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Shared strategies and correct information are essential to guide physicians in the management of such an uncommon disease as Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). A systematic review of the literature was performed to collect the most relevant evidence on BIA-ALCL reported cases. A panel of multidisciplinary experts discussed the scientific evidence on BIA-ALCL, and updated consensus recommendations were developed through the Delphi process. The lastest reported Italian incidence of BIA-ALCL is 3.5 per 100.000 implanted patients (95% CI, 1.36 to 5.78), and the disease counts over 1216 cases worldwide as of June 2022. The most common presentation symptom is a late onset seroma followed by a palpable breast mass. In the event of a suspicious case, ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration should be the first step in evaluation, followed by cytologic and immunohistochemical examination. In patients with confirmed diagnosis of BIA-ALCL confined to the capsule, the en-bloc capsulectomy should be performed, followed by immediate autologous reconstruction, while delayed reconstruction applies for disseminate disease or radically unresectable tumor. Nevertheless, a multidisciplinary team approach is essential for the correct management of this pathology.

Direct-to-implant prepectoral breast reconstruction in the last years demonstrated to be a feasible and advantageous method in selected cases because it respects chest wall musculature integrity and avoids animation deformity. Current approaches involve implant wrapping with Acellular Dermal Matrix (ADM) or synthetic mesh to guarantee implant coverage and stability and reduce complications. Prepectoral polyurethane implant positioning without further coverage is an alternative breast reconstruction method poor described in literature.A single-institution retrospective analysis was performed on 453 patients, extending our previous preliminary experience, who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) and prepectoral polyurethane implant positioning between December 2017 and June 2021. Follow-up included postoperative complications record and self-reported patient's satisfaction.A total of 784 mastectomies were performed in 453 patients. 331 were bilateral procedures (73.1%) and 122 were unilateral (26.9%). Minimum follow-up time was 6 months and maximum was 42 months. No major complications were reported. Contour defects and excessive implant visibility occurred in 82 patients (18.1%) and was successfully managed with autologous fat grafting.Nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate prepectoral polyurethane implant reconstruction without the need for ADM or mesh is a feasible and safe option. Accurate patient selection and respectful mastectomy technique is crucial to achieve optimal outcomes with this approach. Fat grafting is a useful refinement procedure to improve cosmetic results in this setting.

The choice between anatomical and round implants is an important decision in breast augmentation surgery; however, both have their place and the decision between them that should be made on a patient-by-patient basis, taking into account the patient's desires, anatomy, and surgical history. In some individuals, there are clear indications for using either anatomical or round devices, and there is good evidence that aesthetic outcomes are better with anatomical implants in some instances. When both types are an option, anatomical devices may offer increased flexibility and, despite a longer learning curve needed to properly manage them, they are associated with positive long-term outcomes and high levels of patient satisfaction. Concerns about implant rotation can be minimized with proper patient selection and surgical technique, and the overall complication rate may favor anatomical over round devices in appropriate patients. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is an important issue, and while rare, it must be considered in the context of the entire patient risk profile. Both anatomical and round implants remain key elements of a complete surgical toolbox in breast augmentation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Background Implant-based breast reconstruction after nipple-sparing mastectomy has been the most common breast reconstruction procedure performed, for both breast cancer treatment and prophylactically. Subpectoral implant placement with partial detachment of the pectoralis major muscle has been the procedure of choice for staged reconstruction and direct-to-implantation. Prepectoral implant placement has recently increased in popularity among plastic surgeons owing to the high rates of animation deformity, loss of muscle function, and chronic pain observed with submuscular implant placement. Acellular dermal matrices or synthetic meshes have been used for implant coverage and support to avoid capsular contracture and implant visibility. In the present study, we have introduced breast reconstruction actualized in nipple-sparing mastectomy and direct-to-implant with prepectoral polyurethane positioning (BRAND4P). Patients and Methods A total of 34 nipple-sparing mastectomies and immediate direct-to-implant breast reconstructions with prepectoral polyurethane-coated implant placement were performed in 21 patients (13 bilateral and 8 unilateral). The implant was placed subcutaneously in the exact place of the excised breast parenchyma with no further coverage. Results After a mean follow-up of 4 months, no major complications had been observed. No patient presented with animation deformity or grade III-IV capsular contracture. Patient satisfaction, assessed using the BREAST-Q, was excellent. Conclusions The BRAND4P method represents a novel prepectoral approach and a feasible alternative to subpectoral implant placement among the available implant-based breast reconstruction techniques.

