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Two phenomena, one of which relates to the area of human reproduction and the other to the frequency, distribution, and control of disease in a population have emerged in the previous century and continue intensively to develop nowadays. Both these phenomena are directly related to the changes which are occurring in the incidence and prevalence of malignant tumours, as well as to mortality from them and to the opportunities for cancer control. The first of these phenomena has been denominated as the demographic, and the second as the epidemiological transition. The commonly accepted definition of the demographic transition is currently applied to designate a sustainable change in the type of population reproduction, when an initial and abrupt acceleration of population growth is replaced by its rapid deceleration with a subsequent stabilization of a population and a sharp change in its age structure. Demographic transition develops in a brief historical space of time and has the character of a global process. Population ageing and disequilibrium between the younger and older generations are the most important consequences of the demographic transition, and must inevitably influence the strategy and implementation of national cancer control programs. As life expectancy increases, so does the certainty that people will become more and more prone to diseases that are more common among older age groups, i.e. noncommunicable diseases and cancer in particular, rather than being affected by epidemics of infectious diseases. This situation is known as the epidemiological transition and reflects spectacular shifts in the pattern and causes of death and morbidity that have taken place in the vast majority of countries over the previous century. Epidemiological transition results in accession by poor countries to the problems of the rich, and leads to the "double burden" of disease in countries whose economies are undergoing transition, because of the still continuing burden of endemic infectious diseases. Russia is entering the final stages both of the demographic and the epidemiological transition, a period when numerous reasons, increasing demands on the systems of social protection and public health are inevitable. During the years 1992 to 2001, cancer incidence increased from 271.8 up to 313.9 per 100,000 population, i.e. a growth of over 16% and an annual rate of growth of 1.7%. According to the global estimates provided by the International Agency for Research on Cancer the number of new cancer cases in the year 2000 exceeded 10 million, and the number of deaths from cancer reached 6.2 million. The annual growth rate of global cancer incidence during the last 25-30 years was higher than the global population growth rate. Analysis of data available from population based cancer registries in Russia and abroad confirms the conclusion that cancer is mainly the fate of people belonging to the older age groups. Given the levels of exposure to specific carcinogens and genetic predisposition factors, the incidence of cancer should be considered as an exponential function of age. The unfeasibility of attempts to change, in the foreseeable future, the rate and trend of demographic transition and demographic ageing, in particular, is obvious. It would therefore be more feasible to envisage their probable consequences and to adapt the limited resources of national health and social support services to the needs of cancer control, which will significantly increase in the near future.

Transplacental carcinogenic effects have been demonstrated for about 60 chemicals in eight animal species and even in the human. Many carcinogens are much more active in the fetus than in the adult animal. The stage specificity of transplacental carcinogenesis is characterized by the possibility of inducing tumors only at certain stages of embryogenesis (at the end of organogenesis and during the whole period of histogenesis). Risk of transplacental carcinogenesis is owing to the passage of carcinogens or their active metabolites into embryonic tissue and the possibility of metabolic activation of substances within the fetus. In this connection, four main pathways can be hypothesized for the carcinogenic effect of a substance on the fetus. Organotropism with transplacental carcinogenesis is determined by genetic predisposition, differentiation, and proliferative activity in the target tissues. For indirect carcinogens the level of metabolizing enzymes is also important. Teratogenesis and carcinogenesis can be either independent processes or pathogenetically related to each other (eg, DES action). Experimental data can readily be applied to the discussion of prophylaxis of prenatal tumors in the human.