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The CXCR3 chemokine receptor, expressed on activated T lymphocytes, is seen within the central nervous system (CNS) in inflammatory conditions where a T-cell response is prominent. However, the distribution of CXCR3 in parenchymal CNS cells is unknown. Using a monoclonal antibody against CXCR3 and post-mortem tissue of patients with and without CNS pathology, we have determined its expression pattern. CXCR3 was found in subpopulations of cells morphologically consistent with astrocytes, particularly reactive astrocytes, and in cerebellar Purkinje cells. It was also detected in arterial endothelial and smooth muscle cells, particularly in areas associated with atherosclerotic plaques. CXCR3-positive astrocytes were particularly prominent in the CNS of HIV-positive patients, in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), in ischaemic infarcts and in astrocytic neoplasms. Immunofluorescence studies of mixed adult primary glial cultures and fetal glial cultures also showed expression of CXCR3 in astrocytes. CXCR3 mRNA was detected in Purkinje cells by in situ hybridization with a CXCR3-specific probe. Thus, the predominant expression of CXCR3 in reactive astrocytes may indicate that it plays a role in the development of reactive gliosis in a variety of infectious, inflammatory, vascular and neoplastic processes in the CNS. The relationship between CXCR3 expression in astrocytes to its expression in Purkinje cells, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells is yet to be determined.

A 90-year-old woman was referred to us with a 1-month history of progressively worsening blepharoconjunctivitis. She had a complete acquired ankyloblepharon of the right lids, which resulted in the appearance of a right upper lid abscess on computed tomography.Blepharotomy with separation and debridement of the lid margins was performed.Cultures were positive only for herpes simplex virus, type II.Herpes simplex blepharoconjunctivitis may take many clinical forms. Our patient's severe manifestations led to the clinical and radiologic appearance of preseptal cellulitis with a right upper lid abscess.

Eyelid dog bites are common facial injuries that occur frequently in children and often involve the lacrimal canaliculi. Even though the incidence of infection following repair of these lacerations is low, prophylactic antibiotics should be administered to all patients. Good function and appearance of repaired eyelid dog bites is achieved with appropriate surgical management. This article presents 2 cases and a retrospective review of 7 patients with eyelid dog bite injuries evaluated and treated between August 1989 and June 1994; 6 of 9 patients were children. The lacrimal drainage system was lacerated in 6 of 9 patients. All patients underwent surgical repair of their injuries and received antibiotics directed at common canine oral bacterial flora. The patients were followed for a minimum of 3 months postoperatively. There was only 1 case of facial wound infection. Good functional results were achieved in all patients.

The author views the patient's theory of pathogenesis as a compromise formation to which both patient and analyst contribute in important ways. Unlike conventional autobiography or case histories, the patient's theory of pathogenesis is an ever-evolving product of the analytic collaboration that is subject to ongoing analysis and self-inquiry. Like any explanatory theory, it both opens and constrains interpretive possibilities. The collaborative attempt to arrive at the best possible explanatory narratives entails both uncovering and joint construction. Explanatory efforts that are anchored in consensually agreed-upon present experiences of resistances and transferences are more closely related to therapeutic action and are more likely to be verifiable than explanatory theories tied to distant past events. The open-ended nature of the life historical and explanatory narratives leads to an emphasis on continued self-analytic activities after termination.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a tumor of middle-aged men that metastasizes to the lung, liver, and bone. Few cases of RCC metastatic to the orbit have been reported. When this tumor spreads to the orbit, the orbital metastasis is likely to be the first indication of the cancer. We report the case of a 53-year-old man with widespread metastatic RCC whose first sign of disease was a metastatic orbital tumor. External and ocular examination and computed tomographic and histopathologic findings are described. The clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of metastatic RCC are discussed.