SUMMARY: The authors reviewed the available evidence on revision surgery following implant-based breast surgery with the aim of investigating whether any difference in the surgical approach should be proposed if the patient has a textured device. They included in their review 31 studies presenting different approaches for revision surgery following implant-based breast surgery (both aesthetic and reconstructive), with a level of evidence ranging from 4 to 5. None of the included studies proposed different surgical approaches for revision surgery in patients carrying textured devices. The authors conclude that no different surgical attitudes in revision surgery following implant-based breast surgery should be adopted if the patient has a textured device according to the available evidence, when a correct approach is performed to face the complication or adverse event, following a thorough preoperative study of the patient with the proper diagnostic tools.

Background Breast implant–associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is a rare disease with a favourable prognosis if adequately treated. Same staged patients have usually a similar prognosis and outcomes, but in our experience, IIA-staged patients have a wider prognosis with outcomes that vary from complete disease response to death. This study aimed to understand and identify all the factors that could influence the prognosis of this group of patients and verify if their prognosis matches the stage they belong to. Material and methods Patients in stage IIA have been divided into two subgroups: IIAb with lymphoma extension towards the glandular tissue and IIAcw with tumour extension towards the chest-wall. The overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) of 64 BIA-ALCL cases were evaluated for each staged group. Results Significant differences of OS and EFS between IIAb and IIAcw patients (log-rank p = 0.046 and log-rank p = 0.018, respectively) were observed and poor prognosis joined IIAcw- and IV-staged patients. Conclusion Chest-wall infiltration is a critical prognostic factor in BIA-ALCL patients as it influences the possibility of performing a surgical radical tumour extirpation. Our results could represent valid assistance for the physicians in choosing the most appropriate BIA-ALCL prognostic category and treatment and could promote further wider studies to provide stronger evidence on a possible revision of the MDA TNM classification.

The Covid-19 pandemic has challenged hard the national health systems worldwide. According to the national policy issued in March 2020 in response to the evolving Covid-19 pandemic, several hospitals were re-configured as Covid-19 centers and elective surgery procedures were rescheduled according to the most recent recommendations. In addition, Covid-19 protected cancer hubs were established, including the Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome, Central Italy. At our Institute, the Breast Surgery Department continued working under the sign of a multidisciplinary approach. The number of professional figures involved in case evaluation was reduced to a minimum and interactions took place in the full respect of the required safety measures. Treatments for benign disease, pure prophylactic surgery and elective reconstructive procedures were all postponed and priority was assigned to the histologically-proven malignant breast tumors and highly suspicious lesions. From March 15th though April 30th 2020, we treated a total of 79 patients. This number is fully consistent with the average quantitative standards reached by our Department under ordinary circumstances. Patients were mostly discharged the day after surgery and none was readmitted due to surgery-related late complications. More generally, post-operative complications rates were unexpectedly low, particularly in light of the relatively high number of reconstructive procedures performed in this emergency situation. A strict follow up was performed based on the close contact with the surgical staff by telephone, messaging apps and telemedicine.Patients ascertainment for their Covid-19 status prior to hospital admission and hospital discharge allowed to maintain the “no-Covid-19” status at our Institution. In addition, during the aforementioned time window, none of the care providers developed SARS-CoV-2 infection or disease, as shown by the results of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M and G profiling. In conclusions, elective breast cancer surgery procedures were successfully performed in a lockdown situation due to a novel viral pandemic. The well-coordinated regional and hospital efforts in terms of medical resource re-allocation and definition of clinical priorities allowed to maintain high quality standards of breast cancer care while ensuring safety to the cancer patients and care providers involved.

