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1. How Context Influences Hospital Readmissions from Skilled Nursing Facilities: A Rapid Ethnographic Study.

Author: Ayele, Roman, Manges, Kirstin, Leonard, Chelsea, Lee, Marcie, Galenbeck, Emily, Molla, Mithu, Levy, Cari, and Burke, Robert
Subjects: Context of care, older adults, transitions of care, Aged, Communication, Hospitals, Humans, Patient Discharge, Patient Readmission, Skilled Nursing Facilities, United States
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Improving hospital discharge processes and reducing adverse outcomes after hospital discharge to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) are gaining national recognition. However, little is known about how the social-contextual factors of hospitals and their affiliated SNFs may influence the discharge process and drive variations in patient outcomes. We sought to categorize contextual drivers that vary between high- and low-performing hospitals in older adult transition from hospitals to SNFs. DESIGN: To identify contextual drivers, we used a rapid ethnographic approach with interviews and direct observations of hospital and SNF clinicians involved in discharging patients. We conducted thematic analysis to categorize contextual factors and compare differences in high- and low-performing sites. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We stratified hospitals on 30-day hospital readmission rates from SNFs and used convenience sampling to identify high- and low-performing sites and associated SNFs. The final sample included 4 hospitals (n = 2 high performing, n = 2 low performing) and affiliated SNFs (n = 5) with 148 hours of observations. MEASURES: Central themes related to how contextual factors influence variations in high- and low-performing hospitals. RESULTS: We identified 3 main contextual factors that differed across high- and low-performing hospitals and SNFs: team dynamics, patient characteristics, and organizational context. First, we observed high-quality communication, situational awareness, and shared mental models among team members in high-performing sites. Second, the types of patients cared for at high-performing hospitals had better insurance coverage that made it feasible for clinicians to place patients based on their needs instead of financial abilities. Third, at high-performing hospitals a more engaged staff in the transition process and building rapport with SNFs characterized smooth transitions from hospitals to SNFs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Contextual factors distinguish high- and low-performing hospitals in transitions to SNF and can be used to develop interventions to reduce adverse outcomes in transitions.
Published: 2021

2. Pulse oximetry in low-resource settings during the COVID-19 pandemic

Author: Starr, Nichole, Rebollo, Daniela, Asemu, Yohannes Molla, Akalu, Leulayehu, Mohammed, Hanan Ali, Menchamo, Misrak Woldeyohannes, Melese, Eyayelem, Bitew, Senait, Wilson, Iain, Tadesse, Mahelet, and Weiser, Thomas G
Subjects: Epidemiology, Health Services and Systems, Public Health, Health Sciences, COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections, Ethiopia, Health Resources, Humans, Oximetry, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral, Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services, Health services and systems, Public health
Published: 2020

3. Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Murray, Christopher JL, Callender, Charlton SKH, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Srinivasan, Vinay, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdoli, Nasrin, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy Maria Xavier, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alebel, Animut, Aleman, Alicia V, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almasi, Ali, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, Arian, Nicholas, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari Mehari, and Atique, Suleman
Subjects: Health Sciences, Behavioral and Social Science, Contraception/Reproduction, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Aging, Aetiology, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Reproductive health and childbirth, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Birth Rate, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Maternal Age, Middle Aged, Mortality, Population Density, Population Growth, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Population and Fertility Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract: BackgroundPopulation estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods.MethodsWe estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10-54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10-14 years and 50-54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15-19 years and 45-49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories.FindingsFrom 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4-52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5-4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2-2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10-19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34-40) to 22 livebirths (19-24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3-200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5-2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4-7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15-64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9-1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8-7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07-0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2-2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3-0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0-3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger.InterpretationPopulation trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

4. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2017 Causes of Death, Roth, Gregory A, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adib, Mina G, Admasie, Amha, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alebel, Animut, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alonso, Jordi, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Aminde, Leopold N, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Arora, Monika, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Ataro, Zerihun, Atique, Suleman, Atre, Sachin R, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayele, Yohanes, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Bacha, Umar, Badali, Hamid, and Badawi, Alaa
Subjects: Brain Disorders, Pediatric, Prevention, Aetiology, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundGlobal development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017.MethodsThe causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries-Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised.FindingsAt the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5-74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9-19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7-8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5-23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20-8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0-8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0-24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1-33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5-4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2-15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9-59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8-148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2-40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2-36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990-neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases-were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases.InterpretationImprovements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

5. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2017 Risk Factor, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Afshin, Ashkan, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Lim, Stephen S, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ademi, Zanfina, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Admasie, Amha, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agarwal, Gina, Aggarwal, Anju, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Ali, Syed Mustafa, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antó, Josep M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Appiah, Lambert Tetteh, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Ataro, Zerihun, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayer, Rakesh, and Ayuk, Tambe B
Subjects: Prevention, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Disabled Persons, Environmental Exposure, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Health Risk Behaviors, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Exposure, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Assessment, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations.MethodsWe used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.FindingsIn 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3-35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14-1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6-62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3-50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39-11·5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83-7·37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23-8·23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99-6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36-1·51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3-6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low.InterpretationBy quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

6. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2017 Mortality, Dicker, Daniel, Nguyen, Grant, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Pawan, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh brahim, Ahmed, Sayem, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alebel, Animut, Aleman, Alicia V, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine A, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Anlay, Degefaye Zelalem, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, and Artaman, Al
Subjects: Behavioral and Social Science, Pediatric, Prevention, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundAssessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally.MethodsThe GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950.FindingsGlobally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development.InterpretationThis analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

7. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Aboyans, Victor, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ademi, Zanfina, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alonso, Jordi, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Aminde, Leopold N, Amini, Erfan, Amiresmaili, Mohammadreza, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Ataro, Zerihun, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, and Balakrishnan, Kalpana
Subjects: Prevention, Aging, Good Health and Well Being, Aged, Communicable Diseases, Disabled Persons, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Health Status, Healthy Lifestyle, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Mortality, Mortality, Premature, Prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundHow long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years.MethodsWe used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males.FindingsGlobally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2).InterpretationWith increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

8. A Lean Six Sigma Quality Improvement Project Improves Timeliness of Discharge from the Hospital

Author: Molla, Mithu, Warren, Duncan S, Stewart, Susan Leroy, Stocking, Jacqueline, Johl, Hershan, and Sinigayan, Voltaire
Subjects: Clinical Research, Academic Medical Centers, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bed Occupancy, Continuity of Patient Care, Efficiency, Organizational, Female, Humans, Length of Stay, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Discharge, Quality Improvement, Root Cause Analysis, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Total Quality Management, Trauma Severity Indices, Public Health and Health Services, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundHospital overcrowding has become a widespread problem, with constrained bed capacity and admission bottlenecks having far-reaching negative impacts on quality and safety. Focus on timing of discharge may be the least disruptive and most effective way to address constrained bed capacity, yet there may be significant institution-specific barriers to implementation.MethodsWith the creation of a "Value Team," a 627-bed, tertiary care academic medical center embarked on a quality improvement (QI) project using Lean Six Sigma process improvement methodology. After defining the problems around timeliness of discharge, the team went through the steps in the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC) framework. Interventions, which were implemented on the basis of an in-depth analysis of barriers to the discharge process, included geographic cohorts of internal medicine physicians on specific hospital units and multidisciplinary huddles one day before anticipated discharge.ResultsAfter accounting for the concurrent trends in the control group, the percentage of discharge orders released by 10:00 a.m. increased by 21.3 points (p
Published: 2018

9. The Long-Term Clinical Outcome of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Impaired Coronary Distensibility.

Author: Ahmadi, Naser, Hajsadeghi, Fereshteh, Nabavi, Volker, Olango, Garth, Molla, Mohammed, Budoff, Matthew, Vaidya, Nutan, Quintana, Javier, Pynoos, Robert, Hauser, Peter, and Yehuda, Rachel
Subjects: Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Severity of Illness Index, Follow-Up Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Comorbidity, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Coronary Artery Disease, Computed Tomography Angiography, Mental Health, Heart Disease, Heart Disease - Coronary Heart Disease, Clinical Research, Brain Disorders, Cardiovascular, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Atherosclerosis, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, Detection, screening and diagnosis, computed tomography angiography, Coronary Distensibility Index, major adverse cardiovascular events, posttraumatic stress disorder, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Psychiatry
Abstract: OBJECTIVE:Coronary Distensibility Index (CDI) impairments reflect endothelial-dependent process associated with vulnerable-plaque composition. This study investigated the relation of impaired CDI with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their predictive value for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). METHODS:This study involved 246 patients (age = 63 [10] years, 12% women) with (n = 50) and without (n = 196) PTSD, who underwent computed tomography angiography to determine coronary artery disease and CDI. Extent of coronary artery disease was defined as normal, nonobstructive (50%). Incidence of MACE, defined as myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death, was documented during a mean follow-up of 50 months. Survival regression was employed to assess the longitudinal association of impaired CDI and PTSD with MACE. RESULTS:A significant inverse correlation between CDI and Clinical Global Impression Severity scale of PTSD symptoms was noted (r = .81, p = .001). CDI was significantly lower in patients with PTSD (3.3 [0.2]) compared with those without PTSD (4.5 [0.3]), a finding that was more robust in women (p < .05). Covariate-adjusted analyses revealed that the relative risk of MACE was higher in patients with PTSD (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.34-3.14) and those with impaired CDI (HR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.27-3.01, per standard deviation lower CDI value). There was also a significant interaction between PTSD and impaired CDI (HR = 3.24, 95% CI = 2.02-5.53). CONCLUSIONS:Impaired CDI is strongly associated with the severity of PTSD symptoms. Both impaired CDI and PTSD were independently associated with an increased risk of MACE during follow-up, and evidence indicated an interaction between these two factors. These findings highlight the important role of CDI in identifying individuals with PTSD at risk for MACE.
Published: 2018

10. Consequences of maternal mortality on infant and child survival: a 25-year longitudinal analysis in Butajira Ethiopia (1987-2011)

Author: Moucheraud, Corrina, Worku, Alemayehu, Molla, Mitike, Finlay, Jocelyn E, Leaning, Jennifer, and Yamin, Alicia Ely
Subjects: Pediatric, Reproductive health and childbirth, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Ethiopia, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Maternal Age, Maternal Death, Maternal Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundMaternal mortality remains the leading cause of death and disability for reproductive-age women in resource-poor countries. The impact of a mother's death on child outcomes is likely severe but has not been well quantified. This analysis examines survival outcomes for children whose mothers die during or shortly after childbirth in Butajira, Ethiopia.MethodsThis study uses data from the Butajira Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) site. Child outcomes were assessed using statistical tests to compare survival trajectories and age-specific mortality rates for children who did and did not experience a maternal death. The analyses leveraged the advantages of a large, long-term longitudinal dataset with a high frequency of data collection; but used a strict date-based method to code maternal deaths (as occurring within 42 or 365 days of childbirth), which may be subject to misclassification or recall bias.ResultsBetween 1987 and 2011, there were 18189 live births to 5119 mothers; and 73 mothers of 78 children died within the first year of their child's life, with 45% of these (n=30) classified as maternal deaths due to women dying within 42 days of childbirth. Among the maternal deaths, 81% of these infants also died. Children who experienced a maternal death within 42 days of their birth faced 46 times greater risk of dying within one month when compared to babies whose mothers survived (95% confidence interval 25.84-81.92; or adjusted ratio, 57.24 with confidence interval 25.31-129.49).ConclusionsWhen a woman in this study population experienced a maternal death, her infant was much more likely to die than to survive--and the survival trajectory of these children is far worse than those of mothers who do not die postpartum. This highlights the importance of investigating how clinical care and socio-economic support programs can better address the needs of orphans, both throughout the intra- and post-partum periods as well as over the life course.
Published: 2015

11. Multi-kinase inhibitor C1 triggers mitotic catastrophe of glioma stem cells mainly through MELK kinase inhibition.

Author: Minata, Mutsuko, Gu, Chunyu, Joshi, Kaushal, Nakano-Okuno, Mariko, Hong, Christopher, Nguyen, Chi-Hung, Kornblum, Harley I, Molla, Annie, and Nakano, Ichiro
Subjects: Tumor Cells, Cultured, Animals, Humans, Mice, Glioma, DNA Damage, Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, Peptides, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Immunohistochemistry, Cell Survival, Immunocompromised Host, DNA Repair, Down-Regulation, Models, Molecular, Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein, Neoplastic Stem Cells, Heterografts, Models, Molecular, Tumor Cells, Cultured, General Science & Technology
Abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly lethal brain tumor. Due to resistance to current therapies, patient prognosis remains poor and development of novel and effective GBM therapy is crucial. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) have gained attention as a therapeutic target in GBM due to their relative resistance to current therapies and potent tumor-initiating ability. Previously, we identified that the mitotic kinase maternal embryonic leucine-zipper kinase (MELK) is highly expressed in GBM tissues, specifically in GSCs, and its expression is inversely correlated with the post-surgical survival period of GBM patients. In addition, patient-derived GSCs depend on MELK for their survival and growth both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we demonstrate evidence that the role of MELK in the GSC survival is specifically dependent on its kinase activity. With in silico structure-based analysis for protein-compound interaction, we identified the small molecule Compound 1 (C1) is predicted to bind to the kinase-active site of MELK protein. Elimination of MELK kinase activity was confirmed by in vitro kinase assay in nano-molar concentrations. When patient-derived GSCs were treated with C1, they underwent mitotic arrest and subsequent cellular apoptosis in vitro, a phenotype identical to that observed with shRNA-mediated MELK knockdown. In addition, C1 treatment strongly induced tumor cell apoptosis in slice cultures of GBM surgical specimens and attenuated growth of mouse intracranial tumors derived from GSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Lastly, C1 treatment sensitizes GSCs to radiation treatment. Collectively, these data indicate that targeting MELK kinase activity is a promising approach to attenuate GBM growth by eliminating GSCs in tumors.
Published: 2014

12. Radical treatment for blastomycosis following unsuccessful liposomal amphotericin

Author: Christopher, Chew, Nikhilesh, Thapa, Henry, Ogbuagu, Merin, Varghese, Dhaval, Patel, Raza, Abbas, Jason, Oh, Molla, Teshome, Khaja, Mohammed, Sohail, Saleem, Deepak, Aggarwal, Barry, Barns, April, McDonald, and Claudia, Ormenisan-Gherasim
Subjects: Male, Adult, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Antifungal Agents, Infectious Diseases, Amphotericin B, Humans, Blastomycosis
Abstract: Pulmonary blastomycosis is a respiratory disease that is caused by the fungus Blastomyces spp, which is acquired through inhalation of the fungal spores. Blastomycosis is relatively uncommon, with yearly incidence rate of 1-2 cases per 100 000 people. Blastomycosis is a disease that is endemic to the midwest and southern regions of the USA, most commonly affecting immunocompromised patients. About 50% of patients are asymptomatic, but for those who progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) mortality can be as high as 80%. Patients with severe blastomycosis are initially treated with intravenous amphotericin B, followed by long-term itraconazole maintenance therapy. In this Grand Round, we present the case of an immunocompetent 35-year-old man diagnosed with chronic pulmonary blastomycosis who had a poor response to 10 days of intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB). He was endotracheally intubated and eventually cannulated for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), due to worsening respiratory function. L-AmB was replaced with a continuous infusion of intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB-d). He improved significantly and was decannulated from ECMO on day 9 of AmBd continuous infusion and extubated on day 12 Although L-AmB is considered first-line treatment for blastomycosis, mortality remains high for patients with ARDS associated with blastomycosis. This case highlights the importance of considering AmB-d continuous infusions for patients with severe blastomycosis who might have poor clinical responses to L-AmB.
Published: 2022

13. Recommendations for the diagnosis and radiological follow-up of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours

Author: Carmen, Fajardo-Montañana, Rocío, Villar, Beatriz, Gómez-Ansón, Beatriz, Brea, Antonio Jesús, Mosqueira, Enrique, Molla, Joaquín, Enseñat, Pedro, Riesgo, Jorge, Cardona-Arboniés, and Ovidio, Hernando
Subjects: Neuroendocrine Tumors, Pituitary Gland, Humans, Pituitary Neoplasms, Radiology, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) constitute a heterogeneous group of tumours with a gradually increasing incidence, partly accounted for by more sensitive imaging techniques and more extensive experience in neuroradiology in this regard. Although most PitNETs are indolent, some exhibit aggressive behaviour, and recurrence may be seen after surgical removal. The changes introduced in the WHO classification in 2017 and terminological debates in relation to neuroendocrine tumours warrant an update of the guidelines for the diagnosis, preoperative and postoperative management, and follow-up of response to treatment of PitNETs. This multidisciplinary document, an initiative of the Neuroendocrinology area of the Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición [Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition] (SEEN), focuses on neuroimaging studies for the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of PitNETs. The basic requirements and elements that should be covered by magnetic resonance imaging are described, and a minimum radiology report to aid clinicians in treatment decision-making is proposed. This work supplements the consensus between the Neuroendocrinology area of the SEEN and the Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica [Spanish Society of Pathology] (SEAP) for the pathological study of PitNETs.
Published: 2022

14. Morbidity and mortality of fragility proximal humerus fractures: a retrospective cohort study of patients presenting to a level one trauma center

Author: Patrick B. Curtin, Robert R. Hall, Vadim G. Molla, Jenna N. Lansbury, Edward P. O’Connor, and Daniel L. Aaron
Subjects: Cohort Studies, Male, Trauma Centers, Shoulder Fractures, Humans, Female, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Surgery, General Medicine, Humerus, Morbidity, Aged, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Fragility fractures are a significant source of morbidity and have high associated mortality. Identifying risk factors for poor outcomes is essential for guiding treatment and for setting expectations for patients and their families. Although fragility hip fractures have been abundantly explored, there is a paucity of information regarding proximal humerus fractures (PHFs).We retrospectively review the electronic medical records of 379 patients who presented to a level 1 trauma center with a PHF secondary to a fall. Patient demographics, handedness, comorbidities, treatment, imaging data, follow-up data, and death date (if applicable) were recorded.Our cohort consisted of 279 females and 100 males with an average age of 71.4 years. Distribution of injuries was 178 left, 141 right, and 7 bilateral. Compared with handedness, 179 were ipsilateral, 141 were contralateral, and 59 were unknown. A total of 81.3% of injuries were treated nonoperatively, whereas 18.7% were managed surgically. One-year mortality was 17.4%, and 2-year mortality was 24.0%.Males demonstrated a 2.28 increased risk of 1-year mortality (P = .004). Patients who died within 1 year of fracture had significantly higher Charlson comorbidity index scores (P .0001) and age (P = .0003). Risk of death was significantly lower in patients who underwent surgery compared with those who were treated nonoperatively (P = .01). Patients who used an assist device before fracture had 4.2 increased risk of 1-year mortality (P .0001). Patients who presented from nursing homes or assisted living had a 2.1 increased risk of 1-year mortality (P = .02). Patients with severe liver disease had a 5.5 increased risk of 1-year mortality (P .0001), and those with metastatic cancer had a 13.7 increased risk of 1-year mortality (P .0001). Bilateral fractures, side of injury in relation to handedness, rehospitalization, Neer classification, and PCP follow-up within 30 days were not associated with increased mortality.Increased understanding risk factors for mortality after PHF will allow for more informed patient discussions regarding treatment outcomes and risk of death. Our data suggest that mortality at 1 year for fragility PHF is universally high regardless of risk factors. This risk is increased in patients who are older, functionally limited, or who have medical comorbidities. Our data demonstrate the importance of medical optimization of patients with a fragility PHF and underscore the importance of fall prevention in high-risk patients.
Published: 2022

15. Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Brittney S Sheena, Lindsey Hiebert, Hannah Han, Helen Ippolito, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Amir Abdoli, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Mesafint Molla Adane, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Addis Aklilu, Tayyaba Akram, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Liaqat Ali, Muhammad Ashar Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Haya Altawalah, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Amir Anoushiravani, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Tahira Ashraf, Daniel Atlaw, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Sayna Bagheri, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Nastaran Barati, Amadou Barrow, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Devidas S Bhagat, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Zahid A Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Shu Chen, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Benjamin C Cowie, Garland T Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Mohammed Gebre Dedefo, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Meseret Derbew Molla, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mojtaba Didehdar, Linh Phuong Doan, Fariba Dorostkar, Thomas M Drake, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Hossein Farrokhpour, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Mohamed M Gad, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Shilpa Gaidhane, Natalie C Galles, Silvano Gallus, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholami, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Aima Gilani, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Giuseppe Gorini, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Max G Griswold, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Rabih Halwani, Saeed S Hamid, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Shafiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Nawfal R Hussein, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Jessica Y Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Himal Kandel, Tesfaye K Tesfaye Kanko, Rami S Kantar, Ibraheem M Karaye, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Gulfaraz Khan, Imteyaz A Khan, Junaid Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Amir M Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Mahmoud Khodadost, Abdullah T Khoja, Omid Khosravizadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Gyu Ri Kim, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, G Anil Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Jeffrey V Lazarus, Caterina Ledda, Doo Woong Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Miriam Levi, Jiarui Li, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Platon D Lopukhov, Joana A Loureiro, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Azeem Majeed, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Philippa C Matthews, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Tuomo J Meretoja, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ted R Miller, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Andreea Mirica, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Babak Moazen, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Jalal Moludi, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Malaisamy Muniyandi, Christopher J L Murray, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Ionut Negoi, Serban Mircea Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Che Henry Ngwa, Robina Khan Niazi, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Bogdan Oancea, Chimedsuren Ochir, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Cheol Park, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K Patel, Uttam Paudel, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Maarten J Postma, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Alireza Rafiei, Sima Rafiei, Pavan Manibettu Raghuram, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Aashish Rajesh, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Negar Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Amirhossein Sahebkar, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Chethan Sampath, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Monika Sawhney, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Saeed Shahabi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mohammed Shannawaz, Suchitra M Shenoy, Jeevan K Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Kenji Shibuya, Jae Il Shin, Parnian Shobeiri, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Amir Ali Sohrabpour, Suhang Song, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Majid Taheri, Mircea Tampa, Ker-Kan Tan, Ahmad Tavakoli, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Belay Negash Tefera, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Habtamu Molla Tesfaw, Rekha Thapar, Aravind Thavamani, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Maria Elena Tosti, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Indang Trihandini, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Shoban Babu Varthya, Bay Vo, Yasir Waheed, Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet, Melat Woldemariam, Suowen Xu, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Mehdi Yaseri, Yigizie Yeshaw, Vahit Yiğit, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Ismaeel Yunusa, Mazyar Zahir, Leila Zaki, Mohammad Zamani, Maryam Zamanian, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Theo Vos, John W Ward, M Ashworth Dirac, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Sheena, Brittney S, Hiebert, Lindsey, Han, Hannah, Ippolito, Helen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdoli, Amir, Abubaker Ali, Hiwa, Adane, Mesafint Molla, Adegboye, Oyelola A, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Advani, Shailesh M, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Aghaie Meybodi, Mohamad, Ahadinezhad, Bahman, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse, Aklilu, Addi, Akram, Tayyaba, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fare, Alem, Adugnaw Zeleke, Alem, Dejene Tsegaye, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Liaqat, Ali, Muhammad Ashar, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alipour, Vahid, Alkhayyat, Motasem, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altawalah, Haya, Amini, Saeed, Amu, Hubert, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Anoushiravani, Amir, Ansar, Adnan, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Argaw, Ayele Mamo, Argaw, Zeleke Gebru, Arshad, Muhammad, Artamonov, Anton A, Ashraf, Tahira, Atlaw, Daniel, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Azarian, Ghasem, Bagheri, Sayna, Bahadory, Saeed, Baig, Atif Amin, Banach, Maciej, Barati, Nastaran, Barrow, Amadou, Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad, Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda, Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal, Berhie, Alemshet Yirga, Bhagat, Devidas S, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S, Bijani, Ali, Biondi, Antonio, Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule, Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa, Boloor, Archith, Bosetti, Cristina, Braithwaite, Dejana, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Butt, Zahid A, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Chakinala, Raja Chandra, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Chen, Shu, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cowie, Benjamin C, Culbreth, Garland T, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Dedefo, Mohammed Gebre, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Demie, Takele Gezahegn G, Demissie, Getu Debalkie, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Didehdar, Mojtaba, Doan, Linh Phuong, Dorostkar, Fariba, Drake, Thomas M, Eghbalian, Fatemeh, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Sayed, Iman, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmonem, Mohamed A, Elsharkawy, Aisha, Enany, Shymaa, Enyew, Daniel Berhanie, Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz, Ezzikouri, Sayeh, Farrokhpour, Hossein, Fetensa, Getahun, Fischer, Florian, Foroutan, Masoud, Gad, Mohamed M, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Galles, Natalie C, Gallus, Silvano, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru, Gebreyohannes, Eyob Alemayehu, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghaffari, Kazem, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholami, Ali, Gholizadeh, Abdolmajid, Gilani, Aima, Goel, Amit, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Golinelli, Davide, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goshu, Yitayal Ayalew, Griswold, Max G, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Haddadi, Rasool, Halwani, Rabih, Hamid, Saeed S, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Haque, Shafiul, Harapan, Harapan, Hargono, Arief, Hariri, Sanam, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasan, S M Mahmudul, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Holla, Ramesh, Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Househ, Mowafa, Huang, Junjie, Hussein, Nawfal R, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Irham, Lalu Muhammad, Islam, Jessica Y, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Javadi Mamaghani, Amirreza, Jayaram, Shubha, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jebai, Rime, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Kaambwa, Billingsley, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kandel, Himal, Kanko, Tesfaye K Tesfaye, Kantar, Rami S, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kemp Bohan, Phillip M, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Junaid, Khan, Moien AB, Khanali, Javad, Khater, Amir M, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khodadost, Mahmoud, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khosravizadeh, Omid, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kocarnik, Jonathan M, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, Koteeswaran, Rajasekaran, Kumar, G Anil, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lazarus, Jeffrey V, Ledda, Caterina, Lee, Doo Woong, Lee, Sang-woong, Lee, Yeong Yeh, Levi, Miriam, Li, Jiarui, Lim, Stephen S, Lobo, Stany W, Lopukhov, Platon D, Loureiro, Joana A, MacLachlan, Jennifer H, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Matthews, Philippa C, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mersha, Amanual Getnet, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miller, Ted R, Minh, Le Huu Nhat, Mirica, Andreea, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misra, Sanjeev, Mithra, Prasanna, Moazen, Babak, Mohamadkhani, Ashraf, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moka, Nagabhishek, Mokdad, Ali H, Moludi, Jalal, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradzadeh, Maliheh, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mubarik, Sumaira, Muniyandi, Malaisamy, Murray, Christopher J L, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Narasimha Swamy, Sreeniva, Natto, Zuhair S, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nazari, Javad, Negoi, Ionut, Negru, Serban Mircea, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Ngwa, Che Henry, Niazi, Robina Khan, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Noubiap, Jean Jacque, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Oancea, Bogdan, Ochir, Chimedsuren, Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Oumer, Bilcha, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pana, Adrian, Pandey, Anamika, Park, Eun-Cheol, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patel, Urvish K, Paudel, Uttam, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Piracha, Zahra Zahid, Pollok, Richard Charles G, Postma, Maarten J, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Rafiei, Alireza, Rafiei, Sima, Raghuram, Pavan Manibettu, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmawaty, Setyaningrum, Rajesh, Aashish, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R, Rao, Sowmya J, Rashidi, Mahsa, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Rezaei, Negar, Rezapour, Aziz, Rezazadeh-Khadem, Sahba, Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Sabour, Siamak, Saddik, Basema, Saeb, Mohammad Reza, Saeed, Umar, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Sampath, Chethan, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Seylani, Allen, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaker, Elaheh, Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shenoy, Suchitra M, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shetty, Pavanchand H, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Jae Il, Shobeiri, Parnian, Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen, Singh, Achintya Dinesh, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Surjit, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sohrabpour, Amir Ali, Song, Suhang, Tabaeian, Seidamir Pasha, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Taheri, Majid, Tampa, Mircea, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tavakoli, Ahmad, Tbakhi, Abdelghani, Tefera, Belay Negash, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tesfaw, Habtamu Molla, Thapar, Rekha, Thavamani, Aravind, Tohidast, Seyed Abolfazl, Tollosa, Daniel Nigusse, Tosti, Maria Elena, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc, Trihandini, Indang, Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno, Ullah, Irfan, Vacante, Marco, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vo, Bay, Waheed, Yasir, Weldesenbet, Adisu Birhanu, Woldemariam, Melat, Xu, Suowen, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yiğit, Vahit, Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zahir, Mazyar, Zaki, Leila, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Vos, Theo, Ward, John W, Dirac, M Ashworth, Sheena, B, Hiebert, L, Han, H, Ippolito, H, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Z, Abbastabar, H, Abdoli, A, Abubaker Ali, H, Adane, M, Adegboye, O, Adnani, Q, Advani, S, Afzal, M, Afzal, S, Aghaie Meybodi, M, Ahadinezhad, B, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, M, Rashid, T, Akalu, G, Aklilu, A, Akram, T, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alem, A, Alem, D, Alhalaiqa, F, Alhassan, R, Ali, L, Ali, M, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Alkhayyat, M, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Altawalah, H, Amini, S, Amu, H, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Anoushiravani, A, Ansar, A, Anyasodor, A, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Argaw, A, Argaw, Z, Arshad, M, Artamonov, A, Ashraf, T, Atlaw, D, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Azadnajafabad, S, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Azari Jafari, A, 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Subjects: Liver Cirrhosis, Hepatology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Liver Neoplasms, Gastroenterology, Humans, Bayes Theorem, HBV, Global burden of diseases, HCC, Cirrhosis, Child, Hepatitis B, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract: Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods: The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-of-sample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings: In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 to 4·5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31·3% (29·0 to 33·9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76·8% (76·2 to 77·5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5·9% [–5·6 to 19·2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2·9% [–5·9 to 11·3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022

16. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

Author: Dana Bryazka, Marissa B Reitsma, Max G Griswold, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah, E S Abhilash, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Giovanni Addolorato, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Kishor Adhikari, Sangeet Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Wubetu Yimam Agegnehu, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Md Zakiul Alam, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Yousef Alimohamadi, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Kasim Allel, Jordi Alonso, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Sohrab Amiri, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Jalal Arabloo, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Zahra Aryan, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre ayanore Ayanore, Olatunde O Ayinde, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ahmed Y Azzam, Ashish D Badiye, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Awraris Hailu Balchut/Bilchut, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Luis Belo, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Benseñor, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Elena A Elena Blokhina, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Andre R Brunoni, Zahid A Butt, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Rosario Cárdenas, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Luis F S Castro-de-Araujo, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Nicolas Cherbuin, Dinh-Toi Chu, Nandita Chudal, Sheng-Chia Chung, Chuchu Churko, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Simona Costanzo, Richard G Cowden, Michael H Criqui, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Beniam Darge Daniel, Anna Danielewicz, Jiregna Darega Gela, Kairat Davletov, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo, Antonio Reis de Sá-Junior, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Andreas K Demetriades, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Mengistie Diress, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Bereket Duko, Bruce B Duncan, Kristina Edvardsson, Michael Ekholuenetale, Frank J Elgar, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Azin Etemadimanesh, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Fatemeh Farahmand, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Valery L Feigin, Rachel Feldman, Xiaoqi Feng, Zinabu Fentaw, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Fabio Galvano, Balasankar Ganesan, Tushar Garg, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Tadele Regasa Gemechu, Lemma Getacher, Motuma Erena Getachew, Abera Getachew Obsa, Asmare Getie, Amir Ghaderi, Mansour Ghafourifard, Alireza Ghajar, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Lilian A Ghandour, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Sherief Ghozy, Franklin N Glozah, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Salime Goharinezhad, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Felix Greaves, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Bhawna Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Brian J Hall, Rabih Halwani, Tiilahun Beyene Handiso, Graeme J Hankey, Sanam Hariri, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Md Mahbub Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Mehdi hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Lalu Muhammad Irham, M Mofizul Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Ramaiah Itumalla, Masao Iwagami, Roxana Jabbarinejad, Louis Jacob, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Zahra Jamalpoor, Elham Jamshidi, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Seyed Ali Jeddi, Alelign Tasew Jema, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Himal Kandel, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Salah Eddin Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Imteyaz A Khan, Moien AB Khan, Hanna Kim, Jihee Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Mika Kivimäki, Vitalii Klymchuk, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Ben Lacey, Tea Lallukka, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Platon D Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Rafael Lozano, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Farzan Madadizadeh, Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Narayana Manjunatha, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco A Martinez-Villa, Richard Matzopoulos, Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, John J McGrath, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Gert B M Mensink, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Atte Meretoja, Bedasa Taye Merga, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Andreea Mirica, Antonio Mirijello, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Babak Moazen, Maryam Mobarakabadi, Marcello Moccia, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Yousef Moradi, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Erin C Mullany, Beemnet Tekabe Mulugeta, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Christopher J L Murray, Julius C Mwita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sudan Prasad Prasad Neupane, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Ali Nowroozi, Khan M Nuruzzaman, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Kehinde O Obamiro, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Adrian Otoiu, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Tarang Parekh, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D H Parry, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Jay Patel, Siddhartha Pati, George C Patton, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Amy E Peden, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Michael R Phillips, Marina Pinheiro, Evgenii Plotnikov, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Jianchao Quan, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Azizur Rahman, Md Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Drona Prakash Rasali, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez, Gregory A Roth, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Reihaneh Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Farhad Saeedi, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Yaser Sarikhani, Brijesh Sathian, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Mehdi Sayyah, Maria Inês Schmidt, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Michaël Schwarzinger, David C Schwebel, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sarvenaz Shahin, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Shayan Shahrokhi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Adithi Shetty, Jeevan K Shetty, Damtew Solomon Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Parnian Shobeiri, Roman Shrestha, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Natacha Torres da Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A Sleet, Marco Solmi, YONATAN SOLOMON, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Sergey Soshnikov, Ireneous N Soyiri, Dan J Stein, Sonu Hangma Subba, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Majid Taheri, Ker-Kan Tan, Minale Tareke, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Chalachew Tiruneh, Jovana Todorovic, Marco Torrado, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Sergi Trias-Llimós, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Alireza Vakilian, Rohollah Valizadeh, Mehdi Varmaghani, Shoban Babu Varthya, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Theo Vos, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Cong Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Abate Dargie Wubetu, Suowen Xu, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lin Yang, Gesila Endashaw E Yesera, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida Yimaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Siddhesh Zadey, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zmaili, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Emmanuela Gakidou, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute (-2014), Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, King Edward Medical University (Pakistán), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, University of Oxford (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), NIH - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (Estados Unidos), Canada Research Chairs, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Heart Foundation of Australia, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Wellcome Trust, NIH - National Institute on Aging (NIA) (Estados Unidos), Finlands Akademi (Finlandia), Panjab University (India), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Danish National Research Foundation, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), South African Medical Research Council, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Charles Sturt University (Australia), Ain Shams University (Egipto), Mizoram University (India), Kasturba Medical College (India), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Collaborators, GBD 2020 Alcohol, Bryazka, Dana, Reitsma, Marissa B, Griswold, Max G, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md, Abhilash, E S, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Acuna, Juan Manuel, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adhikari, Kishor, Adhikari, Sangeet, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Afzal, Saira, Agegnehu, Wubetu Yimam, Aggarwal, Manik, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Araz Ramazan, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alam, Md Zakiul, Alem, Dejene Tsegaye, Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alizadeh, Atiyeh, Allel, Kasim, Alonso, Jordi, Alvand, Saba, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Firehiwot, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amiri, Sohrab, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Arabloo, Jalal, Arshad, Muhammad, Artamonov, Anton A, Aryan, Zahra, Asaad, Malke, Asemahagn, Mulusew A, Astell-Burt, Thoma, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atorkey, Prince, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre ayanore, Ayinde, Olatunde O, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azanaw, Melkalem Mamuye, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Badiye, Ashish D, Bagheri, Nasser, Bagherieh, Sara, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur, Balchut/bilchut, Awraris Hailu, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barra, Fabio, Barrow, Amadou, Baskaran, Pritish, Belo, Lui, Bennett, Derrick A, Benseñor, Isabela M, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Blokhina, Elena A Elena, Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule, Boloor, Archith, Bosetti, Cristina, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Brunoni, Andre R, Butt, Zahid A, Cao, Chao, Cao, Yin, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Andre F, Carvalho, Márcia, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro-de-Araujo, Luis F S, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaurasia, Akhilanand, Cherbuin, Nicola, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chudal, Nandita, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Churko, Chuchu, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Claro, Rafael M, Costanzo, Simona, Cowden, Richard G, Criqui, Michael H, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Culbreth, Garland T, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daniel, Beniam Darge, Danielewicz, Anna, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Davletov, Kairat, de Araujo, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva, de Sá-Junior, Antonio Rei, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Dehghan, Azizallah, Demetriades, Andreas K, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Desai, Rupak, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Digesa, Lankamo Ena, Diress, Mengistie, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dorostkar, Fariba, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Duko, Bereket, Duncan, Bruce B, Edvardsson, Kristina, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Elgar, Frank J, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmonem, Mohamed A, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Etemadimanesh, Azin, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Franci, Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich, Farahmand, Fatemeh, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fentaw, Zinabu, Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Francis, Joel Msafiri, Franklin, Richard Charle, Gaal, Peter Andra, Gad, Mohamed M, Gallus, Silvano, Galvano, Fabio, Ganesan, Balasankar, Garg, Tushar, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru, Gebremichael, Mathewos Alemu, Gemechu, Tadele Regasa, Getacher, Lemma, Getachew, Motuma Erena, Getachew Obsa, Abera, Getie, Asmare, Ghaderi, Amir, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghandour, Lilian A, Ghasemi Nour, Mohammad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghozy, Sherief, Glozah, Franklin N, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Godos, Justyna, Goel, Amit, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Golitaleb, Mohamad, Greaves, Felix, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gudayu, Temesgen Worku, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Hall, Brian J, Halwani, Rabih, Handiso, Tiilahun Beyene, Hankey, Graeme J, Hariri, Sanam, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari, Mohammad, Hendrie, Delia, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Md Mahbub, Hossain, Sahadat, Hosseini, Seyed Kianoosh, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Junjie, Hussain, Salman, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Immurana, Mustapha, Irham, Lalu Muhammad, Islam, M Mofizul, Islam, Rakibul M, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iso, Hiroyasu, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Iwagami, Masao, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, Jacob, Loui, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamalpoor, Zahra, Jamshidi, Elham, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayarajah, Umesh Umesh, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jebai, Rime, Jeddi, Seyed Ali, Jema, Alelign Tasew, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jindal, Har Ashish, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tama, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabthymer, Robel Hussen, Kamble, Bhushan Dattatray, Kandel, Himal, Kanno, Girum Gebremeskel, Kapoor, Neeti, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kaur, Rimple Jeet, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Moien AB, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Jihee, Kim, Min Seo, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kivimäki, Mika, Klymchuk, Vitalii, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Narinder, Kumar, Nithin, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lau, Jerrald, Lee, Sang-woong, Lee, Wei-Chen, Lee, Yo Han, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Lobo, Stany W, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lozano, Rafael, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Madadizadeh, Farzan, Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M, Mahjoub, Soleiman, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Makki, Alaa, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martinez-Villa, Francisco A, Matzopoulos, Richard, Maulik, Pallab K, Mayeli, Mahsa, Mcgrath, John J, Meena, Jitendra Kumar, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mensink, Gert B M, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A, Meretoja, Atte, Merga, Bedasa Taye, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Miller, Ted R, Mini, Gk, Mirica, Andreea, Mirijello, Antonio, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misra, Sanjeev, Moazen, Babak, Mobarakabadi, Maryam, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Moka, Nagabhishek, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Moradi, Yousef, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mullany, Erin C, Mulugeta, Beemnet Tekabe, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, Murray, Christopher J L, Mwita, Julius C, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Nepal, Samata, Neupane, Sudan Prasad Prasad, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuruzzaman, Khan M, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Obamiro, Kehinde O, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Morae, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Oumer, Bilcha, P A, Mahesh, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Pandey, Ashok, Pardhan, Shahina, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D H, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patel, Jay, Pati, Siddhartha, Patton, George C, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Peden, Amy E, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Phillips, Michael R, Pinheiro, Marina, Plotnikov, Evgenii, Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh, Prashant, Akila, Quan, Jianchao, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Azizur, Rahman, Md Mosfequr, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmani, Shayan, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R, Rasali, Drona Prakash, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Saeid, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Romero-Rodríguez, Esperanza, Roth, Gregory A, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Erfan, Sadeghian, Reihaneh, Saeed, Umar, Saeedi, Farhad, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Harihar, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saif-Ur-Rahman, Km, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sarikhani, Yaser, Sathian, Brijesh, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Sayyah, Mehdi, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwarzinger, Michaël, Schwebel, David C, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Senthil Kumar, Nachimuthu, Seyedalinaghi, Seyedahmad, Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shahin, Sarvenaz, Shahraki-Sanavi, Fariba, Shahrokhi, Shayan, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaker, Elaheh, Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shiferaw, Damtew Solomon, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K M, Shivarov, Velizar, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shrestha, Roman, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, Natacha Torres da, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Surjit, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sleet, David A, Solmi, Marco, Solomon, Yonatan, Song, Suhang, Song, Yimeng, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Stein, Dan J, Subba, Sonu Hangma, Szócska, Mikló, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Taheri, Majid, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tareke, Minale, Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang, Temesgen, Gebremaryam, Temesgen, Worku Animaw, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Thomas, Nikhil Kenny, Tiruneh, Chalachew, Todorovic, Jovana, Torrado, Marco, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc, Trias-Llimós, Sergi, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Vakilian, Alireza, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Varmaghani, Mehdi, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vos, Theo, Wagaye, Birhanu, Waheed, Yasir, Walde, Mandaras Tariku, Wang, Cong, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Westerman, Ronny, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wubetu, Abate Dargie, Xu, Suowen, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Lin, Yesera, Gesila Endashaw E, Yigit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yimaw, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahir, Mazyar, Zare, Iman, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zmaili, Mohammad, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Bryazka, D, Reitsma, Mb, Griswold, Mg, Abate, Kh, Abbafati, C, Kangevari, Ma, Kangevari, Za, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdullah, Am, Abhilash, E, Abu Gharbieh, E, Acuna, Jm, Addolorato, G, Adebayo, Om, Adekanmbi, V, Adhikari, K, Adhikari, S, Adnani, Qe, Afzal, S, Agegnehu, Wy, Aggarwal, M, Ahinkorah, Bo, Ahmad, Ar, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Rashid, Ta, Akunna, Cj, Al Hamad, H, Alam, Mz, Alem, Dt, Alene, Ka, Alimohamadi, Y, Alizadeh, A, Allel, K, Alonso, J, Alvand, S, Guzman, Na, Amare, F, Ameyaw, Ek, Amiri, S, Ancuceanu, R, Anderson, Ja, Andrei, Cl, Andrei, T, Arabloo, J, Arshad, M, Artamonov, Aa, Aryan, Z, Asaad, M, Asemahagn, Ma, Burt, Ta, Athari, S, Atnafu, Dd, Atorkey, P, Atreya, A, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Ayano, G, Ayanore, Ma, Ayinde, Oo, Mateos, Jla, Azadnajafabad, S, Azanaw, Mm, Khyavy, Ma, Jafari, Aa, Azzam, Ay, Badiye, Ad, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bairwa, M, Bakkannavar, Sm, Bakshi, Rk, Balchut, Ah, Null, T, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Baskaran, P, Belo, L, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, V, Bintoro, B, Blokhina, Eae, Bodicha, Bba, Boloor, A, Bosetti, C, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Briko, Ni, Brunoni, Ar, Butt, Za, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, Af, Carvalho, M, Maia, Jmc, Castelpietra, G, de Araujo, Lfsc, Cattaruzza, M, Chakraborty, Pa, Charan, J, Chattu, Vk, Chaurasia, A, Cherbuin, N, Chu, Dt, Chudal, N, Chung, Sc, Churko, C, Ciobanu, Lg, Cirillo, M, Claro, Rm, Costanzo, S, Cowden, Rg, Criqui, Mh, Martins, Nc, Culbreth, Gt, Dachew, Ba, Dadras, O, Dai, Xc, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daniel, Bd, Danielewicz, A, Gela, Jd, Davletov, K, de Araujo, Jap, de Sa, Ar, Debela, Sa, Dehghan, A, Demetriades, Ak, Molla, Md, Desai, R, Desta, Aa, da Silva, Dd, Diaz, D, Digesa, Le, Diress, M, Dodangeh, M, Dongarwar, D, Dorostkar, F, Dsouza, Hl, Duko, B, Duncan, Bb, Edvardsson, K, Ekholuenetale, M, Elgar, Fj, Elhadi, M, Elmonem, Ma, Endries, Ay, Eskandarieh, S, Etemadimanesh, A, Fagbamigbe, Af, Fakhradiyev, Ir, Farahmand, F, Farinha, Cse, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, Nk, Feigin, Vl, Feldman, R, Feng, Xq, Fentaw, Z, Ferrero, S, Desideri, Lf, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, Jm, Franklin, Rc, Gaal, Pa, Gad, Mm, Gallus, S, Galvano, F, Ganesan, B, Garg, T, Gebrehiwot, Mgd, Gebremeskel, Tg, Gebremichael, Ma, Gemechu, Tr, Getacher, L, Getachew, Me, Obsa, Ag, Getie, A, Ghaderi, A, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghamari, Sh, Ghandour, La, Nour, Mg, Ghashghaee, A, Ghozy, S, Glozah, Fn, Glushkova, Ev, Godos, J, Goel, A, Goharinezhad, S, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golitaleb, M, Greaves, F, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gudayu, Tw, Gupta, B, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, Vb, Gupta, Vk, Nejad, Nh, Mirzaian, Ah, Hall, Bj, Halwani, R, Handiso, Tb, Hankey, Gj, Hariri, S, Haro, Jm, Hasaballah, Ai, Moghaddam, Hh, Hay, Si, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Hendrie, D, Herteliu, C, Heyi, Dz, Hezam, K, Hlongwa, Mm, Holla, R, Hossain, Mm, Hossain, S, Hosseini, Sk, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, Gq, Huang, Jj, Hussain, S, Ibitoye, Se, Ilic, Im, Ilic, Md, Immurana, M, Irham, Lm, Islam, Mm, Islam, Rm, Islam, Sm, Iso, H, Itumalla, R, Iwagami, M, Jabbarinejad, R, Jacob, L, Jakovljevic, M, Jamalpoor, Z, Jamshidi, E, Jayapal, Sk, Jayarajah, Uu, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Jeddi, Sa, Jema, At, Jha, Rp, Jindal, Ha, Jonas, Jb, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, Jj, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabthymer, Rh, Kamble, Bd, Kandel, H, Kanno, Gg, Kapoor, N, Karaye, Im, Karimi, Se, Kassa, Bg, Kaur, Rj, Kayode, Ga, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khan, Ia, Ab Khan, M, Kim, H, Kim, J, Kim, M, Kimokoti, Rw, Kivimaki, M, Klymchuk, V, Knudsen, Ak, Kolahi, Aa, Korshunov, Va, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Kumar, Ga, Kumar, N, Ben, Lacey, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lau, J, Lee, Sw, Lee, Wc, Lee, Yh, Lim, Ll, Lim, S, Lobo, Sw, Lopukhov, Pd, Lorkowski, S, Lozano, R, Lucchetti, G, Madadizadeh, F, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoodpoor, A, Mahumud, Ra, Makki, A, Malekpour, Mr, Manjunatha, N, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, Ma, Raga, Jm, Villa, Fam, Matzopoulos, R, Maulik, Pk, Mayeli, M, Mcgrath, Jj, Meena, Jk, Nasab, Em, Menezes, Rg, Mensink, Gbm, Mentis, Afa, Meretoja, A, Merga, Bt, Mestrovic, T, Jonasson, Jm, Miazgowski, B, de Sa, Acmgn, Miller, Tr, Mini, G, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirrakhimov, Em, Misra, S, Moazen, B, Mobarakabadi, M, Moccia, M, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, E, Hafshejani, Am, Mohammed, Ta, Moka, N, Mokdad, Ah, Momtazmanesh, S, Moradi, Y, Mostafavi, E, Mubarik, S, Mullany, Ec, Mulugeta, Bt, Zamora, Em, Murray, Cjl, Mwita, Jc, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, Md, Nangia, V, Nayak, Bp, Negoi, I, Negoi, Ri, Nejadghaderi, Sa, Nepal, S, Neupane, Spp, Kandel, Sn, Nigatu, Yt, Nowroozi, A, Nuruzzaman, Km, Nzoputam, Ci, Obamiro, Ko, Ogbo, Fa, Oguntade, A, Aliabad, Ho, Olakunde, Bo, Oliveira, Gmm, Bali, Ao, Omer, E, Altamirano, Dvo, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, S, Oumer, B, Mahesh, Pa, Monedero, Ap, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Jonas, Sp, Pandey, A, Pardhan, S, Parekh, T, Park, Ek, Parry, Cdh, Kan, Fp, Patel, J, Pati, S, Patton, Gc, Paudel, U, Pawar, S, Peden, Ae, Petcu, Ir, Phillips, Mr, Pinheiro, M, Plotnikov, E, Pradhan, Pm, Prashant, A, Quan, Jc, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raghav, Pr, Movaghar, Vr, Rahman, A, Rahman, Mm, Rahman, M, Rahmani, Am, Rahmani, S, Ranabhat, Cl, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, Cr, Rasali, Dp, Rashidi, Mm, Ratan, Za, Rawaf, Dl, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Renzaho, Amn, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Riahi, Sm, Rodriguez, Er, Roth, Ga, Rwegerera, Gm, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, R, Saeed, U, Saeedi, F, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Sahraian, Ma, Rahman, Ksu, Salahi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, Am, Sanmarchi, F, Milicevic, Mm, Sarikhani, Y, Sathian, B, Saya, Gk, Sayyah, M, Schmidt, Mi, Schutte, Ae, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, Dc, Seidu, Aa, Seyedalinaghi, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahin, S, Sanavi, F, Shahrokhi, S, Shaikh, Ma, Shaker, E, Shakhmardanov, Mz, Beyranvand, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Sheikhi, Ra, Shetty, A, Shetty, Jk, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shivakumar, Km, Shivarov, V, Shobeiri, P, Shrestha, R, Sidemo, Nb, Sigfusdottir, Id, Silva, Da, da Silva, Nt, Singh, Ja, Singh, S, Skryabin, Vy, Skryabina, Aa, Sleet, Da, Solmi, M, Solomon, Y, Song, S, Song, Ym, Sorensen, Rjd, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, In, Stein, Dj, Subba, Sh, Szocska, M, Seisdedos, Rt, Tabuchi, T, Taheri, M, Tan, Kk, Tareke, M, Tarkang, Ee, Temesgen, G, Temesgen, Wa, Temsah, Mh, Thankappan, Kr, Thapar, R, Thomas, Nk, Tiruneh, C, Todorovic, J, Torrado, M, Touvier, M, Palone, Mrt, Tran, Mtn, Llimos, St, Tripathy, Jp, Vakilian, A, Valizadeh, R, Varmaghani, M, Varthya, Sb, Vasankari, Tj, Vos, T, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Walde, Mt, Wang, C, Wang, Yz, Wang, Yp, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, Nd, Wubetu, Ad, Xu, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yesera, Gee, Yigit, A, Yimaw, Ae, Yon, Dk, Yonemoto, N, Yu, Ch, Zadey, S, Zahir, M, Zare, I, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Zj, Zhong, Cw, Zmaili, M, Zuniga, Ymh, Gakidou, E, Madureira-Carvalho, Am, Ciobanu, LG, Gakidou, Emma, and GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators
Subjects: Adult, Male, Alcohol Drinking, CONTROL POLICIES, adult, Child, Preschool, Female, Geography, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Middle Aged, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, NDAS, ALL-CAUSE, GUIDELINES, GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, Medicine, General & Internal, DRINKING, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, General & Internal Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, DRINKERS, Child, Preschool, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, METAANALYSIS, MCC, Science & Technology, global burden of disease, Risk Factor, General Medicine, CANCER, alcohol drinking, AC, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, REDUCED MORTALITY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract: Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0-0·900) and 6·94 (3·40-8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3-65·4) were aged 15-39 years and 76·9% (73·0-81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. S Afzal acknowledges the support for intellectual contributions to this manuscript by the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology at King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. T Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. L Belo acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. D Bennett is supported by the UK Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK). M Carvalho acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. L Castro-de-Araujo was funded by the Medical Research Council (UK), Grant no. MR/T03355X/1 and by the National Institute of Mental Health Grant no. R01MH128911. FJ Elgar is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program. F Greaves acknowledges support from the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration for NW London. V K Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. VB Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported by the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education –Project, Postdoc2MUNI “(No. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). S M S Islam is funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and received funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia. The Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution has been co-financed through Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. M Kivimaki was supported by the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z), the UK Medical Research Council (MR/S011676/1), the US National Institute on Aging (R01AG056477), and the Academy of Finland (350426). K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. B Lacey acknowledges support from the UK Biobank, funded largely by the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome. S Lorkowski acknowledges institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (Germany; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; grant agreement number 01EA1808A). G Lucchetti received a productivity scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development — CNPq (Level 1D). J McGrath was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professor). J McGrath is employed by the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), which receives support from the Queensland Health Department. C Parry acknowleges the South African Medical Research Council. A Peden is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship (Grant ID: APP2009306). M R Phillips was supported in part by the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases - National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC. No. 81761128031). M Pinheiro acknowledges FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 – Norma transitória. A Rahman acknowledges the support from the Data Science Research Unit in Charles Sturt University (Bathurst, NSW, Australia). U Saeed would like to acknowledge the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges support from Ain Shams University (Cairo, Egypt) and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. N Senthil Kumar acknowledges the DBT, New Delhi sponsored Advanced State Level Biotech Hub (BT/NER/143/SP44475/2021), Mizoram University (Aizawl, Mizoram, India) for facilitating this work. F Sha is supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant No. KQTD20190929172835662). A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College (Mangalore, India) and Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Manipal, India) for all the academic support. R Shrestha acknowledges a career development award from the National Institutes of Health (K01DA051346). D Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brazil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq - Brazil (309589/2021-5). D Sleet acknowledges partial support from Veritas Management Group, Inc and The Bizzell Group, LLC. S Trias-Llimós acknowledges research funding from the Juan de la Cierva-Formación program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC-2019-039314-I). Sí
Published: 2022

