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After controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) and IUI, is it clinically feasible to recover in vivo conceived and matured human blastocysts by uterine lavage from fertile women for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) and compare their PGT-A and Gardner scale morphology scores with paired blastocysts from IVF control cycles?In a consecutive series of 134 COS cycles using gonadotrophin stimulation followed by IUI, uterine lavage recovered 136 embryos in 42% (56/134) of study cycles, with comparable in vivo and in vitro euploidy rates but better morphology in in vivo embryos.In vivo developed embryos studied in animal models possess different characteristics compared to in vitro developed embryos of similar species. Such comparative studies between in vivo and in vitro human embryos have not been reported owing to lack of a reliable method to recover human embryos.We performed a single-site, prospective controlled trial in women (n = 81) to evaluate the safety, efficacy and feasibility of a novel uterine lavage catheter and fluid recovery device. All lavages were performed in a private facility with a specialized fertility unit, from August 2017 to June 2018. Subjects were followed for 30 days post-lavage to monitor for clinical outcomes and delayed complications. In 20 lavage subjects, a single IVF cycle (control group) with the same ovarian stimulation protocol was performed for a comparison of in vivo to in vitro blastocysts.Women were stimulated with gonadotrophins for COS. The ovulation trigger was given when there were at least two dominant follicles ≥18 mm, followed by IUI of sperm. Uterine lavage occurred 4-6 days after the IUI. A subset of 20 women had a lavage cycle procedure followed by an IVF cycle (control IVF group). Recovered embryos were characterized morphologically, underwent trophectoderm (TE) biopsy, vitrified and stored in liquid nitrogen. Biopsies were analyzed using the next-generation sequencing technique. After lavage, GnRH antagonist injections were administered to induce menstruation.A total of 134 lavage cycles were performed in 81 women. Uterine lavage recovered 136 embryos in 56 (42%) cycles. At the time of cryopreservation, there were 40 (30%) multi-cell embryos and 96 (70%) blastocysts. Blastocysts were of good quality, with 74% (70/95) being Gardener grade 3BB or higher grade. Lavage blastocysts had significantly higher morphology scores than the control IVF embryos as determined by chi-square analysis (P 0.05). This is the first study to recover in vivo derived human blastocysts following ovarian stimulation for embryo genetic characterization. Recovered blastocysts showed rates of chromosome euploidy similar to the rates found in the control IVF embryos. In 11 cycles (8.2%), detectable levels of hCG were present 13 days after IUI, which regressed spontaneously in two cases and declined after an endometrial curettage in two cases. Persistent hCG levels were resolved after methotrexate in three cases and four cases received both curettage and methotrexate.The first objective was to evaluate the feasibility of uterine lavage following ovarian stimulation to recover blastocysts for analysis, and that goal was achieved. However, the uterine lavage system was not completely optimized in our earlier experience to levels that were achieved late in the clinical study and will be expected in clinical service. The frequency of chromosome abnormalities of in vivo and IVF control embryos was similar, but this was a small-size study. However, compared to larger historical datasets of in vitro embryos, the in vivo genetic results are within the range of high-quality in vitro embryos.Uterine lavage offers a nonsurgical, minimally invasive strategy for recovery of embryos from fertile women who do not want or need IVF and who desire PGT, fertility preservation of embryos or reciprocal IVF for lesbian couples. From a research and potential clinical perspective, this technique provides a novel platform for the use of in vivo conceived human embryos as the ultimate benchmark standard for future and current ART methods.Previvo Genetics, Inc., is the sole sponsor for the Punta Mita, Mexico, clinical study. S.M. performs consulting for CooperGenomics. J.E.B. and S.A.C. are co-inventors on issued patents and patents owned by Previvo and ownshares of Previvo. S.N. is a co-author on a non-provisional patent application owned by Previvo and holds stock options in Previvo. S.T.N. and M.J.A. report consulting fees from Previvo. S.T.N., S.M., M.V.S., M.J.A., C.N. and J.E.B. are members of the Previvo Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) and hold stock options in Previvo. J.E.B and S. M are members of the Previvo Board of Directors. A.N. and K.C. are employees of Previvo Genetics. L.V.M, T.M.M, J.L.R and S. S have no conflicts to disclose.Protocol Registration and Results System (PRS) Trial Registration Number and Name: Punta Mita Study TD-2104: Clinical Trials NCT03426007.