Background Although quadrantectomy and lumpectomy help diminish the psychological and physical devastation inflicted, mastectomy is still elected in 20 to 30 percent of breast cancers. Although initially inciting controversy over heightened risk of local recurrences, recent studies maintain that nipple-sparing mastectomy can be used in any patient qualifying for total mastectomy and also improves aesthetic and psychologic outcomes. The manner in which mastectomy influences reconstructive implant outcomes has been documented by several groups. This report details the authors' experience performing nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate implant-based breast reconstruction, focusing attention on patient characteristics and aspects of surgical mastectomy that influence reconstruction outcomes. The aim of the study was to examine various issues, such as surgical access, mode of tissue dissection, and flap thickness, clearly linked to development of complications and poor results. Methods A retrospective study was conducted, analyzing patients with breast cancer. An external three-surgeon panel served to generate average scores for predefined parameters. Based on total scores, outcomes were designated excellent, good, moderate, or poor. Results The authors' cohort included 1647 patients. Overall, 2023 nipple-sparing mastectomies were performed, including bilateral procedures in 376 patients. After a minimum follow-up period of 12 months, the authors' cohort was stratified by scored outcomes. Significant impact of body mass index, skin incision, flap thickness, and grade of ptosis has been demonstrated. Conclusions The authors' data suggest that proper patient selection and well-executed operations are mandatory to limit complications. They also indicate that aesthetic outcome is clearly dependent on surgical proficiency and some patient characteristics. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is an uncommon neoplasia occurring in women with either cosmetic or reconstructive breast implants. The actual knowledge about BIA-ALCL deriving from the literature presents several limits, and it remains difficult to make inferences about BIA-ALCL epidemiology, cause, and pathogenesis. This is the reason why the authors decided to organize an evidence-based consensus conference during the Maurizio Bruno Nava (MBN 2016) Aesthetic Breast Meeting held in Milan in December of 2016. Twenty key opinion leaders in the field of plastic surgery from all over the world have been invited to express and discuss their opinion about some key questions on BIA-ALCL, trying to reach a consensus about BIA-ALCL cause, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment in light of the actual best evidence.

Background Optimal breast augmentation-mastopexy involves a reliable technique, fast recovery, minimal complications, and aesthetic results that are excellent and enduring. Objectives The authors sought to determine whether the balcony technique of augmentation-mastopexy was safe and yielded satisfactory long-term outcomes in patients with breast ptosis and hypoplasia. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective review of 207 patients who underwent subglandular augmentation and inverted-T mastopexy with a customized Wise keyhole resection pattern and an inferior flap. Patient satisfaction was assessed anonymously on a visual analog scale via a questionnaire administered 4 years postoperatively. Results A total of 182 women received follow-up for 48 months and were included in statistical analyses. High levels of satisfaction were determined using Fischer exact test for breast shape, size, and symmetry, but not for other items, such as scar appearance, body perception, or self-esteem. The most common complications were Baker II capsular contracture and wound dehiscence. No patient experienced nipple loss or skin flap necrosis. Conclusions The results of this long-term analysis demonstrate that the balcony technique of augmentation-mastopexy is suitable for patients with breast ptosis and hypoplasia. Level of Evidence 4.

BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal sarcomas comprise 1% of all malignancies in adults. Unfortunately, sometimes they are addressed in non-appropriate way requiring a more invasive procedure to achieve radical surgery at a later date. Due to incomplete predictability of their extension, scheduled reconstruction cannot be performed at times, forcing plans to change or clogging up immediate reconstruction. In this paper, the authors provide an insight in the treatment of musculoskeletal sarcomas, particularly focusing on the preoperative planning of reconstructive strategies, which is crucial in order to prevent unpleasant surprises during reconstruction. METHODS Fifty-six consecutive patients requiring reconstructive procedures following the extirpation of tumors were recruited. All data collected during the diagnostic phase were analyzed collectively during a multi-disciplinary meeting where the surgical procedure was planned. A score system was created and results were then classified into "excellent", "good", "sufficient" and "poor". RESULTS After a minimum follow up of 12 months, we recorded the following results: excellent in 10 patients (17.9%), good in 28 patients (50%), sufficient in 12 cases (21.4%) and poor in 6 cases (10.7%). CONCLUSIONS The improvement of treatment and the long-lasting survival in musculoskeletal sarcoma have shifted the goal of therapeutic protocol to obtaining radical tumor removal and maximum functional restoration. When facing unpredictable extension of the resections, reconstruction may be a challenging or even impossible task to fulfil. Only meticulous preoperative planning can prevent surgeons from falling into all sorts of surgical traps following wide resections.

We propose a new, simple, and reliable method of nipple reconstruction using a star flap and a free graft of a linear fragment of scar tissue. The harvested fragment is deepithelialized and fixed under the flap to give the reconstruction consistency and make it steady. The study included 218 nipple reconstructions performed between 2002 and 2008. In an attempt to estimate their satisfaction, patients were then asked to complete a 1-year postoperative questionnaire. Patients were directed to use a numerical scale of 1–10, with 1 as the worst outcome and 10 as the best possible outcome. The average projection of the nipple in the immediate postoperative period was 7.08 ± 0.5 mm (mean ± standard deviation). After 1 year, the average projection of the reconstructed nipple was 6.08 ± 0.5 mm. The average diameter of the reconstructed nipple in the immediate postoperative period was 14.9 ± 3 mm. After 1 year, the average diameter of the reconstructed nipple was 14.2 ± 4 mm. The average patient satisfaction with nipple projection was 7.28, sensation of the nipple, 4.11; color of the nipple, 6.36; position of the reconstructed nipple, 7.34; and symmetry compared with the opposite nipple–areola complex, 7.97. Overall patient satisfaction was 6.61. We maintain that the technique presented here is safe, easy to perform, and reproducible and improves the long-term projection of the reconstructed nipple.

Despite the wide availability of literature on keloids, their onset is not completely understood. Several protocols have been described to treat keloids, but none are considered to be a gold standard. In this paper, we will report our experience treating recurrent keloids with surgical excision, followed by immediate postoperative radiotherapy, focusing on the irradiation protocol, to better define the treatment schedule, dose, and results.From September 2009 to July 2012, 10 patients were referred to our department because of unresponsive keloids. All patients underwent 6-MeV electron beam radiotherapy, up to a total dose of 20 Gy, 24-48 hours after radical surgical keloid excision.Three patients had excellent results, while 5 patients had good results and 2 had moderate results; none of the cases had poor results. No major adverse events were observed. Small keloids can be treated with non-surgical therapy or radical excision, although followed by an adjuvant therapy. Radiotherapy seems to be a better adjuvant approach. The mechanism for the radiotherapeutic prevention of keloids is still poorly understood. It may act by controlling collagen synthesis through the elimination of abnormally-activated fibroblasts.From our results, postoperative electron radiotherapy is an effective and well-tolerated treatment to prevent keloid recurrence, especially in patients with bulky keloids or recurrent disease.

