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This case report describes the clinical efficacy of treatment with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) for periodontal regeneration. A patient with aggressive periodontitis participated in a clinical trial involving administration of 0.3% FGF-2 in comparison with a placebo control. To evaluate the efficacy of FGF-2, standardized radiographs were taken before surgery and at 12, 24, and 36 weeks after FGF-2 treatment. The rate of increase in alveolar bone height was 86.9% at 36 weeks. The 6-year postoperative radiograph showed significant development of alveolar bone in comparison with the first visit. FGF-2 treatment may be effective for periodontal regeneration in cases of aggressive periodontitis. (J Oral Sci 58, 137-140, 2016).

Discrepancy in the labial gingival margin of the maxillary incisors poses a major aesthetic problem. Orthodontic extrusion can improve the aesthetic problem caused by gingival margin levels before restoration. In these case reports, orthodontic extrusion was performed with palatal circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy for improving the discrepancy of the labial gingival margin. Two years postoperatively, the position of the tooth and gingival margin remained stable. Orthodontic extrusion with palatal circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy was effective in improving the discrepancy of the labial gingival margin of maxillary incisors. (J Oral Sci 51, 651-654, 2009)

Background and Objective: Short-chain fatty acids, such as butyric acid, are detected in periodontal pockets and are thought to be involved in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. In the present study, we examined the effects of butyric acid on adhesion molecule expression by human gingival epithelial cells. Material and methods: The human gingival carcinoma cell line, Ca9-22, was cultured in media that contained different concentrations of butyric acid. Results: Cell numbers were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner by butyric acid at concentrations of ≥ 0.2 mm. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA was significantly increased 6 h after stimulation. By contrast, the expression levels of integrins α6 and β4 were decreased. Similar results were obtained by flow cytometry. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that butyric acid alters the expression of adhesion molecules by Ca9-22 cells. The elucidation of the mechanism of action of butyric acid on the periodontium may help to clarify several aspects of the onset and progression of periodontal disease.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common ingredient in dental materials. However, its potential adverse effects on the oral cavity are unknown. The purpose of this study is to identify the genes responding to BPA in a human oral epithelial cell line using DNA microarray. Of the 10,368 genes examined, changes in mRNA levels were detected in seven genes: five were up-regulated and two were down-regulated. The expression levels of the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L-type, alpha 1C subunit (CACNA1C), cell death activator CIDE-3 (CIDE-3), haptoglobin-related protein (HPR), importin 4 (IPO4), and POU domain, class 2 and transcription factor 3 (POU2F3) were significantly up-regulated in the cells exposed to 100 mM BPA. The spermatogenesis-associated, serine-rich 2 (SPATS2) and HSPC049 protein (HSPC049) were significantly down-regulated. The detailed knowledge of the changes in gene expression obtained using microarray technology will provide a basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the toxic effects of BPA in the oral cavity.

Invasive cervical root resorption is a relatively uncommon form of external root resorp- tion. Creeping attachment is defined as postoperative coronal migration of the gingival margin. We describe a case of invasive cervical root resorption following coronal shift of interdental papillae 15 years after modified Widman flap surgery. (J Oral Sci 55, 183-185, 2013)

Aims: The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the salivary levels of Streptococcus anginosus in periodontitis patients. Methods and Results: The salivary levels of Strep. anginosus were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Streptococcus anginosus was detected in 28 of 37 (75·6%) of periodontitis patients and in three of the 20 (15%) healthy subjects. The mean values for bleeding on probing and probing depth in positive patients were statistically higher than those in negative patients. A significant decrease in Strep. anginosus levels was observed after periodontal treatment. Conclusions: Although the levels of Strep. anginosus are extremely low, they may reflect the status of periodontal health. Significance and Impact of the Study: Real-time PCR is a useful method for obtaining the relative quantities of Strep. anginosus from saliva samples and for monitoring the effect of therapy.