Our objective was to determine the effect of elevated early follicular-phase serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels on follicle growth and oocyte maturity in unstimulated in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles.We compared cycles with elevated day 3 FSH levels (20 mIU/ml) to subsequent cycles in the same patients when day 3 FSH returned to normal and to cycles among women with normal day 3 FSH levels.Seven cycles in seven patients had an elevated day 3 FSH (high-FSH group). These were compared to 11 subsequent cycles in which there was a return to a normal baseline FSH and to 13 cycles in 13 patients that entered the unstimulated protocol with a normal baseline day 3 FSH.The day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration was similar in all groups as were the serum estradiol (E2) levels. Although the high-FSH group tended to have smaller maximum follicular diameters, the difference was not statistically significant. The highest FSH level on cycle day 3 in a completed cycle was 56.2 mIU/ml. The total number of oocytes aspirated and the number of embryos obtained was similar in all groups. Whereas there were no pregnancies in the high-FSH group, 2 of the subsequent 11 normal day 3 FSH cycles resulted in clinical pregnancies. Two of the 13 patients in the normal day 3 FSH values also achieved pregnancies.We conclude that cycle day 3 serum FSH levels as high as 56.2 mIU/ml may be associated with apparently normal follicular growth, oocyte fertilization, and embryo cleavage in unstimulated cycles. However, pregnancies are not observed. In addition, FSH levels vary widely from cycle to cycle and elevated levels in one cycle do not necessarily imply that pregnancy may not occur in a subsequent cycle when FSH levels return to normal.

The experience of transferring embryos produced through in-vitro fertilization (IVF) utilizing donated oocytes and spermatozoa is described. Recipients (n = 28 ; aged 38-59 years) received oral micronized oestradiol and i.m. progesterone and were synchronized to donors undergoing ovarian stimulation. Reasons for selecting therapy included advanced reproductive age (>42 years ; n = 21) or hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism (n = 7), combined with severe male factor infertility in 23 couples. Five women were single and without partners. Oocytes were fertilized by cryopreserved spermatozoa designated for use by the recipient. Up to five embryos were transferred transcervically. Supernumerary embryos were cryopreserved. A total of 36 aspirations produced 15.6 ± 7.3 oocytes per retrieval. In 10/36 cycles (27.8%), embryos were available for cryopreservation. Using fresh embryos, the overall pregnancy rate was 38.9% (14/36), clinical pregnancy rate 33.3 % (12/36), and ongoing/delivered pregnancy rate 30.6% (11/36). Three ongoing pregnancies were later established by transferring cryopreserved embryos. Adjusting for these events, the per aspiration overall pregnancy rate per retrieval was 47.2%, clinical pregnancy rate 41.7%, and ongoing/delivered pregnancy rate 38.9%. Implantation rates per individual embryo transferred were 16.6% following fresh embryo transfer. A viable pregnancy was achieved by 14 of 28 women (50% cumulative pregnancy rate). We conclude that using donor oocytes and donor spermatozoa is efficacious and allows couples of whom both members suffer from severe gamete abnormalities and single functionally agonadal women an effective means of achieving pregnancy.

To evaluate biochemically and clinically a new formulation of modified Ham's F-10 medium made without the inclusion of hypoxanthine. The medium was formulated for long-term storage and use by separately preparing a stable liquid (“basal”) portion and a freeze-dried “supplement” containing the labile medium components. Following 18 months of storage the basal medium was biochemically analyzed for its amino acid (aa's) and vitamin content. Cysteine and tryptophan were decreased to less than 30% of their starting theoretical concentrations (STCs). Asparagine, serine, tyrosine, histidine and lysine were present at 50% to 70% of their STC. The remaining aa's were all within 90% of their STCs except arginine which was at 77%. All of the vitamins were present at 90% or more of their STCs except inositol, riboflavin and'thiamine which were present at 70% of their STCs. IVF with the new formulation resulted in 13 deliveries from 51 aspirations (25%) as compared with 10/39 (26%) in 1991, when standard medium preparation was used. Oocyte donation resulted in 30 deliveries from 84 cycles (36%) with the new formulation as compared with 21/65 (32%) in 1991. (1) The new basal with lyophilized supplement formulation produces similar clinical results in the IVF laboratory as medium prepared in the standard fashion, (2) certain amino acids and vitamins are not stable in the liquid basal medium, and (3) the separate formulation of a liquid basal medium with lyophilized supplement is convenient, viable alternative to modified Ham's F-10 medium prepared in the standard manner (i.e., from powder) and may decrease the need for frequent medium preparation.