Alessandra Fabi,1 Diana Giannarelli,2 Paola Malaguti,1 Gianluigi Ferretti,1 Sabrina Vari,1 Paola Papaldo,1 Cecilia Nisticò,1 Mauro Caterino,3 Roy De Vita,4 Marcella Mottolese,5 Laura Iacorossi,6 Francesco Cognetti1 1Department of Medical Oncology, 2Biostatistic Unit, 3Service of Radiology, 4Operative Unit of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; 5Department of Pathology, 6Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy Background: There is a deep need to improve the care of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients, since even today it remains an incurable disease. Taxanes are considered the most effective cytotoxic drugs for the treatment of MBC, both in monotherapy and in combined schedules, but the need for synthetic solvents contributes to the severe toxicities and may have a negative impact on the efficacy. Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (Nab-paclitaxel) is a colloidal suspension of paclitaxel and human serum albumin initially developed to avoid the toxicities associated with conventional taxanes.Patients and methods: The aim of this prospective, single-center open-label, noncomparative study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nab-paclitaxel in MBC patients pretreated with taxanes. The patients were treated with nab-paclitaxel as a single agent, 260mg/m2 on day 1 of each 3-week cycle or 125mg/m2 weekly. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR). Secondary objectives were duration of response, clinical benefit rate, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, and safety.Results: A total of 42 patients (median age 48years, median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0, triple-negative MBC 19%, all pretreated with a taxane-based therapy, mainly in advanced disease) were enrolled in the study. The ORR was 23.8%, including one complete response (2.4%) and nine partial responses (21.4%); the disease control rate was 50%. The median duration of response was 7.2months. After a median follow-up of 9months, the median PFS was 4.6months. ORR and PFS were similar irrespective of the previous chemotherapy lines, metastatic sites, and biomolecular expression. Nab-paclitaxel was well tolerated, and the most frequent treatment-related toxicities were mild to moderate (grades 1–2).Conclusion: This real-life study shows that nab-paclitaxel has a significant antitumor activity and a manageable safety profile in patients pretreated with taxanes and experiencing a treatment failure after at least one line of chemotherapy. Keywords: nab-paclitaxel, metastatic breast cancer, anthracyclines

The literature outlines several surgical techniques to restore inframmammary fold definition, but symmetry of the fold is often left to irreproducible procedures. We report our personal technique to restore the symmetry of the inframmammary fold during multistep breast reconstruction.

We assessed the safety and efficacy of reconstructive therapy with facial fillers for the treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy (FLA) through a randomized, controlled, open-label single-center study. A total of 134 HIV-infected patients with severe FLA were randomly assigned to receive immediate (67 patients) or delayed (67 patients) facial injections of poly-l-lactic acid (PLA) or polyacrylamide gel (PAIG). Outcome measures included changes in physician and patient FLA severity scale, adverse events, and changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and anxiety using validated measures. The mean average study follow-up was 27 weeks for the immediate and 25 weeks for the delayed subjects. Adverse events were mild and resolved after a mean of 4 days. Compared to patients randomized to the delayed treatment group, patients assigned to the immediate treatment group had significantly lower physician-rated (0.0 versus -3.0; p0.0001) and patient-rated (0.1 versus -1.8; p0.0001) FLA severity scores. By contrast, measures exploring HRQoL and anxiety did not show any significant difference between patients randomized to the immediate and deferred groups. Reconstructive therapy with facial fillers was effective and safe and led to significant improvements in FLA severity. However, no significant gains in HRQoL, relational and psychological consequences of body changes, and anxiety-related concerns were observed. Studies should be performed to identify patients who could maximally benefit from filling interventions for FLA.

Despite being referred to as one of the more challenging procedures in plastic surgery, lower blepharoplasty is one of the most commonly requested and performed aesthetic procedures.Our experience, from February 2007 to March 2012, is based on 214 transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty procedures in which the skin flap was sutured by means of the epidermal-dermal U stitch, a new, simple, and reliable method. Patients were followed up for a mean period ranging from 7 to 70 months. To our knowledge, the literature proposes a single-stitch closure or continuous suture in transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty using nylon or silk 4-5-0 to close the skin incision (1-3-5). According to our experience before 2007 based on patients' reports, single-stitch subciliary suture removal is a source of stress for the patient that causes anxiety, discomfort, and pain.Thus, in February 2007, following transepithelial lower blepharoplasty, we started using a new, simple way to suture the subciliary skin flap adopting the epidermal-dermal U nylon 5-0 stitch to avoid any discomfort and drastically reduce the level of anxiety and pain at the time of suture removal. According to our experience, the healing of the wound does not require any subsequent scar revision resulting from healing defects or pathological scar tissue; the complication rate in our series is in keeping with that reported by other authors in the literature.In conclusion, our experience indicates that the suture technique we describe is an easily reproducible, rapid, discomfort-free, and painless means of removing stitches.

