well as the indicator for universal health coverage tracer interventions. Moderate improvements were found for indicators such as HIV and tuberculosis incidence, minimal changes for hepatitis B incidence took place, and childhood overweight considerably worsened. Interpretation GBD provides an independent, comparable avenue for monitoring progress towards the health-related SDGs. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of income, education, and fertility as drivers of health improvement but also emphasises that investments in these areas alone will not be sufficient. Although considerable progress on the health-related MDG indicators has been made, these gains will need to be sustained and, in many cases, accelerated to achieve the ambitious SDG targets. The minimal improvement in or worsening of health-related indicators beyond the MDGs highlight the need for additional resources to effectively address the expanded scope of the health-related SDGs. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2016

25. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

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Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, 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John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nunes, Bruno P, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, de Azeredo Passos, Valéria Maria, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Upasana, Shen, Jiabin, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Sivonda, Anna, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Sligar, Amber, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Steinke, Sabine, Stovner, Lars, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Woodbrook, Rachel, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J L, Vos, T, Allen, C, Arora, M, Barber, Rm, Bhutta, Za, Brown, A, Carter, A, Casey, Dc, Charlson, Fj, Chen, Az, Coggeshall, M, Cornaby, L, Dandona, L, Dicker, Dj, Dilegge, T, Erskine, He, Ferrari, Aj, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, T, Forouzanfar, Mh, Fullman, N, Gething, Pw, Goldberg, Em, Graetz, N, Haagsma, Ja, Johnson, Co, Kassebaum, Nj, Kawashima, T, Kemmer, L, Khalil, Ia, Kinfu, Y, Kyu, Hh, Leung, J, Liang, X, Lim, S, Lopez, Ad, Lozano, R, Marczak, L, Mensah, Ga, Mokdad, Ah, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Nsoesie, E, Olsen, H, Pigott, Dm, Pinho, C, Rankin, Z, Reinig, N, Salomon, Ja, Sandar, L, Smith, A, Stanaway, J, Steiner, C, Teeple, S, Thomas, Ba, Troeger, C, Wagner, Ja, Wang, H, Wanga, V, Whiteford, Ha, Zoeckler, L, Abajobir, Aa, Abate, Kh, Abbafati, C, Abbas, Km, Abd Allah, F, Abraham, B, Abubakar, I, Abu Raddad, Lj, Abu Rmeileh, Nm, Ackerman, In, Adebiyi, Ao, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Afanvi, Ka, Agardh, Ee, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, Aa, Ahmadieh, H, Ajala, On, Akinyemi, Ro, Akseer, N, Al Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, Nk, Aldhahri, Sf, Alegretti, Ma, Alemu, Za, Alexander, Lt, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, Ka, Alvis Guzman, N, Amare, At, Amberbir, A, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Amrock, Sm, Andersen, Hh, Anderson, Gm, Anderson, Bo, Antonio, Ca, Aregay, Af, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Assadi, R, Atique, S, Avokpaho, Ef, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, Bp, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker Collo, Sl, Bärnighausen, T, Barregard, L, Barrero, Lh, Basu, A, Bazargan Hejazi, S, Bell, B, Bell, Ml, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Benzian, H, Berhane, A, Bernabé, E, Betsu, Bd, Beyene, A, Bhala, N, Bhatt, S, Biadgilign, S, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, J, Borschmann, R, Boufous, S, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Nj, Brown, J, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, Gc, Butt, Za, Calabria, B, Campos Nonato, Ir, Campuzano, Jc, Carabin, H, Cárdenas, R, Carpenter, Do, Carrero, Jj, Castañeda Orjuela, Ca, Rivas, Jc, Catalá López, F, Chang, Jc, Chiang, Pp, Chibueze, Ce, Chisumpa, Vh, Choi, Jj, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christopher, Dj, Ciobanu, Lg, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Mm, Colquhoun, Sm, Cooper, C, Cortinovis, M, Crump, Ja, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Health Services Management & Organisation (HSMO), Public Health, Psychiatry, Vos, Theo, Allen, Christine, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Alexandria, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Dilegge, Tina, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Tom, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nichola, Haagsma, Juanita A, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kawashima, Toana, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Olsen, Helen, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikola, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Jonathan, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coates, Matthew M, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyru, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Gobbo, Liana C Del, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C De, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endres, Matthia, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Estep, Kara, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felson, David T, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Fox, Jordan, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D, Gabbe, Belinda, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Grainger, Rebecca, Greaves, Felix, Guillemin, Franci, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kumar, G Anil, Kutz, Michael, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Aparna, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Ander, Lavados, Pablo M, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Mackay, Mark T, Magdy, Mohammed, Razek, Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Massano, João, Mcgarvey, Stephen Theodore, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mcmahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murdoch, Michele E, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nunes, Bruno P, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, de Azeredo Passos, Valéria Maria, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rio, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Upasana, Shen, Jiabin, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Sivonda, Anna, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Sligar, Amber, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Steinke, Sabine, Stovner, Lar, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Woodbrook, Rachel, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Medicine(all), VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Samfunnsmedisin, sosialmedisin: 801, Incidence, Medicine (all), Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Bayes Theorem, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Articles, Department of Error, Global Health, Cost of Illne, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Cost of Illness, disability, General & Internal Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Prevalence, Humans, Disabled Person, Disabled Persons, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Community medicine, Social medicine: 801, Human
Abstract: Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Open Access funded by Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationUnder a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Published: 2016

26. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Jonathan, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Johnson, Catherine O, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikolas, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Sorensen, Reed J D, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Troeger, Chris, Truelsen, Thomas, VanderZanden, Amelia, Wagner, Joseph A, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zhou, Maigeng, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adsuar, José C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Abdulhak, Aref A Bin, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Choudhury, Lincoln, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercedes, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Gobbo, Liana C Del, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D, Gabbe, Belinda, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, 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Cavalleri, Fiorella, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Choudhury, Lincoln, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercede, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Gobbo, Liana C Del, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C De, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D, Gabbe, Belinda, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassen, Tahir Ahmed, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Daniel J, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jauregui, Alejandra, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kajungu, Dan K, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazi, Dhruv S, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Larsson, Ander, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lavados, Pablo M, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moge, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mumford, John Everett, Murdoch, Michele E, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Ota, Erika, Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Dheeraj, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Ricci, Stefano, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, J.S., Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, van Os, Jim, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, Murray, Christopher J L, Public Health, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Health Services Management & Organisation (HSMO), RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health, MUMC+: MA Psychiatrie (3), MUMC+: Hersen en Zenuw Centrum (3), Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, and Kardiyoloji
Subjects: Medicine(all), Medical And Health Sciences, Medicine (all), Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, Global Health, Article, Cost of Illne, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Life Expectancy, Cost of Illness, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Humans, Disabled Persons, Disabled Person, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Morbidity, Human
Abstract: Background Healthy life expectancy (HALE) and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) provide summary measures of health across geographies and time that can inform assessments of epidemiological patterns and health system performance, help to prioritise investments in research and development, and monitor progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We aimed to provide updated HALE and DALYs for geographies worldwide and evaluate how disease burden changes with development. Methods We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015) for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for each geography, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using the Sullivan method, which draws from age-specific death rates and YLDs per capita. We then assessed how observed levels of DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends calculated with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator constructed from measures of income per capita, average years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Findings Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2015, with decreases in communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional (Group 1) disease DALYs off set by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Much of this epidemiological transition was caused by changes in population growth and ageing, but it was accelerated by widespread improvements in SDI that also correlated strongly with the increasing importance of NCDs. Both total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most Group 1 causes significantly decreased by 2015, and although total burden climbed for the majority of NCDs, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined. Nonetheless, age-standardised DALY rates due to several high-burden NCDs (including osteoarthritis, drug use disorders, depression, diabetes, congenital birth defects, and skin, oral, and sense organ diseases) either increased or remained unchanged, leading to increases in their relative ranking in many geographies. From 2005 to 2015, HALE at birth increased by an average of 2.9 years (95% uncertainty interval 2.9-3.0) for men and 3.5 years (3.4-3.7) for women, while HALE at age 65 years improved by 0.85 years (0.78-0.92) and 1.2 years (1.1-1.3), respectively. Rising SDI was associated with consistently higher HALE and a somewhat smaller proportion of life spent with functional health loss; however, rising SDI was related to increases in total disability. Many countries and territories in central America and eastern sub-Saharan Africa had increasingly lower rates of disease burden than expected given their SDI. At the same time, a subset of geographies recorded a growing gap between observed and expected levels of DALYs, a trend driven mainly by rising burden due to war, interpersonal violence, and various NCDs. Interpretation Health is improving globally, but this means more populations are spending more time with functional health loss, an absolute expansion of morbidity. The proportion of life spent in ill health decreases somewhat with increasing SDI, a relative compression of morbidity, which supports continued efforts to elevate personal income, improve education, and limit fertility. Our analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework on which to benchmark geography-specific health performance and SDG progress. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform financial and research investments, prevention efforts, health policies, and health system improvement initiatives for all countries along the development continuum. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2016

27. Danger ahead: the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2015

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Krohn, Kristopher J, Chew, Adrienne, Biryukov, Stan, Casey, Daniel, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Cornaby, Leslie, Dicker, Daniel, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle J, Fraser, Maya, Frostad, Joseph, Godwin, William W, Griswold, Max, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kemmer, Laura, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liu, Patrick, Mikesell, Joseph, Nguyen, Grant, Olsen, Helen E, Reiner, Robert, Reitsma, Marissa, Roth, Gregory, Santomauro, Damian, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Sur, Patrick, Wang, Haidong, Whiteford, Harvey A, Afifi, Rima, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Anber, Nahla, Ansari, Hossein, Anwari, Palwasha, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Bacha, Umar, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bisanzio, Donal, Butt, Zahid A, Deribew, Amare, Djalalinia, Shirin, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farvid, Maryam S, Chan, Harvard TH, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamidi, Samer, Hotez, Peter J, Hsairi, Mohamed, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef S, Khan, Ejaz A, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khoja, Abdullah TA, Khoja, Tawfik AM, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kopec, Jacek A, Larson, Heidi J, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Memish, Ziad A, Mensah, George A, Nasher, Jamal T, Obermeyer, Carla M, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, David L, Rawaf, Salman, Refaat, Amany H, Rezaei, Satar, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood A, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sobaih, Badr HA, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Topor-Madry, Roman, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Werdecker, Andrea, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yaseri, Mehdi, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher JL, and Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Poison control, Nutritional Status, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Disease, Global Health, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Disability-adjusted life years, Child Nutrition Disorders, Occupational safety and health, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Middle East, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Neoplasms, Injury prevention, medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Risk factor, Child, Noncommunicable Diseases, Cause of death, 2. Zero hunger, Injuries, business.industry, Mediterranean Region, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Burden of disease, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Diet, Malnutrition, Risk factors, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Original Article, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, business
Abstract: Objectives The Eastern Mediterranean Region faces several health challenges at a difficult time with wars, unrest, and economic change. Methods We used the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the Eastern Mediterranean Region from 1990 to 2015. Results Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in the region in 2015, followed by cerebrovascular disease. Changes in total deaths ranged from a reduction of 25% for diarrheal diseases to an increase of about 42% for diabetes and tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer. Collective violence and legal intervention increased by 850% during the time period. Diet was the leading risk factor for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for men compared to maternal malnutrition for females. Childhood undernutrition was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 1990 and 2005, but the second in 2015 after high blood pressure. Conclusions Our study shows that the region is facing several health challenges and calls for global efforts to stabilise the region and to address the current and future burden of disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1017-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2017