Background Nicotine use is one of the most important risk factors for the development of cardiovascular and periodontal diseases. Numerous reports have suggested the possible contribution of disturbed lipid metabolism for the development of both disease groups. Despite these observations, little is known about the relationship between tobacco smoking and the development of these diseases. Our previous microarray data revealed that nicotine induced low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression in oral epithelial cells (OECs). The aim of the present study was to confirm nicotine-mediated LDLR induction and to elucidate the signaling mechanisms leading to the augmented expression of LDLR in OECs. Methods and results LDLR and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit expression was detected by real-time PCR. The production of LDLR was demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining. nAChR-mediated LDLR induction was examined by pre-incubation of the cells with its specific inhibitor, α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX). The functional importance of transcription factor specific protein 1 (Sp1) was examined by luciferase assay, mithramycin pre-incubation or by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. The specific binding of Sp1 to R3 region of LDLR 5'-untranslated region was demonstrated with electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and streptavidin-agarose precipitation assay followed by western blotting. The results confirmed that nicotine induced LDLR expression at the transcriptional level. Nicotine was sensed by nAChR and the signal was transduced by Sp1 which bound to the R3 region of LDLR gene. Augmented production of LDLR in the gingival epithelial cells was further demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining using the gingival tissues obtained from the smoking patients. Conclusions Taken together, the results suggested that nicotine might contribute to the development of both cardiovascular and periodontal diseases by inducing the LDLR in OECs thereby disturbing lipid metabolism.

Many studies have shown that alloplastic bone grafts are clinically stable and safe. Nevertheless, postoperative problems such as ankylosis and root resorption are associated with alloplastic bone grafts. This report examined two cases of ankylosis of nonresorbable hydroxyapatite (NHA) alloplastic grafts associated with recurrent periodontitis. There was no clear border between the NHA particles and dentin. The particles were irregularly shaped and had plaque on the surfaces. It is postulated that ankylosis of NHA particles and dentin is a contributing factor in recurrent periodontitis.

Iwano Y, Sugano N, Matsumoto K, Nishihara R, Iizuka T, Yoshinuma N, Ito K. Salivary microbial levels in relation to periodontal status and caries development. J Periodont Res 2010; 45: 165–169. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Although an inverse relationship between caries and periodontal disease has been suggested, some studies have reported a positive correlation between periodontal disease and the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMF) index. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between caries and periodontal disease. Material and Methods: We assessed the clinical parameters and salivary levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans using real-time polymerase chain reaction in 40 subjects with varying degrees of caries and periodontal disease. Results: The salivary levels of S. mutans were significantly higher in the periodontally healthy group than in the periodontitis group. The salivary levels of P. gingivalis were significantly higher in the caries-free group than in the periodontally healthy group with caries. The salivary levels of S. mutans were significantly increased after the initial periodontal treatment. Conclusions: This study showed that an inverse relationship exists between periodontitis and caries in terms of the clinical and bacteriological findings.

Long-term studies have indicated that alloplastic bone grafts composed of nonresorbable hydroxyapatite (NHA) are clinically stable and safe. However, our previous report suggested that NHA grafts may be an etiological factor for recurrent periodontitis in the absence of supportive periodontal treatment (SPT). We removed infected NHA from the root surface by flap surgery in two cases of recurrent periodontitis. After removal of the infected NHA, the inflammation subsided in these cases and they were clinically stable for several years. (J Oral Sci 51, 659-663, 2009)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of funoran containing chewing gum (FG) and eucalyptus extract- containing chewing gum (EG) on plaque formation. Fifteen dentists or dental students were assigned a random order of use of either FG, EG or a control gum. All subjects received professional tooth cleanings before the experiment. During the four-day test periods, no oral hygiene measures were allowed other than chewing three pieces of gum for approximately 10 min daily. Chewing gum was used following each morning, noon and evening meal. Plaque formation was evaluated by the Quigley and Hein index. The FG (1.83 +/- 1.1) and EG (1.97 +/- 1.1) significantly reduced plaque compared to the control gum (2.57 +/- 1.2). Our results suggest that FG and EG may be useful in inhibiting dental plaque formation.

The limitations of conventional 2-dimensional (2-D) radiographs have been emphasized in many studies. Because the image is a 2-D map of the 3-dimensional (3-D) tooth and periodontal tissue, these structures may be superimposed on each other. Recently, 3-D image analysis by computed tomography (CT) was introduced to dentistry, but it has been used only rarely in the periodontal field.The purpose of this case report was to introduce the clinical application of a newly developed, compact computed tomography system for evaluating the outcome of regenerative therapy in an adult patient with periodontitis (male, aged 55 years). To evaluate the bone defects including furcation involvement, we took an intraoral radiograph and performed CT scanning on tooth #19. We recorded a number of clinical parameters at the time of surgery. We compared the images of the bone defect obtained by CT images and the conventional radiograph with the true bone defect morphology at the surgical site.One year after the periodontal surgery, we again took CT scans and a conventional radiograph, and the new images of the bone defect were compared and evaluated. The new CT images were reconstructed for 3-D evaluation and compared with those taken before surgery. The CT provides 3-D images of excellent quality for evaluating the morphology of the periodontal bone defect and furcation involvement.We consider that CT is a useful aid in periodontal examination and diagnosis, and in the prediction and evaluation of periodontal treatment outcomes.