Introduction In women with macromastia, a type IV skin sparing mastectomy is often required to achieve an aesthetically pleasing reconstruction. The introduction of “skin-reducing mastectomy”, which inserts a permanent prosthetic device into a large pouch made by the pectoralis major muscle and an inferior pedicle dermal flap, allows the surgeon to achieve a safe oncologic result plus a cosmetically satisfying reconstruction. Objective We report here our experience with the skin-reducing mastectomy with the aim of emphasizing the problems associated with the technique. Materials and method A study was conduced from April 2009 to November 2012, 74 patients with breast cancer were selected then received a skin-reducing mastectomy. The enrolled women satisfied the criteria of Nava. Statistical analysis was conduced to estimate the significance of the outcome results and complication rate. Result A total of 88 SRMs were performed and the outcomes were as follows: excellent in 34 patients, good in 21, and poor in 8. We recorded 25 % of adverse events and statistic helped us to identify patient related factors whose can increase the complications onset. Conclusion Skin-reducing mastectomy is an indispensable procedure to treat cancer in large and pendulous breasts. The correct patient selection is mandatory to reduce the not negligible complication risk. Skin reducing mastectomy when is well conduced allow to obtain good results with patient satisfaction but, like other breast-conserving surgeries, in some case is not the ultimate solution, because it may require some revisions to maintain the optimum results. To day it be consider relatively safe in selected patient and the gold standard in macormastia immediate reconstruction.

Background There has been a “rising tide” in mastectomy utilization that can be attributed to more skin-sparing mastectomies (SSMs) performed concurrently with immediate breast reconstruction. We report our experience of the first use of SERI® Surgical Scaffold (SERI®; Allergan, Inc.) in 21 cases of direct to implant (DTI) breast reconstruction after SSM. Methods Our retrospective experience, from April 2013 to May 2014, is based on 21 cases of direct to implant (DTI) breast reconstruction after SSM (9 monolateral 6 bilateral). All the patients were oncological with a preoperative cancer stage was into 0–2 stage. In order to assess the level of satisfaction with the aesthetical result, on 4–13 months post-operative patients were asked to complete a questionnaire that evaluated various parameters by means of a Visual Analogue Scale (V.A.S.). Results Over a 13-months period, a total of 15 patients underwent 21 immediate breast reconstructive procedures with Allergan Natrelle 410 style implants plus SERI® after SSMs. Definitive histological examination give evidence of 5 patients intraductal carcinoma, 6 patients multifocal carcinoma and 4 patients carcinoma in situ. 6 bilateral cases of direct to implant (DTI) breast reconstruction after SSM had a monolateral oncological treatment and on the other side a prophylactic treatment. At the end of the short follow up (minimum 6 months) all the patient were cancer free with an excellent outcome. Complication rate presents just one implant exposure followed by a revised surgery. At V.A.S. the mean patient satisfaction was 5,77 (good), 4,09 (fair) for sensitivity of the nipple areola complex, 6,33 (good) assessment of implant position, 6,28 (good) self esteem, 5,2 (good) attraction ability, 4,99 (fair) intimate life, 6,81 (good) overall feelings about breast reconstruction, 6,71 (good) simmetry. Conclusions The really encouraging results of our early experience will help surgeons introducing SERI® into their practice to select appropriate patients for direct-to-implant single-stage immediate breast reconstruction. A larger study cohort and longer follow-up times are required to identify additional predictors and indications.