17. Health related quality of life and its association with social support among people living with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Nebiyu Mengistu, Habtamu Endashaw Hareru, Seid Shumye, Solomon Yimer, Daniel Sisay, Abdene Weya Kaso, Temesgen Muche, Chalachew Kassaw, Negasa Eshete Soboksa, Wondwosen Molla, Alemayehu Molla, Bereket Duko, Mengistu, Nebiyu, Hareru, Habtamu Endashaw, Shumye, Seid, Yimer, Solomon, Sisay, Daniel, Kaso, Abdene Weya, Muche, Temesgen, Kassaw, Chalachew, Soboksa, Negasa Eshete, Molla, Wondwosen, Molla, Alemayehu, and Duko, Bereket
Subjects: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, quality of life, antiretroviral therapy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Quality of Life, HIV/AIDS, Humans, Social Support, HIV Infections, General Medicine, Ethiopia, social support
Abstract: Background People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are frequently confronted with severe social issues such as rejection, abandonment, criticism, and stigma. This would negatively affect their quality of life. Several studies have been conducted so far to assess factors affecting the health-related quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Ethiopia. However, to our knowledge, there is no previous study that has summarized the results of the studies that investigated health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among PLWHA in Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to estimate the pooled prevalence of HRQOL and its association with social support among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) on ART in Ethiopia. Methods A systematic search was carried out using several electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Cochrane electronic), Google Scholar, Google, and a manual search of the literature on health-related quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS who are on ART. A Microsoft Excel data extraction sheet was used to extract pertinent data from an individual study. To assess the heterogeneity of primary articles, the Cochrane Q test statistics and the I2 test were carried out, and a random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of HRQOL. Result Out of the 493 articles reviewed, ten with a total of 3257 study participants were eligible for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of HRQOL among people living with HIV/AIDS who are on antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia was 45.27%. We found that strong perceived social support was significantly associated with higher levels of subjectively perceived HRQOL. PLWHA who were on ART and had good social support were four times more likely to report higher HRQOL when compared to their counterparts [AOR = 4.01, 95% CI 3.07–5.23]. Conclusion A substantial number of PLWHA had poor HRQOL in Ethiopia. Social support was significantly associated with HRQOL among people living with HIV/AIDS. Hence, it’s recommended to encourage suitable intervention at every follow-up visit, and psycho-social support is also warranted to improve the quality of life.
Published: 2021

18. High Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Borumeda General Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia

Author: Daniel Gebretsadik, Minilik Assefa, Genet Molla Fenta, Chala Daba, Abdurrahman Ali, and Saba Gebremichael Tekele
Subjects: Adult, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Article Subject, General Immunology and Microbiology, General Medicine, Hepatitis C Antibodies, Hepatitis B, Hospitals, General, Ambulatory Care Facilities, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Young Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Humans, Female, Ethiopia, Pregnant Women, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
Abstract: Background. Viral hepatitis are considered as the cause of solemn health problem for the human kind, particularly among pregnant women in the 21th century. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infection among pregnant women attending at Borumeda General Hospital, Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Borumeda General Hospital from April to May, 2020. A consecutive total of 124 pregnant women who were attending at the antenatal clinic (ANC) of the hospital were included. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the associated factors and some sociodemographic characteristics. Five milliliters of venous blood was collected from each study participant, and a laboratory test using a rapid HBsAg and anti-HCV kit was done. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Results. The mean age of the study subjects was 25.81 (±5.967) years. The overall seroprevalence of either HBV or HCV infections among the study participants was 14 (11.3%). HBsAg and anti-HCV were positive among 10 (8.1%) and 4 (3.2%) study participants, respectively. There was no coinfection result between HBV and HCV among pregnant women. Pregnant women who had abortion history [AOR 5.723; 95% CI 1.100-29.785, P value = 0.038] and hospitalization history with IV medication [AOR 6.939; 95% CI 1.017-47.322, P value = 0.048] exhibited statistically significant association with HBV infection. Conclusions. Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections among pregnant women was high, and the rate of HBV particularly can be considered in the high endemic category of the WHO classification scheme. Continuous screening of pregnant mothers, provision of hepatitis B vaccine for females at the child-bearing age, and health education to create awareness about HBV and HCV should be implemented.
Published: 2022

19. Failed induction of labor and associated factors among women delivered in Jigjiga University Sheik Hassan Yabare Referral Hospital: a cross-sectional study

Author: Andualem Mebratu, Dawit Getachew Assefa, Eden Dagnachew Zeleke, Nebiyu Mengistu, Tigist Tekle Woldesenbet, Amdehiwot Aynalem, Ahmedin Sefa, Dawit Mellesse, Ruth Tilahun, Wubareg Seifu, Yesuneh Bayisa, Meiraf Daniel Meshesha, Aregahegn Wudneh, Getnet Melaku Ayele, Biniyam Demisse, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Asrat Alemu, Mesfin Abebe, Abbas Ahmed Mahamed, Tesfaye Temesgen, Mengistu Lodebo Funga, Aneleay Cherinet Eritero, Saron Aregawi, Tilahun Wodaynew, Zerihun Figa, and Wondwosen Molla
Subjects: Cross-Sectional Studies, Universities, Pregnancy, Humans, Female, Labor, Induced, General Medicine, Referral and Consultation, Hospitals
Abstract: This study was aimed to assess the magnitude of failed induction of labor and associated factors among mothers delivered in Eastern Ethiopia.An institutional-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 364 women who had induction of labor at Jigjiga University, Sheik Hassan Yabare Referral Hospital from 2018 to 2021. A checklist was used to collect the data from the women's chart. To isolate independent predictors related to failed induction of labor, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.The magnitude of failed induction of labor was 36.8% (95% CI: 31.8, 42.0). Age (AOR = 3.2; CI: 1.78, 5.75), rural residency (AOR = 2.28; CI:1.29, 4.01), para (AOR = 2.76; CI: 1.55, 4.91), gestational age (AOR = 2.65; CI: 1.44, 4.89), multiple pregnancy (AOR = 2.36; CI: 1.01, 5.55), premature rapture of membrane (AOR = 4.88; CI: 2.33, 10.21), pregnancy-induced hypertension (AOR = 5.11; CI: 2.67, 9.79), and bishop score (AOR = 1.95; CI: 1.15, 3.32) were significantly associated with failed induction of labor.The magnitude of failed induction of labor was relatively high in the study setting. Failed induction of labor was significantly associated with age, rural residency, primipara, gestational age, multiple pregnancy, premature rapture of membrane, PIH, and bishop score less than six. Prior to initiating the induction of labor, proper pelvis assessment and cervical ripening for bishop score might be considered. Beside to this, adherence to locally available induction protocols and guidelines might also be needed.
Published: 2022

20. Previous adverse pregnancy events as a predictor of gestational diabetes mellitus in Southern Ethiopia: a case control study

Author: Hailu Taye, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Samrawit Hailu, Meiraf Daniel Meshesha, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Yesuneh Bayisa, and Wondwosen Molla
Subjects: Diabetes, Gestational, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Case-Control Studies, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy Outcome, Humans, Female, Ethiopia, General Medicine
Abstract: Gestational diabetes mellitus is a type of glucose intolerance that first manifests itself during pregnancy. A pregnant woman and her unborn child are at an increased risk of pregnancy complications and poor neonatal outcomes. Pregnancy diabetes affects one out of every 200 women. Therefore, this study aims to identify the determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women attending an antenatal care service in Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia.A facility-based case-control study design was employed from 25 January 2020 through 25 April 2020. The study included 80 cases and 240 control groups of pregnant women. Face-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires were used to collect data. For analyses, data was entered into Epidata version 3.1 and exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Variables withFamily history of diabetes mellitus [AOR 1.837; 95% CI (1.06-3.18)], history of spontaneous abortion [AOR 2.39; 95% CI 1.33-4.31), history of still birth [AOR 2.240 (1.222-4.105)], and history of delivery of a macrocosmic baby in the previous pregnancy [AOR 1.99 (1.157-3.43)] were found to be predictors of GDM.Previous adverse pregnancy outcomes were found to be the main predictors of GDM. Women with gestational diabetes mellitus should be followed after delivery in order to monitor hyper-glycemic status.
Published: 2022

21. Prognostic value of cutaneous reinnervation with GAP-43 in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy

Author: Merve Albayrak, Carolina Figueras, Elia Seguí, Michela Campolo, Eva Gabarrón, Reinaldo Moreno, Joan Maurel, and Jordi Casanova-Molla
Subjects: Innervation, Muscles, Músculs, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, Nervous system Diseases, Prognosis, Oxaliplatin, Quimioteràpia del càncer, Malalties del sistema nerviós, GAP-43 Protein, Regeneració del sistema nerviós, Neurology, Neoplasms, Innervació, Nervous system regeneration, Humans, Cancer chemotherapy, Neurology (clinical), Càncer, Skin, Cancer
Abstract: Background and purpose Oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy (OIN) implies axonal damage of both small and large sensory nerve fibers. We aimed at comparing the neurophysiological changes occurred after treatment and the capability to recovery based on histological marker of re-innervation GAP-43. Methods 48 patients with cancer were assessed before and after chemotherapy (at 3 months and 12 months if available). We recorded ulnar and sural sensory nerve action potentials (SNAP), determined quantitative sensory thresholds for warm and cold (WDT, CDT), pain thresholds and collected a distal biopsy of skin to assess the intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) with PGP9.5 and GAP-43 markers (in a subgroup of 19 patients). Results Increased WDT and CDT as well as diminished IENFD at distal leg were already found in 30% of oncologic patients before treatment. After oxaliplatin, there was a significant increase in thermal thresholds in 52% of patients, and a decrease of SNAP amplitude in the sural nerve in 67% patients. IENFD was reduced in 47% and remained unchanged in 37% after oxiplatin. The density of GAP-43 + fibers and GAP-43/PGP 9.5 ratio was similar before and after treatment showing that cutaneous re-innervation is preserved despite no clinical recovery was observed after one year. Conclusion Non-selective axonal loss affects sensory fibers in OIN. However, the presence of intra-epidermal regenerative sprouts detected by GAP-43 may reduce the impact of neurotoxicity in the small fibers with long-term sequelae mostly on myelinated nerve endings. Pre-oxaliplatin GAP-43 failed to identify patients with higher risk of damage or worse recovery after treatment.
Published: 2022

22. Landscape of immune-related signatures induced by targeting of different epigenetic regulators in melanoma: implications for immunotherapy

Author: Andrea Anichini, Alessandra Molla, Gabriella Nicolini, Valentina E. Perotti, Francesco Sgambelluri, Alessia Covre, Carolina Fazio, Maria Fortunata Lofiego, Anna Maria di Giacomo, Sandra Coral, Antonella Manca, Maria Cristina Sini, Marina Pisano, Teresa Noviello, Francesca Caruso, Silvia Brich, Giancarlo Pruneri, Andrea Maurichi, Mario Santinami, Michele Ceccarelli, Giuseppe Palmieri, Michele Maio, Roberta Mortarini, Anichini, Andrea, Molla, Alessandra, Nicolini, Gabriella, Perotti, Valentina Eleonora, Sgambelluri, Francesco, Covre, Alessia, Fazio, Carolina, Lofiego, Maria Fortunata, Di Giacomo, Anna Maria, Coral, Sandra, Manca, Antonella, Sini, Maria Cristina, Pisano, Marina, Noviello, Teresa, Caruso, Francesca, Brich, Silvia, Pruneri, Giancarlo, Maurichi, Andrea, Santinami, Mario, Ceccarelli, Michele, Palmieri, Giuseppe, Maio, Michele, and Mortarini, Roberta
Subjects: Innate immunity, Cancer Research, Skin Neoplasms, Epigenetic drug, Guadecitabine, Ipilimumab, Immune-related signatures, Epigenesis, Genetic, Genetic, Oncology, Immune-related signature, Epigenetic drugs, Humans, Immunotherapy, Melanoma, Epigenesis, Human
Abstract: Background Improvement of efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) remains a major clinical goal. Association of ICB with immunomodulatory epigenetic drugs is an option. However, epigenetic inhibitors show a heterogeneous landscape of activities. Analysis of transcriptional programs induced in neoplastic cells by distinct classes of epigenetic drugs may foster identification of the most promising agents. Methods Melanoma cell lines, characterized for mutational and differentiation profile, were treated with inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (guadecitabine), histone deacetylases (givinostat), BET proteins (JQ1 and OTX-015), and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (GSK126). Modulatory effects of epigenetic drugs were evaluated at the gene and protein levels. Master molecules explaining changes in gene expression were identified by Upstream Regulator (UR) analysis. Gene set enrichment and IPA were used respectively to test modulation of guadecitabine-specific gene and UR signatures in baseline and on-treatment tumor biopsies from melanoma patients in the Phase Ib NIBIT-M4 Guadecitabine + Ipilimumab Trial. Prognostic significance of drug-specific immune-related genes was tested with Timer 2.0 in TCGA tumor datasets. Results Epigenetic drugs induced different profiles of gene expression in melanoma cell lines. Immune-related genes were frequently upregulated by guadecitabine, irrespective of the mutational and differentiation profiles of the melanoma cell lines, to a lesser extent by givinostat, but mostly downregulated by JQ1 and OTX-015. GSK126 was the least active drug. Quantitative western blot analysis confirmed drug-specific modulatory profiles. Most of the guadecitabine-specific signature genes were upregulated in on-treatment NIBIT-M4 tumor biopsies, but not in on-treatment lesions of patients treated only with ipilimumab. A guadecitabine-specific UR signature, containing activated molecules of the TLR, NF-kB, and IFN innate immunity pathways, was induced in drug-treated melanoma, mesothelioma and hepatocarcinoma cell lines and in a human melanoma xenograft model. Activation of guadecitabine-specific UR signature molecules in on-treatment tumor biopsies discriminated responding from non-responding NIBIT-M4 patients. Sixty-five % of the immune-related genes upregulated by guadecitabine were prognostically significant and conferred a reduced risk in the TCGA cutaneous melanoma dataset. Conclusions The DNMT inhibitor guadecitabine emerged as the most promising immunomodulatory agent among those tested, supporting the rationale for usage of this class of epigenetic drugs in combinatorial immunotherapy approaches.
Published: 2022

23. Lifetime adverse pregnancy outcomes and associated factors among antenatal care booked women in Central Gondar zone and Gondar city administration, Northwest Ethiopia

Author: Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Melaku Hunie Asratie, Tesfamichael Gebremariam, Aynalem Adu, Mihretu Molla Enyew, Endeshaw Admasu Cherkos, Senetsehuf Melkamu, Martha Berta, Worku Mamo, Dawit Kassahun, Nuhamin Tesfa Tsega, Azmeraw Ambachew Kebede, Desale Bihonegn Asmamaw, Getahun Molla Kassa, and Muhabaw Shumye Mihret
Subjects: Cross-Sectional Studies, Pregnancy, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy Outcome, Prevalence, Humans, Female, Prenatal Care, Ethiopia
Abstract: BackgroundIn developing countries, adverse pregnancy outcomes are major public health issues. It is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the fact that ending prenatal mortality and morbidity is one of the third Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the burden of the problem continues to be a huge concern in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of lifetime adverse pregnancy outcomes among antenatal care (ANC) booked women in Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsAn institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Northwest Ethiopia, between March 2021 and June 2021. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was employed to recruit participants. An interviewer-administered and checklist questionnaire were used to collect the data. The data were entered into Epi-data version 4.6 software and exported to Stata version 16 for analysis. The binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify an association between associated factors and the outcome variable. Variables with a p-value of < 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression model were declared as statistically significant.ResultsIn this study, the lifetime prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcome among study participants was 14.53% (95%CI: 11.61, 18.04). Road access to the health facilities (AOR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.14, 6.02) and husband-supported pregnancy (AOR = 2.63; 95 CI: 1.46, 4.72) were significantly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.ConclusionsMore than one in 10 reproductive age women had adverse pregnancy outcome throughout their life. Road access to health facilities and husband-supported pregnancy were statistically significant factors for adverse events in pregnancy. Therefore, it is better to give more attention to expanding infrastructure like road accessibility and increasing husband-supported pregnancy to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Published: 2022

24. The association between elevated lipid profile and liver enzymes: a study on Bangladeshi adults

Author: Rahanuma Raihanu Kathak, Abu Hasan Sumon, Noyan Hossain Molla, Mahmudul Hasan, Rakib Miah, Humaira Rashid Tuba, Ahsan Habib, and Nurshad Ali
Subjects: Adult, Male, Science, Risk Assessment, Article, Liver Function Tests, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Humans, Aspartate Aminotransferases, Dyslipidemias, Bangladesh, Multidisciplinary, Liver Diseases, Diagnostic markers, Alanine Transaminase, gamma-Glutamyltransferase, Clinical Enzyme Tests, Middle Aged, Alkaline Phosphatase, Lipids, Enzymes, Up-Regulation, Cross-Sectional Studies, Medicine, Female, Biomarkers
Abstract: Dyslipidemia, a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, is rapidly increasing in Asian countries including Bangladesh. In addition to the cardiovascular system, abnormal lipid levels are also known to cause complications in renal and hepatic systems. The data regarding dyslipidemia and its relationship with liver enzymes are scarce for the Bangladeshi population. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and determine the relationship between lipid profile and liver enzymes in Bangladeshi adults. A total of 405 participants (318 males and 87 females) were enrolled in the study. Serum levels of TG, TC, LDL, HDL and liver enzymes including ALT, AST, GGT and ALP were analyzed using standard methods. Dyslipidemia and liver function tests abnormalities were defined according to the international standard guidelines. The association between elevated lipid profile markers and liver enzyme abnormalities was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Overall, the prevalence of elevated TG, TC, LDL and low HDL were 30.9%, 23.7%, 26.2% and 78.8%, respectively. On the other hand, the prevalence of elevated liver enzymes ALT, AST, GGT and ALP were 18.8%, 21.6%, 12.9% and 21.9%, respectively. Dyslipidemia and liver enzyme abnormalities were higher in diabetic and hypertensive participants than in the healthy participants. About 61% of participants with dyslipidemia had at least one or more elevated liver enzymes. In regression analysis, an independent association was observed between serum GGT and all lipid components. In conclusion, a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and liver enzyme abnormalities were observed among the study participants. Of the four liver enzymes, the serum levels of GGT showed an independent association with all lipid components. Moreover, this study indicates that subjects with dyslipidemia often have a higher chance of having liver diseases than subjects with no dyslipidemia. However, large-scale prospective studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of lipid-induced hepatic dysfunction in the Bangladeshi population.
Published: 2022

25. The impact of Ethiopian community-based health extension program on diarrheal diseases among under-five children and factors associated with diarrheal diseases in the rural community of Kalu district, Northeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Author: Ahmed Tadesse, Fasil Walelign Fentaye, Asnakew Molla Mekonen, and Toyeb Yasine
Subjects: Diarrhea, Rural Population, Kalu district, Health Policy, Health extension program, Infant, Health Promotion, Cross-Sectional Studies, Impact, Rural community, Diarrheal disease, Humans, Female, Ethiopia, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Child
Abstract: Background The health extension program is a community-based health care delivery program with eighteen defined packages. The main aim of the health extension program is to help to reduce child mortality. So, the aim of this study is to assess the impact of a health extension program on diarrheal disease under-five children in the rural community of Kalu district, Northeast Ethiopia, 2021. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March to April/2021. A Multi-stage sampling technique was used to get a total sample size of 556 (182 model households and 374 non-model households) with a response rate of 92.22%. Binary logistic regression analysis was done, and P-value Results Health extension program (HEP) model household contributed a 17.7% (t = -5.02) decrease in children’s diarrheal diseases among under-five children compared with HEP non-model households. Mothers from non-model households were 2.19 times more likely to develop under-five children diarrheal diseases AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio): 2.19, 95% CI: 1.34–3.57 than mothers from model households. Households who got no frequent home visits were 3.28 times more likely to develop under-five diarrheal diseases AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio): 3.28, 95% CI: 1.40–7.68. Conclusion When the health extension program is implemented fully (model household), the prevalence of under-five diarrheal disease in the rural community could decrease. The need to develop supportive strategies for the sustainability of model households and encouraging households to be model households is very important.
Published: 2022

26. Community-based new born care practice and its associated factors among women who give birth at home in Ethiopia: cross-sectional study

Author: Medhanit W/senbet, Wondwosen Molla, Ruth Tilahun, Yabibal Gebeyehu, Meiraf Daniel Meshesha, Jarsso Tadesse Hirbu, Habtamu Endashaw Hareru, Wagaye Alemu, Temesgen Muche, Aneleay Cherinet Eritero, Seid Shumye, Nebiyu Mengistu, Solomon Yimer, Derebe Madoro, Zerihun Figa, Dawit Getachew Assefa, Eden Daganchew Zeleke, Daniel Sisay, Aregahegn Wudneh, and Moges Tadesse
Subjects: Male, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pregnancy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Infant, Newborn, Humans, Infant, Mothers, Female, Ethiopia, General Medicine
Abstract: In Ethiopia, perinatal mortality rate was 33 per 1000 pregnancies and 64.4% of this death was occurred within the first 7 days of neonatal life. Moreover, more than 2.1% of new born babies were died within their first seven days of life in Ethiopia. Majority of neonatal deaths are preventable by applying an effective and lifesaving interventions. However, little is known about newborn care practice at the community level.A community-based cross-sectional study design was used. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to get a total of 540 mothers who gave birth at home within the past six months from their kebeles in Ethiopia. Data was collected by using face-to-face interview with structured questionnaires. Then the data was coded, cleaned, and entered into Epidemiological data version 3.1 and exported to statistical package for social science version 23.0 for analyses. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify statistically significant associations between dependent and independent variables. The odds ratio at 95% confidence interval with P-Value 0.05% was computed.A total of 540 women were participated with a response rate of 98.3%. Only 208 (44%) of the women had good practice towards essential newborn care. Head of households [AOR (95%CI) 2.7417 (1.80-4.25)], type of birth attendant [AOR (95%CI) 3.962 (3.329-7.171)] and bad obstetrical history [AOR (95%CI) 3.151 (2.209-4.969)] were significantly associated with maternal newborn care practice.Less than half of the mothers had good newborn care practice. In this study, head of household, type of birth attendant, and bad obstetrical history were significantly associated with maternal newborn care practice. Therefore, Ministry of Women and Woreda women and Child offices needs to promote the socioeconomic empowerment of women to increase the practice of essential newborn care practices.
Published: 2022

27. Utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods and associated factor among women of reproductive age in west Guji zone, Southwest Ethiopia

Author: Eden Dagnachew Zeleke, Dawit Getachew Assefa, Tigist Tekle Woldesenbet, Rediet Gido, Nebiyu Mengistu, and Wondwosen Molla
Subjects: Adult, Long acting and permanent contraceptive methods, Reproduction, Research, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecology and obstetrics, Utilization, Cross-Sectional Studies, Contraception, Reproductive Medicine, Pregnancy, Family Planning Services, RG1-991, Humans, Female, Ethiopia, Family planning, Child
Abstract: Background Increasing access to family planning helps to ensure the reproductive right, decrease unintended pregnancy, improve the health and nutritional status of children, reduction of maternal mortality, and enhance longer birth spacing. However, there is continually low utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods among low and middle-income countries. This study aimed to assess the utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPMs) and associated factors among women of reproductive age in the West Guji Zone, Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 507 women of reproductive age in the West Guji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia from April 15 to May 15, 2018. Data were collected by a structured, pretested, and interview-based questionnaire with open ended and closed ended questionnaire, then entered, and analyzed by SPSS Version 20. Bivariable and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out. A 95% confidence interval (CI) AND P-value, Plain language summary Low utilization of LAPMs has been continually reported in low- and middle-income countries. Unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion might be related with unmet need of contraceptive. This study aimed to assess level of utilization of LAPMs among reproductive aged women in West Guji Zone Ethiopia. The findings from this research will help different stake holder by providing the level of current utilization of LAPMs and help them on planning how to strength the utilization by refereeing the associated factors. 507 Respondents were selected systematically: of which 51.1% of them utilize one of LAPMs currently. In conclusion the utilization may be affected by educational status of women, number of alive children, acceptance LAPMs by women, how treated by other staff during service delivery, and waiting time to get the service.
Published: 2022

28. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2020, release 1

Author: Galles N. C., Liu P. Y., Updike R. L., Fullman N., Nguyen J., Rolfe S., Sbarra A. N., Schipp M. F., Marks A., Abady G. G., Abbas K. M., Abbasi S. W., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdoli A., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A. E., Adabi M., Adamu A. A., Adetokunboh O. O., Adnani Q. E. S., Advani S. M., Afzal S., Aghamir S. M. K., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi S., Ahmed H., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed Rashid T., Ahmed Salih Y., Akalu Y., Aklilu A., Akunna C. J., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., Albano L., Alemayehu Y., Alene K. A., Al-Eyadhy A., Alhassan R. K., Ali L., Aljunid S. M., Almustanyir S., Altirkawi K. A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amu H., Andrei C. L., Andrei T., Ansar A., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antonazzo I. C., Antony B., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Artanti K. D., Arulappan J., Awan A. T., Awoke M. A., Ayza M. A., Azarian G., Azzam A. Y., B D. B., Babar Z. -U. -D., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Bante S. A., Barnighausen T. W., Barqawi H. J., Barrow A., Bassat Q., Bayarmagnai N., Bejarano Ramirez D. F., Bekuma T. T., Belay H. G., Belgaumi U. I., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhaskar S., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Biondi A., Boloor A., Braithwaite D., Buonsenso D., Butt Z. A., Camargos P., Carreras G., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Chakinala R. C., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu S. K., Chattu V. K., Chowdhury F. R., Christopher D. J., Chu D. -T., Chung S. -C., Cortesi P. A., Costa V. M., Couto R. A. S., Dadras O., Dagnew A. B., Dagnew B., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., De Neve J. -W., Derbew Molla M., Derseh B. T., Desai R., Desta A. A., Dhamnetiya D., Dhimal M. L., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Dorostkar F., Edem B., Edinur H. A., Eftekharzadeh S., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elhadi M., El-Jaafary S. I., Elsharkawy A., Enany S., Erkhembayar R., Esezobor C. I., Eskandarieh S., Ezeonwumelu I. J., Ezzikouri S., Fares J., Faris P. S., Feleke B. E., Ferede T. Y., Fernandes E., Fernandes J. C., Ferrara P., Filip I., Fischer F., Francis M. R., Fukumoto T., Gad M. M., Gaidhane S., Gallus S., Garg T., Geberemariyam B. S., Gebre T., Gebregiorgis B. G., Gebremedhin K. B., Gebremichael B., Gessner B. D., Ghadiri K., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Gilani S. A., Glavan I. -R., Glushkova E. V., Golechha M., Gonfa K. B., Gopalani S. V., Goudarzi H., Gubari M. I. M., Guo Y., Gupta V. B., Gupta V. K., Gutierrez R. A., Haeuser E., Halwani R., Hamidi S., Hanif A., Haque S., Harapan H., Hargono A., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassanein M. H., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hay S. I., Hayat K., Hegazy M. I., Heidari G., Hezam K., Holla R., Hoque M. E., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Househ M., Hsieh V. C. -R., Huang J., Humayun A., Hussain R., Hussein N. R., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Inamdar S., Iqbal U., Irham L. M., Irvani S. S. N., Islam S. M. S., Ismail N. E., Itumalla R., Jha R. P., Joukar F., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kalhor R., Kamal Z., Kamande S. M., Kandel H., Karch A., Kassahun G., Kassebaum N. J., Katoto P. D., Kelkay B., Kengne A. P., Khader Y. S., Khajuria H., Khalil I. A., Khan E. A., Khan G., Khan J., Khan M., Khan M. A., Khang Y. -H., Khoja A. T., Khubchandani J., Kim G. R., Kim M. S., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Korshunov V. A., Kosen S., Kuate Defo B., Kulkarni V., Kumar A., Kumar G. A., Kumar N., Kwarteng A., La Vecchia C., Lami F. H., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lassi Z. S., Lee H., Lee Y. Y., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li S., Liu X., Lobo S. W., Lopukhov P. D., Lozano R., Lutzky Saute R., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Makki A., Malik A. A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M. A., Mantovani L. G., Martins-Melo F. R., Matthews P. C., Medina J. R. C., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Meretoja T. J., Mersha A. G., Mesregah M. K., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Milne G. J., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei H. R., Misra S., Mithra P., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamed T. A., Mohammad K. A., Mohammad Y., Mohammadi M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed A., Mohammed S., Mohapatra A., Mokdad A. H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moni M. A., Montasir A. A., Moore C. E., Moradi G., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mueller U. O., Munro S. B., Naghavi M., Naimzada M. D., Naveed M., Nayak B. P., Negoi I., Neupane Kandel S., Nguyen T. H., Nikbakhsh R., Ningrum D. N. A., Nixon M. R., Nnaji C. A., Noubiap J. J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V. E., Oancea B., Ochir C., Ogbo F. A., Olagunju A. T., Olakunde B. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Owolabi M. O., Padubidri J. R., Pakshir K., Park E. -C., Pashazadeh Kan F., Pathak M., Paudel R., Pawar S., Pereira J., Peres M. F. P., Perianayagam A., Pinheiro M., Pirestani M., Podder V., Polibin R. V., Pollok R. C. G., Postma M. J., Pottoo F. H., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahmani A. M., Rahmawaty S., Rajesh A., Ramshaw R. E., Ranasinghe P., Rao C. R., Rao S. J., Rathi P., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezaei N., Rezai M. S., Rios-Blancas M., Rogowski E. L. B., Ronfani L., Rwegerera G. M., Saad A. M., Sabour S., Saddik B., Saeb M. R., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M. A., Salam N., Salimzadeh H., Samaei M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Sanmarchi F., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena D., Saxena S., Seidu A. -A., Seylani A., Shaikh M. A., Shamsizadeh M., Shetty P. H., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Sidemo N. B., Singh A., Singh J. A., Sinha S., Skryabin V. Y., Skryabina A. A., Soheili A., Tadesse E. G., Tamiru A. T., Tan K. -K., Tekalegn Y., Temsah M. -H., Thakur B., Thapar R., Thavamani A., Tobe-Gai R., Tohidinik H. R., Tovani-Palone M. R., Traini E., Tran B. X., Tripathi M., Tsegaye B., Tsegaye G. W., Ullah A., Ullah S., Unim B., Vacante M., Velazquez D. Z., Vo B., Vollmer S., Vu G. T., Vu L. G., Waheed Y., Winkler A. S., Wiysonge C. S., Yigit V., Yirdaw B. W., Yon D. K., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yuce D., Yunusa I., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zewdie D. T., Zhang Z. -J., Zhong C., Zumla A., Murray C. J. L., Lim S. S., Mosser J. F., Aghamir S., Sahraian M., Mansournia M., Mirzaei H., Temsah M., Andrei C., Glavan I., Antonazzo I., Singh Mtech A., Padubidri J., Babar Z., De Neve J., Noubiap J., Chakinala R., Chattu S., Chattu V., Chu D., Chung S., Kumar G., Gilani S., Gupta V., Hargono Dr A., Islam S., Hsieh V., Irvani S. N., Ismail N., Khang Y., Yon D., Kim G., Park E., Shin J., Kim M., Kim Y., Lee Y., Medina J. C., Naimzada M., Rahmani A., Rezai M., Rao S., Saeb M., Seidu A., Tan K., Tohidinik H., Zhang Z., Galles, N, Liu, P, Updike, R, Fullman, N, Nguyen, J, Rolfe, S, Sbarra, A, Schipp, M, Marks, A, Abady, G, Abbas, K, Abbasi, S, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Adabi, M, Adamu, A, Adetokunboh, O, Adnani, Q, Advani, S, Afzal, S, Aghamir, S, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, M, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akalu, Y, Aklilu, A, Akunna, C, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Albano, L, Alemayehu, Y, Alene, K, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhassan, R, Ali, L, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Ansar, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, I, Antony, B, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Artanti, K, Arulappan, J, Awan, A, Awoke, M, Ayza, M, Azarian, G, Azzam, A, B, D, Babar, Z, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bante, S, Barnighausen, T, Barqawi, H, Barrow, A, Bassat, Q, Bayarmagnai, N, Bejarano Ramirez, D, Bekuma, T, Belay, H, Belgaumi, U, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Buonsenso, D, Butt, Z, Camargos, P, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Chakinala, R, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, S, Chattu, V, Chowdhury, F, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Chung, S, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Couto, R, Dadras, O, Dagnew, A, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, De Neve, J, Derbew Molla, M, Derseh, B, Desai, R, Desta, A, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Edem, B, Edinur, H, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, El Sayed Zaki, M, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Elsharkawy, A, Enany, S, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, C, Eskandarieh, S, Ezeonwumelu, I, Ezzikouri, S, Fares, J, Faris, P, Feleke, B, Ferede, T, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, M, Fukumoto, T, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Geberemariyam, B, Gebre, T, Gebregiorgis, B, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremichael, B, Gessner, B, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, S, Glavan, I, Glushkova, E, Golechha, M, Gonfa, K, Gopalani, S, Goudarzi, H, Gubari, M, Guo, Y, Gupta, V, Gutierrez, R, Haeuser, E, Halwani, R, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassanein, M, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Heidari, G, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hoque, M, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hsieh, V, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hussein, N, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inamdar, S, Iqbal, U, Irham, L, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Itumalla, R, Jha, R, Joukar, F, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalhor, R, Kamal, Z, Kamande, S, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Kassahun, G, Kassebaum, N, Katoto, P, Kelkay, B, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khoja, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Korshunov, V, Kosen, S, Kuate Defo, B, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kwarteng, A, La Vecchia, C, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lassi, Z, Lee, H, Lee, Y, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, S, Liu, X, Lobo, S, Lopukhov, P, Lozano, R, Lutzky Saute, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Makki, A, Malik, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martins-Melo, F, Matthews, P, Medina, J, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Mersha, A, Mesregah, M, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Milne, G, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamed, T, Mohammad, K, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohapatra, A, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, M, Montasir, A, Moore, C, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mueller, U, Munro, S, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, M, Naveed, M, Nayak, B, Negoi, I, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, T, Nikbakhsh, R, Ningrum, D, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Noubiap, J, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nwatah, V, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Olakunde, B, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Park, E, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Pathak, M, Paudel, R, Pawar, S, Pereira, J, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pinheiro, M, Pirestani, M, Podder, V, Polibin, R, Pollok, R, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmawaty, S, Rajesh, A, Ramshaw, R, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Rios-Blancas, M, Rogowski, E, Ronfani, L, Rwegerera, G, Saad, A, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeb, M, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Salam, N, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saxena, D, Saxena, S, Seidu, A, Seylani, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shetty, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Sidemo, N, Singh, A, Singh, J, Sinha, S, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Soheili, A, Tadesse, E, Tamiru, A, Tan, K, Tekalegn, Y, Temsah, M, Thakur, B, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Tohidinik, H, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, B, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Unim, B, Vacante, M, Velazquez, D, Vo, B, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Vu, L, Waheed, Y, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Yigit, V, Yirdaw, B, Yon, D, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zewdie, D, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zumla, A, Murray, C, Lim, S, Mosser, J, Singh Mtech, A, Hargono Dr, A, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Tampere University, Health Sciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Abbas, Kaja [0000-0003-0563-1576], Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, and GBD 2020, Release 1, Vaccine Coverage Collaborators
Subjects: Vaccine coverage, Vacunación de rutina, Time Factors, Vaccination Coverage, Global Plan of Action on Vaccines, Service delivery framework, IMPACT, Global Health, Cobertura de vacunas, Routine childhood vaccination, Global Burden of Disease, Public Health, Underserved Population, Polio vaccine, 0302 clinical medicine, WORLDWIDE, Routine immunisation, Global health, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, General Medicine, Articles, childhood vaccination, GBD, Plan de Acción Mundial sobre Vacunas, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, ddc, Vaccination, Poliovirus Vaccines, Action plan, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Vacunación infantil, MED/42 - IGIENE GENERALE E APPLICATA, 030231 tropical medicine, Measles Vaccine, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, Environmental health, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE, VALIDITY, Vaccination approaches, PROGRESS, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine, CONFLICT, Equity (economics), Science & Technology, business.industry, MORTALITY, GBD 2020, Release 1, Vaccine Coverage Collaborators, Global burden of disease, injury and risk factors, Child vaccination, Global vaccine policies, Políticas mundiales de vacunación, Carga global de enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo, Global vaccination policies, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Childhood vaccination, Measles vaccine, Routine vaccination, business, Vaccine programme implementation
Abstract: Medir la vacunación infantil de rutina es crucial para informar las políticas mundiales de vacunación y la implementación de programas, y para hacer un seguimiento del progreso hacia los objetivos establecidos por el Plan de Acción Mundial sobre Vacunas (GVAP) y la Agenda de Inmunización 2030. Se necesitan estimaciones sólidas de la cobertura de vacunación de rutina para identificar los éxitos pasados y persistentes. vulnerabilidades. A partir del Estudio de la carga global de enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo (GBD) 2020, versión 1, realizamos un análisis sistemático de las tendencias de cobertura de vacunas a nivel mundial, regional y nacional utilizando un marco estadístico, por vacuna y a lo largo del tiempo. Métodos Para este análisis recopilamos 55 326 observaciones específicas del país, de la cohorte, del año, de la vacuna y de la dosis de la cobertura de vacunación infantil de rutina entre 1980 y 2019. Utilizando el proceso de regresión gaussiana espaciotemporal, Estimaciones específicas por año de 11 indicadores de cobertura de vacunación infantil de rutina para 204 países y territorios desde 1980 hasta 2019, ajustando los sesgos en los datos informados por los países y reflejando los desabastecimientos informados y las interrupciones en el suministro. Analizamos las tendencias mundiales y regionales en la cobertura y el número de niños con dosis cero (definidos como aquellos que nunca recibieron una dosis de vacuna contra la difteria, el tétanos y la tos ferina [DTP]), el progreso hacia los objetivos del GVAP y la relación entre la cobertura de la vacuna y el desarrollo sociodemográfico. Recomendaciones Para 2019, la cobertura mundial de la tercera dosis de DTP (DTP3; 81,6 % [intervalo de incertidumbre del 95 % 80,4–82,7]) se duplicó con creces con respecto a los niveles estimados en 1980 (39,9 % [37,5–42 ·1]), al igual que la cobertura mundial de la vacuna antisarampionosa de primera dosis (MCV1; del 38,5 % [35,4–41,3] en 1980 al 83,6 % [82,3–84,8 ] en 2019). La cobertura de la vacuna antipoliomielítica de tercera dosis (Pol3) también aumentó, del 42,6 % (41,4–44,1) en 1980 al 79,8 % (78,4–81,1) en 2019, y la cobertura mundial de vacunas más nuevas Las vacunas aumentaron rápidamente entre 2000 y 2019. La cantidad mundial de niños que recibieron dosis cero se redujo en casi un 75 % entre 1980 y 2019, de 56,8 millones (52,6–60,9) a 14,5 millones (13,4– 15·9). Sin embargo, durante la última década, la cobertura mundial de vacunas se estabilizó en general; 94 países y territorios registraron una disminución de la cobertura de DTP3 desde 2010. Se estimó que solo 11 países y territorios alcanzaron el objetivo nacional del GVAP de al menos una cobertura del 90 % para todas las vacunas evaluadas en 2019. Interpretación Después de lograr grandes avances en la cobertura de vacunación infantil en todo el mundo, en gran parte del mundo este progreso se estancó o se revirtió de 2010 a 2019. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de revisar las estrategias de inmunización de rutina y los enfoques programáticos, centrando la prestación de servicios en torno a la equidad y las poblaciones desatendidas. Fortalecer los datos de vacunas y los sistemas de monitoreo es crucial para estas actividades, ahora y hasta 2030, para garantizar que todos los niños tengan acceso y puedan beneficiarse de las vacunas que salvan vidas. Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81·6% [95% uncertainty interval 80·4–82·7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39·9% [37·5–42·1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38·5% [35·4–41·3] in 1980 to 83·6% [82·3–84·8] in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42·6% (41·4–44·1) in 1980 to 79·8% (78·4–81·1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56·8 million (52·6–60·9) to 14·5 million (13·4–15·9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines.
Published: 2021

29. Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination Coverage and Associated Factors among Childbearing Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author: Moges Mareg, Alemayehu Molla, Jemberu Nigussie, and Bekahegn Girma
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Vaccination Coverage, Clostridium tetani, Mothers, Review Article, medicine.disease_cause, complex mixtures, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pregnancy, Environmental health, Tetanus Toxoid, Humans, Medicine, Tetanus, Bacterial disease, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Public health, Vaccination, Infant, Newborn, Toxoid, Prenatal Care, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Neonatal tetanus, Immunization, Meta-analysis, Educational Status, Female, Ethiopia, Health Facilities, business
Abstract: Background. Tetanus is a bacterial disease caused by the Clostridium tetani, which is a highly fatal, noncommunicable, and toxin-mediated disease. Globally, maternal and neonatal tetanus is a public health problem due to low maternal tetanus toxoid immunization. Ethiopia has the highest neonatal mortality and morbidity related to tetanus due to low tetanus toxoid immunization and the high number of home deliveries. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the pooled coverage of at least two doses of tetanus toxoid immunization, and the pooled effect sizes of associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods. Primary studies for this review were searched from the PubMed/MEDLINE online, ScienceDirect, Hinari, Google, and Google Scholar databases. Primary articles published from 2010 up to August 30, 2020, were included in this meta-analysis. Data were extracted in Microsoft Excel format and exported to STATA Version 14.0. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled coverage of two or more tetanus toxoid immunizations and its associated factors. Heterogeneity was evaluated by the I 2 test. Egger’s weighted regression test was used to assess publication bias. Results. We retrieved 212 records; of these, 199 articles were excluded for reasons. Finally, 14 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of receiving at least two doses of tetanus toxoid immunization coverage in Ethiopia was 52.2% (95% CI: 42.47-61.93, I 2 = 98.4 % ). Antenatal care ( OR = 7.8 (95% CI: 3.2, 19.2), I 2 = 96.3 % ), media exposure ( OR = 8.3 (95% CI: 2.1, 33.3), I 2 = 98.1 % ), distance from the health facility ( OR = 2.64 (95% CI: 1.1, 6.6), I 2 = 94.1 % ), educational status of women ( OR = 4.7 (95% CI: 2.07, 9.56), I 2 = 94.2 % ), and educational status of husbands ( OR = 2.995 (95% CI: 1.194, 7.512), I 2 = 92.5 % ) were factors significantly associated with receiving at least two doses of tetanus toxoid immunization coverage in Ethiopia. Conclusions. The coverage of tetanus toxoid immunization among childbearing women was low in Ethiopia. Strengthening maternal health service utilization (antinatal care and institutional delivery) to the nearest health facility even in health posts and empowering education for both women and their husbands is recommended to increase tetanus toxoid immunization coverage in Ethiopia.
Published: 2021

30. Persistence of sleep disturbance among post‐COVID patients: Findings from a 2‐month follow‐up study in a Bangladeshi cohort

Author: Robed Amin, Mohiuddin Sharif, Maruf Ahmed Molla, Fahima Sharmin Hossain, Pratyay Hasan, Khairul Islam, and Ridwanur Rahman
Subjects: Sleep Wake Disorders, Bangladesh, medicine.medical_specialty, Sleep disorder, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, COVID-19, medicine.disease, Logistic regression, Virology, Confidence interval, Persistence (computer science), Infectious Diseases, Diabetes mellitus, Relative risk, Internal medicine, Epidemiology, Cohort, medicine, Humans, Sleep, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: To evaluate the persistence and factors associated with sleep disturbances among COVID-19 patients with a history of sleep disturbances 2 months after discharge from the hospital. A total of 400 patients admitted at Dhaka Medical College Hospital during July and August were diagnosed as suffering from sleep disturbances during their hospital stay using a standardized scale. They were followed up 2 months later through telephone, and a total of 322 participants were interviewed (excluding 63 nonresponders and five deceased) regarding the persistence of disturbances in sleep through a structured questionnaire. Patient demographic, clinical, and epidemiological data including history regarding in-hospital sleep disturbance were retrieved from hospital treatment sheets. Results revealed, 35% of study participants (n = 113) were still experiencing symptoms of sleep disturbances during the interview by telephone. Age (p = 0.015), diabetes mellitus (relative risk [RR]: 1.21; confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.42, p = 0.022), on admission SPO2 (p = 0.009), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.025), serum ferritin (p = 0.014), and d-dimer (p = 0.030) were independently associated with sleep disturbances among participants (p < 0.05). Binary and fitting logistic regression through repeated K folds cross-validation revealed 1.65 (CI: 1.02-2.66), 1.07 (CI: 1.01-1.14), and 1.07 (CI: 1.00-1.15) times higher odds of persistence of sleep disturbances among patients with diabetes mellitus, increased neutrophil, and lymphocyte percentages, respectively. Findings of this study need to be validated and patients should be further followed up with more in-depth studies conducted 6 or 12 months after initial infection, possibly with the help of higher sample size and in-person interview.
Published: 2021

31. Minimum acceptable diet and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia

Author: Haimanot Abebe, Haile Workye, Alex Yeshaneh, Daniel Adane, Molla Gashu, Habtemariam Abata, and Aynalem Kebede
Subjects: Adult, Male, Postnatal Care, Breastfeeding, Logistic regression, Pediatrics, RJ1-570, Minimum acceptable diet, Sex Factors, Statistical significance, medicine, Humans, Occupations, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Meal, Dietary diversity, Marital Status, business.industry, Research, Age Factors, Infant, Simple random sample, medicine.disease, Meal frequency, Diet, Poor Feeding, Malnutrition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Educational Status, Female, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, business, Demography
Abstract: Introduction The health and growth of children less than two years of age can be affected by the poor quality of complementary foods and poor feeding practices even with optimal breastfeeding. In Ethiopia, empirical evidence on the minimum acceptable diet and its associated factors is limited. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the level of minimum acceptable diet and its associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based Cross-sectional study was conducted among a total of 575 mother-child pairs. A simple random sampling technique was used to recruit participants. For infant and young child feeding practices, the data collection tools were adapted from world health organizations’ standardized questionnaire which is developed in 2007. Data entry and analysis were performed using EPI data version 3.1 and SPSS version 20 respectively. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine predictor variables. Statistical significance was declared at p-value Result In this study, the level of minimum acceptable diet was found to be 74.6%.. About 90.6 and 80.2% of the children received minimum meal frequency and dietary diversity respectively. Having a husband secondary and above educational level [AOR = 4.789(95%CI:1.917–11.967)], being a housewife [AOR = 0.351(95% CI: 0.150–0.819)], having a history of more than three postnatal follow-ups [AOR = 2.616(95%CI:1.120–6.111], Having mothers age between 25 and 34 years [AOR = 2.051(95%CI:1.267–3.320)], being male child [AOR = 1.585(95%CI:1.052–2.388)] and having children age between 18 and 23 months [AOR = 3.026(95%CI:1.786–5.128)] were some of the factors significantly associated with a minimum acceptable diet. Conclusion In this study, the minimum acceptable diet among children aged 6–23 months was significantly associated with the educational status of the husband, mother’s occupation, history of postnatal follow-up, age of the mother, sex of the child, and age of the child. Thus, attention should be given to educating the father, empowering mothers to have a job, promoting gender equality of feeding, and counseling on the benefit of postnatal care visits. In addition, the ministry of health should work on educating and advocating the benefit of feeding the recommended minimum acceptable diet to break the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition.
Published: 2021

32. Global, regional, and national burden of respiratory tract cancers and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Chi Linh Hoang, Christopher J L Murray, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Feng Sha, Simon I. Hay, Jianrong Zhang, Nikita Otstavnov, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Azeem Majeed, Lorenzo Monasta, Jasvinder A. Singh, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Jalal Arabloo, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Freddy Sitas, Sanjeev Misra, Lisa M. Force, Irina Filip, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Shahabeddin Rezaei, Amir Radfar, Luca Ronfani, Iván Landires, Rovshan Khalilov, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Farhad Pishgar, Mario Šekerija, Priya Rathi, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Michael T. Chung, Ali Bijani, Ritesh G. Menezes, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ken Takahashi, Nobuyuki Horita, Supreet Kaur, Rakhi Dandona, Alan D. Lopez, Alireza Rafiei, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Kelly Compton, Akram Pourshams, G Anil Kumar, Dinh-Toi Chu, Deniz Yuce, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Kazem Zendehdel, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Aaron Cohen, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Lalit Dandona, Pradhum Ram, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Thomas Roberts, Michael Brauer, Meseret Derbew Molla, Vesna Zadnik, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Lidia Morawska, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Qing Lan, Rajesh Sharma, Mahesh P A, David Laith Rawaf, Ali H. Mokdad, Tomasz Miazgowski, Zabihollah Yousefi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Reza Malekzadeh, Paul J. Villeneuve, Masood Ali Shaikh, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Sohail Ahmad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Hassan Abolhassani, Hermann Brenner, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Elvynna Leong, Mohammad Rabiee, Abdallah M. Samy, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Silvano Gallus, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Mowafa Househ, Xiaochen Dai, Marco Vacante, Mihaela Hostiuc, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Francesco Saverio Violante, Weijia Fu, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Vahid Alipour, Tone Bjørge, Savita Lasrado, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Farshad Farzadfar, Shafiu Mohammed, Fares Alahdab, Paolo Lauriola, Saeed Amini, Eugenio Traini, Maryam Zamanian, Samer Hamidi, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Pawan Faris, Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Shane D. Morrison, Marcel Ausloos, Aziz Sheikh, Eun-Kee Park, Antonio Biondi, Zahra Aryan, Claudiu Herteliu, Ivo Iavicoli, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Nicholas L S Roberts, Navid Rabiee, Tudorel Andrei, Catherine Bisignano, Giulia Carreras, Andrew T Olagunju, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Dejana Braithwaite, Alex Molassiotis, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Javad Nazari, Giuseppe Gorini, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Ravensara S. Travillian, Zahid A Butt, Baye Dagnew, Atif Amin Baig, Nima Rezaei, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Khanh Bao Tran, Malke Asaad, Tim Driscoll, Navid Manafi, Frances E. Dean, Shailesh Advani, Stephen S Lim, Robert Ancuceanu, Milena Ilic, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Ashwin Kamath, Carlo La Vecchia, Farhad Islami, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Irena Ilic, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Florian Fischer, GBD 2019 Respiratory Tract Cancer Collaborator, and Francesco S. Violante
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, CELL LUNG-CANCER, EGFR, Respiratory System, GBD 2019 Respiratory Tract Cancers Collaborators, Global Burden of Disease, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Critical Care Medicine, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, General & Internal Medicine, Internal medicine, Tobacco Smoking, Humans, Medicine, Risk factor, Lung cancer, Bronchus, Science & Technology, SARS-CoV-2, MUTATIONS, business.industry, Risk Factor, MORTALITY, Incidence, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), cancer, GBD, respiratory tract, Smoking, COVID-19, Cancer, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Articles, AIR-POLLUTION, respiratory system, medicine.disease, Respiratory Tract Neoplasms, Respiratory Tract Neoplasm, medicine.anatomical_structure, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Relative risk, CIGARETTE-SMOKING, business, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, SMOKERS, 1199 Other Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract: Summary Background Prevention, control, and treatment of respiratory tract cancers are important steps towards achieving target 3.4 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—a one-third reduction in premature mortality due to non-communicable diseases by 2030. We aimed to provide global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 methodology, we evaluated the incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of respiratory tract cancers (ie, tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer). Deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer attributable to each risk factor were estimated on the basis of risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input from 204 countries and territories, stratified by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Trends were estimated from 1990 to 2019, with an emphasis on the 2010–19 period. Findings Globally, there were 2·26 million (95% uncertainty interval 2·07 to 2·45) new cases of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer, and 2·04 million (1·88 to 2·19) deaths and 45·9 million (42·3 to 49·3) DALYs due to tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in 2019. There were 209 000 (194 000 to 225 000) new cases of larynx cancer, and 123 000 (115 000 to 133 000) deaths and 3·26 million (3·03 to 3·51) DALYs due to larynx cancer globally in 2019. From 2010 to 2019, the number of new tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer cases increased by 23·3% (12·9 to 33·6) globally and the number of larynx cancer cases increased by 24·7% (16·0 to 34·1) globally. Global age-standardised incidence rates of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer decreased by 7·4% (−16·8 to 1·6) and age-standardised incidence rates of larynx cancer decreased by 3·0% (−10·5 to 5·0) in males over the past decade; however, during the same period, age-standardised incidence rates in females increased by 0·9% (−8·2 to 10·2) for tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and decreased by 0·5% (−8·4 to 8·1) for larynx cancer. Furthermore, although age-standardised incidence and death rates declined in both sexes combined from 2010 to 2019 at the global level for tracheal, bronchus, lung and larynx cancers, some locations had rising rates, particularly those on the lower end of the SDI range. Smoking contributed to an estimated 64·2% (61·9–66·4) of all deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and 63·4% (56·3–69·3) of all deaths from larynx cancer in 2019. For males and for both sexes combined, smoking was the leading specific risk factor for age-standardised deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer per 100 000 in all SDI quintiles and GBD regions in 2019. However, among females, household air pollution from solid fuels was the leading specific risk factor in the low SDI quintile and in three GBD regions (central, eastern, and western sub-Saharan Africa) in 2019. Interpretation The numbers of incident cases and deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer increased globally during the past decade. Even more concerning, age-standardised incidence and death rates due to tracheal, bronchus, lung cancer and larynx cancer increased in some populations—namely, in the lower SDI quintiles and among females. Preventive measures such as smoking control interventions, air quality management programmes focused on major air pollution sources, and widespread access to clean energy should be prioritised in these settings. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