A study was conducted to examine the effect of endotoxin present in periodontal pockets on the proliferation and attachment of human cell lines on the culture plates (Ca9-22 and gingival fibroblasts). The endotoxin was collected from periodontal pockets of anterior teeth in patients with periodontal disease by subgingival irrigation with sterilized distilled water. The solutions obtained were then subjected to hot phenol-water extraction. The collected endotoxin from periodontal pocket and four other kinds of endotoxin obtained commercially as positive controls were added to cell cultures and the numbers of viable cells on the culture plates were counted. Among the commercially available endotoxins used in this study, only 500 micrograms/ml of endotoxin derived from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 significantly decreased the number of attachment cells of Ca9-22 and gingival fibroblasts on the culture plates. Endotoxin from periodontal pockets at 5 micrograms/ml also significantly decreased the numbers of attachment cells of both cell lines.

本実験の目的は, 0.2%Chlorhexidine水溶液と0.01%Sanguinarine含有Viadent ® 洗口液および, その歯磨剤のプラーク抑制効果を検討することである。実験開始時にProfessionaltoothcleaningを行いプラーク量を0にし, 各自の口腔清掃法にViadent ® 洗口液10ml, 30秒間の洗口を朝夕2回加え, 2週目にPlaqueIndexを記録し, 洗口を中止した。2週後に再びプラーク量を0とし, 0.2% Chlorhexidine水溶液による洗口をViadent ® と同様に2週間行わせ, PlaqueIndexを記録した。再び洗口を中止し, 2週後にプラーク量を0とし, Viadent ® 洗口液10m1, 30秒間の洗口を1日5回, ブラッシング時にViadent ® 歯磨剤を併用させ2週後にPlaqueIndexを記録した。その結果, 各実験期間でプラーク抑制効果は有意に認められた。Chlorhexidineの効果は最も高かったが, 副作用が多く認められた。一方, Viadent ® 製剤の使用では副作用はほとんど認められなかった。

非付着性プラーク中の内毒素と臨床所見の関連性を検討するために, 49名の被験者の歯周疾患罹患歯64歯に対し, 歯肉縁下洗浄を行い, そのポケット洗浄液中の内毒素量を測定し, 臨床所見と比較した。また, スケーリング, ルートプレーニング後の歯肉縁下洗浄を行い, 臨床所見と内毒素量の変化を観察した。Westphahlらの温フェノールー水抽出法にて内毒素を抽出し, パイロディック®を用い, 定量を行った。さらに15名の被験者の2歯をルートプレーニングし, 一方は週に1度, 1ヵ月間歯肉縁下洗浄を行い, 他方は行わなかった。その結果, ポケット洗浄液中の内毒素量とPD, GIおよびGBIは統計的に有意な正の相関を認めた。また, ルートプレーニング後に歯肉縁下洗浄を行った場合, 行わなかった場合に比較し, GI, GBIおよびポケット洗浄液中の内毒素量は低下し液中の内毒素量とPD, GIおよびGBIは統計的に有意な正の相関を認めた。また, ルートプレーニング後に歯肉縁下洗浄を行った場合, 行わなかった場合に比較し, GI, GBIおよびポケット洗浄液中の内毒素量は低下した。

歯間離開および歯の動揺と垂直性骨吸収の関連性についてX線写真を用いて研究を行った。本学歯周科来院患者の full-mouth X線写真から, 正しく撮影されたと判定した2,416枚を選択し, 診査表を参考に修復物や補綴物の装着された部位と歯の位置異常のある部位を除外し天然歯で隣接する部位, 計3,139隣接面を検索した。X線写真をトレースし, 歯間離開の距離, 垂直性骨吸収の程度を測定した。歯間離開の程度は class I (1mm>), class II (1mm≦

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of mace extract and egg-white lysozyme in two brands of chewing gum on gingival condition. Ever since mace extract containing dihydroguaiaretic acid was reported to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans, plans were devised to include it in commercially available chewing gum. Before starting this study, two different types of experimental chewing gum containing mace extract or egg-white lysozyme were made up. A control was also prepared containing neither agent. The periodontal condition of 68 patients with gingivitis was determined based on PMA index (PMA), gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) and plaque scoring system (PSS) and randomly classified into three groups. Each group was instructed to use one or the other of the above type chewing gums after every meal. The results were as follows: 1. No clinical changes were observed in the control group during this study. 2. Gingival inflammation (PMA, GI, GBI) significantly improved as a result of using the experimental gums. 3. Plaque reduction was found only in the mece-extract gum group. 4. No clinical side effects were detected during this study.