The outcome of a series of pre-embryo transfers to 31 women with ovarian failure is described. Twenty six fertile women functioned as nonanonymous donors, providing oocytes for in vitro fertilization after undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and transvaginal ultrasound directed oocyte aspiration. Recipients, 24 to 44 years of age, received hormone replacement therapy before pre-embryo transfer (ET). A mean of 13.7 +/- 1.1 oocytes were obtained per aspiration resulting in the transfer of 4.5 +/- 0.2 pre-embryos to each recipient couple. Twenty-five of 47 ET resulted in pregnancy (53.2% per ET); 5 preclinical, and 20 clinical, of which 18 are ongoing or delivered. The overall implantation rate per individual transferred fresh pre-embryo was 21.1%. We conclude that oocyte donation is a safe and highly efficient means of achieving pregnancy for women with ovarian failure.

To analyze the effects and potential benefits of a single midcycle dose of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) prior to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration during unstimulated in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles.Twenty-five cycles from 20 patients receiving 150 IU of FSH 42-44 h and 10,000 IU of hCG 34-36 h prior to follicle aspiration were compared to 110 cycles triggered with hCG alone.Serum E2 levels were significantly lower on the day of hCG treatment in the FSH-treated group (266 vs. 297 pg/ml). On the day after hCG administration, serum E2 was similar in both groups. Maximum follicular diameters the day of and the day after hCG treatment were similar as were the number of oocytes aspirated and embryos transferred, and clinical pregnancy rates in both groups. The number of cycles dropped due to premature luteinizing-hormone (LH) surge was 8% in the FSH group compared to 20% in the group treated with hCG alone.A midcycle FSH boost does not increase pregnancy success of unstimulated IVF cycles but does enhance the increase in serum E2 levels after hCG, thereby potentially allowing earlier hCG administration while incurring decreased cycle cancellation rates due to premature LH surges.

Successful pregnancies have recently been reported in cycles of unstimulated in-vitro fertilization (IVF) which is a simplification of the standard IVF approach utilizing ovarian stimulation. The purpose of this study was to analyse retrospectively the results of the first 3 years of unstimulated IVF cycles at our institution in order to identify factors which predispose these cycles to success or failure. All patients (n = 57) underwent serial monitoring with transvaginal ultrasound and serum oestradiol determinations. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) 10,000 IU was administered when follicles were felt to be mature and aspiration undertaken (n = 98) 34-36 h later. Among nine patients aged > or = 40 years, 13 aspirations resulted in nine embryo transfers and no pregnancies. In one completed cycle in this group, the patient, who was 42 years old had a baseline follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration of 35.3 mIU/ml. The cycle progressed uneventfully and follicle aspiration yielded two oocytes and two morphologically normal embryos which, however, did not implant. In six patients < 40 years with male factor, seven aspirations yielded 18 oocytes of which 15 were inseminated and did not fertilize. One of the immature oocytes was allowed to mature in vitro and was fertilized and cryopreserved. Its transfer in a subsequent cycle yielded a live birth. Among 78 cycles in 42 patients aged < 40 years without male factor, 63 resulted in embryo transfer with 14% clinical pregnancy rates per aspiration and 17% per embryo transfer. Pregnancy was associated with higher oestradiol concentrations at the time of HCG administration and multiple embryos available for embryo transfer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Objective To evaluate sperm preincubation in tes and tris (TEST)-yolk buffer as a potential enhancing agent of fertilizing capacity of sperm during human in vitro fertilization (IVF). Design Oocytes obtained during IVF were divided into two groups: one group fertilized with TEST-yolk buffer-treated sperm and the other group with standard-prepared sperm. Setting The University of Southern California IVF Program. Patients Thirty-nine couples with suspected male factor infertility undergoing IVF. Interventions Preinsemination incubation of sperm in TEST-yolk buffer for 24hours. Main Outcome Measures Fertilization rates in vitro. Results TEST-yolk buffer-treated sperm fertilized 140 of 241 oocytes (58%), whereas control sperm fertilized 108 of 251 oocytes (43%). Of four couples who had previously failed to fertilize during IVF, one fertilized with both specimens and three fertilized with TEST-yolk buffer-treated sperm only. Conclusions TEST-yolk buffer pretreatment of sperm for 24hours results in higher fertilization rates during IVF among suspected male factor patients.