33. Sleep quality and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Jimma Medical Center, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020: cross-sectional study

Author: Tamrat Anbesaw, Tilahun Bete, Chalachew Kassaw, Alemayehu Molla, and Habtamu Abebe
Subjects: Adult, Cross-sectional study, RC435-571, Developing country, Logistic regression, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Risk Factors, Pregnancy, Environmental health, Medicine, Humans, Depression (differential diagnoses), Aged, Psychiatry, Sleep hygiene, business.industry, Research, Systematic sampling, Prenatal Care, Sleep quality, Jimma, medicine.disease, Psychiatry and Mental health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Pregnant Women, Ethiopia, business, Sleep
Abstract: Background Sleep is a natural physiological process vital for the physical and mental wellbeing of pregnant women and their fetuses. Even though poor sleep quality is a common problem among pregnant women, it is not studied in developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the poor sleep quality and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Jimma medical center, Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020. Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 415 pregnant women at Jimma Medical Center (JMC). The study subjects were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality using face-to-face interviews. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze data. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were done to identify factors related to sleep quality. In multivariable logistic regression variables with a p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant and, adjusted OR (AOR) with 95% CI was used to present the strength of the association. Results The prevalence of poor sleep quality among pregnant women was found to be 30.8% (95% CI (26.5, 35.2). In multivariable analysis, age ≥ 30 years old (AOR = 1.94;95%CI:1.03,3.66), Multigravida (AOR = 1.90;95%CI:1.90,3.32),depression (AOR = 4.26;95%CI:2.54,7.14),stress (AOR = 1.85;95%CI:1.20,3.02) were variables significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Conclusion This study found a high prevalence of poor sleep quality among pregnant women. Older age, gravidity, depression, and stress were associated with poor sleep quality. It is better to have routine sleep pattern screening and teach sleep hygiene practice for pregnant women.
Published: 2021

34. Acute poisoning in children in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Author: Yalew Melkamu, Molla, Kassahun Denekew, Belachew, Gashaw Walle, Ayehu, and Assefa Agegnehu, Teshome
Subjects: Male, Rural Population, Emergency Medical Services, Cross-Sectional Studies, Multidisciplinary, Poisoning, Humans, Female, Ethiopia, Child, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Acute poisoning is a global pediatric emergency problem. However, a wide variation in patterns of acute poisoning and associated factors across different geographical regions was stated. As a result, our research focused on the investigation of acute poisoning in children. An Institutional-based Retrospective study design was conducted at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital from October 2016 to October 2020. The analysis of the data was performed via SPSS Version 25. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analysis was recruited. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was declared as statistically significant. Our study's prevalence of acute poisoning was 82/5489 (1.5%). 53 (64.6%) of patients were males. Of the total patients who had the diagnosis of poisoning, 54 (65.9%) came from rural areas. Venom was the most frequent offending agent (26.8%) and oral ingestion was the most common route of exposure (70.7%). Of the total patients who had the diagnosis of poisoning, 54 (65.9%) came from rural areas. Venom was the most frequent offending agent (26.8%), followed by insecticides (organophosphates) (21.5%). Accidental poisoning was the most common mode of poisoning more often than intentional (75.6–24.4%). The digestive tract (oral ingestion) (69.5%) was the commonest route of poisoning, followed by the cutaneous (skin bite) (24.4%). Death was three times more likely in the rural population than in urban residents [AOR 2.9 (1.21–13.7); P value 0.046]. Appropriate emergency care is the mainstay of the supportive management protocol for childhood poisoning.
Published: 2022

35. Hotspots and determinants of women’s discriminatory attitude towards people living with HIV; evidence from ethiopian demographic and health survey data

Author: Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Mehari Woldemariam Merid, Getahun Molla Kassa, Desalegn Anmut Bitew, and Menberesibhat Getie Ferede
Subjects: Rural Population, Spatial Analysis, Reproductive Medicine, Humans, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Female, HIV Infections, Ethiopia, General Medicine, Health Surveys, Demography
Abstract: Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the major public health concern in Ethiopia with more profound effect on women. Discriminatory attitude towards people living with HIV (PLWH) impose a significant impact on patient outcomes and related issues. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the hotspot areas and determinant factors of women’s discriminatory attitude towards people living with HIV. Methods An in-depth secondary data analysis was conducted based on Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS) 2016. A total of weighed 13,822 reproductive-age women were included in the analysis. The non-spatial analysis was conducted using Stata 16. A mixed effect multi-level logistic regression model was fitted to identify determinant factors of discriminatory attitude towards PLWH. A p-value Results The magnitude of women’s discriminatory attitude towards PLWH was 62.66% (95%CI: 60.12, 65.10). The discriminatory attitude of women towards PLWH was spatially clustered (Moran’s index = 0.41, P Conclusion Discriminatory attitude of women towards PLWH was high in Ethiopia. Hotspots were detected in Amhara, Oromiya, SNNPR, Tigray regions, and Addis Ababa city. Socio-demographic, socio-economic, and HIV knowledge-related factors determine the women’s discriminatory attitude towards PLWH.
Published: 2022

36. Mental distress and associated factors among college students in Kemisie district, Ethiopia

Author: Aziza, Siraji, Asressie, Molla, Wolde Melese, Ayele, and Natnael, Kebede
Subjects: Cross-Sectional Studies, Multidisciplinary, Mental Disorders, Prevalence, Humans, Ethiopia, Students
Abstract: Mental health problems such as distress affect society in a non-differential fashion. In recent decades, mental distress is becoming a common health problem among students. In this regard, there is limited information about the problem available in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of mental distress among college students in Kemisie district, Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 408 students from February 11 to 14 2020. A stratified sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Self-reporting questionnaire (referred to as the SRQ-20) is a standardized questionnaire having 20-item questions and was used as a tool for mental distress. Appropriate descriptive statistics was done. A binary logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with mental distress. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the level of significance. Apvalue
Published: 2022

37. Commensal oral microbiota impacts ulcerative oral mucositis clinical course in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients

Author: Julia S. Bruno, Vitor Heidrich, Franciele H. Knebel, Vinícius Campos de Molla, Claudia Joffily Parahyba, Wanessa Miranda-Silva, Paula F. Asprino, Luciana Tucunduva, Vanderson Rocha, Yana Novis, Celso Arrais-Rodrigues, Anamaria A. Camargo, and Eduardo R. Fregnani
Subjects: Stomatitis, Multidisciplinary, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Microbiota, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Mouth Mucosa, Humans, Stomatitis, Aphthous
Abstract: Oral mucositis (OM) is a complex acute cytotoxicity of antineoplastic treatment that affects 40–85% of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. OM is associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased extensive pharmacotherapy, need for parenteral nutrition, and elevated treatment costs. As OM onset relates to the mucosal microenvironment status, with a particular role for microbiota-driven inflammation, we aimed to investigate whether the oral mucosa microbiota was associated with the clinical course of OM in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. We collected oral mucosa samples from 30 patients and analyzed the oral mucosa microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing. A total of 13 patients (43%) developed ulcerative OM. We observed that specific taxa were associated with oral mucositis grade and time to oral mucositis healing. Porphyromonas relative abundance at preconditioning was positively correlated with ulcerative OM grade (Spearman ρ = 0.61, P = 0.028) and higher Lactobacillus relative abundance at ulcerative OM onset was associated with shortened ulcerative OM duration (P = 0.032). Additionally, we generated a machine-learning-based bacterial signature that uses pre-treatment microbial profiles to predict whether a patient will develop OM during treatment. Our findings suggest that further research should focus on host-microbiome interactions to better prevent and treat OM.
Published: 2022

38. Vascular smooth muscle RhoA counteracts abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by modulating MAP4K4 activity

Author: Md Rasel Molla, Akio Shimizu, Masahiro Komeno, Nor Idayu A. Rahman, Joanne Ern Chi Soh, Le Kim Chi Nguyen, Mahbubur Rahman Khan, Wondwossen Wale Tesega, Si Chen, Xiaoling Pang, Miki Tanaka-Okamoto, Noriyuki Takashima, Akira Sato, Tomoaki Suzuki, and Hisakazu Ogita
Subjects: Myocytes, Smooth Muscle, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Medicine (miscellaneous), Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Aneurysm, Muscle, Smooth, Vascular, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Mechanisms of disease, Animals, Humans, Mitogens, rhoA GTP-Binding Protein, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
Abstract: Whether a small GTPase RhoA plays a role in the pathology of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has not been determined. We show here that RhoA expression is reduced in human AAA lesions, compared with normal areas. Furthermore, incidence of AAA formation is increased in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-specific RhoA conditional knockout (cKO) mice. The contractility of the aortic rings and VSMCs from RhoA cKO mice is reduced, and expression of genes related to the VSMC contractility is attenuated by loss of RhoA. RhoA depletion activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling, including MAP4K4, in the aorta and VSMCs. Inhibition of MAP4K4 activity by DMX-5804 decreases AAA formation. Set, a binding protein to active RhoA, functions as an activator of MAP4K4 by sequestering PP2A, an inhibitor of MAP4K4, in the absence of RhoA. In conclusion, RhoA counteracts AAA formation through inhibition of MAP4K4 in cooperation with Set.
Published: 2022

39. Knowledge, attitude, and intention to accept COVID-19 vaccine among patients with chronic diseases in southern Ethiopia: Multi-center study

Author: Getachew Asmare, Adella, Kelemu, Abebe, Natnael, Atnafu, Gedion Asnake, Azeze, Tamiru, Alene, Simegn, Molla, Gizachew, Ambaw, Tekalign, Amera, Amanuel, Yosef, Kirubel, Eshetu, Adisu, Yeshambel, Dabere, Nigatu, Endeshaw Chekol, Abebe, Belete, Birhan, and Yibeltal, Assefa
Subjects: Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, COVID-19 Vaccines, Cross-Sectional Studies, Chronic Disease, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, Humans, Ethiopia, Intention, Middle Aged, Aged
Abstract: BackgroundMost of the COVID-19 fatal cases and severe illnesses like acute respiratory distress syndrome occur in older adults and other people who have underlying medical comorbidities. Understanding patients with chronic disease' knowledge, attitudes, and intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine and related factors are necessary to control the mortality of COVID-19 infection. Therefore, this study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine among patients with chronic disease in Southern Ethiopia.Methods and materialsA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 409 patients with chronic diseases having a follow-up at the hospitals of the Southern region of Ethiopia from November 14, 2021, to December 24, 2021. A structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was conducted to show the association of variables with knowledge, attitude, and intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine. The associations of variables were declared with the use of a 95% CI and P-value < 0.05.ResultsOverall, 79.2, 70.9, and 58.2% of participants had good knowledge, favorable attitude, and intent to take the COVID-19 vaccine, respectively. Age ≥49 years old (AOR = 1.643; 95% CI = 1.008–3.060) and college and above level of education (AOR = 3.002; 95% CI = 1.897–5.021) were found to be significantly associated with knowledge about COVID-19 vaccine. College and above level of education (AOR = 1.510; 95% CI = 1.002–3.975) and good knowledge (AOR = 3.560; 95% CI = 1.481–6.120) were found to be significantly associated with intention to take COVID-19 vaccine.Conclusion and recommendationIntention to take the COVID-19 vaccine was low among patients with chronic diseases to achieve herd immunity. Therefore, a holistic and multi-sectoral partnership is necessary for a successful COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Further health education and communication are very crucial methods to improve vaccine acceptance and lastly to achieve herd immunity.
Published: 2022

40. Seroprevalence of HBV and HCV Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Author: Alebachew Fasil, Demeke Geremew, Gezahegn Bewket, Amare Kiflie, Molla Abebe, and Belete Biadgo
Subjects: Adult, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C Antibodies, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hormones, Hospitals, Young Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Humans, Ethiopia
Abstract: Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses are common infections and main causative agents of chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is the major site of hormone and glucose metabolism which have deep interconnection with diabetes. Hepatitis-B and hepatitis-C virus infection and diabetes are prevalent diseases worldwide associated with increased morbidity and mortality. High prevalence of DM, HCV, and HBV showed that there is a higher chance of coexisting in an individual. Therefore, our study tried to assess the coexistence of hepatitis viruses and diabetes mellitus among DM patients at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital.The hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from November 01 to December 30, 2019 to as-sess the prevalence and associated factors of HBV and HCV among diabetes patients attending at University of Gondar referral hospital. Sociodemographic data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Four milliliters of blood were collected using an anticoagulant free test tube for measurement of biochemical parameters and detection of hepatitis viruses. HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody detection was performed using One Step Cassette Style HBsAg Rapid Test and EUGENE® anti-HCV rapid test, respectively. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associated risk factors for the outcome variable. A p-value of0.05 was considered statistically significant.A total of 288 diabetes patients were included in this study and the prevalence of HBV and HCV was 7 (2.43%) and 18 (6.25%), respectively. Hepatitis B virus showed similar prevalence for type 1 and type 2 diabetes at 2.6% and 2.3%, respectively, but HCV showed a wide variation with 17.5% and 4.3% prevalence, respectively, for both diabetes types. In a multivariable logistic regression model compared with younger age (≤ 24 years), older age ≥ 65 years (AOR: 19.545, 95% CI: 2.577 - 22.827) age groups and poor glycemic control (AOR: 18.84, 95% CI: 17.83 - 20.39) showed significant association with HBV.A considerably large number of diabetes patients tested positive for anti-HCV antibody as a marker of Hepatitis C virus infection. None of the variables showed significant association with active Hepatitis B virus infection whereas older ages (≥ 65 years) and diabetes patients with poor glycemic control showed significant association with anti-HCV antibody positivity.
Published: 2022

41. Poor glycemic control and associated factors among pediatric diabetes mellitus patients in northwest Ethiopia, 2020: facility-based cross sectional retrospective study design

Author: Atitegeb Abera, Kidie, Birtukan Gizachew, Ayal, Tiruneh, Ayele, Elsa Awoke, Fentie, and Ayenew Molla, Lakew
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Glycated Hemoglobin, Cross-Sectional Studies, Multidisciplinary, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Risk Factors, Hyperglycemia, Humans, Ethiopia, Glycemic Control, Child, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a global public health problem. Glycemic control is a major public health problem. Diabetes results from elevated levels of glycaemia such as increased glucose and glycated hemoglobin, and controlling glycaemia is an integral component of the management of diabetes. Glycemic control in children is particularly difficult to achieve. Identifying determinants of poor glycemic control is important for early modification of diabetic related end organ damages. This study was aimed to assess the status of glycemic control and associated factors among pediatric diabetes mellitus patients in northwest Ethiopia. Facility-based cross sectional retrospective cohort study design was used and this study was conducted from September, 2015 to February, 2018. Simple random sampling was used to select 389 samples. Data were collected using an extraction checklist. Data were entered into Epi-data − 4.6, and analyzed using Stata-16. Finally, multivariable binary logistic regression was done. Poor glycemic control was more common among pediatric patients 39.3% (95% CI 34.6, 44.3). Treatment discontinuation (AOR 2.42, 95% CI 1.25, 4.69), age (AOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03, 1.28) and treatment dose (AOR 0.96, 95 CI 0.92, 0.99) were significantly associated with poor glycemic control. Prevalence of poor glycemic control was high. Patient’s age, history of treatment discontinuation and dose of treatment were the significant contributing factors to poor glycemic control. These need to be addressed to attain the objective of adequate glycemic control.
Published: 2022

42. Magnitude of birth trauma and its associated factors in South Wollo public hospitals, northeast Ethiopia, August 2021: Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Author: Gebeyaw Biset, Setegn Mihret, Asnakew Molla Mekonen, and Amare Workie
Subjects: Cross-Sectional Studies, Hospitals, Public, Pregnancy, Infant, Newborn, Birth Weight, Humans, Female, General Medicine, Ethiopia, Shoulder Dystocia
Abstract: ObjectiveThe institutional-based cross-sectional study was designed to assess the magnitude of birth trauma and its associated factors in South Wollo, northeast Ethiopia.SettingThis study was conducted in the public hospitals of South Wollo, northeast Ethiopia. South Wollo is one of the 12 zones in the Amhara regional state with a total population of >3 million. There are 13 hospitals in South Wollo, of these 4 hospitals were selected randomly.ParticipantsA total of 612 mother-newborn pairs were selected to conduct the study. However, data were collected from 594 mother-neonate pairs giving a response rate of 97%. The study participants were selected by applying a simple random sampling technique after proportional allocation of the total sample to each study hospital. Live neonates delivered during the study period were included, whereas stillborn, neonates born with major congenital malformation and neonates whose mothers died during the birth process were excluded.ResultA total of 594 mother-newborn pairs were involved with a response rate of 97%. Seventy-eight newborns 13.13% (95% CI: 10.30 to 16.00) had experienced birth trauma. Prolonged labour (AOR: 5.78, 95% CI: 3.00 to 11.15), birth weight >4 kg (AOR: 9.18, 95% CI: 3.92 to 21.50), vacuum delivery (AOR: 6.74, 95% CI: 2.01 to 22.56), forceps delivery (AOR: 7.36, 95% CI: 1.96 to 27.58) and shoulder dystocia (AOR: 9.83, 95% CI: 4.13 to 23.50) were risk factors of birth trauma.ConclusionThe prevalence of birth trauma was higher than the report from most of the African countries. Prolonged labour, instrumental deliveries, large birth weight and shoulder dystocia were the identified risk factors of birth trauma. The ministry of health and the local healthcare system should give attention to the maternal health services.
Published: 2022

43. Patient attitudes towards changes in colorectal cancer surveillance: An application of the Health Belief Model

Author: Maddison Dix, Carlene J. Wilson, Ingrid H. Flight, Molla M. Wassie, Graeme P. Young, Charles Cock, Sarah Cohen‐Woods, and Erin L. Symonds
Subjects: Male, Oncology, Attitude, Occult Blood, Australia, Humans, Mass Screening, Female, Colonoscopy, Middle Aged, Colorectal Neoplasms, Early Detection of Cancer, Health Belief Model
Abstract: This is to determine whether health beliefs regarding colorectal cancer (CRC) screening could predict discomfort with a change to CRC surveillance proposing regular faecal immunochemical tests (FIT) instead of colonoscopy.Eight hundred individuals enrolled in a South Australian colonoscopy surveillance programme were invited to complete a survey on surveillance preferences. Responses were analysed using binary logistic regression predicting discomfort with a hypothetical FIT-based surveillance change. Predictor variables included constructs based on the Health Belief Model: perceived threat of CRC, perceived confidence to complete FIT and colonoscopy (self-efficacy), perceived benefits from current surveillance and perceived barriers to FIT and colonoscopy.A total of 408 participants (51%) returned the survey (complete data n = 303; mean age 62 years, 52% male). Most participants (72%) were uncomfortable with FIT-based surveillance reducing colonoscopy frequency. This attitude was predicted by a higher perceived threat of CRC (OR = 1.03 [95% CI 1.01-1.04]), higher colonoscopy self-efficacy (OR = 1.34 [95% CI 1.13-1.59]) and lower perceived barriers to colonoscopy (OR = 0.92 [95% CI 0.86-0.99]).Health beliefs regarding colonoscopy and perceived threat of CRC may be important to consider when changing CRC surveillance protocols. If guideline changes were introduced, these factors should be addressed to provide patients reassurance concerning the efficacy of the alternative protocol.
Published: 2022

44. Development and validation of a risk prediction model for lost to follow-up among adults on active antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study

Author: Dawit Tefera Fentie, Getahun Molla Kassa, Sofonyas Abebaw Tiruneh, and Achenef Asmamaw Muche
Subjects: Adult, Infectious Diseases, Humans, HIV Infections, Lost to Follow-Up, Ethiopia, Prospective Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Background Over 420,000 people have initiated life-saving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Ethiopia; however, lost-to-follow-up (LTFU) rates continues to be high. A clinical decision tool is needed to identify patients at higher risk for LTFU to provide individualized risk prediction to intervention. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a statistical risk prediction tool that predicts the probability of LTFU among adult clients on ART. Methods A retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 432 clients on ART in Gondar Town, northwest, Ethiopia. Prognostic determinates included in the analysis were determined by multivariable logistic regression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) and calibration plot were used to assess the model discriminative ability and predictive accuracy, respectively. Individual risk prediction for LTFU was determined using both regression formula and score chart rule. Youden index value was used to determine the cut-point for risk classification. The clinical utility of the model was evaluated using decision curve analysis (DCA). Results The incidence of LTFU was 11.19 (95% CI 8.95–13.99) per 100-persons years of observation. Potential prognostic determinants for LTFU were rural residence, not using prophylaxis (either cotrimoxazole or Isoniazid or both), patient on appointment spacing model (ASM), poor drug adherence level, normal Body mass index (BMI), and high viral load (viral copies > 1000 copies/ml). The AUROC was 85.9% (95% CI 82.0–89.6) for the prediction model and the risk score was 81.0% (95% CI 76.7–85.3) which was a good discrimination probability. The maximum sensitivity and specificity of the probability of LTFU using the prediction model were 72.07% and 83.49%, respectively. The calibration plot of the model was good (p-value = 0.350). The DCA indicated that the model provides a higher net benefit following patients based on the risk prediction tool. Conclusion The incidence of LTFU among clients on ART in Gondar town was high (> 3%). The risk prediction model presents an accurate and easily applicable prognostic prediction tool for clients on ART. A prospective follow-up study and external validation of the model is warranted before using the model.
Published: 2022

45. Assessment of core teaching competency of health professional educators in Ethiopia

Author: Daniel Dejene, Jelle Stekelenburg, Marco Versluis, Firew Ayalew, Yohannes Molla, and Public Health Research (PHR)
Subjects: International health services, TEACHERS, Health Personnel, Teaching, General Medicine, FACULTY-DEVELOPMENT, Midwifery, Faculty, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pregnancy, Faculty, Nursing, Humans, Human resource management, Female, Students, Nursing, Ethiopia, Medical education & training
Abstract: ObjectivesUnderstanding the competency of educators is key to informing faculty development, recruitment and performance monitoring. This study aimed to assess the core teaching competency of nursing, midwifery and biomedical educators, and associated factors in Ethiopia.DesignAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in January 2020 using structured tools adapted from the WHO’s nurse and midwifery educator competency frameworks.SettingTwo health science colleges and nine student practice sites in Ethiopia.ParticipantsAll classroom instructors and clinical preceptors of nursing, midwifery and biomedical technician training programmes, and all the graduating class students.MeasuresOverall teaching competency scores, teaching domain competency scores, competency gaps and performance gaps of educators were outcome measures. Past training on teaching skills courses, teaching experiences and sociodemographic characteristics of educators are associated factors.ResultsMost educators were not trained in teaching methods (82%). The teaching competency scores of classroom instructors and clinical preceptors were 61.1% and 52.5%, respectively. Competency gaps were found in using active learning methods, performance assessment, feedback and digital learning. Professional background of classroom instructors had a significant and strong association with their competency score (p=0.004; V=0.507). Age and teaching experience of clinical preceptors had significant associations with their competency score (p=0.023 and p=0.007, respectively) and had strong associations (V=0.280 and 0.323, respectively). Sex of students and their perceptions of how well the educators give education resources had a significant and strong association (p=0.429).ConclusionsNursing, midwifery and biomedical educators lacked the competency to undertake important teaching roles, which could contribute to the low quality of education. More attention should be given to strengthening faculty development.
Published: 2022

46. View from the Other Side: A Perspective on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in a Developing Nation - Bangladesh

Author: Motiur Rahman Molla, Nafisa Marium Molla, and Hussein K. Haji
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Oral surgery, Oral Surgical Procedures, Developing country, Resection, Southeast asia, 03 medical and health sciences, Orthognathic Surgical Procedures, 0302 clinical medicine, Humans, Medicine, 030223 otorhinolaryngology, Developing Countries, Bangladesh, Maxillofacial surgeons, business.industry, General surgery, 030206 dentistry, Surgical procedures, Surgery, Oral, stomatognathic diseases, Otorhinolaryngology, Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Surgery, Oral Surgery, business
Abstract: Since the introduction of oral and maxillofacial surgery in Southeast Asia, the field has expanded considerably in the region, with existing oral and maxillofacial surgeons performing a multitude of complex surgical procedures, ranging from orthognathic surgical procedures to oncological resection and reconstruction cases. Oral and maxillofacial surgery continues, however, to have considerable potential for growth in Southeast Asia. To accomplish this growth, assistance from the global oral surgery community has proved and continues to prove invaluable and essential.
Published: 2020

47. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors among students in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Alemayehu Molla, Bereket Duko, Bekahegn Girma, Derebe Madoro, Jemberu Nigussie, Zelalem Belayneh, Nebiyu Mengistu, Birhanie Mekuriaw, Molla, Alemayehu, Duko, Bereket, Girma, Bekahegn, Madoro, Derebe, Nigussie, Jemberu, Belayneh, Zelalem, Mengistu, Nebiyu, and Mekuriaw, Birhanie
Subjects: students, Adolescent, education, General Medicine, dysmenorrhea, Dysmenorrhea, Odds Ratio, Prevalence, public pain, Humans, Medicine, Female, adolescents, Ethiopia, Students
Abstract: Background: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological complaints among adolescent women. It has been associated with short-term absenteeism in school and has a negative impact on academic and daily activities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to show the evidence on the magnitude and correlates of dysmenorrhea in Ethiopia. Method: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the literature from different databases such as PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, PsycINFO, and Cochrane library. We also used unpublished literature from Google, Google Scholar. The quality of the included articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel data extraction format. STATA version 14 statistical software was used for data analysis. To assess the heterogeneity of the primary articles, the Cochrane Q test statistics and the I2 test were carried out. Publication bias was inspected by funnel plot, and Egger’s test was performed to confirm the presence of publication bias. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its associated factors. Result: A total of 12 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence estimate of dysmenorrhea among female students in Ethiopia is 71.69% (66.82%–76.56%). In our systematic review, among factors associated with dysmenorrhea, the family history of dysmenorrhea was frequently reported in included studies. Therefore, dysmenorrhea was significantly associated with a family history of dysmenorrhea (adjusted odds ratio = 4.69 (95% confidence interval: 2.80–7.85)). Conclusion: The pooled prevalence estimate of dysmenorrhea among students was much higher in Ethiopia. Health professionals and teachers should educate and support students to follow their menstrual cycle regularly in the event of irregular periods. There should be an awareness of the negative consequences of dysmenorrhea to reduce the physical and psychological stresses that affect women and their families.
Published: 2022

48. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Khanh Bao Tran, Justin J Lang, Kelly Compton, Rixing Xu, Alistair R Acheson, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Louise Penberthy, Amirali Aali, Qamar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab, Gholamreza Abdoli, Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdorrahim Absalan, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Daniel Addison, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Sumia Afrin, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Addis Aklilu, Maxwell Akonde, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Saleh Ali Alessy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Nivaldo Alonso, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi, Haya Altawalah, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Yaregal Animut Animut, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Benny Antony, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Hany Ariffin, Timur Aripov, Muhammad Arshad, Al Artaman, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Armin Aryannejad, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Reza Assadi, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Davood Azadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Saber Azami-Aghdash, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Y Azzam, Amirhesam Babajani, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Ahad Bakhtiari, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Nasir Z Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Aeysha Begum, Alehegn Bekele Bekele, Alemayehu Sayih Belay, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Luis Belo, Habib Benzian, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Eduardo Bernabe, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Sadia Bibi, Awraris Hailu Bilchut, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Antonio Biondi, Mesfin Geremaw Birega Birega, Habitu Eshetu Birhan, Tone Bjørge, Oleg Blyuss, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Christina Maree Buchanan, Norma B Bulamu, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Márcia Carvalho, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Periklis Charalampous, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, William C S Cho, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Aaron J Cohen, Joao Conde, Sandra Cortés, Vera Marisa Costa, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw, Saad M A Dahlawi, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Anna Danielewicz, An Thi Minh Dao, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Saswati Das, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Elham Davtalab Esmaeili, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Biniyam Demisse, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Afshin Derakhshani, Meseret Derbew Molla, Diriba Dereje, Kalkidan Solomon Deribe, Rupak Desai, Markos Desalegn Desalegn, Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn, Samuel Abebe A Dessalegni, Gashaw Dessie, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Shilpi Gupta Dixit, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Paul Narh Doku, Deepa Dongarwar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Tim Robert Driscoll, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Sareh Edalati, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Donatus U Ekwueme, Maha El Tantawi, Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy, Iffat Elbarazi, Hesham Elghazaly, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Tegegne Eshetu, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Juan Espinosa-Montero, Farshid Etaee, Azin Etemadimanesh, Tahir Eyayu, Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Saman Fahimi, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Jawad Fares, Abbas Farmany, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Wafa Fatima, Hamed Fattahi, Ginenus Fekadu, Berhanu Elfu Feleke, Allegra Allegra Ferrari, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Roham Foroumadi, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Muktar A Gadanya, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Nasrin Galehdar, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Mariana Gaspar Fonseca, Yosef Haile Gebremariam, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Yohannes Fikadu Geda, Yibeltal Yismaw Gela, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Melaku Getachew, Motuma Erena Getachew, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Fariba Ghassemi, Ajnish Ghimire, Nermin Ghith, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Sherief Ghozy, Syed Amir Gilani, Paramjit Singh Gill, Themba G Ginindza, Abraham Tamirat T Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Mohamad Golitaleb, Giuseppe Gorini, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Giuseppe Grosso, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Mekdes Kondale Gurara, Alemu Guta, Parham Habibzadeh, Atlas Haddadi Avval, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Adel Hajj Ali, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Esam S Halboub, Aram Halimi, Rabih Halwani, Randah R Hamadeh, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Sanam Hariri, Netanja I Harlianto, Josep Maria Haro, Risky Kusuma Hartono, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi, Abbas M Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Zahra Heidarymeybodi, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Marianne Holm, Nobuyuki Horita, Mohammad Hoseini, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Ali Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Fernando N Hugo, Ayesha Humayun, Salman Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Kevin S Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Kaire Innos, Pooya Iranpour, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Md Shariful Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Farhad Islami, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Linda Merin J, Abhishek Jaiswal, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mahsa Jalili, Shahram Jalilian, Elham Jamshidi, Sung-In Jang, Chinmay T Jani, Tahereh Javaheri, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Shubha Jayaram, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Rime Jebai, Bedru Jemal, Wonjeong Jeong, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Yetunde O John-Akinola, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Salah Eddine Oussama Kacimi, Vidya Kadashetti, Farima Kahe, Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar, Laleh R Kalankesh, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Farin Kamangar, Ashwin Kamath, Tanuj Kanchan, Eswar Kandaswamy, Himal Kandel, HyeJung Kang, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Shama D Karanth, Ibraheem M Karaye, André Karch, Amirali Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Patrick DMC Katoto, Joonas H Kauppila, Harkiran Kaur, Abinet Gebremickael Kebede, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Gemechu Gemechu Kejela, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Maryam Keramati, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Abbas Khan, Abdul Aziz Khan Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Khaled Khatab, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari, Mehdi Khezeli, Mahmoud Khodadost, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Miloslav Klugar, Jitka Klugarová, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Pavel Kolkhir, Farzad Kompani, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Nuworza Kugbey, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Akshay Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Carlo La Vecchia, Arista Lahiri, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Qing Lan, Iván Landires, Bagher Larijani, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Paolo Lauriola, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Yo Han Lee, Samson Mideksa Legesse, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Gang Liu, Jue Liu, Chun-Han Lo, Ayush Lohiya, Platon D Lopukhov, László Lorenzovici, Mojgan Lotfi, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ahmad R Mafi, Sameh Magdeldin, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Morteza Mahmoudi, Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Azeem Majeed, Jamal Majidpoor, Alaa Makki, Konstantinos Christos Makris, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Sneha Deepak Mallya, Mohammed A Mamun, Ana Laura Manda, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Santi Martini, Miquel Martorell, Sahar Masoudi, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Clara N Matei, Elezebeth Mathews, Manu Raj Mathur, Vasundhara Mathur, Martin McKee, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Khalid Mehmood, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ravi Mehrotra, Addisu Melese, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, SIsay Derso Mengesha, Laverne G Mensah, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Andry Yasmid Mera Mera-Mamián, Tuomo J Meretoja, Mehari Woldemariam Merid, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Belsity Temesgen Meselu, Mahboobeh Meshkat, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena, Ted R Miller, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Seyed Kazem Mirinezhad, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Hamed Mirzaei, Hamid Reza Mirzaei, Abay Sisay Misganaw, Sanjeev Misra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Arif Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Mohammad Mohseni, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Alex Molassiotis, Mariam Molokhia, Kaveh Momenzadeh, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ute Mons, Ahmed Al Montasir, Fateme Montazeri, Arnulfo Montero, Mohammad Amin Moosavi, Abdolvahab Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Mostafa Moradi Sarabi, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Shane Douglas Morrison, Jakub Morze, Abbas Mosapour, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Haleh Mousavi Isfahani, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Daniel Munblit, Sandra B Munro, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Jonah Musa, Ashraf F Nabhan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Gabriele Nagel, Mohammadreza Naghipour, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Hasan Nassereldine, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Rawlance Ndejjo, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Wogene Wogene Negash, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Kazem Nejati, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Huy Van Nguyen Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Nurulamin M Noor, Maryam Noori, Nafise Noroozi, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In-Hwan Oh, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Emad Omer, Abidemi E Emmanuel Omonisi, Sokking Ong, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Hans Orru, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Abderrahim Oulhaj, Bilcha Oumer, Oluwatomi Funbi Owopetu, Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Babak Pakbin, Keyvan Pakshir, Reza Pakzad, Tamás Palicz, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Suman Pant, Shahina Pardhan, Eun-Cheol Park, Eun-Kee 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Melinda Gates Foundation, Kuwait University (Kuwait), Ministry of Higher Education (Malasia), Lega Italiana per la Lotta ai Tumori, Health Effects Institute (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (Reino Unido), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finnish Cancer Foundation, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (India), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Panjab University (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Lung Foundation Australia, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust, UNSW Sydney (Australia), ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology (India), University of Tasmania (Australia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (Irán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Islamabad), National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), University of Oxford (Reino Unido), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Irán), Marga und Walter Boll - Stiftung, Ministero della Salute (Italia), IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), King College London, Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance (India), Public Health, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division
Subjects: Male, DEATHS, DALY, cancer, risk factors, Medizin, systematic analysis, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Cancer prevention, Global Burden of Disease, RC0254, Risk-attributable cancer deaths, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Neoplasms, cancer, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, UK, Medicine(all), MCC, RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer), Risk Factor, Smoking, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Disability-adjusted life-years, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, Risk assessments, risk factor, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, OBESITY, Cancer burden, Neoplasm, Female, LIFE-STYLE, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, RA, Human, RC
Abstract: Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. We are grateful to the surveillance systems, including cancer registries, that generated and shared observed cancer burden data. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H Ariffin acknowledges support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (grant FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/UM/01/1). F Barra acknowledges support from Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori - LILT - Bando 5 x 1000 anno 2019. L Belo and M Carvalho acknowledge the support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. A J Cohen was supported by the Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA. J Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council - ERC Starting Grant 848325. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. T C Ekundayo was supported by the African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH). N Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). J C Glasbey is support by a Doctoral Research Fellowship from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR300175). V K Gupta and V B Gupta acknowledge funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu, A Pana, and M Ausloos acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is also partially supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported from Operational Programme Research, Development and Education–Project, Postdoc2MUNI (number CZ.02.2. 69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). M Jakovljevic acknowledges partial support through the grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. J H Kauppila acknowledges research grants from Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Finnish Cancer Foundation. M N Khatib acknowledges support from Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (deemed-to-be-university). Y J Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional assistance by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. I Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). M-C Li was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2314-B-003-001). G Liu acknowledges support from the CREATE Hope scientific fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia. J Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation (72122001). J A Loureiro was supported by Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT; CEECINST/00049/2018). E Mathews is supported by a Clinical and Public Health Early Career Fellowship (grant number IA/CPHE/17/1/503345) from the DBT India Alliance/Wellcome Trust Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2018–2023). T J Meretoja was supported by an unrestricted grant from Cancer Foundation Finland sr. S Mohammed acknowledges a fellowship grant from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, outside the submitted work. M Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta received support from the Italian Ministry of Health at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste - Italy (RC 34/2017). U Mons is supported by the Marga and Walter Boll Foundation, Kerpen, Germany. M A Moosavi acknowledges the financial support of National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB). J Musa acknowledges support from the NIH/FICK43TW011416 for research-protected time for cervical cancer research and career development at University of Jos. V Nuñez-Samudio is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). O O Odukoya acknowledges support by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the award number K43TW010704 for research-protected time. The content is solely the responsibility of all the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A S Oguntade acknowledges funding by a doctoral scholarship from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford (Oxford Population Health). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their constant support in research collaborations. R G Pestell acknowledges support from NIH grant W81XWH1810605 Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Grant R21 CA235139-01. Z Z Piracha acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. R A Radhakrishnan acknowledges support from Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance - IA/CPHI/18/1/503927. U Saeed acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F Sha was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant number KQTD20190929172835662). H R Shahsavari acknowledges the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council. A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. D A S Silva acknowledges financing in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and D A S Silva is supported in part by CNPq-Brazil (309589/2021-5). L M L R Silva was supported by project CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). Am Singh is supported by the International Graduate Research Scholarship, University of Tasmania. R Suliankatchi Abdulkader acknowledges support from ICMR—National Institute of Epidemiology. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. H Xiao acknowledges support from the Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. X Xu is supported by the University of New South Wales (Australia) Scientia Program. C Yu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 82173626) and Wuhan Medical Research Program of Joint Fund of Hubei Health Committee (grant number WJ2019H304). Sí
Published: 2022

49. The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Elysia M Alvarez, Lisa M Force, Rixing Xu, Kelly Compton, Dan Lu, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, James D Harvey, Alyssa Pennini, Frances E Dean, Weijia Fu, Martina T Vargas, Theresa H M Keegan, Hany Ariffin, Ronald D Barr, Yana Arturovna Erdomaeva, D Sanjeeva Gunasekera, Yetunde O John-Akinola, Tyler G Ketterl, Tezer Kutluk, Marcio Henrique Malogolowkin, Prashant Mathur, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Lynn Ann Gloeckler Ries, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Garik Barisovich Sagoyan, Iyad Sultan, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Amir Abdoli, Haimanot Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Hassan Abolhassani, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Wajeeha Aiman, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Abdulhadi A AlAmodi, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Yosef Alemayehu, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Saqib Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sunitha Alluri, Nihad A Almasri, Sadeq Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Davood Anvari, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Judie Arulappan, Armin Aryannejad, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad Reza Atashzar, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Alemu Degu Ayele, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Mohammed A Azab, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hiva Azami, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Ahmed Y Azzam, Saeed Bahadory, Jianjun Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Huda Basaleem, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Masoud Behzadifar, Niguss Cherie Bekele, Rebuma Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Setognal Birara, Tone Bjørge, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Norma B Bulamu, Katrin Burkart, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Ferrán Catalá-López, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Prachi P Chavan, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Michael T Chung, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Omar B Da'ar, Omid Dadras, Saad M A Dahlawi, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Emanuele D'Amico, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Zeleke Geto Demissie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Mojtaba Didehdar, Mengistie Diress, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Saeid Doaei, Fariba Dorostkar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Thomas M Drake, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Hassan El-Abid, Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy, Iffat Elbarazi, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Mohammed Faisaluddin, Jawad Fares, Umar Farooque, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Wafa Fatima, José Miguel P Ferreira de Oliveira, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, James L Fisher, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Piyada Gaewkhiew, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Tamiru Getachew, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Fariba Ghassemi, Nermin Ghith, Ali Gholami, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Syed Amir Gilani, Themba G Ginindza, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Gorini, Houman Goudarzi, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Avirup Guha, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Alemayehu Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Randah R Hamadeh, Mitiku Teshome Hambisa, Sajid Hameed, Samer Hamidi, Shafiul Haque, Sanam Hariri, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi, Treska S Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Sultan H Hebo, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Michael K Hole, Ramesh Holla, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Ali Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsairi, Junjie Huang, Nawfal R Hussein, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Kaire Innos, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Louis Jacob, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Vardhmaan Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Roksana Janghorban, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Mikk Jürisson, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Leila R Kalankesh, Feroze Kaliyadan, Zul Kamal, Ashwin Kamath, Himal Kandel, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Ibraheem M Karaye, Amirali Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Joonas H Kauppila, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Andre Pascal Kengne, Amene Abebe Kerbo, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Nastaran Khalili, Neda Khalili, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Omid Khosravizadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Roba Khundkar, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Nuworza Kugbey, G Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Alexander Kwarteng, Carlo La Vecchia, Qing Lan, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Yo Han Lee, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li, Jiarui Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Xuefeng Liu, Stany W Lobo, Joana A Loureiro, Alessandra Lugo, Raimundas Lunevicius, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Morteza Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Alaa Makki, Shilpa Male, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Mohammed A Mamun, Navid Manafi, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Santi Martini, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Clara N Matei, Manu Raj Mathur, Colm McAlinden, Ravi Mehrotra, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tuomo J Meretoja, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R Miller, Alemu Basazin Mingude, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Hamed Mirzaei, Sanjeev Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Arif Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Ghobad Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Shane Douglas Morrison, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Sumaira Mubarik, Lillian Mwanri, Ashraf F Nabhan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Chie Nagata, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Luigi Naldi, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C Nayak, Javad Nazari, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Ionut Negoi, Serban Mircea Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Haruna Asura Nggada, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Hamed Nosrati, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Vincent Ebuka Nwatah, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu, Emad Omar, Ahmed Omar Bali, Sokking Ong, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Maja Pasovic, Jenil R Patel, Siddhartha Pati, Sanjay M Pattanshetty, Uttam Paudel, Renato B Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Maarten J Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Akram Pourshams, Akila 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Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gaal P.A., Gad M.M., Gaewkhiew P., Gallus S., Garg T., Gebremeskel T.G., Gemeda B.N.B., Getachew T., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari S.-H., Ghashghaee A., Ghassemi F., Ghith N., Gholami A., Gholizadeh Navashenaq J., Gilani S.A., Ginindza T.G., Gizaw A.T., Glasbey J.C., Goel A., Golechha M., Goleij P., Golinelli D., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Goudarzi H., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Guerra M.R., Guha A., Gupta B., Gupta S., Gupta V.B., Gupta V.K., Haddadi R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A., Haj-Mirzaian A., Halwani R., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hameed S., Hamidi S., Haque S., Hariri S., Haro J.M., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan S.M.M., Hashemi S.M., Hassan T.S., Hassanipour S., Hay S.I., Hayat K., Hebo S.H., Heidari G., Heidari M., Herrera-Serna B.Y., Herteliu C., Heyi D.Z., Hezam K., Hole M.K., Holla R., Horita N., Hossain M.M., Hossain M.B., Hosseini M.-S., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh A., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., 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Mpundu-Kaambwa C., Mubarik S., Mwanri L., Nabhan A.F., Nagaraju S.P., Nagata C., Naghavi M., Naimzada M.D., Naldi L., Nangia V., Naqvi A.A., Narasimha Swamy S., Narayana A.I., Nayak B.P., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Nduaguba S.O., Negoi I., Negru S.M., Nejadghaderi S.A., Nepal S., Neupane Kandel S., Nggada H.A., Nguyen C.T., Nnaji C.A., Nosrati H., Nouraei H., Nowroozi A., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nzoputam C.I., Oancea B., Odukoya O.O., Oguntade A.S., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olakunde B.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Omar E., Omar Bali A., Ong S., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Oumer B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padron-Monedero A., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Pandey A., Pardhan S., Pashazadeh Kan F., Pasovic M., Patel J.R., Pati S., Pattanshetty S.M., Paudel U., Pereira R.B., Peres M.F.P., Perianayagam A., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourshams A., Prashant A., Pulakunta T., Qadir M.M.F.F., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Radhakrishnan R.A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rafiei S., Rahim F., Rahimzadeh S., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rajesh A., Ramezani-Doroh V., Ranabhat K., Ranasinghe P., Rao C.R., Rao S.J., Rashedi S., Rashidi M., Rashidi M.-M., Rath G.K., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Razeghinia M.S., Regasa M.T., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei M., Rezaei N., Rezaeian M., Rezapour A., Rezazadeh-Khadem S., Riad A., Rios Lopez L.E., Rodriguez J.A.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rwegerera G.M., Saber-Ayad M.M., Sabour S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Sadeghian S., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Saif-Ur-Rahman K.M., Sajadi S.M., Salahi S., Salehi S., Salem M.R., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sanmarchi F., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sawyer S.M., Saylan M., Schneider I.J.C., Seidu A.-A., Sekerija M., Sendo E.G., Sepanlou S.G., Seylani A., Seyoum K., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shaikh M.A., Shamsoddin E., Shannawaz M., Sharma R., Sheikhbahaei S., Shetty A., Shetty B.S.K., Shetty P.H., Shin J.I., Shirkoohi R., Shivakumar K.M., Shobeiri P., Siabani S., Sibhat M.M., Siddappa Malleshappa S.K., Sidemo N.B., Silva D.A.S., Silva Julian G., Singh A.D., Singh J.A., Singh J.K., Singh S., Sinke A.H., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Smith L., Sofi-Mahmudi A., Soltani-Zangbar M.S., Song S., Spurlock E.E., Steiropoulos P., Straif K., Subedi R., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader R., Sultana S., Szerencses V., Szocska M., Tabaeian S.P., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabary M., Tabuchi T., Tadbiri H., Taheri M., Taherkhani A., Takahashi K., Tampa M., Tan K.-K., Tat V.Y., Tavakoli A., Tbakhi A., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Tesfay F.H., Tesfaye B., Thakur J.S., Thapar R., Thavamani A., Thiyagarajan A., Thomas N., Tobe-Gai R., Togtmol M., Tohidast S.A., Tohidinik H.R., Tolani M.A., Tollosa D.N., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran M.T.N., Tripathy J.P., Tusa B.S., Ukke G.G., Ullah I., Ullah S., Umapathi K.K., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Ushula T.W., Vacante M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Varthya S.B., Veroux M., Villeneuve P.J., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Wang N., Ward P., Weldesenbet A.B., Wen Y.F., Westerman R., Winkler A.S., Wubishet B.L., Xu S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yang L., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yazie T.S., Yehualashet S.S., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yirdaw B.W., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yunusa I., Zadnik V., Zahir M., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zare F., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang J., Zhang Z.-J., Ziapour A., Zoladl M., Murray C.J.L., Fitzmaurice C., Bleyer A., Bhakta N., Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM), HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St. Baldrick's Foundation, NIH - National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Estados Unidos), Epidemiologie, and RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health
Subjects: adolescent cancer, global burden of disease, epidemiology, Adult, Male, Adolescent, 3122 Cancers, UNITED-STATES, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Adolescents, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, WORLDWIDE, Neoplasms, Cause of Death, Prevalence, Humans, 1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Mortality, Cancer burden analyses, Cancer, ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA, disease, Global burden, OUTCOMES, CHILDHOOD-CANCER, Incidence, Risk Factor, the GBD 2019 methodology, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, GBD 2019 Adolescent Young Adult Cancer Collaborators, CARE, Cancer control efforts, Socioeconomic Factors, Oncology, Neoplasm, Female, Young adults, Human
Abstract: Funding: J A Loureiro acknowledges support from Base Funding UIDB/00511/2020 of the LEPABE funded by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) and Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT) [CEECINST/00049/2018]. Background: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation: Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute. publishersversion published
Published: 2022