28. International Journal of Public Health

Author: Mokdad, Ali H, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, Wang, Haidong, Charara, Raghid, Khalil, Ibrahim, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Afshin, Ashkan, Collison, Michael, Daoud, Farah, Chew, Adrienne, Krohn, Kristopher J, Carter, Austin, Foreman, Kyle J, He, Fei, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kutz, Michael, Mirarefin, Mojde, Nguyen, Grant, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Adane, Kelemework, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alam, Khurshid, Alasfoor, Deena, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Ayele, Tadesse Awoke, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Baernighausen, Till, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Geffen, David, Bedi, Neeraj, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bessong, Pascal Obong, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Birungi, Charles, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Danawi, Hadi, das Neves, Jose, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doyle, Kerrie E, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eshrati, Babak, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farvid, Maryam S, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fischer, Florian, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Gona, Philimon N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Horita, Nobuyuki, Husseini, Abdullatif, Ibrahim, Ahmed, James, Spencer Lewis, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Larson, Heidi J, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Markos, Desalegn, Farid, Habibolah Masoudi, Mehari, Alem, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Moore, Ami R, Mumtaz, Ghina R, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negin, Joel, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ota, Erika, Pereira, David M, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Samy, Abdallah M, Sartorius, Benn, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sibamo, Ephrem Lejore Sibamo, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sobaih, Badr HA, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sykes, Bryan L, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesssema, Belay, Topor-Madry, Roman, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Alebachew, Minyahil, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Jumaan, Aisha O, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher JL, Reg, GBD 2015 Eastern Mediterranean, and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde
Subjects: Health (social science), HIV Infections, Global Health, Mediterranean Region / epidemiology, Global Burden of Disease, HIV Infections / epidemiology, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, Global Burden of Disease / statistics & numerical data, education.field_of_study, HIV mortality, Mediterranean Region, Mortality rate, Burden of disease, MEDITERRÂNEO, 3. Good health, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Original Article, Public Health, Life Expectancy / trends, 0305 other medical science, medicine.medical_specialty, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / epidemiology, Population, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / economics, Eastern Mediterranean Region, 03 medical and health sciences, Middle East, Life Expectancy, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), medicine, Humans, Mortality, education, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 030505 public health, business.industry, Public health, Body Weight, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, HIV, Sequela, medicine.disease, Years of potential life lost, Life expectancy, Morbidity, business, HIV Infections / economics, Demography, Middle East / epidemiology
Abstract: Objectives We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to estimate trends of HIV/AIDS burden in Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries between 1990 and 2015. Methods Tailored estimation methods were used to produce final estimates of mortality. Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated by multiplying the mortality rate by population by age-specific life expectancy. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were computed as the prevalence of a sequela multiplied by its disability weight. Results In 2015, the rate of HIV/AIDS deaths in the EMR was 1.8 (1.4–2.5) per 100,000 population, a 43% increase from 1990 (0.3; 0.2–0.8). Consequently, the rate of YLLs due to HIV/AIDS increased from 15.3 (7.6–36.2) per 100,000 in 1990 to 81.9 (65.3–114.4) in 2015. The rate of YLDs increased from 1.3 (0.6–3.1) in 1990 to 4.4 (2.7–6.6) in 2015. Conclusions HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality increased in the EMR since 1990. To reverse this trend and achieve epidemic control, EMR countries should strengthen HIV surveillance, and scale up HIV antiretroviral therapy and comprehensive prevention services. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00038-017-1023-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2017

29. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Author: Roth, Gregory A., Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, Francois, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Arnlov, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Ketema, Ezra Belay, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Andres Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L., Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I., Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J., Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T., Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kumar, G. Anil, Kwan, Gene F., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E., Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Grant Nguyen, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, Joao, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antonio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A., Santos, Itamar, Milicevic, Milena Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, J. S., Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher, Roth, Gregory, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Semaw, Ferede Abera, Gebre, Abyu, Muktar, Ahmed, Baran, Aksut, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, François, Alla, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Stephen, Amrock, Hossein, Ansari, Johan, Ärnlöv, Hamid, Asayesh, Tesfay, Mehari Atey, Leticia, Avila-Burgo, Ashish, Awasthi, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Till, Bärnighausen, Lars, Barregard, Neeraj, Bedi, Ezra, Belay Ketema, Derrick, Bennett, Gebremedhin, Berhe, Zulfiqar, Bhutta, Shimelash, Bitew, Jonathan, Carapeti, Juan, Jesus Carrero, Deborah, Carvalho Malta, Carlos, Andres Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo-Riva, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Jee-Young, Choi, Hanne, Christensen, Cirillo, Massimo, Leslie, Cooper, Michael, Criqui, David, Cundiff, Albertino, Damasceno, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Kairat, Davletov, Samath, Dharmaratne, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Manisha, Dubey, Rebecca, Ehrenkranz, Maysaa, El Sayed Zaki, Emerito, Jose A. Faraon, Alireza, Esteghamati, Talha, Farid, Maryam, Farvid, Valery, Feigin, Eric, L. Ding, Gerry, Fowke, Tsegaye, Gebrehiwot, Richard, Gillum, Audra, Gold, Philimon, Gona, Rajeev, Gupta, Tesfa, Dejenie Habtewold, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew, Bugssa Hailu, Graeme, Hankey, Hamid, Yimam Hassen, Kalkidan, Hassen Abate, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Simon, Hay, Masako, Horino, Peter, Hotez, Kathryn, Jacobsen, Spencer, Jame, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Denny, John, Jost, Jona, Yogeshwar, Kalkonde, Chante, Karimkhani, Amir, Kasaeian, Yousef, Khader, Abdur, Khan, Young-Ho, Khang, Sahil, Khera, Abdullah, Khoja, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Daniel, Kim, Dhaval, Kolte, Soewarta, Kosen, Kristopher, Krohn, Anil, Kumar, Gene, Kwan, Dharmesh, Kumar Lal, Anders, Larsson, Shai, Linn, Alan, Lopez, Paulo, Lotufo, Hassan, Magdy, Abd El, Razek, Reza, Malekzadeh, Mohsen, Mazidi, Toni, Meier, Kidanu, Gebremariam Mele, George, Mensah, Atte, Meretoja, Haftay, Mezgebe, Ted, Miller, Erkin, Mirrakhimov, Shafiu, Mohammed, Andrew, Moran, Kamarul, Imran Musa, Jagat, Narula, Bruce, Neal, Frida, Ngalesoni, Grant, Nguyen, Carla, Makhlouf Obermeyer, Mayowa, Owolabi, George, Patton, João, Pedro, Dima, Qato, Mostafa, Qorbani, Kazem, Rahimi, Rajesh, Kumar Rai, Salman, Rawaf, Antônio, Ribeiro, Saeid, Safiri, Joshua, Salomon, Itamar, Santo, Milena, Santric Milicevic, Benn, Sartoriu, Aletta, Schutte, Sadaf, Sepanlou, Masood, Ali Shaikh, Min-Jeong, Shin, Mehdi, Shishehbor, Hirbo, Shore, Diego, Augusto Santos Silva, Eugene, Sobngwi, Saverio, Strange, Soumya, Swaminathan, Rafael, Tabarés-Seisdedo, Niguse, Tadele Atnafu, Fisaha, Tesfay Thakur, Amanda, Thrift, Roman, Topor-Madry, Thomas, Truelsen, Stefanos, Tyrovola, Kingsley, Nnanna Ukwaja, Olalekan, Uthman, Tommi, Vasankari, Vasiliy, Vlassov, Stein, Emil Vollset, Tolassa, Wakayo, David, Watkin, Robert, Weintraub, Andrea, Werdecker, Ronny, Westerman, Charles, Shey Wiysonge, Charles, Wolfe, Abdulhalik, Workicho, Gelin, Xu, Yuichiro, Yano, Paul, Yip, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Mustafa, Youni, Chuanhua, Yu, Theo, Vo, Mohsen, Naghavi, and Christopher, Murray.
Subjects: Adult, Male, Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems, DEATHS, global health, Risk Assessment, 1102 Cardiovascular Medicine And Haematology, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, Young Adult, cause of death, Life Expectancy, Risk Factors, AMERICAN-HEART-ASSOCIATION, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Prevalence, Humans, Prospective Studies, Sex Distribution, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Science & Technology, HYPERTENSION, PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL-DISEASE, CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, Middle Aged, Global Burden of Disease - Cardiovascular Disease, Survival Rate, 1117 Public Health And Health Services, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, Cardiovascular Diseases, DISABILITY WEIGHTS, Cardiovascular System & Cardiology, RISK-FACTORS, Female, epidemiology, Morbidity, Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Abstract: Background The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. Objectives The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. Methods CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Results In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. Conclusions CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
Published: 2017

30. Contextual factors associated with health care service utilization for children with acute childhood illnesses in Nigeria

Author: Simeoni, Umberto, Adedokun, Sulaimon T., Adekanmbi, Victor, Uthman, Olalekan A., and Lilford, Richard J.
Subjects: Male, Health Care Providers, RJ101, Health care service, Psychological intervention, lcsh:Medicine, Pediatrics, Geographical Locations, Families, 0302 clinical medicine, Health care, Medicine and Health Sciences, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, lcsh:Science, 10. No inequality, Children, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Child and Adolescent Health Policy, 4. Education, Child Health, 1. No poverty, Health Services, Middle Aged, Socioeconomic Aspects of Health, Acute Disease, Female, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Higher education, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Mothers, Nigeria, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, Psychiatry, education, Health Care Policy, business.industry, Public health, lcsh:R, Odds ratio, Health Care, Cross-Sectional Studies, Age Groups, People and Places, Africa, Population Groupings, lcsh:Q, Rural area, business
Abstract: Objective To examine the independent contribution of individual, community and state-level factors to health care service utilization for children with acute childhood illnesses in Nigeria. Materials and methods The study was based on secondary analyses of cross-sectional population-based data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Multilevel logistic regression models were applied to the data on 6,427 under-five children who used or did not use health care service when they were sick (level 1), nested within 896 communities (level 2) from 37 states (level 3). Results About one-quarter of the mothers were between 15 and 24 years old and almost half of them did not have formal education (47%). While only 30% of the children utilized health service when they were sick, close to 67% lived in the rural area. In the fully adjusted model, mothers with higher education attainment (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.63; 95% credible interval [CrI] = 1.31–2.03), from rich households (aOR = 1.76; 95% CrI = 1.35–2.25), with access to media (radio, television or magazine) (aOR = 1.18; 95% CrI = 1.08–1.29), and engaging in employment (aOR = 1.18; 95% CrI = 1.02–1.37) were significantly more likely to have used healthcare services for acute childhood illnesses. On the other hand, women who experienced difficulty getting to health facilities (aOR = 0.87; 95% CrI = 0.75–0.99) were less likely to have used health service for their children. Conclusions Our findings highlight that utilization of healthcare service for acute childhood illnesses was influenced by not only maternal factors but also community-level factors, suggesting that public health strategies should recognise this complex web of individual composition and contextual composition factors to guide provision of healthcare services. Such interventions could include: increase in female school enrolment, provision of interest-free loans for small and medium scale enterprises, introduction of mobile clinics and establishment of more primary health care centres.
Published: 2017

31. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Author: Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Belay Ketema, Ezra, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mazidi, Mohsen, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Mensah, George, Meretoja, Atte, Mezgebe, Haftay, Miller, Ted, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moran, Andrew E, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ngalesoni, Frida, Nguyen, Grant, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Owolabi, Mayowa, Patton, George, Pedro, João, Qato, Dima, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rahimi, Kazem, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rawaf, Salman, Ribeiro, Antônio, Safiri, Saeid, Salomon, Joshua A, Santos, Itamar, Santric Milicevic, Milena, Sartorius, Benn, Schutte, Aletta, Sepanlou, Sadaf, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Shore, Hirbo, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Sobngwi, Eugene, Stranges, Saverio, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadele Atnafu, Niguse, Tesfay, Fisaha, Thakur, JS, Thrift, Amanda, Topor-Madry, Roman, Truelsen, Thomas, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uthman, Olalekan, Vasankari, Tommi, Vlassov, Vasiliy, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wakayo, Tolassa, Watkins, David, Weintraub, Robert, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xu, Gelin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa, Yu, Chuanhua, Vos, Theo, Naghavi, Mohsen, and Murray, Christopher
Subjects: Adult, Male, global health, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Survival Rate, cause of death, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, Cardiovascular Diseases, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Prevalence, Humans, epidemiology, Female, Prospective Studies, Morbidity, Sex Distribution, Aged, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. OBJECTIVES: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. METHODS: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. CONCLUSIONS: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
Published: 2017