Traumatic eyelid avulsion is reported infrequently. We cared for an 18-year-old man who lost75% of his right upper eyelid. The tissue was recovered 10 h following the initial trauma. Successful surgical reimplantation resulted in a functional upper eyelid with extensive madarosis. An experimental study was undertaken to attempt to determine the optimal method for preservation of avulsed eyelid tissue. Experimental surgery was performed to simulate repair of eyelid avulsion. The postoperative changes in experimentally reimplanted eyelids parallel those noted in the clinical example of eyelid avulsion. This clinical example and experimental study suggested the following management principles for handling avulsed eyelid tissue: eyelid tissues should not be immersed in saline; avulsed eyelid tissues should be stored at 4 degrees C; if reimplantation time is6 h, storage in a cold moist environment is adequate.

Certain patients embark upon analytic treatment with well thought out theories regarding the origins of their difficulties. Although there is always some validity to such theories, they turn out to be incomplete and serve to screen painful recollections and pathogenic unconscious wishes and the defenses against them. Two cases are presented to illustrate how analysands use these theories in the service of resistance. Painstaking analytic work is required to elucidate their defensive nature. The narcissistic importance of such theories in maintaining a coherent narrative about one's life in the face of uncertainty is discussed, and technical and countertransference considerations are explored.

Nonocular melanoma rarely metastasizes to the orbit. We report the case of a melanoma presumably arising from an axillary lymph node sinus that metastasized to the left medial rectus muscle causing proptosis, diplopia, and reduced saccadic velocity measurements. Clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic data are presented and discussed.

A 48-year-old woman with mild Graves' orbitopathy underwent bilateral lateral orbital decompressions through preauricular hairline incisions by a general plastic surgeon. Immediately postoperatively she developed marked left orbital and eyelid edema and incapacitating diplopia due to a large angle esotropia and severe bilateral abduction deficits. Examination 13 months later revealed normal visual acuities and a 90 prism diopter esotropia. She underwent complex strabismus surgery with resultant orthophoria in primary and down gaze. Four years later, a thin section computed tomographic scan revealed severe attenuation of both lateral rectus muscles with incarceration of the muscle bellies into the lateral osteotomy sites. This case demonstrates a rare, but avoidable, complication of orbital surgery for Graves' disease.

• A 47-year-old man presented with acquired hyperopia and gaze-evoked visual loss. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a well-circumscribed intraconal tumor. Histopathologic studies indicated that the tumor was a poorly differentiated primary orbital sarcoma compatible with malignant fibrous histiocytoma or malignant rhabdoid tumor. To our knowledge, no case of primary orbital malignant rhabdoid tumor has been previously described in an adult.

To assess the nature and distribution of cardiovascular abnormalities associated with mixed connective tissue disease, we studied 38 patients with overlapping clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis and polymyositis, and circulating antibodies to nuclear ribonucleoprotein. The protocol included taking a medical history and a physical echocardiogram, and pulmonary function tests. Cardiac catheterization was performed on 17 patients. Postmortem examination was performed on four of the five patients who died during follow-up. Acute pericarditis and/or pericardial effusion was detected in 11 patients (29%) and mitral valve prolapse was identified in 10 patients (26%). Marked intimal hyperplasia of coronary arteries was observed in all four hearts that were autopsied and perivascular and myocardial leukocytic aggregates were present in two hearts. Pulmonary vascular resistance was elevated in 11 of the 17 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. In summary, cardiovascular abnormalities associated with mixed connective tissue disease include acute pericarditis and/or effusion, mitral valve prolapse, intimal hyperplasia of coronary arteries, perivascular and myocardial leukocytic infiltrates, and pulmonary hypertension.

Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy is one of the complications of intraocular lens implantation. A knowledge of the preoperative status of corneal endothelium may help to minimize the incidence of this complication. The preoperative corneal endothelial status of 118 eyes of 102 patients who received Worst-Medallion intraocular lenses more than five years ago was analyzed retrospectively. This data was then correlated with the postoperative clinical status of the cornea. Twelve eyes (10%) underwent penetrating keratoplasty for irreversible corneal edema, and 28 of the remaining eyes (22%) had clinical evidence of peripheral corneal edema. No correlation was found between the preoperative endothelial cell density or the degree of postoperative cell loss and the development of corneal edema. Significant correlation was found between variation in cell size (pleomorphism) and the development of postoperative corneal edema. Greater density of precipitates on endothelium and abnormality in cell shape postoperatively were also frequently seen in corneas that developed edema subsequently.