50. SARS-CoV-2 infection and venous thromboembolism after surgery: an international prospective cohort study

Author: Nepogodiev, Dmitri, Simoes, Joana FF, Elizabeth, Li, Picciochi, Maria, Glasbey, James C, Baiocchi, Glauco, Blanco‐colino, Ruth, Chaudhry, Daoud, Alameer, Ehab, El‐boghdadly, Kariem, Wuraola, Funmilola, Ghosh, Dhruva, Gujjuri, Rohan R, Harrison, Ewen M, Lule, Herman, Kaafarani, Haytham, Khosravi, Mohammad, Kronberger, Irmgard, Leventoğlu, Sezai, Mann, Harvinder, Mclean, Kenneth A, Mengesha, Mengistu Gebreyohanes, Modolo, Maria Marta, Ntirenganya, Faustin, Norman, Lisa, Outani, Oumaima, Pius, Riinu, Pockney, Peter, Qureshi, Ahmad Uzair, Roslani, April Camilla, Satoi, Sohei, Shaw, Catherine, Bhangu, Aneel, Omar, Omar M, Ahmed, Waheed‐ul‐rahman, Argus, Leah, Ball, Alasdair, Bywater, Edward P, Brar, Amanpreet, Dawson, Brett E, Duran, Irani, Elhadi, Muhammed, Jones, Conor S, Kamarajah, Sivesh K, Keatley, James M, Lawday, Samuel, Marson, Ella J, Ots, Riinu, Santos, Irène, Taylor, Elliott H, Trout, Isobel M, Varghese, Chris, Venn, Mary L, William, Xu, Dajti, Irida, Gjata, Arben, Kacimi, Salah Eddine Oussama, Boccalatte, Luis, Cox, Daniel, Townend, Philip, Aigner, Felix, Kronberger, Irmgard Elisabeth, Samadov, Elgun, Alderazi, Amer, Hossain, Kamral, Padmore, Greg, Ramshorst, Gabrielle, Lawani, Ismaïl, Cerovac, Anis, Delibegovic, Samir, Gomes, Gustavo Mendonça Ataíde, Buarque, Igor Lima, Gohar, Muhammad, Slavchev, Mihail, Nwegbu, Chukwuemeka, Agarwal, Arnav, Martin, Janet, Ng‐kamstra, Joshua, Olivos, Maricarmen, Lou, Wenhui, Ren, Dong‐lin, Calvache, Jose Andres, Perez Rivera, Carlos J, Hadzibegovic, Ana Danic, Kopjar, Tomislav, Mihanovic, Jakov, Jiménez, Pablo Mijahil Avilés, Gouvas, Nikolaos, Klat, Jaroslav, Novysedlák, René, Amisi, Nicolas, Christensen, Peter, El‐hussuna, Alaa, Batista, Sylvia, Lincango‐naranjo, Eddy, Emile, Sameh, Sandoval, Danilo Alfonso Arévalo, Dhufera, Hailu, Hailu, Samuel, Mengesha, Mengistu G, Kauppila, Joonas H, Arnaud, Alexis P, Demetrashvili, Zaza, Albertsmeier, Markus, Lederhuber, Hans, Löffler, Markus W., Acquah, Daniel Kwesi, Ofori, Bernard, Tabiri, Stephen, Metallidis, Symeon, Tsoulfas, Georgios, Aguilera‐arevalo, Maria‐lorena, Recinos, Gustavo, Mersich, Tamás, Wettstein, Dániel, Kembuan, Gabriele, Milan, Peiman Brouki, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Mozafari, Masoud, Hilmi, Ahmed, Mohan, Helen, Zmora, Oded, Gallo, Gaetano, Pata, Francesco, Pellino, Gianluca, Fujimoto, Yuki, Kuroda, Naoto, Abou Chaar, Mohamad K., Ayasra, Faris, Fakhradiyev, Ildar, Hamdun, Intisar Hisham Said, Jin‐young, Jang, Jamal, Mohammad, Karout, Lina, Gulla, Aiste, Rasoaherinomenjanahary, Fanjandrainy, Samison, Luc Hervé, Sánchez, Iran Irani Durán, Gonzalez, Diana Samantha, Martinez, Laura, Martínez, María José, Nayen, Alejandra, Medina, Antonio Ramos‐De, Nunez, Jade, Nashidengo, Pueya Rashid, Shah, Rakesh, Shrestha, Ashish Lal, Jonker, Pascal, Kruijff, Schelto, Noltes, Milou, Steinkamp, Pieter, Wright, Deborah, Abdur‐rahman, Lukman, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji, Adisa, Adewale, Osinaike, Babatunde, Seyi‐olajide, Justina, Williams, Omolara, Williams, Emmanuel, Pejkova, Sofija, Al Balushi, Zainab, Sayyed, Raza, Mohsen, Mustafa Abo, Abukhalaf, Sadi A., Cukier, Moises, Gomez‐fernandez, Hugo, Yip, Sebastian Shu, Ojeda, Ximena Paola Vasquez, Sacdalan, Marie Dione, Major, Piotr, Azevedo, José, Cunha, Miguel F., Zarour, Ahmad, Bonci, Eduard‐alexandru, Negoi, Ionut, Efetov, Sergey, Kochetkov, Viktor, Litvin, Andrey, Ingabire, Jc Allen, Bucyibaruta, Georges, Faustin, Ntirenganya, Habumuremyi, Sosthene, Imanishimwe, Alphonsine, Dieu, Haragirimana Jean, Munyaneza, Emmanuel, Ncogoza, Isaie, Ndong, Abdourahmane, Radenkovic, Dejan, Chew, Min Hoe, Koh, Frederick, Ngu, James, Panyko, Arpád, Bele, Uros, Košir, Jurij Aleš, Daoud, Hassan, Bravo, Ana Maria Minaya, Jayarajah, Umesh, Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha, Adam, Mohammed Elmujtba Adam Essa, Rutegård, Martin, Sund, Malin, Adamina, Michel, Gialamas, Eleftherios, Horisberger, Karoline, Alshaar, Muhammad, Huang, Abel, Lohsiriwat, Varut, Charles, Shane, Jlassi, Haithem, Isik, Arda, Lekuya, Hervé Monka, Kopetskyi, Slava, Alsaadi, Hayder, Alshryda, Sattar, Alser, Osaid, Bankhead‐kendall, Brittany, Breen, Kerry, Mashbari, Hassan, Cal, Fernando Bonilla, Al‐naggar, Hamza, Maimbo, Mayaba, Mazingi, Dennis, Abbott, Tom, Akhbari, Melika, Benson, Ruth, Bhanderi, Shivam, Biccard, Bruce, Caruana, Edward, Chakrabortee, Sohini, Chapatwala, Reema, Costas‐chavarri, Ainhoa, Demetriades, Andreas K, Desai, Anant, Di Saverio, Salomone, Drake, Thomas, Edwards, John, Evans, Jonathan, Fiore, Marco, Ford, Samuel, Fotopoulou, Christina, Fowler, Alexander, Futaba, Kaori, Ganly, Ian, James, Harelimana Grace, Griffiths, Ewen, Gronchi, Alessandro, Hutchinson, Peter, Hyman, Gabriella Yael, Incorvia, Joseph, Jain, Ritu, Jenkinson, Michael, Khan, Tabassum, Knight, Stephen Richard, Kolias, Angelos, Kudsk‐iversen, Søren, Kwan, Tsun Yu, Leung, Elaine, Mayol, Julio, Mckay, Siobhan, Meara, John G., Mills, Emily, Moug, Susan, Patel, Akshay, Perinotti, Roberto, Rice, Henry E., Roberts, Keith, Schache, Andrew, Shaw, Richard, Smart, Neil, Stephens, Matthew, Stewart, Grant D., Teasdale, Ella, Vaughan‐shaw, Peter, Vidya, Raghavan, Wright, Naomi, Zimmelman, Natalie, Agastra, Ervis, Thereska, Dariel, Lucchini, Sergio Martin, Laudani, Veronica, Chwat, Carina, Salazar, Ivana Ines Pedraza, Pantoja Pachajoa, Diana Alejandra, Duro, Agustin, Arancibia, José Alfredo Calderón, D’Aulerio, Giuliana, Dudi‐venkata, Nagendra, Egoroff, Natasha, Farik, Shebani, Lott, Natalie, Moss, Jana‐lee, Rennie, Sarah, Tan, Lorwai, Uyen Giao, Vo, Watson, David, Watters, David, Bright, Tim, Hollington, Paul, Zhou, Xuanyu, Kroon, Hidde M, Farfus, Anthony, Barker, John, Watson, Eleanor, Stevens, Sean, Latif, Haider, Dawson, Amanda Caroline, Chuan, Alwin, Muralidharan, Vijayaragavan, Wong, Enoch, Ackermann, Travis, Pacilli, Maurizio, Hodgson, Russell, Heriot, Alexander, Choong, Peter, Brown, Wendy, Lidder, Surjit, Yeung, Justin, Traeger, Luke, Regalo, Guillermo, Gourlay, Ralph, Badiani, Sarit, Koh, Cherry, Putnis, Soni, Haider, Fayza, Mitul, Ashrarur Rahman, Komen, Niels, Dhondt, Bert, Cappeliez, Serge, Pigeolet, Manon, Schoneveld, Martijn, Stijns, Jasper, Oosterlinck, Wouter, Flamey, Nicolas, Kpangon, Cyrille, Agbadebo, Mouhamed, Tobome, Smèvo Romaric, Barros, Aldo Vieira, Júnior, Samuel Aguiar, Amaral Campos, Heloisa Galvão, Gross, Jefferson, Coimbra, Felipe José Fernandez, Kowalski, Luiz Paulo, Makdissi, Fabiana, Nakagawa, Suely, Neto, Joao Pedreira Duprat, Vartanian, Jose Guilherme, Yazbek, Guilherme, Zequi, Stenio C, Flumignan, Ronald, Jaworska, Natalia, Dell, Angela, Shanthanna, Harsha, Behzadi, Abdollah, Nessim, Carolyn, Mozel, Michelle, St‐germain, Pascal, Russell, Crispin, Groot, Gary, Safieddine, Najib, Wijeysundera, Duminda, Eskander, Antoine, Chadi, Sami, Mackenzie, Shawn, Flexman, Alana, Heredia, Fernando, Villanueva, Julio, Waissbluth, Sofia, Macchiavello, Roberto, Escudero, Mario I, Fuentes, Tyare, Mimica, Ximena, Saenz, Dinimo Bolivar, Caicedo, Lina, Alzate, Juan Pablo, Luna, Joaquin, Alonso, Nestor Fabian Pedraza, Silva, Camilo Ortiz, Rodriguez, Juliana, Silva‐igua, Liliana, Torres, Martha Luz, Trujillo, Lina María, Calvache, Albaro José Nieto, Balanta‐melo, Julián, Figueroa‐casanova, Rafael, García‐montoya, Oscar‐julián, Toro, Carlos Andres Marulanda, Botero, Marcela Velez, Arango, Maria Clara Mendoza, Martinez, Eneida Diaz, Perdomo, Valentina Gutiérrez, Montenegro, Emileth, Rodriguez‐abreu, Julia, Mejía, Dolores, Abouelnagah, Galal, Shehata, Sameh, Rida, Ahmed Hossam Eldin Fouad, Hassan, Ramy A., Saad, Mahmoud M., Loaloa, Mohamed Reda, Mostafa, Badr, Qassem, Mohamed, Fahmy, Mohamed, Abozied, Hesham, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Ghozy, Sherief, Sallam, Asser, Shehta, Ahmed, Abdelkhalek, Mohamed, Samaka, Rehab, Morsy, Amr, Sherif, Ahmed Elshawadfy, Negussie, Abraham, Fisseha, Tigist, Shumbash, Kibruyisfaw, Abebe, Metasebia, Yasin, Seid Mohammed, Akililu, Yemisirach Bizuneh, Megersa, Abebe, Tefera, Teshome, Assefa, Melatework, Atnafu, Bahru, Tsegaye, Bereket, Bezabih, Yoseph Solomon, 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Alexander Christopher, Bork, Ulrich, Fluegen, Georg, Horch, Raymund E., Schmedding, Andrea, Schnitzbauer, Andreas, Eberbach, Helge, Schlager, Daniel, Spelsberg, Fritz, Keppler, Lena, Hecker, Andreas, Wolfer, Susanne, Ronellenfitsch, Ulrich, Nitschke, Christine, Peiper, Christian, Hakami, Ibrahim, Welter, Stefan, Nikolaieva, Karine, Roth, Andreas, Lindert, Judith, Gousias, Konstantinos, Rissmann, Anke, Linz, Valerie Catherine, Rahbari, Nuh, Rassweiler‐seyfried, Marie‐claire, Gut, Anna Eleonora, Gempt, Jens, Reim, Daniel, Wagner, Arthur, Keppler, Alexander M., Stoleriu, Mircea Gabriel, Saier, Tim, Stadler, Josef, Kaiser, Julia Christina, Brunner, Stefan M., Pfister, Karin, Herzberg, Jonas, Nowak, Kai, Reinhard, Tobias, Stavrou, Gregor A., Königsrainer, Alfred, Konrads, Christian, Quante, Markus, Laban, Simon, Pusch, Silke, Hirschburger, Markus, Doerner, Johannes, Wiegering, Armin, Tampaki, Ekaterini Christina, Ruiz, Alitza Gutiérrez, Rodas, Alejandra, Portilla, Ana Lucía, Carrera, Jacqueline, Duarte, Amalia Barrios, Lowey, Megan, Barillas, Sabrina, Suroy, Atul, Vaishnav, Dhaivat, Chowdappa, Raghunandan Gorantlu, Madabhavi, Irappa, Bhat, Dhananjaya, Venkatappa, Sunil Kumar, Thakar, Sumit, Jain, Kavitha, Kumar, Aruna, Nagar, Manoj, Mishra, Tushar, Sekar, Arunkumar, Gupta, Anand, Kaman, Lileswar, Karthigeyan, Madhivanan, Tripathi, Manjul, Rammohan, Ashwin, Vayoth, Sudheer Othiyil, Rajanbabu, Anupama, Subbian, Anbukkani, Gupta, Rahul, Raut, Monish, Evelyn, Nissi, Kannaiyan, R Lavanya, Matai, Anil, Misra, Sanjeev, Bhende, Vishal, Muthu, Sathish, Ghosh, Indranil, Sharma, Abhishek, Bajaj, Ankur, Rajan, Shiv, Agarwal, Gaurav, Pawar, Pranay, Alexander, Philip, Vijayakumar, M Vijayakumar, Hameed, Zeeshan, Badareesh, L, Chaudhry, Navneet Kumar, Baliarsing, Lipika, Dharap, Satish, Kulkarni, Amruta, Thyavihally, Yuvaraja, Sharma, Rahul Deo, Pramesh, C S, Soni, Rajesh, Dube, Surya Kumar, Sharma, Shilpa, Singh, Harvinder, Bains, Lovenish, Ghodke, Rahul, Kumar, Ashwani, Sodhai, 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Ahmed Mohamed, Abu‐mehsen, Marah, Olaywah, Noor, Wafi, Omar, Ababneh, Hazim, Abu‐ismail, Luai, Khamees, Almu’Atasim, Alkhatib, Ahmad, Bolatbekova, Raikhan, Kulimbet, Mukhtar, Nurgozhin, Talgat, Saliev, Timur, Zhussupov, Baurzhan, Almabayev, Ydyrys, Kaidarova, Dilyara, Tamoos, Khalil, Aqeelah, Ahmed, Mohammed, Alsnosy Abdullah Khalefa, Al Maadany, Faraj, Alkadeeki, Ghadah, Gahwagi, Milad, Aldressi, Wafa, Amnaina, Mohamed, Alansari, Arowa Hassan Abdulrahman, Alkaseek, Akram, Yagoub, Ghozlan, Amer, Anass Ben, Salem, Marwa, Almugaddami, Ayman, Burgan, Dania, Abdelkabir, Mohammed, Alshareef, Khayriyah, Islam Ben Jouira, Rayet, Meelad, Ayman, Bouhuwaish, Ahmad, Dwaga, Sumayya Essayah, Khalifa, Houda, Almiqlash, Bushray, Suliaman, Taha, Alawami, Mohammed, Elhajdawe, Fras, Aboazamazem, Hajir, Ellojli, Ibrahim, Msherghi, Ahmed, Saleh, Ismail Ali, Alayan, Mohammed, Ndayishyigikiye, Marcel Didier, Munyika, Akutu, Plarre, Philipp, Borowski, David W, Wells, Cameron, Teague, Rebecca, Elliott, Brodie, Kieser, David, Mohyieldin, Omar, Mcintosh, Nick, Haran, Cheyaanthan, King, Jasmin, Jeong, Ha, Mcguinness, Matthew James, Adesanya, Opeoluwa, Olaogun, Julius, Akinmade, Akinola, Bwala, Kefas, Agbonrofo, Peter, Afolabi, Akinwale, Usang, Usang, Ekenze, Sebastian, Olori, Samson, Lawal, Taiwo Akeem, Okunlola, Abiodun, Kache, Stephen, Sale, Danjuma, Anyanwu, Lofty‐john, Okereke, Chukwuma, Tolani, Musliu Adetola, Filipce, Venko, Todorovic, Lazar, Stavridis, Sotir, Massoud, John George, Alsibai, Sareyah, Sultan, Rizwan, Altaf, Humera Naz, Bhatti, Abu Bakar Hafeez, Waqar, Shahzad Hussain, Aziz, Aliya, Kerawala, Asad Ali, Rai, Lajpat, Anwer, Mariyah, Tariq, Aiman, Ayub, Bushra, Niazi, Sami Ullah, Naseem, Muhammad Yasir, Sarwar, Muhammad Zeeshan, Khokhar, Muhammad Imran, Zahid, Imdad Ahmad, Majid, Haroon Javaid, Talat, Nabila, Asif, Muhammad, Chaudhary, Muhammad Hamid, Farooq, Umer, Ahmad, Siddique, Mabood, Waleed, Bukhari, Syed Imran, Tariq, Muhammad, Yaqoob, Eesha, Javed, Saad, Malik, Muhammad Usman, Yaqoob, Hassan Nawaz, Pacheco, Glenda Marina Falcon, Melendez, Robinson Mas, Urbina, Arazzelly Del Pilar Paucar, Chiuyari, Jose Rios, Alvarado, Carlos Eduardo Otiniano, Lau, Lorena Fuentes Rivera, Borda‐luque, Giuliano, Niquen‐jimenez, Milagros, Arias, Claudia, Zegarra, Sergio, Pallardel, Jenner Betalleluz, Oscco, Regina Amparo Ugarte, Mendiola, Gian, Colmenares, Yahaira Tatiana Carpio, Zapata, Carlos Shiraishi, Ortiz, Maria Rosa, Borges, Filipe Castro, Viveiros, Octavio, Serralheiro, Pedro, Santos‐costa, Paulo, Mendes, Filipa, Melo, Miguel Rocha, Cardoso, Paulo, Soares, Ana, Pereira, Rita Gonçalves, Silva, Nelson, Caiado, André, Sacras, Maria Luís, Azevedo, Pedro, Almeida‐reis, Rui, Oliveira, João, Nogueiro, Jorge, Sampaio‐alves, Mafalda, Costa, Luciana Cidade, Baía, Catarina, Deus, Ana Cláudia, Branquinho, Rita, Marçal, André, Tojal, André, Makkai‐popa, Silviu Tiberiu, Mironescu, Aurel, Grama, Florin, Toma, Elena Adelina, Filipescu, Daniela, Bacalbasa, Nicolae, Motas, Natalia, Ionescu, Sebastian, Ginghina, Octav, Costea, Radu, Zarnescu, Narcis Octavian, Drasovean, Radu, Dimofte, Mihail‐gabriel, Porumb, Vlad, Kirov, Mikhail, Molitvin, Yegor, Pykhteev, Vadim, Raevskaya, Marianna, Butyrskii, Aleksandr, Alshahrani, Mushabab, Althumairi, Azah, Alzerwi, Nasser, Al Ameer, Ahmed, Madkhali, Tariq, Almulhim, Abddulrahman Saleh, Ghazwani, Salman, Ayoub, Abdu, Iskander, Othman, Ghunaim, Mohammed, Alharthi, Mohammed, Alzaidi, Turki M, Alyami, Mohammad, Al Amri, Abdulrahman, Alfakhri, Abdullah, Alhefdhi, Amal, Chowdhury, Sharfuddin, Nouh, Thamer, Alshehri, Ameen, Alzahrani, Abdulrahman, Alalawi, Yousef, Awad, Selmy, Konate, Ibrahima, Tendeng, Jacques, Teo, Nan Zun, Aqil, Sabra, López, Cristina Barrena, Mozo, Ana Sánchez, Infante, Antonio Rodriguez, Vivancos, Patricia Caja, Prieto, Mikel, Roman, Igor Alberdi San, Fernandez, Laura Gomez, Vives, Josep Maria Muñoz, Carreras‐castañer, Anna, Díaz‐feijoo, Berta, Sieira‐gil, Ramon, Turrado‐rodriguez, Victor, López, Anna Sánchez, Sánchez‐cabús, Santiago, Toscano, Marta Jimenez, Sin, MªPilar Canals, Laura, Saura García, Sole, Oriol Martin, Bellver, Pedro Palazon, Pérez‐bertólez, Sonia, Prat‐ortells, Jordi, Martínez, Mireia Riba, Rubio‐palau, Josep, Tarrado, Xavier, Nuñez, Jorge, Mendoza, Veronica Alonso, Bescós, Coro, Espin‐basany, Eloy, Espinosa‐bravo, Martin, Gil‐sala, Daniel, González‐suárez, Susana, Estruch, Nuria Montferrer, Mariño, Lucia Porteiro, Rodríguez‐tesouro, Ana, Portilla, Fabian Rojas, Pérez, M Pilar Tormos, Vives, Inmaculada, De Cortazar, Unai Garcia, Tudela, Kiara, Landaluce‐olavarria, Aitor, Gómez, Mercedes Estaire, Almoguera, Jorge, Ugarte‐sierra, Bakarne, Jimenez, Virginia, Bertrand, Marta, Puiggrós, Laura Cárdenas, Delisau‐puig, Olga, Garcia‐adamez, Jorge, Bergkvist, David Julià, Maldonado‐marcos, Eloy, García, Lucia Diego, Golet, Marta Roldón, Soto‐darias, Iván, Rahy‐martín, Aida Cristina, Enjuto, Diego, Ramos‐luengo, Adolfo, Fernandez, Juan Delgado, Duarte, Carolina Lugo, Thies, Cristina Ojeda, Marquez, Lucila, Vita, Diana Crego, Dziakova, Jana, Velasco, Jorge Caño, Mateo‐sierra, Olga, Quintana‐villamandos, Begoña, Valcarcel, Cristina Rey, Rio, Javier, León, Laura Román García, Di Martino, Marcello, Prada, Jorge, González, Javier Serrano, Losada, Manuel, Gomez, Jose Tomas Castell, Corripio‐sanchez, Ramon, Forero‐torres, Alexander, Morales‐puebla, José Manuel, Perez‐chrzanowska, Hanna, Gonzalez, Santiago Valderrabano, Yebes, Alvaro, Zapardiel, Ignacio, Alonso, Manuel Diez, Palacios, Nelson Morales, Sánchez, Alberto Cabañero, Fernández, Fátima Sánchez, Gurumeta, Alfredo Abad, Abad‐motos, Ane, Corella, Fernando, Ripollés‐melchor, Javier, Sanz‐gonzalez, Rosa, Fuentes, Marta Alcaraz, Martín, Maria Teresa Fernández, Espino, Pablo Calvo, Prats, Milagros Carrasco, Fernández‐lópez, Antonio‐josé, Escudero, Damián García, Soria, Vanesa Garcia, Alonso, Jesús Aarón Martínez, Ruiz‐marín, Miguel, Pérez, Beatriz Gómez, Moya‐angeler, Joaquin, Martínez, Daniel Fernández, Bayo, Heura Llaquet, Colás‐ruiz, Enrique, Romera, Susana Bella, Pellicé, M. Teresa Gavaldà, Solé, Misericòrdia Jordà, Velasquez, Enrique Jose Ruiz, Núñez, Bernardo, Jimenez, Raul, Zabaleta, Jon, González‐gimeno, Maria Jose, Vázquez, Irene Ortega, Ferrer, Antonio Perez, Martín‐láez, Rubén, Suarez, Marcelo Moreno, Eiras, Miguel Angel Freiria, Ramallo‐solís, Irene, Gomez‐rosado, Juan‐carlos, Guillen, Jose Ramon Oliver, Boira, Mar Achalandabaso, Bauset, Juan Carlos Catalá, Domenech, Julio, Badenes, Rafael, Bernal‐sprekelsen, Juan Carlos, Sancho‐muriel, Jorge, De Andrés‐Asenjo, Beatriz, Tejero‐pintor, Francisco J, Vallve‐bernal, Marc, Melero, Alba Vazquez, Blasco, Laura Sánchez, Escartin, Jorge, Mallén, Victoria Duque, Srishankar, Selvaratnam, Sooriyabandara, Charitha, Basnayake, Oshan, Gunawansa, Nalaka, Weeraddana, Prabuth Dulanjan, Vimalakanthan, Thanusan, Gishanthan, Shanthamoorthy, Chandrasinghe, Pramodh, Sauvain, Marc‐olivier, Ghazal, Ahmad, Al‐sabbagh, Yusra, Alhassoun, Turki, Albared, Sara Maa, Naem, Antoine, Alnahr, Hareth, Jisry, Ghassan, Hammed, Ali, Xaviour, Okedi Francis, Turinawe, Gaston, Mubezi, Isaac, Sikakulya, Franck K., Kakeeto, Andrew, Kabweru, Wilberforce M., Kiweewa, Ronald, Matovu, Paul, Isaac, Otolia, Mashhour, Mohamed, El Helw, Amin, Kherani, Safeena, Mohamed, Awadelkarim, Abbas, Ferial Mohamed Ali, Mohammed, Diary, Aldlyami, Ehab, Kundra, Rakesh, Michael, Antony Louis Rex, Khalil, Kareem S., Dbeis, Rachel, Shaikh, Shafaque, Ferry, Jenny, Jamal, Aiman, Siddique, Haleema, Das, Rishi, Ponugoti, Nikhil, Rattanasirivilai, Pornjittra, Sultana, Asma, Mosley, Frances, Chan, Matthew, Bateman, Antony, Davies‐jones, Gareth, Georgiades, Fanourios, Ahmadi, Navid, Coonar, Aman, Baig, Mariam, Khatri, Chetan, Surendran, Arthika, Sonksen, Julian, Sinnerton, Robert, Brennan, Caitlin, Faulkner, Gemma, Greenhalgh, Michael, Emerson, Hannah, Singisetti, Kiran, Totty, Joshua, Wilson, Michael, Terence, Lo, Corbett, Harriet, Okonkwo, Ijeoma, Arbane, Gill, Kerawala, Cyrus, Parmar, Chetan, Bath, Michael, Odejinmi, Funlayo, Sagar, Jayesh, Talwar, Rishi, Newman, Samuel, Hammond, John, Moir, John, Duric, Natalie, Szakmany, Tamas, Talib, Ahmar Iftikhar, Youssef, Mina, Lewis‐lloyd, Christopher, Lami, Mariam, Ayub, Khurram, Dean, Benjamin, Balasubramanya, Supriya, Lakpriya, Sathya, Rogers, Luke, Turner, Paul, Maher, Mark, Sigamoney, Kohila, El Kafsi, Jihène, Hardie, John, Johnson, David, Henein, Christin, Hollyman, Marianne, Agarwal, Ketan, Powell, Simon, Chauhan, Govind Singh, Patel, Rakesh, Gagnier, Joel, Carmichael, Heather, Aurora, Null, Olson, Kristofor A., Etchill, Eric, Hirji, Sameer, Naunheim, Matthew, Drake, Frederick, Reinke, Caroline, Alecci, Anna, Vaysburg, Dennis, Rodriquez, Jennifer, Shih, Emily, Ban, Vin Shen, Coleman, Julia, Kaups‐fresno, Krista, Giorgakis, Emmanouil, Dinome, Maggie, Bhutiani, Neal, Alnachoukati, Omar, Aiken, Taylor, Diehl, Thomas, Gosain, Ankush, Rattan, Rishi, Ghani, Muhammad Owais Abdul, Ruzgar, Nensi Melissa, Liveris, Anna, Glass, Nina, Paranjape, Charu, Chin, Theresa, Meola, Antonio, Nicholson, Kristina, Squiers, John, Lueckel, Stephanie, Reisenauer, Janani, Callcut, Rachael, Mansour, Ahmed, Berndtson, Allison, Kornblith, Lucy, Seegert, Sara, Martins, Paulo, Al‐shehari, Mohammed, Al‐raimi, Ibrahim, Ngulube, Allan, Siamuchembu, Maphios, Mushiwokufa, Willard, Mlambo, Busisiwe, Chinyowa, Simbarashe, Bollano, Enton, Gjyli, Kostandin, Kerpaci, Jola, Vrapi, Enxhi, Zijaj, Lorena, Djahida, Bahraoui, Zohra, Belabbes Fatima, Khadidja, Kouidri, Bali, Oussama, Benallel, Nassim, Lalmi, Ismahene, Abdoun, Meriem, Aouabed, Nesrine, Bouaoud, Souad, Bouchenak, Kamel, Haif, Assia, Soualili, Zineddine, Bastet, Joaquin, Bianco, Agustín, Capitaine, Daniel, Lozada, Jorge Centeno, Esquivel, Carlos, Figueroa, Rodrigo, Garcia, Manuel, García, Pablo Martín, Gerchunoff, José Ignacio, Iascano, Fernando Martinez, Mondino, Jose, Muriel, María Emilia, Pablo, Carmignani, Passadore, Martin, Tornini, Alejandra, Traverso, Rogelio, Vargas, Lara, Zanoni, Gerardo, Berber, Norberto, Cotta, Estefanía, Di