32. Predictors of differences in health services utilization for children in Nigerian communities

Author: Adekanmbi, Victor T., Adedokun, Sulaimon T., Taylor-Phillips, Sian, Uthman, Olalekan A., and Clarke, Aileen
Subjects: Male, Contextual factors, Epidemiology, RJ101, Under-fives, Infant, Newborn, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Nigeria, Infant, Cultural Diversity, Health Services, Variations, Health Surveys, Article, Health Services Accessibility, Socioeconomic Factors, RA0421, Child, Preschool, Ethnicity, Humans, Health services utilization, Female
Abstract: Health service utilization is an important component of child health promotion. Evidence shows that two-thirds of child deaths in low and middle income countries could be prevented if current interventions were adequately utilized. Aim of this study was to identify determinants of variation in health services utilization for children in communities in Nigeria. Multivariable negative binomial regression model attempting to explain observed variability in health services usage in Nigerian communities was applied to the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data. We included the index of maternal deprivation, gender of child, community environmental factor index, and maternal health seeking behaviour, multiple childhood deprivation index and ethnicity diversity index as the independent variables. The outcome variable was under-fives' hospital attendance rates for acute illness. Of the 7577 children from 896 communities in Nigeria that were sick 1936 (25.6%) were taken to the health care facilities for treatment. The final model revealed that both multiple childhood deprivation (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12 to 1.35) and children living in communities with a high ethnic diversity were associated with higher rate of health service use. Maternal health seeking behaviour was associated with a significantly lower rate of health care service use. There are significant variations in health services utilization for sick children across Nigeria communities which appear to be more strongly determined by childhood deprivation factors and maternal health seeking behaviour than by health system functions., Highlights • Predictive model of factors associated with health services use in Nigeria • Childhood deprivation was associated with a higher rate of health care services use. • Maternal health seeking behaviour was associated with lower health service use.
Published: 2017

33. Maternal exposure to intimate partner violence and breastfeeding practices in 51 low-income and middle-income countries: A population-based cross-sectional study

Author: Persson, Lars Åke, Caleyachetty, Rishi, Uthman, Olalekan A., Bekele, Hana Nekatebeb, Martín-Cañavate, Rocio, Marais, Debbie, Coles, Jennifer, Steele, Briony, Uauy, Ricardo, and Koniz-Booher, Peggy
Subjects: Epidemiology, Maternal Health, Emotions, Breastfeeding, Intimate Partner Violence, Social Sciences, Criminology, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, Pediatrics, Geographical Locations, Families, HV, 0302 clinical medicine, Sociology, Pregnancy, Medicine and Health Sciences, Prevalence, Global health, Psychology, Medicine, Public and Occupational Health, Prospective Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, Children, education.field_of_study, Sexual violence, Traumatic Injury Risk Factors, General Medicine, Breast Feeding, Physical abuse, Maternal Exposure, Regression Analysis, Female, Crime, Infants, Research Article, Adult, Asia, Parenting Behavior, Population, Mothers, World Health Organization, 03 medical and health sciences, Mental Health and Psychiatry, Humans, education, Violent Crime, Developing Countries, Poverty, Behavior, business.industry, Sex Offenses, Infant, Newborn, Biology and Life Sciences, Cross-Sectional Studies, Physical Abuse, Age Groups, Medical Risk Factors, People and Places, Spouse Abuse, Women's Health, Domestic violence, Population Groupings, Sex offense, Neonatology, business, Breast feeding, Demography
Abstract: Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a major global health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), that is associated with poor physical and mental health, but its association with breastfeeding practices is understudied. Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life. Breastfeeding within the first hour of birth is critical to newborn survival, and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is recognised to offer significant health benefits to mothers and their infants. We examined the association of maternal exposure to IPV with early initiation of breastfeeding (within 1 hour of birth) and exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months. Methods and findings We assessed population-based cross-sectional Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 51 LMICs. Data from the most recent DHS in each country (conducted between January 2000 and January 2019) with data available on IPV and breastfeeding practices were used. By WHO region, 52.9% (27/51) were from Africa, 11.8% (6/51) from the Americas, 7.8% (4/51) from the Eastern Mediterranean, 11.8% (6/51) from Europe, 11.8% (6/51) from South-East Asia, and 3.9% (2/51) from the Western Pacific. We estimated multilevel logistic regression models for any IPV and each type of IPV separately (physical violence, sexual violence, and emotional violence), accounting for demographic and socioeconomic factors. Depending on specification, the sample size varied between 95,320 and 102,318 mother–infant dyads. The mean age of mothers was 27.5 years, and the prevalence of any lifetime exposure to IPV among mothers was 33.3% (27.6% for physical violence, 8.4% for sexual violence, and 16.4% for emotional violence). Mothers exposed to any IPV were less likely to initiate breastfeeding early (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.88 [95% CI 0.85–0.97], p < 0.001) and breastfeed exclusively in the first 6 months (AOR: 0.87 [95% CI 0.82–0.92], p < 0.001). The associations were similar for each type of IPV and were overall consistent across infant’s sex and WHO regions. After simultaneously adjusting for all 3 types of IPV, all 3 types of IPV were independently associated with decreased likelihood of early breastfeeding initiation, but only exposure to physical violence was independently associated with a decreased likelihood of exclusively breastfeeding in the first 6 months. The main limitations of this study included the use of cross-sectional datasets, the possibility of residual confounding of the observed associations by household wealth, and the possibility of underreporting of IPV experiences attenuating the magnitude of observed associations. Conclusions Our study indicates that mothers exposed to any form of IPV (physical, sexual, or emotional violence) were less likely to initiate breastfeeding early and breastfeed exclusively in the first 6 months. These findings may inform the argument for antenatal screening for IPV in LMICs and the provision of services to not only improve mothers’ safety and well-being, but also support them in adopting recommended breastfeeding practices., Rishi Caleyachetty reveal that women exposed to intimate partner violence are less likely to initiate breastfeeding of newborns., Author summary Why was this study done? Intimate partner violence is common in low- and middle-income countries and may affect women’s choice or ability to breastfeed. We sought to examine the association between mothers’ exposure to intimate partner violence and breastfeeding practices (early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months). What did the researchers do and find? We used nationally representative survey data from 51 low- and middle-income countries conducted between January 2000 and January 2019. Mothers exposed to intimate partner violence were less likely to engage in recommended breastfeeding practices including initiating breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and breastfeeding exclusively in the first 6 months. What do these findings mean? In low- and middle-income countries, health professionals working with pregnant women may need to identify those who have experienced intimate partner violence and offer tailored support for breastfeeding practices.
Published: 2019

34. Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2015: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Wang, Haidong, Wolock, Tim M, Carter, Austin, Nguyen, Grant, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Hay, Simon I, Mills, Edward J, Trickey, Adam, Msemburi, William, Coates, Matthew M, Mooney, Meghan D, Fraser, Maya S, Sligar, Amber, Salomon, Joshua, Larson, Heidi J, Friedman, Joseph, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Razek, Mohamed Magdy Abd El, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed S, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Mohammad, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Salem, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Atkins, Lydia S, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Basu, Arindam, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatia, Eesh, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-chen, Chavan, Laxmikant, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cooper, Cyrus, Dahiru, Tukur, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Elshrek, Yousef Mohamed, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faghmous, Imad D A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph Robert Anderson, Foigt, Nataliya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gething, Peter W, Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Goenka, Shifalika, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimaraes, Mark D C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karletsos, Dimitris, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Mahesh, P A, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Makhlouf, Carla, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Mayosi, Bongani M, McKee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mikesell, Joseph, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murimira, Brighton, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Denis, Nawaz, Haseeb, Nejjari, Chakib, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Park, Hye-Youn, Park, Jae-Hyun, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Paul, Vinod K, Pearson, Katherine, Peprah, Emmanuel Kwame, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Polinder, Suzanne, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prokop, David M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soti, David O, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tura, Abera Kenay, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Venketasubramanian, N, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Lopez, Alan D, Murray, Christopher J L, Health Services Management & Organisation (HSMO), Public Health, and İç Hastalıkları
Subjects: Time Factors, Incidence, Immunology, HIV Infections, Articles, Global Health, Article, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Global Burden of Disease, Young Adult, Infectious Diseases, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Prevalence, Humans
Abstract: Background: timely assessment of the burden of HIV/AIDS is essential for policy setting and programme evaluation. In this report from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we provide national estimates of levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and mortality for 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015.Methods: for countries without high-quality vital registration data, we estimated prevalence and incidence with data from antenatal care clinics and population-based seroprevalence surveys, and with assumptions by age and sex on initial CD4 distribution at infection, CD4 progression rates (probability of progression from higher to lower CD4 cell-count category), on and off antiretroviral therapy (ART) mortality, and mortality from all other causes. Our estimation strategy links the GBD 2015 assessment of all-cause mortality and estimation of incidence and prevalence so that for each draw from the uncertainty distribution all assumptions used in each step are internally consistent. We estimated incidence, prevalence, and death with GBD versions of the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) and Spectrum software originally developed by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). We used an open-source version of EPP and recoded Spectrum for speed, and used updated assumptions from systematic reviews of the literature and GBD demographic data. For countries with high-quality vital registration data, we developed the cohort incidence bias adjustment model to estimate HIV incidence and prevalence largely from the number of deaths caused by HIV recorded in cause-of-death statistics. We corrected these statistics for garbage coding and HIV misclassification.Findings: global HIV incidence reached its peak in 1997, at 3·3 million new infections (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1–3·4 million). Annual incidence has stayed relatively constant at about 2·6 million per year (range 2·5–2·8 million) since 2005, after a period of fast decline between 1997 and 2005. The number of people living with HIV/AIDS has been steadily increasing and reached 38·8 million (95% UI 37·6–40·4 million) in 2015. At the same time, HIV/AIDS mortality has been declining at a steady pace, from a peak of 1·8 million deaths (95% UI 1·7–1·9 million) in 2005, to 1·2 million deaths (1·1–1·3 million) in 2015. We recorded substantial heterogeneity in the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS across countries. Although many countries have experienced decreases in HIV/AIDS mortality and in annual new infections, other countries have had slowdowns or increases in rates of change in annual new infections.Interpretation: scale-up of ART and prevention of mother-to-child transmission has been one of the great successes of global health in the past two decades. However, in the past decade, progress in reducing new infections has been slow, development assistance for health devoted to HIV has stagnated, and resources for health in low-income countries have grown slowly. Achievement of the new ambitious goals for HIV enshrined in Sustainable Development Goal 3 and the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets will be challenging, and will need continued efforts from governments and international agencies in the next 15 years to end AIDS by 2030.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health
Published: 2016

35. The impact of mass media interventions on tuberculosis awareness, health-seeking behaviour and health service utilisation: a systematic review protocol

Author: Nglazi, Mweete D., Bekker, Linda-Gail, Woodburn, Robin, Shey, Muki S., Uthman, Olalekan A., and Wiysonge, Charles S.
Subjects: Information Dissemination, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Infectious Diseases, RA0421, Preventive Health Services, Protocol, BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOINFORMATICS, Humans, Tuberculosis, Mass Media, PUBLIC HEALTH, Health Education, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Systematic Reviews as Topic
Abstract: Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem in many parts of the world. Strategies to curb the spread of TB must match the multifaceted nature of the epidemic. The use of mass media is one of the important strategies in communicating behavioural change in relation to TB prevention and the treatment. However, the benefits of this intervention are unclear. We, therefore, plan to conduct a systematic review on the effects of mass media interventions on TB awareness, health-seeking behaviour and health service utilisation. Methods and analysis We will preferably include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in this systematic review. However, non-randomised studies will be included if there is an inadequate number of RCTs. We will perform electronic searches in PubMed, Scopus and other databases, along with manual searches. Articles written (or translated) in English and French and published between 1 January 1980 and 31 October 2013 will be eligible for inclusion in this review. The primary outcomes will be TB knowledge, attitudes and awareness, healthcare-seeking behaviour and service utilisation. The secondary outcomes will include stigma and discrimination against people with TB and the costs of the interventions. We will investigate clinical and statistical heterogeneity and pool studies judged to be clinically and statistically homogeneous. Relative risks will be calculated for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences for continuous outcomes, both with their corresponding 95% CIs. Ethics and dissemination The systematic review will use data that is not linked to individuals. The review findings may have implications for clinical practice and future research, and will be disseminated electronically and in print through peer-reviewed publications. Protocol registration number PROSPERO CRD42013005867
Published: 2014

36. Individual and contextual factors associated with childhood stunting in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis

Author: Adekanmbi, Victor T., Kayode, Gbenga A., and Uthman, Olalekan A.
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Malnutrition, Child Welfare, Infant, Nigeria, Nutritional Status, Original Articles, Middle Aged, Health Surveys, Body Height, Young Adult, Birth Intervals, Child Development, Cross-Sectional Studies, Logistic Models, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk Factors, Child, Preschool, Multilevel Analysis, Humans, Female, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Demography
Abstract: Stunting, a form of undernutrition, is the best measure of child health inequalities as it captures multiple dimensions of children's health, development and the environment where they live. The aim of this study was to quantify the predictors of childhood stunting in Nigeria. This study used data obtained from the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). A total of 28 647 children aged 0-59 months included in NDHS in 2008 were analysed in this study. We applied multilevel multivariate logistic regression analysis in which individual-level factors were at the first level and community-level factors at the second level. The percentage change in variance of the full model accounted for about 46% in odds of stunting across the communities. The present study found that the following predictors increased the odds of childhood stunting: male gender, age above 11 months, multiple birth, low birthweight, low maternal education, low maternal body mass index, poor maternal health-seeking behaviour, poor household wealth and short birth interval. The community-level predictors found to have significant association with childhood stunting were: child residing in community with high illiteracy rate and North West and North East regions of the country. In conclusion, this study revealed that both individual- and community-level factors are significant determinants of childhood stunting in Nigeria.
Published: 2011

37. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Naghavi, Mohsen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Arnlov, Johan, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M., Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H., Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W., Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Paulina, Beatriz, Quintanilla, Ayala, Bejot, Yannick, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A., Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H., Baune, Bernhard T., Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L., Bennett, James R., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Negesa, Lemma, Bulto, Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R., Butt, Zahid A., Cardenas, Rosario, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Cesar Campuzano, Julio, Car, Josip, Jesus Carrero, Juan, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C., Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Charlson, Fiona J., Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A., Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Cyrus, Cowie, Benjamin C., Criqui, Michael H., Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I., das Neves, Jose, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dey, Subhojit, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L., Djalalinia, Shirin, Huyen Phuc Do, Huyen Phuc Do, Doku, David Teye, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Driscoll, Tim R., Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Enayati, Ahmadali, Erskine, Holly E., Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Ermakov, Sergey P., Estep, Kara, E Sa Farinha, Carla Sofia, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C., Ferrari, Alize J., Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Finegold, Samuel, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D., Foigt, Nataliya, Frank, Tahvi, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremichael, Delelegn Yilma, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W., Gillum, Richard F., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W., Gold, Audra L., Goldberg, Ellen M., Gona, Philimon N., Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gouda, Hebe N., Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Griswold, Max, Gupta, Prakash C., Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I., He, Fei, Hedayati, Mohammad T., Henry, Nathaniel J., Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoek, Hans W., Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Jurisson, Mikk, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B., Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O., Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B., Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, Andre, Karimi, Seyed M., Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kievlan, Daniel, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lambert, Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Anders, Lee, Paul H., Leigh, James, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Kappe, Darya Li, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Angela, Liu, Patrick Y., Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C. D., Ma, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Maddison, Emilie R., Abd el Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manguerra, Helena, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C., Marczak, Laurie B., Markos, Desalegn, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio, Martopullo, Ira, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J., Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A., Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R., Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen Liddell D., Mollenkopf, Sarah K., Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio C., Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morrison, Shane D., Morozoff, Chloe, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Muller, Kate, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B., Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Nasher, Jamal T., Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ionut, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Vuong Minh Nong, Vuong Minh Nong, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N., Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olsen, Helen E., Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Pa, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E., Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pereira, David M., Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M., Pinho, Christine, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A., Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J., Pourmalek, Farshad, Purcell, Caroline, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Puja C., Rath, Goura Kishor, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E., Rehm, Jurgen, Reiner, Robert C., Reitsma, Marissa B., Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saadat, Rizwan S. A. Soheil, Sachdev, Perminder S., Sadat, Nafis, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, Salomon, Joshua A., Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S., Milicevic, Milena M. Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Shahraz, Saeid, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione J. C., Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Schutte, Aletta E., Schwebel, David C., Schwendicke, Falk, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirude, Shreya, Shiue, Ivy, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Silva, Joao Pedro, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sligar, Amber, Smith, Alison, Smith, David L., Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H. A., Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J. D., Soriano, Joan B., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strong, Mark, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F., Sur, Patrick J., Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S., Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J. S., Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Katie E., Thompson, Alex H., Thomson, Alan J., Thrift, Amanda G., Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Bach Xuan Tran, Bach Xuan Tran, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A., Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi, van Boven, Job F. M., Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T., Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Weiss, Daniel J., Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whetter, Brian, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z., Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Xueying, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Lopez, Alan D., Murray, Christopher J. L., Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Alahdab, Fare, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert R A, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Charlson, Fiona J, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Cyru, Cowie, Benjamin C, Criqui, Michael H, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dey, Subhojit, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Doku, David Teye, Douwes-Schultz, Dirk, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Enayati, Ahmadali, Erskine, Holly E, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Finegold, Samuel, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Frank, Tahvi, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thoma, Furtado, Joao M, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremichael, Delelegn Yilma, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Gillum, Richard F, Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra L, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gouda, Hebe N, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Griswold, Max, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Simon I, He, Fei, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Henry, Nathaniel J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Chad, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Karch, André, Karimi, Seyed M, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kieling, Christian, Kievlan, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lambert, Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Ander, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Li Kappe, Darya, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Angela, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy C D, Ma, Stefan, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manguerra, Helena, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marczak, Laurie B, Markos, Desalegn, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martopullo, Ira, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mohamed, Ibrahim Abdelmageem, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montañez, Julio C, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morozoff, Chloe, Morrison, Shane D, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Muller, Kate, Murray, Christopher J L, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramo, Nasher, Jamal T, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negoi, Ionut, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Panda, Basant Kumar, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pereira, David M, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J, Pourmalek, Farshad, Purcell, Caroline, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Puja C, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Rehm, Jürgen, Reiner, Robert C, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Ruhago, George Mugambage, SA, Rizwan, Saadat, Soheil, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sadat, Nafi, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salama, Joseph, Salamati, Payman, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shey, Muki, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirude, Shreya, Shiue, Ivy, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Nari, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Abhishek, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sligar, Amber, Smith, David L, Smith, Alison, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr H A, Soneji, Samir, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Srinivasan, Vinay, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Strong, Mark, Strub, Bryan, Subart, Michelle, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thakur, J.S., Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Katie E, Thompson, Alex H, Thomson, Alan J, Thrift, Amanda G, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna, Tortajada, Miguel, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Tsoi, Derrick, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, van Boven, Job F M, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whetter, Brian, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodbrook, Rachel, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Deni, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Xueying, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Rafay, Anwar, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Shi, Peilin, Gupta, Parkash C, Erasmus MC other, Public Health, Neurosciences, Viðskiptadeild (HR), School of Business (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Mohsen, Naghavi, Amanuel, Alemu, Abajobir, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja, M, Abbas, Foad, Abd Allah, Semaw, Ferede, Abera, Victor, Aboyan, Olatunji, Adetokunboh, Johan, Ärnlöv, Ashkan, Afshin, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Alireza, Ahmadi, Muktar, Beshir, Ahmed, Amani, Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud, Taki, Eddine, Aichour, Sneha, Aiyar, Ayman, Al Eyadhy, Fares, Alahdab, Ziyad, Al Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Kefyalew, Addi, Alene, Syed, Danish, Ali, Reza, Alizadeh Navaei, Juma, M, Alkaabi, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Rajaa, Al Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, A, Altirkawi, Nelson, Alvis Guzman, Azmeraw, T, Amare, Erfan, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Yaw, Ampem, Amoako, Nahla, Anber, Hjalte, H, Andersen, Catalina, Liliana, Andrei, Sofia, Androudi, Hossein, Ansari, Carl, Abelardo, T, Antonio, Palwasha, Anwari, Megha, Arora, Al, Artaman, Krishna, Kumar, Aryal, Hamid, Asayesh, Solomon, W, Asgedom, Tesfay, Mehari, Atey, Leticia, Avila Burgo, Euripide, Frinel, G, Arthur, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Beatriz, Paulina, Ayala, Quintanilla, Yannick, Béjot, Tesleem, Kayode, Babalola, Umar, Bacha, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Aleksandra, Barac, Miguel, A, Barboza, Suzanne, L, Barker, Collo, Simon, Barquera, Lars, Barregard, Lope, H, Barrero, Bernhard, T, Baune, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Bayu, Begashaw, Bekele, Michelle, L, Bell, James, R, Bennett, Isabela, M, Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Balem, Demtsu, Betsu, Mircea, Beuran, Samir, Bhatt, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Kelly, Bienhoff, Boris, Bikbov, Donal, Bisanzio, Rupert, R, A, Bourne, Nicholas, J, K, Breitborde, Lemma, Negesa, Bulto, Bulto, Blair, R, Bumgarner, Zahid, A, Butt, Rosario, Cárdena, Lucero, Cahuana Hurtado, Ewan, Cameron, Julio, Cesar, Campuzano, Josip, Car, Juan, Jesu, Carrero, Austin, Carter, Daniel, C, Casey, Carlo, A, Castañeda, Orjuela, Ferrán, Catalá López, Fiona, J, Charlson, Chioma, Ezinne, Chibueze, Odgerel, Chimed Ochir, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Abdulaal, A, Chitheer, Devasahayam, Jesuda, Christopher, Liliana, G, Ciobanu, Aaron, J, and Cohen
Subjects: Dánarmein, Male, Heilsufar, Dánartíðni, Newborn infants, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, Communicable diseases, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Disasters, Pregnancy, Cause of Death, Psychology, Child, Konur, Aged, 80 and over, Ungbörn, CLIMATE-CHANGE, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM, Kransæðasjúkdómar, Global burden of disease/statistics and numerical data, Medicine (all), Men, Þjóðir, Öndunarfærasjúkdómar, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Middle Aged, Nutrition Disorders, PREVALENCE, Coronary heart disease, Smitsjúkdómar, Death, Suicide, Cardiovascular diseases, Sálfræði, World health, Child, Preschool, Nýburar, Female, GBD, mortality, Infants, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Age distribution, Global Health Metrics, Adult, Diarrhea, AFRICA, HUMAN HEALTH, Adolescent, GBD, UNITED-STATES, Socioeconomic factors, Communicable Diseases, Young Adult, Age Distribution, Heilbrigðisvísindi, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, QUALITY, Women, Nutrition disorders, INCOME COUNTRIES, Mortality, Noncommunicable Diseases, Aged, Science & Technology, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Respiratory infections, Næringarskortur, ALCOHOL POLICY, mortality, Malaria, Pregnancy Complications, Socioeconomic Factors, Áverkar, Karlar, Wounds and Injuries, Félagshagfræði, Accidental Falls, Cause of death/trends, RESISTANCE
Abstract: Correction: Group Author(s): GBD 2016 Causes Death LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017 Group Author(s): GBD 2016 Dis Injury Incidence LANCET Volume: 390 Issue: 10106 Pages: E38-E38 Published: OCT 28 2017, Background Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Methods We estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016. Findings The quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72.3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71.2-73.2) of deaths in 2016 with 19.3% (18.5-20.4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8.43% (8.00-8.67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006-16-age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1.80 million deaths (95% UI 1.59 million to 1.89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176-181) increase in deaths in ages 90-94 years and a 210% (208-212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL significantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2.89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1.59%) during the same interval. Globally, the five leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations. Other leading causes of YLLs for which YLLs were notably lower than expected included neonatal preterm birth complications in many locations in both south Asia and southeast Asia, and cerebrovascular disease in western Europe. Interpretation The past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and conflict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might reflect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which effective treatments remain elusive, potentially increasing costs to health systems., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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38. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Author: Burstein, Roy, Henry, Nathaniel J, Collison, Michael L, Marczak, Laurie B, Sligar, Amber, Watson, Stefanie, Marquez, Neal, Abbasalizad-Farhangi, Mahdieh, Abbasi, Masoumeh, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abrigo, Michael RM, Acharya, Dilaram, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adham, Davoud, Afshari, Mahdi, Aghaali, Mohammad, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Ahmed, Rushdia, Akal, Chalachew Genet, Akinyemi, Joshua O, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Noore, Alamene, Genet Melak, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almalki, Mohammed J, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Saeed, Amit, Arianna Maever Loreche, Anbari, Zohreh, Androudi, Sofia, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Arabloo, Jalal, Arefi, Zohreh, Aremu, Olatunde, Armoon, Bahram, Arora, Amit, Artaman, Al, Asadi, Anvar, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Ashraf-Ganjouei, Amir, Assadi, Reza, Ataeinia, Bahar, Atre, Sachin R, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Babaee, Ebrahim, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badawi, Alaa, Bagheri, Soghra, Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Baheiraei, Nafiseh, Balouchi, Abbas, Barac, Aleksandra, Bassat, Quique, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Belay, Yared Belete, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema, Bernstein, Robert S, Bhattacharjee, Natalia V, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Britton, Gabrielle, Browne, Annie J, Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Cerin, Ester, Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun, Chatterjee, Pranab, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cooper, Cyrus, Costa, Vera M, Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Daryani, Ahmad, Das Gupta, Rajat, Davis, Ian, Davis Weaver, Nicole, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Deribe, Kebede, Desai, Rupak, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Desyibelew, Hanna Demelash, Dey, Sagnik, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhimal, Meghnath, Diaz, Daniel, Doshmangir, Leila, Duraes, Andre R, Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura, Earl, Lucas, Ebrahimi, Roya, Ebrahimpour, Soheil, Effiong, Andem, Eftekhari, Aziz, Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham, El Sayed, Iman, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, El Tantawi, Maha, El-Khatib, Ziad, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Enany, Shymaa, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Eyawo, Oghenowede, Ezalarab, Maha, Faramarzi, Mahbobeh, Fareed, Mohammad, Faridnia, Roghiyeh, Faro, Andre, Fazaeli, Ali Akbar, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Fentahun, Netsanet, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya A, Foroutan, Masoud, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fullman, Nancy, Gallus, Silvano, Gebre, Destallem Gebremedhin, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gessner, Bradford D, Geta, Birhanu, Gething, Peter W, Ghadimi, Reza, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghajarzadeh, Mahsa, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K, Golding, Nick, Gomes, Nelson GM, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Graetz, Nicholas, Greaves, Felix, Green, Manfred S, Guo, Yuming, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hall, Brian James, Hamidi, Samer, Haririan, Hamidreza, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasankhani, Milad, Hasanpoor, Edris, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Hendrie, Delia, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hird, Thomas R, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hollerich, Gillian, Rad, Enayatollah Homaie, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Mojtaba, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsairi, Mohamed, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Nazrul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jürisson, Mikk, Balalami, Nader Jafari, Jalali, Amir, Javidnia, Javad, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Ji, John S, Jobanputra, Yash B, Johnson, Kimberly, Jonas, Jost B, Shushtari, Zahra Jorjoran, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalani, Hamed, Kalhor, Rohollah, Karami, Manoochehr, Karki, Surendra, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Grant Rodgers, Khabiri, Roghayeh, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Junaid, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Amir, Khater, Mona M, Khatony, Alireza, Khazaei, Mohammad, Khazaei, Salman, Khazaei-Pool, Maryam, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinyoki, Damaris K, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kolola, Tufa, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kraemer, Moritz UG, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kuupiel, Desmond, Lacey, Ben, Lad, Sheetal D, Lami, Faris Hasan, Larsson, Anders O, Lee, Paul H, Leili, Mostafa, Levine, Aubrey J, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Listl, Stefan, Longbottom, Joshua, Lopez, Jaifred Christian F, Lorkowski, Stefan, Magdeldin, Sameh, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy, Majeed, Azeem, Maleki, Afshin, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manafi, Navid, Manda, Ana-Laura, Mansourian, Morteza, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masaka, Anthony, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Maulik, Pallab K, Mayala, Benjamin K, Mazidi, Mohsen, McKee, Martin, Mehrotra, Ravi, Mehta, Kala M, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miller, Ted R, Miller-Petrie, Molly K, Mills, Edward J, Milne, George J, Mini, GK, Mir, Seyed Mostafa, Mirjalali, Hamed, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Dara K, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi, Mohammed, Ammas Siraj, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moodley, Yoshan, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Yousef, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradinazar, Mehdi, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mosapour, Abbas, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Muluneh, Atalay Goshu, Mustafa, Ghulam, Nabavizadeh, Behnam, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Nahvijou, Azin, Najafi, Farid, Nangia, Vinay, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Neamati, Nahid, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Thi Nguyen, Huong Lan, Nguyen, Long Hoang, Nguyen, Son Hoang, Nielsen, Katie R, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nojomi, Marzieh, Noroozi, Mehdi, Nosratnejad, Shirin, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Motlagh, Soraya Nouraei, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oladimeji, Kelechi E, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olfatifar, Meysam, Olum, Solomon, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Oren, Eyal, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris DV, Ortiz, Alberto, Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo, Osei, Frank B, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron E, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, P A, Mahesh, Pagheh, Abdol Sattar, Pakhale, Smita, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Animika, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsian, Hadi, Pashaei, Tahereh, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Pereira, Alexandre, Perkins, Samantha, Pickering, Brandon V, Pilgrim, Thomas, Pirestani, Majid, Piroozi, Bakhtiar, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer, Pourjafar, Hadi, Puri, Parul, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quintana, Hedley, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi, Zohreh, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahimzadeh, Shadi, Rajati, Fatemeh, Raju, Sree Bhushan, Ramezankhani, Azra, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rawal, Lal, Reiner, Robert C, Renzaho, Andre MN, Rezaei, Satar, Rezapour, Aziz, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Ana Isabel, Roever, Leonardo, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Roser, Max, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roshani, Daem, Rostami, Ali, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rubino, Salvatore, Sabour, Siamak, Sadat, Nafis, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Saeedi, Reza, Safari, Yahya, Safari-Faramani, Roya, Safdarian, Mahdi, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salam, Nasir, Salamati, Payman, Salehi, Farkhonde, Zahabi, Saleh Salehi, Salimi, Yahya, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salomon, Joshua A, Sambala, Evanson Zondani, Samy, Abdallah M, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Jose, Bruno Piassi Sao, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Sathian, Brijesh, Saxena, Sonia, Sbarra, Alyssa N, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Schwebel, David C, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba, Shaahmadi, Faramarz, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamshirian, Amir, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi, Sharifi, Hamid, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, Sheikh, Aziz, Shields, Chloe, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shuval, Kerem, Siddiqi, Tariq J, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sisay, Malede Mequanent, Sisay, Solomon, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, David L, Somayaji, Ranjani, Soofi, Moslem, Soriano, Joan B, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Sudaryanto, Agus, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylaja, PN, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Taveira, Nuno, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, To, Quyen G, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Ullah, Irfan, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vahedian-Azimi, Amir, Valdez, Pascual R, Van Boven, Job FM, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasseghian, Yasser, Veisani, Yousef, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vos, Theo, Vu, Giang Thu, Vujcic, Isidora S, Waheed, Yasir, Wakefield, Jon, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Ward, Joseph L, Weintraub, Robert G, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay, Westerman, Ronny, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Woyczynski, Lauren, Wu, Ai-Min, Xu, Gelin, Yadegar, Abbas, Yamada, Tomohide, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Lebni, Javad Yoosefi, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zabeh, Erfan, Moghadam, Telma Zahirian, Bin Zaman, Sojib, Zamani, Mohammad, Zandian, Hamed, Zangeneh, Alireza, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Yunquan, Ziapour, Arash, Zodpey, Sanjay, Murray, Christopher JL, and Hay, Simon I
Subjects: Geography, United Nations, 1. No poverty, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Global Health, 3. Good health, Socioeconomic Factors, Child Mortality, Infant Mortality, Humans, Organizational Objectives, Public Health, 10. No inequality, Child
Abstract: Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000-2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.

39. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Hay, Simon I, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Ampem, Yaw Amoako, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlov, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bejot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabe, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blyth, Fiona M, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Bourne, Rupert RA, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol EG, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Briant, Paul S, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Ricardo Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Carabin, Helene, Cardenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Carvalho, Felix, Casey, Daniel, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castle, Chris D, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, Honglei, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Colombara, Danny, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Cyrus, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Cross, Marita, Crump, John A, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Das Neves, Jose, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, De Courten, Barbora, De Leo, Diego, De Steur, Hans, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Dicker, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Dorsey, E Ray, Bender Dos Santos, Kadine Priscila, Driscoll, Tim R, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebel, Beth E, Echko, Michelle, El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshetie, Setegn, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Farag, Tamer, Sofia, Carla, Farinha, Sa, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazeli, Mir Sohail, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Ferrari, Alize J, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Franklin, Richard C, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Furst, Thomas, Furtado, Joao M, Futran, Neal D, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Geleto, Ayele, Gemechu, Bikila Lencha, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gething, Peter W, Ghajar, Alireza, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Goel, Kashish, Goenka, Shifalika, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho, Graetz, Nicholas, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Rahul, Gutierrez, Reyna A, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Haro, Josep Maria, Harun, Kimani M, Harvey, James, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Hedayati, Mohammad T, Hendrie, Delia, Henry, Nathaniel J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, John J, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Igumbor, Ehimario Uche, Ikeda, Chad, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Jassal, Simerjot K, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine O, Johnson, Sarah Charlotte, Jonas, Jost B, Jurisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kadel, Rajendra, Kahsay, Amaha, Kamal, Ritul, Kar, Chittaranjan, Karam, Nadim E, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Daniel, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivimaki, Mika, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krohn, Kristopher J, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lager, Anton Carl Jonas, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lambert, Nkurunziza, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leasher, Janet L, Lee, Paul H, Leigh, James, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Xiaofeng, Liben, Misgan Legesse, Lim, Stephen S, Linn, Shai, Liu, Angela, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Timothy CD, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Maddison, Emilie R, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rajesh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manguerra, Helena, Manhertz, Treh, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Mapoma, Chabila C, March, Lyn M, Marczak, Laurie B, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Henrique, Paulo, Martins, Viegas, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlndio, Martopullo, Ira, Marz, Winfried, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGaughey, Madeline, McGrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mehata, Suresh, Meier, Toni, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misganaw, Awoke, Mishra, Shiva Raj, Mitchell, Philip B, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Kedir Endris, Mohammed, Muktar Sano Kedir, Mohan, Murali BV, Mokdad, Ali H, Mollenkopf, Sarah K, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Morrison, Shane D, Moses, Mark, Mountjoy-Venning, Cliff, Mruts, Kalayu Birhane, Mueller, Ulrich O, Muller, Kate, Mudoch, Michele E, Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Nangia, Vinay, Nasher, Jamal T, Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan, Negasa, Dumessa Edessa, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Newton, Charles R, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nguyen, Minh, Nichols, Emma, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Nyandwi, Alypio, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, O'Donnell, Martin J, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Tinuke Oluwasefunmi, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ong, Kanyin, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Osgood-Zimmerman, Aaron, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Pa, Mahesh, Pacella, Rosana E, Panda, Basant Kumar, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paulson, Katherine, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez, Krystle Marie, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie Beth, Petri, William Arthur, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Phipps, Geoffrey, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Piradov, Michael A, Plass, Dietrich, Pletcher, Martin A, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Narayan, Purcell, Carrie, Purwar, Manorama, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz HS, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja C, Rawaf, Salman, Ray, Sarah E, Reiner, Robert C, Reinig, Nikolas, Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre MN, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Robinson, Stephen R, Rojas-Rueda, David, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Rubagotti, Enrico, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Saadat, Soheil, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salama, Joseph, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Salomon, Joshua A, Salvi, Sundeep Santosh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Dolores Sanchez-Nino, Maria, Santomauro, Damian, Santos, Joao Vasco, Santos, Itamar S, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Schelonka, Kathryn, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione JC, Schottker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsipour, Mansour, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Jayendra, She, Jun, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shields, Chloe, Shiferaw, Mekonnen Sisay, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shirude, Shreya, Shishani, Kawkab, Shoman, Haitham, Siabani, Soraya, Sibai, Abla Mehio, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Joao Pedro, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Alves Silveira, Dayane Gabriele, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Narinder Pal, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skirbekk, Vegard, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Smith, David L, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr HA, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soljak, Michael, Sorensen, Reed JD, Moraes Sousa, Tatiane Cristina, Sposato, Luciano A, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick J, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylte, Dillon, Szoeke, Cassandra EI, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tarekegn, Yihunie L, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Taylor, Hugh R, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfaye, Dawit Jember, Tesssema, Belay, Thakur, JS, Thamsuwan, Ornwipa, Theadom, Alice M, Theis, Andrew M, Thomas, Katie E, Thomas, Nihal, Thompson, Robert, Thrift, Amanda G, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tobollik, Myriam, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsoi, Derrick, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tymeson, Hayley, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Updike, Rachel, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, Van Boven, Job FM, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Veerman, Lennert J, Venkatesh, S, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Violante, Francesco S, Vishnu, Abhishek, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wadilo, Fiseha, Wakayo, Tolassa, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles DA, Woodbrook, Rachel, Woolf, Anthony D, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yihdego, Mahari Gidey, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zhang, Xueying, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zipkin, Ben, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher JL, and Collaborators, GBD DALYs HALE
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, 1. No poverty, Middle Aged, Global Health, Communicable Diseases, 3. Good health, Global Burden of Disease, Age Distribution, Life Expectancy, Residence Characteristics, Cause of Death, Humans, Wounds and Injuries, Disabled Persons, Female, sense organs, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Distribution, Noncommunicable Diseases, Aged
Abstract: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).

40. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: William M. Gardner, Rawlance Ndejjo, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Kathleen Pillsbury Hopf, João Pedro Silva, M. Mofizul Islam, Cong Zhu, Abdul Hafiz, Irmina Maria Michalek, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Leonardo Roever, Mustefa Glagn, Davood Anvari, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Joel M. Francis, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Rakhi Dandona, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Mansour Ghafourifard, Simon Øverland, David Laith Rawaf, Jaykaran Charan, Akram Pourshams, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Morteza Mahmoudi, Alton Lu, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Lorainne Tudor Car, Franz Castro, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Luca Ronfani, Marina Pinheiro, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Hoa Thi Do, Whitney L. Teagle, Sofia Androudi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Myron Anthony Godinho, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Getinet Ayano, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Kyle E. Simpson, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Vivekanand Jha, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Amr Hassan, Akine Eshete Abosetugn, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Anna V. Korotkova, Brijesh Sathian, Marcello Tonelli, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Juan Jesus Carrero, Cameron J. Kneib, Ravi Prakash Jha, David H. Shaw, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Tanuj Kanchan, Khezar Hayat, Hamid Sharifi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Muktar Omer Omer, Fatemeh Amiri, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, David Edvardsson, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Hannah Han, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Adam E. Berman, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Thomas Pilgrim, Leila Doshmangir, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, David M. Pigott, Hadi Hassankhani, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Teklemariam Gultie, Arash Ziapour, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Ilse N. Dippenaar, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Emmanuela Gakidou, Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot, Maha El Tantawi, Xuefeng Liu, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Keyghobad Ghadiri, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Yunquan Zhang, Vera Marisa Costa, Iyad Sultan, Mostafa Hosseini, Abdulaziz Khalid Abu Haimed, Haidong Wang, Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie, Celine M. Barthelemy, Hosna Janjani, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Arianna Maever L. Amit, John S. Ji, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Alireza Rafiei, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Pradyumna Agasthi, Tiffany K. Gill, Martin McKee, Khaled Khatab, Jae Il Shin, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Giancarlo Logroscino, Hassan Abolhassani, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Ahmad Daryani, Ziyad Al-Aly, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Michael T. Chung, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mehedi Hasan, Saeed Shahabi, Diep Ngoc Nguyen, Yohannes Kinfu, Nicholas L S Roberts, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Mika Shigematsu, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Deepa Jahagirdar, Islam Y. Elgendy, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Tanvir M. Huda, Fakher Rahim, Dara K. Mohammad, Yingxi Zhao, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Vinod C. Nayak, Reinhard Busse, Andrew T. Leever, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Kathryn Mei Ming Lau, Stefania Mondello, Vivian Chia-Rong Hsieh, Kris J. Krohn, Reza Rawassizadeh, Vishnu Renjith, Jianing Ma, Moses K. Muriithi, Mark G. Shrime, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Nobuyuki Horita, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Daniel Y. Cho, Miloje Savic, Moslem Soofi, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Freweini Gebrearegay G. Tela, Jonathan F. Mosser, Palash Chandra Banik, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Natalie C. Galles, Rashid Abdi Guled, Abdallah M. Samy, Hadi Pourjafar, Roman Topor-Madry, Ayesha Humayun, Leila Zaki, Nuworza Kugbey, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Naznin Hossain, Jiregna Darega Gela, Jordi Alonso, Ruth W Kimokoti, A. A. Fomenkov, Jalal Arabloo, Aletta E. Schutte, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Maciej Banach, Deanna Anderlini, Moses J. Bockarie, Saleem Muhammad Rana, Randah R. Hamadeh, Farhad Islami, Olalekan A. Uthman, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Kairat Davletov, Soraya Seedat, Alan D. Lopez, Masoud Behzadifar, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Santosh Varughese, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Mojgan Gitimoghaddam, G Anil Kumar, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Hiroyasu Iso, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, João M. Furtado, Christian Razo, Neeti Kapoor, Mowafa Househ, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Mohammad Khammarnia, Santi Martini, Feng Sha, Marco Vacante, Jacek A. Kopec, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Kate E. LeGrand, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Robert S. Bernstein, Arun Balachandran, Davoud Adham, Ahad Bakhtiari, Shafiu Mohammed, Leake G. Gebremeskel, Smita Pakhale, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Daniel Cury Ribeiro, Yousef Mohammad, Bernhard T. 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M, Tarigan, I, Teagle, W, Tediosi, F, Tefera, Y, Tela, F, Tessema, Z, Thakur, B, Titova, M, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Troeger, C, Tudor Car, L, Uddin, R, Ullah, I, Umeokonkwo, C, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Uthman, O, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vongpradith, A, Vos, T, Waheed, Y, Walters, M, Wamai, R, Wang, H, Wang, Y, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Werdecker, A, Westerman, R, Wilner, L, Woldu, G, Wolfe, C, Wu, A, Wulf Hanson, S, Xie, Y, Xu, R, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yearwood, J, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yusefzadeh, H, Zadey, S, Zahirian Moghadam, T, Zaidi, S, Zaki, L, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, M, Zewdie, K, Zhang, Y, Zhao, X, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhu, C, Ziapour, A, Zlavog, B, Zodpey, S, Murray, C, Tampere University, Health Sciences, 10922180 - Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Lozano, R., Fullman, N., Mumford, J. E., Knight, M., Barthelemy, C. M., Abbafati, C., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdollahi, M., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Abosetugn, A. E., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abu Haimed, A. K., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., Adebayo, O. M., Adekanmbi, V., Adelson, J., Adetokunboh, O. O., Adham, D., Advani, S. M., Afshin, A., Agarwal, G., Agasthi, P., Aghamir, S. M. K., Agrawal, A., Ahmad, T., Akinyemi, R. O., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Albertson, S. B., Alemu, Y. M., Alhassan, R. K., Ali, M., Ali, S., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Alla, F., Almadi, M. A. H., Almasi, A., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N. A., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Almulhim, A. M., Alonso, J., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Altirkawi, K. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amiri, F., Amit, A. M. L., Amugsi, D. A., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Andrei, C. L., Androudi, S., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C. A. T., Antony, C. 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P., Dianatinasab, M., Dias da Silva, D., Diaz, D., Dippenaar, I. N., Do, H. T., Dorostkar, F., Doshmangir, L., Duncan, B. B., Duraes, A. R., Eagan, A. W., Edvardsson, D., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Elgendy, I. Y., Elyazar, I. R., Eskandari, K., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilnejad, S., Esteghamati, A., Ezekannagha, O., Farag, T., Farahmand, M., Faraon, E. J. A., Farinha, C. S. E. S., Farioli, A., Faris, P. S., Faro, A., Fazlzadeh, M., Feigin, V. L., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Feyissa, G. T., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J. L., Flor, L. S., Foigt, N. A., Folayan, M. O., Fomenkov, A. A., Foroutan, M., Francis, J. M., Fu, W., Fukumoto, T., Furtado, J. M., Gad, M. M., Gaidhane, A. M., Gakidou, E., Galles, N. C., Gallus, S., Gardner, W. M., Geberemariyam, B. S., Gebrehiwot, A. M., Gebremeskel, L. G., Gebremeskel, G. G., Gesesew, H. A., Ghadiri, K., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S. A., Gill, P. S., Gill, T. K., Ginindza, T. G., Gitimoghaddam, M., Giussani, G., Glagn, M., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Godinho, M. A., Goharinezhad, S., Gopalani, S. V., Goudarzian, A. H., Goulart, B. N. G., Gubari, M. I. M., Guimaraes, R. A., Guled, R. A., Gultie, T., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hafiz, A., Haile, T. G., Hamadeh, R. R., Hameed, S., Hamidi, S., Han, C., Han, H., Handiso, D. W., Hanif, A., Hankey, G. J., Haro, J. M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, M. M., Hashi, A., Hassan, S., Hassan, A., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, G., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Hendrie, D., Herteliu, C., Hird, T. R., Ho, H. C., Hole, M. K., Holla, R., Hoogar, P., Hopf, K. P., Horita, N., Hossain, N., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Hsieh, V. C. -R., Hu, G., Huda, T. M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikeda, N., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, M. D., Inbaraj, L. R., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Irvine, C. M. S., Islam, M. M., Islam, S. M. 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J., Kugbey, N., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, N., Kumar, M., Kurmi, O. P., Kusuma, D., Kyu, H. H., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Landires, I., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lau, K. M. -M., Lauriola, P., Lazarus, J. V., Ledesma, J. R., Lee, P. H., Lee, S. W. H., Leever, A. T., Legrand, K. E., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Li, S., Lim, S. S., Lim, L. -L., Liu, X., Logroscino, G., Lopez, A. D., Lopukhov, P. D., Lotufo, P. A., Lu, A., Ma, J., Madadin, M., Mahasha, P. W., Mahmoudi, M., Majeed, A., Malagon-Rojas, J. N., Maleki, S., Malta, D. C., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M. A., Martini, S., Martins-Melo, F. R., Martopullo, I., Massenburg, B. B., Mastrogiacomo, C. I., Mathur, M. R., Mcalinden, C., Mckee, M., Medina-Solis, C. E., Meharie, B. G., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Mehri, F., Mehrotra, R., Mekonnen, T., Melese, A., Memiah, P. T. N., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mensah, G. A., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Michalek, I. M., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirzaei, M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Mitchell, P. B., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad, Y., Mohammad, D. K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, J. A., Mokdad, A. H., Monasta, L., Mondello, S., Moradi, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Morrison, S. D., Mosapour, A., Mosser, J. F., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Muriithi, M. K., Mustafa, G., Nabhan, A. F., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Naghavi, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Naimzada, M. D., Nangia, V., Nansseu, J. R., Nayak, V. C., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Neupane, S., Ngari, K. N., Nguefack-Tsague, G., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, D. N., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nnaji, C. A., Nomura, S., Norheim, O. F., Noubiap, J. J., Nowak, C., Nunez-Samudio, V., Otoiu, A., Ogbo, F. A., Oghenetega, O. B., Oh, I. -H., Okunga, E. W., Oladnabi, M., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, J. O., Olusanya, B. O., Oluwasanu, M. M., Omar Bali, A., Omer, M. O., Ong, K. L., Onwujekwe, O. E., Ortega-Altamirano, D. V. V., Ortiz, A., Ostojic, S. M., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Overland, S., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Pakhale, S., Palladino, R., Pana, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pangaribuan, H. U., Pathak, M., Patton, G. C., Paudel, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pease, S. A., Peden, A. E., Pennini, A., Peprah, E. K., Pereira, J., Pigott, D. M., Pilgrim, T., Pilz, T. M., Pinheiro, M., Piradov, M. A., Pirsaheb, M., Pokhrel, K. N., Postma, M. J., Pourjafar, H., Pourmalek, F., Pourmirza Kalhori, R., Pourshams, A., Prada, S. I., Pribadi, D. R. A., Pupillo, E., Quazi Syed, Z., Radfar, A., Rafiee, A., Rafiei, A., Raggi, A., Rahim, F., Rahman, M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Rana, S. M., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, S. J., Rasella, D., Rashedi, V., Rath, G. K., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Razo, C., Renjith, V., Renzaho, A. M. N., Reshmi, B., Rezaei, N., Riahi, S. M., Ribeiro, D. C., Rickard, J., Roberts, N. L. S., Roever, L., Romoli, M., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rubagotti, E., Rwegerera, G. M., Sabour, S., Sachdev, P. S., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, M., Sadeghi, E., Safari, Y., Sagar, R., Sahebkar, A., Sahraian, M. A., Sajadi, S. M., Salahshoor, M. R., Salem, M. R. R., Salem, H., Salomon, J., Samadi Kafil, H., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Saraswathy, S. Y. I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Sattin, D., Savic, M., Sawyer, S. M., Saxena, D., Sbarra, A. N., Schaeffer, L. E., Schiavolin, S., Schmidt, M. I., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Schwendicke, F., Seedat, S., Sha, F., Shahabi, S., Shaheen, A. A., Shaikh, M. A., Shamsizadeh, M., Shannawaz, M., Sharafi, K., Sharara, F., Sharifi, H., Shaw, D. H., Sheikh, A., Sheikhtaheri, A., Shetty, B. S. K., Shibuya, K., Shiferaw, W. S., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J. I., Shiri, R., Shirkoohi, R., Shivakumar, K. M., Shrime, M. G., Shuval, K., Siabani, S., Sierpinski, R., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Silva, D. A. S., Silva, J. P., Simonetti, B., Simpson, K. E., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Sinha, D. N., Skryabin, V. Y., Smith, E. U. R., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Sorensen, R. J. D., Soriano, J. B., Sorrie, M. B., Soyiri, I. N., Spurlock, E. E., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stanaway, J. D., Steel, N., Stein, C., Stokes, M. A., Sufiyan, M. B., Suleria, H. A. R., Sultan, I., Szumowski, L., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabuchi, T., Tadakamadla, S. K., Taddele, B. W., Tadesse, D. B., Taherkhani, A., Tamiru, A. T., Tanser, F. C., Tareque, M. I., Tarigan, I. U., Teagle, W. L., Tediosi, F., Tefera, Y. G. G., Tela, F. G., Tessema, Z. T., Thakur, B., Titova, M. V., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Tovani-Palone, M. R. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Troeger, C. 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Subjects: Index (economics), Servicios de Salud, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, universal health coverage, sustaibale develpment goal, global burden of disease, performance, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Universal Health Insurance, RA0421, 11. Sustainability, Per capita, Medical economics, Disease, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, effective coverage of health services, GBD 2019 Universal Health Coverage Collaborators, education.field_of_study, Public health, Medical care, Sjúkdómar, 4. Education, 1. No poverty, Health coverage, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Hälsovetenskaper, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Health services, 3. Good health, Global burden of disease, Health Expenditures, Humans, World Health Organization, Purchasing power parity, Scale (social sciences), Lýðheilsa, universal health coverag, CANCER SURVIVAL, ACCESS, Human, Heilsuhagfræði, medicine.medical_specialty, Health coverage, GBD, GBD, Universal health, GBD 2019, Population, Health expenditures, 3122 Cancers, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, Health systems, Heilbrigðisvísindi, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, Development economics, Health Sciences, medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, Alþjóðaheilbrigðisstofnunin, QUALITY, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, PROGRESS, Disease burden, Health services accessibility, CARE, Heilbrigðisþjónusta, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Health Expenditure, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Morbility, Administración de los Servicios de Salud, Medical policy, Business, Heilbrigðiskerfi
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (>= 65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0-100 based on the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target-1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023-we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45.8 (95% uncertainty interval 44.2-47.5) in 1990 to 60.3 (58.7-61.9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2.6% [1.9-3.3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010-2019 relative to 1990-2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0.79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388.9 million (358.6-421.3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3.1 billion (3.0-3.2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968.1 million [903.5-1040.3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people-the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close-or how far-all populations are in benefiting from UHC., Lucas Guimaraes Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -Brasil (Capes) -Finance Code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Olatunji O Adetokunboh acknowledges South African Department of Science & Innovation, and National Research Foundation. Anurag Agrawal acknowledges support from the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship IA/CPHS/14/1/501489. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi acknowledges Grant U01HG010273 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as part of the H3Africa Consortium. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi is further supported by the FLAIR fellowship funded by the UK Royal Society and the African Academy of Sciences. Syed Mohamed Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Marcel Ausloos, Claudiu Herteliu, and Adrian Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDSUEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Till Winfried Barnighausen acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Juan J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). Felix Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Vera Marisa Costa acknowledges support from grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma TransitA3ria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Jan-Walter De Neve acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe acknowledges support by Wellcome Trust grant number 201900/Z/16/Z as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. Claudiu Herteliu acknowledges partial support by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness, Project ID P_40_382. Praveen Hoogar acknowledges the Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education(MAHE), Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalghatgi. Bing-Fang Hwang acknowledges support from China Medical University (CMU108-MF-95), Taichung, Taiwan. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through the Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Aruna M Kamath acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health T32 grant (T32GM086270). Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi acknowledges funding from the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_UU_12017/15), Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15) and an NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02). Yun Jin Kim acknowledges support from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001). Kewal Krishan acknowledges support from the DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Manasi Kumar acknowledges support from K43 TW010716 Fogarty International Center/NIMH. Ben Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. Ivan Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de InvestigaciA3n (SNI), which is supported by the Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia Tecnologia e Innovacion (SENACYT), Panama. Jeffrey V Lazarus acknowledges support by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ESF, European Union [CP18/00074]). Peter T N Memiah acknowledges CODESRIA; HISTP. Subas Neupane acknowledges partial support from the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital. Shuhei Nomura acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). Alberto Ortiz acknowledges support by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. George C Patton acknowledges support from a National Health & Medical Research Council Fellowship. Marina Pinheiro acknowledges support from FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 -Norma transitA3ria. Alberto Raggi, David Sattin, and Silvia Schiavolin acknowledge support by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4 -Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). Daniel Cury Ribeiro acknowledges support from the Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship -Health Research Council of New Zealand (18/111). Perminder S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC Australia. Abdallah M Samy acknowledges support from a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Milena M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 175087). Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez acknowledges institutional support from University of Applied and Environmental Sciences in Bogota, Colombia, and Carlos III Institute of Health in Madrid, Spain. Maria Ines Schmidt acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges a fellowship from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. Aziz Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Kenji Shibuya acknowledges Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Joan B Soriano acknowledges support by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos acknowledges partial support from grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla acknowledges support from the National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship, Australia. Marcello Tonelli acknowledges the David Freeze Chair in Health Services Research at the University of Calgary, AB, Canada., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020

41. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

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Mg, Antonio, Cat, Anwari, P, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ärnlöv, J, Arora, A, Arora, M, Artaman, A, Aryal, Kk, Asayesh, H, Ataro, Z, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Avokpaho, Efga, Awasthi, A, Ayala, Quintanilla, Ayer, R, Azzopardi, Ps, Babazadeh, A, Badali, H, Balakrishnan, K, Bali, Ag, Banach, M, Banoub, Jam, Barac, A, Barboza, Ma, Barker-Collo, Sl, Bärnighausen, Tw, Barquera, S, Barrero, Lh, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, Bb, Bekru, Et, Belachew, Ab, Belay, Ya, Bell, Ml, Bello, Ak, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, Rs, Beuran, M, Beyranvand, T, Bhala, N, Bhatt, S, Bhaumik, S, Bhutta, Za, Biadgo, B, Biehl, Mh, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Bililign, N, Bin, Sayeed, Bisanzio, D, Bjørge, T, Bleyer, A, Bobasa, Em, Bou-Orm, Ir, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Brady, Oj, Brant, Lc, Brayne, C, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Njk, Brenner, H, Briant, Ps, Briko, An, Britton, G, Brugha, T, Buchbinder, R, Busse, R, Butt, Za, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Campuzano, 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D, Effiong, A, Eggen, Ae, Ehrlich, Jr, Bcheraoui, El, C, El-Khatib, Z, Elyazar, Irf, Enayati, A, Endalifer, Ml, Endries, Ay, Er, B, Erskine, He, Eskandarieh, S, Esteghamati, A, Esteghamati, S, Fakhim, H, Faramarzi, M, Fareed, M, Farhadi, F, Farid, Ta, Farinha, Cses, Farioli, A, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fazaeli, Aa, Feigin, Vl, Fentahun, N, Fereshtehnejad, Sm, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, Jc, Ferrari, Aj, Ferreira, Ml, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fitzmaurice, C, Foigt, Na, Foreman, Kj, Frank, Td, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Fürst, T, Furtado, Jm, Gakidou, E, Gall, S, Gallus, S, Ganji, M, Garcia-Basteiro, Al, Gardner, Wm, Gebre, Ak, Gebremedhin, At, Gebremichael, Tg, Gelano, Tf, Geleijnse, Jm, Genova-Maleras, R, Geramo, Ycd, Gething, Pw, Gezae, Ke, Ghadami, Mr, Ghadiri, K, Ghasemi-Kasman, M, Ghimire, M, Ghoshal, Ag, Gill, Ps, Gill, Tk, Ginawi, Ia, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, Ev, Goldberg, Em, Goli, S, Gómez-Dantés, H, Gona, Pn, Gopalani, Sv, Gorman, Tm, Goulart, Ac, Goulart, Bng, Grada, A, Grosso, G, 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Subjects: Male, Health Status, health statu, HALE, mortality rate, communicable disease, DALYs, Global Burden of Disease, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Medicine and Health Sciences, Singapore, OUTCOMES, disability-adjusted life year, international cooperation, Medicine (all), 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Central African Republic, newborn disease, IRON-DEFICIENCY, AIDS, priority journal, Bahrain, disease severity, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, cerebrovascular accident, Ukraine, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, INTERVENTIONS, Slovakia, DISORDERS, Burundi, WEIGHTS, GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, Communicable Diseases, Article, STYLE, Medicine, General & Internal, Life Expectancy, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Disabled Persons, human, Healthy Lifestyle, HALE, DALYs, global burden of disease, Mortality, Aged, Science & Technology, Mortality, Premature, HIV, ischemic heart disease, major clinical study, PREVENTION, non communicable disease, GBD, disability-adjusted life-years, age, sex factor, Socioeconomic Factors, Algeria, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, lower respiratory tract infection, Wounds and Injuries, GENDER, Human medicine, trend study, chronic obstructive lung disease
Abstract: Background How long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years. Methods We used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Sociodemographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males. Findings Globally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7.4 years (95% uncertainty interval 74-7.8), from 65.6 years (65.3-65- 8) in 1990 to 73.0 years (72.7-73.3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5.1 years (5.0-5.3) in high SDI countries to 12.0 years (11.3-12.8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26.3% (20.1-33.1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11.7% (8.8-15.1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6.3 years (5.9-6.7), from 57.0 years (54.6-59.1) in 1990 to 63.3 years (60.5-65.7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3.8 years (3.4-4.1) in high SDI countries to 10.5 years (9.8-11.2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1.0 year (0.4-1.7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62.4 years [59.9-64.7] in 1990 to 63.5 years [60.9-65.8] in 2017) to 23.7 years (21.9-25.6) in Eritrea (30.7 years [28.9-32.2] in 1990 to 54.4 years [51.5-57.1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1.4 years (0.6-2.3) in Algeria to 11.9 years (10.9-12.9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75.8 years [72.4-78.7]) and males (72.6 years [69 " 8-75.0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47.0 years [43.7-50.2] for females and 42.8 years [40.1-45.6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41.3% (38.8-43.5) for communicable diseases and by 49"8% (47.9-51.6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40.1% (36.8-43.0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18.1% (16.0-20.2). Interpretation With increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low S DI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2018

42. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

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Subjects: VITAL-STATISTICS, INTEGRATED APPROACH, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, UNITED-STATES, Global Health, Communicable Disease, Communicable Diseases, cause of death, Medicine, General & Internal, Life Expectancy, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Mortality, Medicine(all), Science & Technology, Mortality, Premature, Medicine (all), EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators, CIVIL REGISTRATION, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, VERBAL AUTOPSY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract: Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2016

43. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Kiran Thapa, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Azeem Majeed, Hjalte Holm Andersen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Alireza Mohammadi, John J. McGrath, Konstantin Kazanjan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Jennifer O Lam, Laetitia Huiart, Xiaofeng Liang, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Lalit Dandona, Felix Masiye, Joseph R Fitchett, Derrick A Bennett, Rosana E. Norman, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Rahman Shiri, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Charles R. Newton, Kelly Cercy, Masoud Vaezghasemi, Elena Alvarez Martin, Christopher Troeger, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Michael R. Phillips, Samath D Dharmaratne, Reed J D Sorensen, Roderick J. Hay, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Alexandra Brazinova, Nancy Fullman, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Liliana G Ciobanu, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Luigi Naldi, Rana Jawad Asghar, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Corine Karema, Biju Abraham, Rynaz H S Rabiee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Philimon Gona, Jonathan I. Silverberg, Alexandria Brown, Kovin Naidoo, Suleman Atique, Yun Jin Kim, Benn Sartorius, Hwashin Hyun Shin, George Mugambage Ruhago, Adugnaw Berhane, Tesfaye Tekle, Abdur Rahman Khan, Vipin Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Héctor Gómez-Dantés, Jun She, Ted R. Miller, Tolesa Bekele, Yohannes Kinfu, Srinivas Murthy, Alaa Badawi, Mahfuzar Rahman, Raghib Ali, Robert G. Weintraub, Nicholas Steel, Khalid A Altirkawi, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Adrian Davis, Usha Ram, Nobuyuki Horita, Qingyang Xiao, Bishal Gyawali, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Eun-Kee Park, Subas Neupane, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Lorenzo Monasta, Roman Topor-Madry, Marc-Alain Widdowson, James Leigh, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Stephen M. Amrock, Stefan Ma, Virendra Singh, Amir Kasaeian, Mahdi Mahdavi, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Jean B. Nachega, Hamid Asayesh, Pratik Pinal Doshi, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Peter J. Hotez, Ying Jiang, Girma Temam Shifa, Warren D. Lo, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Joan B. Soriano, Ritul Kamal, Young-Ho Khang, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Daniel C Casey, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Demewoz Haile, Tomi Akinyemiju, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Rajeev Gupta, Rosario Cárdenas, Peter W. Gething, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Maigeng Zhou, Ferrán Catalá-López, Anders Larsson, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Bach Xuan Tran, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Jamie Hancock, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Jasvinder A. Singh, Isabela M. Benseñor, Shafiu Mohammed, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Belinda K Lloyd, Samir Bhatt, Geoffrey Buckle, Tissa Wijeratne, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Robert W Aldridge, Luca Ronfani, Raj Kumar Verma, Jagdish Khubchandani, Irma Khonelidze, Ai Koyanagi, Teshome Gebre, Michael Kutz, Om Prakash Singh, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Margaret Lind, Svetlana Popova, Hmwe H Kyu, Tom Achoki, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Henock Yebyo, Mehdi Yaseri, Max Petzold, Sungho Won, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Abdishakur M. Abdulle, Yingfeng Zheng, Soewarta Kosen, Aleksandra Barac, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Yuichiro Yano, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Simon I. Hay, Luke D. Knibbs, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Solomon Abrha Damtew, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Boris Bikbov, Bemnet Amare Tedla, Daniel Kim, Ulrich O Mueller, Khurshid Alam, Andrew H. Kemp, Austin Carter, Chuanhua Yu, Ibrahim A Khalil, João Mário Pedro, Atsushi Goto, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Scott B. Patten, Nicola Low, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Heidi J. Larson, Worku Tefera, Sanjay Zodpey, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Donal Bisanzio, Hilda L Harb, Meghan D. Mooney, John N Newton, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Marcella Montico, Mojde Mirarefin, Vinay Nangia, Edgar P. Simard, Ben Schöttker, Michael Brainin, Ziad A. Memish, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Alexis J Handal, Saleem M Rana, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Oluremi N Ajala, Christopher J L Murray, Chioma Ezinne Chibueze, Rupert R A Bourne, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Andreas A Kudom, Hilton Lam, Aman Yesuf Endries, Farshad Pourmalek, Andre Pascal Kengne, Gholamreza Roshandel, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Zahid A Butt, Alemseged Aregay Gebru, Samer Hamidi, Soraya Seedat, Xie Rachel Kulikoff, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Gelin Xu, Shireen Sindi, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Haidong Wang, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Ryan M Barber, André Karch, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Hebe N. Gouda, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Erika Ota, Kerrie E. Doyle, Olalekan A. Uthman, Jed D. Blore, Walid Ammar, Guohong Jiang, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ibrahim Abubakar, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Megan Coggeshall, Charles N Mock, Ronan A Lyons, Jose Martinez-Raga, Thomas Fürst, Ambuj Roy, Mustafa Z. Younis, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Lidia Morawska, Noore Alam, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Randah R. 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Sykes, Juan Sanabria, Ronny Westerman, Julian David Pillay, Cassandra Szoeke, Umar Bacha, Edward J Mills, Manisha Dubey, Aliya Naheed, Al Artaman, Jiabin Shen, Michael Burch, Reza Malekzadeh, Hans W. Hoek, David C. Schwebel, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Leilei Duan, Matthew M Coates, Arnav Agarwal, Soumya Swaminathan, Quyen Nguyen, Hye-Youn Park, Peter Nguhiu, Bereket Yakob, Patrick Liu, Elisabeth Barboza França, Tigist Assefa Bayou, Azmeraw T. Amare, Farshad Farzadfar, Tariku Jibat, Jost B. Jonas, Kaja Abbas, Thomas Truelsen, Maryam S. Farvid, Louisa Degenhardt, George A. Mensah, Till Bärnighausen, Ivy Shuie, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Amitava Banerjee, Zubair Kabir, Ingrid Wolfe, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie Pete, Preet K Dhillon, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Gagandeep Kang, Aminu K. Bello, Bineyam Taye, Mohsen Naghavi, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Walter Mendoza, M. Patrice Lindsay, Sergey K Vladimirov, Tesfaye Setegn, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Eric L. Ding, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Stephen S Lim, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, G Anil Kumar, João C. Fernandes, In-Hwan Oh, Rasmus Havmoeller, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Pengpeng Ye, Gabrielle deVeber, Espen Bjertness, Hao Zhang, Ali H. Mokdad, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Peter Memiah, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Konrad Pesudovs, Yong Zhao, Joseph Friedman, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Hadi Danawi, André Faro, Kevin N. Sheth, Abera Kenay Tura, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Sergey Soshnikov, Ajit Kumar Yadav, Michelle L. Bell, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Miia Kivipelto, Pieter de Jager, Yongmei Li, Giancarlo Logroscino, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Talha Farid, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Alemayehu Amberbir, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Parvaiz A Koul, Edson Serván-Mori, Anil Kaul, Cheng Huang, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Hsiang Huang, Foad Abd-Allah, Marek Majdan, Sait Mentes Birlik, Jung-Chen Chang, Rahul Gupta, Luciano A. Sposato, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Hajo Zeeb, Norberto Perico, Jun Zhu, Bruno F. Sunguya, Parthasarathi Ganguly, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Min-Jeong Shin, Ashish Awasthi, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Alan J Thomson, Mostafa Qorbani, Ye Jin, Don C. Des Jarlais, Itamar S. Santos, Juanita A. Haagsma, Anwar Rafay, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, José Neves, Gregory M Anderson, Amador Goodridge, Bolanle F Banigbe, David Rojas-Rueda, Pedro R. Olivares, Rakhi Dandona, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Mohamed Hsairi, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Jeanne Françoise Kayibanda, Alemayehu B. Mekonnen, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Lela Sturua, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Amber Sligar, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, Chantal Huynh, Lope H Barrero, Linhong Wang, Neeraj Bedi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ricky Leung, Mehdi Javanbakht, Alemayehu Hailu, Kimani M Harun, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Zoubida Zaidi, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Masako Horino, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Marcello Tonelli, Juan Jesus Carrero, Cyrus Cooper, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Juan Liang, Leslie Cornaby, Awoke Misganaw, Norito Kawakami, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Daniel J. Weiss, Abhishek Singh, Vivekanand Jha, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Alem Mehari, Wagner Marcenes, Chabila C Mapoma, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Farhad Pishgar, Khassoum Diallo, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Emmanuel A. Ameh, Justin Beardsley, Ademola Lukman Adelekan, Joshua A. Salomon, Mamo Wubshet, Diego De Leo, Daniel Pope, Elisabete Weiderpass, Gregory A. 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Colquhoun, Eduardo Bernabé, Nadia Akseer, Maheswar Satpathy, Fotis Topouzis, Health Services Management & Organisation (HSMO), Public Health, Psychiatry, Neurology, Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, M, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Murray, Christopher JL, Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joseph B, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A, Silpakit, Nari, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J D, Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, 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Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kumar, G Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Ander, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Masiye, Felix, Mcgrath, John J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murphy, Georgina A V, Murthy, Sriniva, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Suba, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Pediatrics, Nutrition and Disease, Global Health, Communicable Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Voeding en Ziekte, Infant Mortality, Compensation law of mortality, Global health, Medicine, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES, 10. No inequality, Medicine(all), NEWBORN BABIES, Medicine (all), Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Stillbirth, 3. Good health, Child Mortality, SURVIVAL, CHILD-MORTALITY, HEALTH, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, DEVELOPMENT GOAL 4, Human, INTERVENTIONS, medicine.medical_specialty, RJ, INTEGRATED APPROACH, Developing country, Communicable Diseases, neonatal, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, 030225 pediatrics, General & Internal Medicine, Life Science, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, VLAG, Estimation, Science & Technology, business.industry, Klinisk medicin, Infant, GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators, Infant mortality, Malaria, Child mortality, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Life expectancy, Clinical Medicine, RG, business, Demography
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. METHODS: Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for under-5 mortality. Third, we analysed levels and cause compositions of under-5 mortality, across time and geographies, as they related to rising SDI. Finally, we decomposed the changes in under-5 mortality to changes in SDI at the global level, as well as changes in leading causes of under-5 deaths for countries and territories. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 child mortality estimation process, as well as data sources, in accordance with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). FINDINGS: Globally, 5·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·7-6·0) children younger than 5 years died in 2015, representing a 52·0% (95% UI 50·7-53·3) decrease in the number of under-5 deaths since 1990. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths fell at a slower pace since 1990, decreasing by 42·4% (41·3-43·6) to 2·6 million (2·6-2·7) neonatal deaths and 47·0% (35·1-57·0) to 2·1 million (1·8-2·5) stillbirths in 2015. Between 1990 and 2015, global under-5 mortality decreased at an annualised rate of decrease of 3·0% (2·6-3·3), falling short of the 4·4% annualised rate of decrease required to achieve MDG4. During this time, 58 countries met or exceeded the pace of progress required to meet MDG4. Between 2000, the year MDG4 was formally enacted, and 2015, 28 additional countries that did not achieve the 4·4% rate of decrease from 1990 met the MDG4 pace of decrease. However, absolute levels of under-5 mortality remained high in many countries, with 11 countries still recording rates exceeding 100 per 1000 livebirths in 2015. Marked decreases in under-5 deaths due to a number of communicable diseases, including lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, and malaria, accounted for much of the progress in lowering overall under-5 mortality in low-income countries. Compared with gains achieved for infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies, the persisting toll of neonatal conditions and congenital anomalies on child survival became evident, especially in low-income and low-middle-income countries. We found sizeable heterogeneities in comparing observed and expected rates of under-5 mortality, as well as differences in observed and expected rates of change for under-5 mortality. At the global level, we recorded a divergence in observed and expected levels of under-5 mortality starting in 2000, with the observed trend falling much faster than what was expected based on SDI through 2015. Between 2000 and 2015, the world recorded 10·3 million fewer under-5 deaths than expected on the basis of improving SDI alone. INTERPRETATION: Gains in child survival have been large, widespread, and in many places in the world, faster than what was anticipated based on improving levels of development. Yet some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, still had high rates of under-5 mortality in 2015. Unless these countries are able to accelerate reductions in child deaths at an extraordinary pace, their achievement of proposed SDG targets is unlikely. Improving the evidence base on drivers that might hasten the pace of progress for child survival, ranging from cost-effective intervention packages to innovative financing mechanisms, is vital to charting the pathways for ultimately ending preventable child deaths by 2030. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Erratum: Department of Error, The Lancet,Volume 389, Issue 10064, 2017, Page e1. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32608-3
Published: 2016

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