The purpose of this study was to analyze follicular fluid (FF) samples for steroid levels from stimulated and unstimulated cycles triggered with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and to assess the influence of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and luteinizing hormone/hCG on these levels. Spontaneous ovulatory cycles were monitored with serial ultrasound examinations, and hCG 10,000 IU was given when the lead follicle was mature. Fourteen FF samples yielding fertilizable oocytes were compared with 13 FF samples from controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycles. Progesterone (P) was higher in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation than in unstimulated cycles (9.0 +/- 1.2 micrograms/mL versus 4.4 +/- 0.6 microgram/mL; mean +/- SEM), whereas estradiol (E2) was lower (0.8 +/- 0.1 microgram/mL versus 1.3 +/- 0.2 microgram/mL), resulting in a higher P:E2 ratio (15.5 +/- 3.3 versus 4.4 +/- 0.7). Androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), and T:E2 ratios were all higher in unstimulated than controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycles. We conclude that controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is associated with increased FF P, decreased FF E2, T, and A levels, and decreased T:E2 ratios, suggesting altered steroidogenesis and enhanced follicular aromatase activity.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) was performed in normally ovulatory women after the follicular phase of an unstimulated cycle. Twenty patients initiated 36 cycles of unstimulated IVF, with serial ultrasound examinations and hCG 10,000 IU given when the follicle was mature. Thirty aspirations were carried out under intravenous sedation with transvaginal ultrasound guidance. One or more oocytes were obtained in 29 aspirations (97%) for a total of 52 oocytes (average 1.7); 37 fertilized (71%), two were polyspermic, and 35 cleaved (67%). Seventeen aspirations (57%) yielded multiple oocytes. All 25 oocytes obtained from dominant follicles fertilized (100%), and 12 of 27 oocytes from secondary follicles fertilized (44%) (P less than .05 versus dominant follicles), with one polyspermic fertilization in each group. Sixteen cycles resulted in a single embryo transfer (ET), eight had two embryos, and one had three embryos transferred (36% multiple ET). Five clinical pregnancies (20% per ET, 17% per retrieval) resulted in four ongoing pregnancies (16% per ET, 13% per retrieval), all singletons. Our results suggest that in selected cases, IVF in unstimulated cycles may be a clinically viable alternative to stimulated cycles, with preliminary success rates in the range of national averages for stimulated cycles.

Transvaginal ultrasound-directed oocyte retrieval was performed on eight women functioning exclusively as gamete donors for 10 patients with ovarian failure. Donors included sisters, personal friends, and compensated participants selected by the recipient couple. Oocyte donors underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and transvaginal oocyte aspiration. Thirteen initiated cycles resulted in 11 embryo transfers and six ongoing pregnancies. There were no complications, and all donors stated a willingness to undergo the procedure again. The use of nonanonymous oocyte donation appears both efficacious and efficient and is recommended as an option for achieving pregnancy in women with ovarian failure.

We report this country's first nonsurgical donor ovum transfer pregnancy in a functionally agonadal woman who had received chemotherapy and radiation for Hodgkin's lymphoma. For women with ovarian failure, nonsurgical uterine lavage and ovum transfer may provide an opportunity for motherhood that was not possible previously.