Vincenzo, Marcela, Gallino, Esteban Sebastian, Gigena, Cecilia, Grassano, Bianca, Lugones, Ignacio, Madrid, Constanza, Maricic, Maximiliano, Martinez, Antonio Alberto, Rosso, Andres, Scher, Pablo, Tachella, Sofia, Zezular, Damaris Idara Anabel, Abuawad, Carla, Forneris, Agustin Albani, Allemand, Carola, Calzaretta, Laura Gisela Alvarez, Boretto, Jorge G., Boudou, Rocio, Brandariz, Rodrigo, Buljubasich, Martin, Burchakchi, Arturo, Buttaro, Martin, Campana, Juan Pablo, Busnelli, Virginia Cano, Carminatti, Tomas, Lalín, Agustina Florencia Castro, Cereghini, Julian, Amor, María Sol Crespi, Croattini, Roberto Sebastián, Fernandez, Maria Sol, Figari, Marcelo, Fraidenraij, Uriel, Gallegos, Diego, García‐mansilla, Agustín Maria, Gonzalez, Marcos, Gonzalez, Matias Ignacio, Salazar, Esteban Gonzalez, Goransky, Jeremias, Gauna, Guillermo Hernandez, Higuera, Felipe, Holc, Fernando, Jauregui, Esteban Gabriel, Larrañaga, Juan, Liyo, Juan, Llano, Lionel, Lobos, Pablo, Luzzi, Emilia, Mastroianni, Gustavo, Mata‐suarez, Santiago Miguel, Mayer, Horacio F., Loughlin, Santiago Mc, Mendoza, Efrain, Mentz, Ricardo Esteban, Mercado, Pedro, Moyano, Pablo, Noll, Florencia, Odetto, Diego, Oliva, Agustina Rene, Vidal, Rafael Perez, Poggi, Catalina, Premoli, Eduardo Jorge, Ramos, María Lourdes, Rosas, Patricio, Rossi, Luciano, Rossi, Gustavo, Saadi, Jose, Scherñuk, Jordán, Slullitel, Pablo, Stang, María Verona, Taboada, María Victoria, Tirapegui, Sebastian, Uffelmann, Constanza, Vaccaro, Carlos, Vagni, Roberto, Valerio, Ana Clara, Zarratea, Celeste Soledad, Montal, Silvina, Morris, Brian, Valdez, Pedro, Diaz‐couselo, Fernando, Sabatini, Luciana, Alvarez, Fernando Andres, Avila, Micaela, Benitez, Nicole Benitez, Bruera, Nicolás, Doniquian, Marcelo, Gielis, Manuel, Liaño, Julian, Llahi, Florencia, Mandojana, Facundo, Páez, Walter, Parodi, Matias, Molina, Héctor Picon, Pinsak, Agustin, Viscido, German, Badra, Roberto, Belisle, Diego, Borla, Hernan, Eberle, Georgina, Esteban, Agustin, Ferrero, Carlos Ignacio, Furlan, Micaela, García, José Sebastian, Granero, Lucas, Henzenn, Mariel, Juaneda, Rodrigo, Vidal, Esteban Politi, Reyna, Guillermo Romero, Montero, José Gabriel Yaryura, Caubet, Maria Mercedes, D’Addino, José Luis, Daryanani, Deepu, Gosselink, Martijn, Ponson, Alex, Afzal, Mohamed, Amprayil, Mathew, Brooke‐smith, Mark, Chen, John, Grantham, James, Gricks, Benjamin, Hii, Amanda, Kundu, Nikhil, Liu, David, Livingston, Charles, Marshall‐webb, Matthew, Mcveay, Christina, Moore, Hamish, Nair, Gavin, Ong, Bee Shan, Parker, Dominic, Rudolph‐stringer, Victoria, Szpytma, Malgorzata, Vissapragada, Ravi, Wee, Melissa Yun, Wong, Geoffrey Yuet Mun, Barnett, Dylan Richard, Bochner, Melissa, Bolt, John, Buddingh, Karel, Coventry, Brendon, Davis, Sean, Dawson, Joseph, Denham, Stuart, Dobbins, Christopher, Fitridge, Robert, Gan, Siang Wei, Haque, Izhar‐ul, Herath, Matheesha, Jog, Shivangi, Kanhere, Harsh, Kuang, Beatrice, Lam, Yick Ho, Lambert, Virginia, Lim, Alicia, Maina, Grace, Moller, Cea‐cea, Neo, Eu Nice, Neo, Eu Ling, Nguyen, Alain, Prasad, Shalvin, Roy, Jennifer, Russell, Christine, Sammour, Tarik, Smith, Nicholas, Smith, Richard, Stranz, Conrad, Tourani, Saam, Tran, Steven, Van de Ven, Lucinda, Warren, Leigh, Whitfield, Robert, Wormald, Jamie, Yin, Yijie, Bierton, Christopher, Cribb, Benjamin, Foley, Katarina, Ong, Daniel, Watson, Matthew, Hampton, Jacob, Karam, James, Rugendyke, Anya, Zhang, Tyson, Vasey, Carolyn, Apellaniz, Eduardo, Frankel, Adam, Gahan, Lara, Guerra, Glen R, Liesegang, Amanda, Lutton, Nicholas, Maurice, Andrew, Miron, Scott, Prasad, Aveechal, Sercombe, Ashleigh, Sivapalan, Thanusan, Ahmad, Syed Danial Syed, Tee, Chin Li, Yaksich, Lachlan, Batstone, Martin, Breik, Omar, Young, Thomas, Field, Michael, Scott, Benjamin, Charlton, Gabriella, Chen, Si, Cheung, Henry Yan Chi, Gauri, Neha, Hayhurst, Ross, James, Sophie, Jang, Seyoung, Jia, Fangzhi, Zhang, Helen, Aujla, Randeep, Finsterwald, Michael, Percy, Digby, Tanaya, Alvin, Trivedi, Anand, Aylett, Andrew, Grills, Richard, Holmes, Angela, Kwok, Matthew Ming Kei, Lambers, Anton, Lambers, Leo, Lok, Evania, Nagra, Sonal, Page, Richard, Paltoglou, Nicholas, Panuganti, Vishwakar, Riddell, Sophie, Rudock, Gareth, Tan, Hannah, Underwood, Kirk, Youssef, Daniel, Amoils, Ricci, Bahtigur, Nazli, Bengeri, Savitha, Builth‐snoad, Lily, Cheah, Hock Ping, Chen, Paul, Chew, Kenneth, Chong, Alyssa, Clark, Sara, Kaul, Rhea Darbari, Devan, Eliya, Ewington, Christina, Fatima, Aleeza, Fitt, Sophia, Gaul, John, Ghosal, Paloma, Gojnich, Amy, Gunawardena, Indu, Hamer, Peter, Holmes, Samuel, Hou, Zhen, Jolly, Danielle, Kane, James Dimitri, Kaufman, Micayla, Khandelwal, Tanishq, Khanijaun, Sukhwant, Kwok, Kelvin, Latif, Edward, Laura, Sharon, Lee, Vivian, Leung, Catherine, Liang, Ina, Lin, Peter, Lun, Elizabeth Weng Yan, Luo, Haili, Victor, Ly, Jolande, Ma, Macnab, Brooke, Mcgee, Richard, Miles, Stephanie, Munro, William, Narroway, Harry, Ngan, Tin Yau, Noor, Anthony, Pahalawatta, Upuli, Park, Melissa, Parkin, Cameron, Poon, Rita, Somasundaram, Shanmugam S, Saab, Claudia, Simpson, Renwick, Steinel, Dana, Taylor, Emily, Tchen, Adrian, Thong, Shu, Tran, Kelvin, Tree, Kevin, Vance, Lucille, Wong, Ken, Victor, Yu, Zhang, Michael, Cox, Aram, Tan, David Chi Hau, Thani, Nova, Das, Shefali, Macdonald, Taigh, Salama, Paul, Sandhu, Gagandeep, Shadbolt, Rachel, Phan, Du, Townend, David, Eunmaro, Ju, Lee, Sang Mi, Barnett, Stephen, Kheslat, Hajar Hasan, Higgins, Andrew, Jamieson‐grigg, Chloe, Jenkins, Victoria, Larner, Brett, Perini, Marcos, Proud, David, Qin, Kirby, Riddiough, Georgina, Seevanayagam, Sivendran, Damien M., Wu, Zhao, Chris, Aggarwal, Sonali, Vinna, An, Battershell, Melanie, Chan, Elliot, Cheung, King Tung, Drake, Anna, Goonawardena, Janindu, Hunt, Benjamin, Christopher, Ip, Iyer, Vikram, Jain, Anshini, Kealey, Joshua, Lew, Chen, Lim, Christopher Seng Hong, Luck, Tara, Mackay, Sean, Maher, Natalie, Maroske, Georgia, Roubos, Nicholas, Sengupta, Shomik, Steen, Christopher, Tsigaras, Zac, Tuttle, Zachary, Ward, Salena, Williams, Marli, Yeap, Evie, Zhou, Jessie, Coates, Amy, Mutalima, Nora, Tran, Ton, Nataraja, Ramesh, Sharpin, Claire, Bird, David, Choy, Kay Tai, Condron, Sarah, Daruwalla, Jurstine, Anjos, Isabela, El‐khoury, Hanna, Fabian, Robert, Gillard, Andrew, Greenop, Rebecca, Issa, Michael, Lee, Sharon, Mori, Krinal, Petrakis, Nikki, Qureshi, Maryum, Sabella, Danielle, Satasivam, Prassannah, Sathianathen, Niranjan, Seow, Sean Ezekiel, Shen, Amanda, Shi, Margaret, Tabassum, Meher, Teixeira, Rodrigo, Vivian‐taylor, Josephine, Wheatley, Jennifer, Shepherd, Sally, Soucisse, Mikael, King, Sebastian, O’Connor, Brendan, Teague, Warwick, Banting, Simon, Chong, Lynn, Clatworthy, Sharnel, Cochrane, Angela, Fox, Adrian, Hii, Michael Wei, Isaacs, Anna, Johnson, Mary Ann, Knowles, Brett, Newcomb, Andrew, Price, Veronique, Raman, Jaishankar, Read, Matthew, Rowcroft, Alistair, Taylor, Lillian, Wright, Gavin, Chana, Prem, Shaw, Kalai, Bock, Jacob, Cory, Jordan, Drummond, Katharine, Lahy, Jack, Mcintire, Thomas, Price, Benjamin, Stark, Claire, Besson, Alex, Gartrell, Richard, Lauritz, Brianne, Nguyen, Ha My Ngoc, Ong, Chui Foong, Pitcher, Meron, Scullion, Lorna, Tang, Howard, Taylor, Danielle, Wolf, Brigid, Wichmann, Matthias, Davis, Amelia, Maurel, Amelie, Raubenheimer, Kyle, Campbell, Cassidy, Colaco, Ashley, Machado, Maria Julia Corbetta, Heffernan, Abbie, Karihaloo, Costa, Ludbrook, Isabella, Park, Sean SW, Peerally, Bibi Nabeeha, Singhai, Camila, Stevens, Heidi, Vavilov, Sergey, Aubin, Anne‐marie, Harris, Margaret, Lim, Zhi Ying, Spring, Rebecca, Stieler, Melissa, Barnes, Nicholas Adamson, Alam, Ahmad Seraj, Alsoudani, Ali, Amico, Francesco, Anning, Rebecca, Balogh, Zsolt J., Blatt, Alison, Cairns, Scott, Carroll, Jesse, Caterson, Andrew, Christie, Adam, Cope, Daron, Dale, Tyson, Dennis, Grace, Duggal, Anchal, Ennis, Brendan, Fenton, Mark, Yi Xin Joanna, Fu, Galevska‐dimitrovska, Ana, Gani, Jonathan, Gelzinnis, Scott, Gramlick, Madelyn, Hadlow, Claudia, Hardstaff, Ruth, Heer, Munish, Holmes, Merran, Hone, Bridget, Sophie, Hu, Huang, Linna, Iqbal, Ramiz, Jefferson, Niall, Kasthurirathne, Dimithi, Kuo, Stephen, Lau, Wayne Yan, Liang, Hsin‐ping, Lim, Daniel, Lin, Rosalina, Mcdonogh, Jack, Mcilwain, Elysse, Ming, Yan Joyce, O’Neill, Christine, Ocsan, Ryan James, Oosthuizen, Benjamin, Organ, Nicole, Otieno, James, Park, Felicity, Paterson, Amanda, Cerdeira, Marisol Perez, Peters, Luke, Petersson, Josefin, Rubbo, Sonia, Siribaddana, Venesa, Thurairajah, Kabilan, Ting, Caleb, Watson, Antonia, Way, Teagan, Wiadji, Elvina, Willoughby, Ellisha, Bailey, Ashley, Broadbent, Samuel, Narayanan, Viswanathan, Stephens, Samuel, Wilkes, Anna, Zhao, Jie, Ballal, Mohammed, D’Souza, Carl, Forbes, Clara, Goss, Matthew, Haddleton, Monique, Harty, Jacinda, Hayne, Dickon, Hew, Nicole, Koh, Wee Ling, Lee, Shawn, Malik, Shahbaz S, Abdul, Naseer Mohammed, Richards, Toby, Seow, Yi Th Ng, Wong, James, Archer, Leigh, Azaman, Nur Sabrina Binti Babe, Dilevska, Tina, Foo, Jonathan, Hans, Tasvinder, Jansen, Shirley, Kumar, Mohit, Leeson, Christopher, Pham, Terence, Pineda, Fernando Picazo, Rajakumar, Saravanan, Suk‐udom, Supisara, Tan, Jonathan, Thurston, Benjamin, Zhao, Bichen, Gupta, Shivangi, Hou, Lachlan, Jeyamanoharan, Nivedan, Leigh, James, Poh, Wei Shearn, Sala, Michael, Crothers, Rebecca, Dravid, Madhulika, Harrison, Ben, Islam, Sumayya, Mccartney, Conor, Nel, Henco, Pearson, Natasha, Apostolou, Christos, Berney, Christophe, Chou, Richard, Hanna, Sam, Lam, Andrew, Vanessa, Ma, Phanse, Salonee Shubhen, Elliott, Michael, Phung, Daniel, Barry, Jessica, Clark‐mackay, Eleanore, Cope, Jennifer, Halliwell, Richard, Chen, Ji, De Robles, Marie Shella, Llorando, Alyssa, Mahin, Humaira Haider, Rao, Dominic, Syed, Faisal, Abulafia, Daniel, Buckland, Benjamin, Cordingley, Timothy, Debiasio, Ashe, Drane, Andrew, Ireland, Patrick, Julien, Benji, Lan‐hoa, Le, Lee, Austin Yeon Suk, Loh, Eu Jhin, Middleton, Andrew, Mortimer, Brienna, Sebastian, Samuel, Short, Brooke, Stewart, Peter, Ruyven, Stephanie, Wong, Daniel, Zhang, Charry, Zhu, Bonnie, Ziaziaris, William, Leitner, Aran, Tolzman, Lukas, Zitt, Matthias, Rakos, Gergely, Székely, György, Djedovic, Gabriel, Königsrainer, Ingmar, Allmer, Caterina, Herritsch, Barbara, Mitteregger, Martin, Schauer, Christian, Seitinger, Gerald, Siebenhofer, Carmen, Uranitsch, Stefan, Duller, David, Mathew, Erwin, Skias, Christoph, Andrianakis, Alexandros, Belarmino, Armin, Brinskelle, Petra, Castellani, Christoph, Cohnert, Tina, Fediuk, Melanie, Fink, Andrea, Holzmeister, Clemens, Kahn, Judith, Kresic, Josip, Leithner, Andreas, Lindenmann, Joerg, Lumenta, David, Michelitsch, Birgit, Mikalauskas, Saulius, Nischwitz, Sebastian P., Puchwein, Paul, Roj, Andrej, Schemmer, Peter, Singer, Georg, Smolle‐juettner, Freyja‐maria, Till, Holger, Wolf, Axel, Andraschofsky, Tibor Oliver, Angerer, Rafael, Arco, Daniel, Kaufmann, Claudia, Kilic, Nura, Widschwendter, Peter, Angermann, Reinhard, Bauer, Marlies, Bergmann, Nicole, Freyschlag, Christian, Gisinger, Martin, Gollmann‐tepeköylü, Can, Graber, Michael, Haim, Alexander, Harasser, Carina, Härter, Bettina, Hirsch, Jakob, Hofer, Markus, Holfeld, Johannes, Huber, Anna Lena, Kralinger, Martina, Krappinger, Dietmar, Kuen, Marlene, Liebensteiner, Michael, Messner, Franka, Messner, Alex, Naegele, Felix, Ninkovic, Marijana, Nowosielski, Yvonne, Osl, Antonia, Ower, Cornelia, Pölzl, Leo, Rauchegger, Teresa, Reimer, Daniel, Riecke, Johannes, Schwabegger, Anton H., Sokolovski, Filipp, Strimmer, Anna, Süss, Markus, Thaler, Martin, Umlauft, Julian, Zehetner, Claus, Zeimet, Alain G., Allerstorfer, Jakob, Haslhofer, David, Hofer, Daniel, Luger, Matthias, Pisecky, Lorenz, Poier, Nikolaus, Rubicz, Nina, Schmolmüller, Christoph, Zwittag, Paul, Rossmann, Tobias, Ruiz‐navarro, Francisco, Stefanits, Harald, Elsayed, Hend, Habertheuer, Peter, Hajkova, Tereza, Loidl, Wolfgang, Luger, Ferdinand, Windischbauer, Amadeus, Fischer, Ines, Függer, Reinhold, Kirchweger, Patrick, Saini, Thomas, Berger, Julian, Fraz, Wolfgang, Nia, Arastoo, Kenez, Mihaly, Nichita, Margit, Magele, Astrid, Mayr, Thomas, Noe, Chiara, Bittner, Reinhard, Borhanian, Kurosch, Dornauer, Isabella, Emmanuel, Klaus, Gabersek, Ana, Gantschnigg, Antonia, Grechenig, Michael, Gruber, Ricarda, Hutter, Jörg, Jäger, Tarkan, Koch, Oliver, Lechner, Michael, Manzenreiter, Lisa, Mayer, Franz, Muehlbacher, Iris, Presl, Jaroslav, Rezaie, Daniel, Schredl, Philipp, Varga, Martin, Weitzendorfer, Michael, Wimmer, Angela, Brunner, Eberhard, Cillia, Michael, Gruber, Michaela, Grünbart, Martin, Heinrich, Elmar, Hoi, Hannes, Kemmetinger, Vanessa, Mittermair, Christof, Mosshammer, Victoria, Obrist, Christian, Paal, Peter, Roesch, Judith, Russe, Elisabeth, Schaetz, Tobias, Schirnhofer, Jan, Schwaiger, Karl, Wechselberger, Gottfried, Weiss, Helmut, Lanner, Maximilian, Binder, Alf‐dorian, Gürtler, Thomas, Fink, Marcus, Reichhold, Daniel, Stoyanova, Radoslava, Beitl, Klara, Bernardi, Martin H., Datler, Philip, Dawoud, Christopher, Farr, Alex, Foessleitner, Philipp, Grimm, Christoph, Harpain, Felix, Hoda, Mir Alireza, Holawe, Simone, Kranawetter, Marlene, Ott, Johannes, Perricos, Alexandra, Pesta, Maximilian, Pillerstorff, Robert, Reiterer, Christian, Riss, Stefan, Rosta, Klara, Scheriau, Georg, Tschernko, Edda, Wenzl, Rene, Wiedemann, Dominik, Wohlrab, Peter, Zapletal, Bernhard, Zimmermann, Matthias, Zimpfer, Daniel, Findl, Oliver, Fisus, Andreea, Ruiss, Manuel, Komaz, Melanie, Meindl, Nikolaus, Primavesi, Florian, Stadlbauer, Karl Heinz, Stättner, Stefan, Steiner, Florian, Cerny, Ondrej, Falkensammer, Eva, Knotzer, Hans, Köglberger, Paul, Poidinger, Bernhard, Wiesinger, Clemens Georg, Burtscher, Johannes, Rath, Sebastian, Trivik‐barrientos, Felipe, Aliyeva, Gunay, Behbudov, Vuqar, Muslumov, Gurbankhan, Zeynalov, Natiq, Alam, Mahmood, Alfayez, Fatema, Hasan, Batool, Mahdi, Maryam, Mulla, Husain, Qader, Kawthar, Saeed, Amr, Shirazi, Ahmed, Albastaki, Aysha, Birido, Nuha, Chagla, Hiba Hameed, Dawaishan, Abdulla, Dawaishan, Baheya, Farhan, Abeer, Juma, Isam, Khan, Asher, Patel, Aqsa Mohammad Eqbal, Srinivasan, Madhu, Deen, Fatema Waheed Akbar Mohamad Akbar Nawab, Abdulqadir, Seemal, Jabr, Abdulla, Maqsood, Fauzia, Almoosa, Noora, Naseer, Mai, Alam, Mohammed Shadrul, Basher, AKM Khairul, Islam, Shahnoor, Islam, S. M. Nazmul, Karim, Sabbir, Faisel, Muntasir, Khan, Sadia, Mannan, Iftekhar Ibne, Nazia, Nawshin, Bentham, Malissa, Corbin, Sasha, Doyle, Alex, Eastmond, Asha, Haynes, Amelia, O’Shea, Margaret, Phillips, Emil, Walkes, Keisha, Artyushkov, Evgeniy L., Kaplan, Mark L., Straltsov, Vladislav, Litvina, Yauheniya, Lyzikov, Alexei, Tihmanovich, Victor E., Borges, Mafalda, Brits, Tim, De Hous, Nicolas, De Wachter, Stefan, Menovsky, Tomas, Mortiers, Xavier, Vermeulen, Dorien, Vleminckx, Nils, Ysebaert, Dirk, Bontinck, Julie, Bulthé, Danny, Rasschaert, Ricky, Van Haver, Anne‐sophie, Van Belle, Koen, Verstraeten, Laurence, Vounckx, Manon, D’Ulisse, Sébastien, De Bruyne, Yasmine, El Nakadi, Badih, Heloise, Tessely, Luisetto, Matteo, Marinakis, Sotirios, Maton, Maxime, Viste, Claire, Van Daele, Elke, Vandeputte, Mathieu, Duinslaeger, Marc, Jacobs‐tulleneers‐thevissen, Daniel, Jansen, Yanina, Janssens, Ward, Kunda, Rastislav, Messaoudi, Nouredin, Ruyssers, Michael, Van Eetvelde, Ellen, Vanhoeij, Marian, Van den Eynde, Jef, Van den Eynde, Raf, Chaoui, Ahmed M., Akpla, Marcellin, Lawani, Souliath, Agossou, Hermann, Behanzin, Hulrich Aouagbe, Bokossa, Covalic, Dewanon, Hubert, Yome, Hugues, Boukari, Alassan, Gbehade, Oswald, Tobome, Sèmèvo Romaric, Amossou, Labissi Francois, Dossou, Francis, Barišić, Tatjana, Boras, Miran, Brekalo, Zdrinko, Blagojević, Ivana Čuljak, Damjanović, Ana, Dragisic, Vedran, Šimić, Ana Dugandžić, Gunaric, Filip, Kajic, Martin, Knežević, Darko, Krešić, Tanja, Lasić, Valentina, Letica, Ludvig, Martinovic, Vlatka, Mikulic, Iva, Miskovic, Josip, Pehar, Hrvoje, Rastović, Pejana, Sesar, Irena, Šetka‐čuljak, Violeta, Soljic, Martina, Tiric, Dejan, Tomić, Vajdana, Vasilj, Anja, Hudic, Igor, Oliver, Renato Aguera, Lamonica, Felipe Azenha, De Medeiros, Jorge, Florindo, Henrique Donizetti Bianchi, Filho, Rodolfo Jose Favaretto, Pereira, Fernanda Costa, Rodrigues, Rodrigo, Junior, Antonio Antunes Rodrigues, Andrade, Fernanda Ruiz, Salvetti, Maisa, Campioto, Débora Schalge, Lamonica, Mayra Tuboi, Urbano, Gustavo, Prado, Ricardo Villela, Alonso, Nivaldo, Santos, Carlos Ferreira, Tonello, Cristiano, Pires, Robinson Esteves, Rezende, Ricardo Fernandes, Reis, Igor, Marson, Fernando Augusto Lima, Ferreira, Erick Pires, Palamim, Camila Vantini Capasso, Brandao, Marcelo, Souza, Tiago Henrique, Maunsell, Rebecca, Neto, Alfeu Accorsi, Accorsi, Guilherme, Fernandes, Murilo Francisco, Machareth, Camila, Moura, Barbara Viegas, Dias, Vanessa, Guarienti, Luciano, Sampaio, Lia Regina, Vendrame, Cristiano, Coelho, Tatiane Amorim, Becker, Karin, Dias, Andre, Fachin, Camila Girardi, Gomes‐da‐silva, Monica Maria, Moraes, Isabela, Pinto, Amanda, Stychnicki, Adriano Seikiti, Julio, Nathalia Siqueira, Santos, José Mauro, Junior, Humberto Fenner Lyra, Oliveira, João Carlos Costa, Onzi, Tiago Rafael, Gerber, Marlus Tavares, Coelho, Filipe Osni, Silva, Janaína Carla, Panis, Carolina, Rech, Daniel, Avelino, Melissa, Botacin, Lais, Gonçalves, Mateus Capuzzo, Santos Leite, Amanda Lira, Pol‐fachin, Laercio, Bezerra, Tainá Santos, Santos Junior Alcimar, Alcimar Lavareda, Amorim, Robson, Leão, Maria Eduarda Bellotti, Bergamasco, João José Corrêa, Pinheiro, Cintia Cardoso, Neto, Rubem Alves Da Silva, De Araújo, Elaine Francisca, Guimaraes, Lilian, Liborio‐kimura, Tatiana, Camara, Isabelle Melo, Siqueira, Victor Ripardo, Rodriguez, Juan, Silva, Jeancarllo, Junior, Rubem Alves Silva, Cardoso, Cláudio, Guimaraes, Andre, Alves, Wislene Sarajane Moreira, Menezes, Agna Soares Da Silva, Araujo, Marcelo, Brito, Kattiucy, Albuquerque, Josie Marcelle Lira, Dussan‐sarria, Jairo Alberto, Souza, Andressa, Stüker, Andre Ricardo, Bresciani, Tiago, Stefani, Luciana Cadore, Cavazzola, Leandro Totti, Costa, Tainá, Dasqueve, Matheus, Marangon, Gustavo De Bacco, Martins, Otávio Ritter Silveira, Rodrigues, Josy, Cardoso, Guilherme Roloff, Neto, Brasil Silva, Soares, Tilaê, Zanella, Aline, Filippi, Lucas Torelly, Guerra, Enilde Eloena, Cruz, Ricardo Pedrini, Kalil, Antonio Nocchi, Laporte, Gustavo, Salem, Moacyr, Lima Brazan, Murilo, Campos Prado, Caio Antonio, Moises, Elaine Christine Dantas, Suto, Hilda Satie, Yasuda, Alice Gadotti, Zani, Ana Carolina Tagliatti, Santos, Roberto Cardoso Cardoso, Duarte, Geraldo, Joviliano, Edwaldo Edner, Santos, Carolina Lourenço Gomes, Quintana, Silvana Maria, Tamashiro, Edwin, Valera, Fabiana Cardoso Pereira, Zaccaro, Marília Veccechi Bijos, Andreotti, Isis, Lima, Leonardo, Salgado, Wilson, Cunha Viana Júnior, Alonço, Moutinho, Lana, Oliveira, Cora Pichler, Martins, Isabela Trindade, Toledo, Isabela Vieira, Guimaraes‐filho, Marco Antonio Correa, Arrivabeno, Rodrigo, Murta, Claudio Bovolenta, Said, Danniel Frade, Junior, Jose Pontes, Pugliesi, Felipe Guimarães, Gregorio, Paulo, Mariani, Alessandro, Minamoto, Fabio, Silva, Juliana Lourenço, Muller, Bruno, Zanon, Caio, Carvalho, Vladimir C., Lima, Ana Lucia Munhoz, Oliveira, Priscila R, Santos Silva, Jorge, Teixeira, Mariana Faccini, Kulcsar, Marco, Matos, Leandro, Nunes, Kamilla Schmitz, Junior, Joel Abdala, Abdallah, Emne, Carvalho, Genival Barbosa, Farias, Igor Correia, Silva, Cassia, Eloi Pinto, Fabio Fernando, Facure, Luciana, Godoy, André, Kupper, Bruna, Leite, Fernanda, Melo Lôbo, Matheus, Mantoan, Henrique, Marques, Narimã, Marques, Tomas, Medici, João Paulo, Torres, Silvio Melo, Garcia, Katheryne Merlos, Meduna, Rafael Ribeiro, Herbst, Ana Carolina Scintini, Santos, Silvana Soares Dos, Gonçalves, Bruna Tirapelli, Antonini, Marcelo, Brienze, Carolina, Farah, José Francisco, Gonçalves, Rodrigo, Machado, Vinicius, Nadal, Luis Roberto, Rodrigues, Danilo Nadal, Pansani, Adrieli, Rocha, Maria Luiza, Simonsen, Marcelo, Tsuchiya, Daniela, Vasques, Rafaela, Amorim, Jorge, Carvalho, Ana Alyra, Correia, Rebeca, Santos, Brena Costa, Neto, Henrique Jorge Guedes, Nakano, Luis, Pereda, Mariana, Vasconcelos, Vladimir, Awada, Jamile Barakat, Gava, Guilherme, Ijichi, Tiago Riuji, Kim, Nam Jin, Nunes, Rafael, Pinto, Fabio, Pereira, Thiago Henrique Sigoli, Volpe, Gustavo Jardim, Gatti, Arthur, Nardi, Caroline, Oliva, Ramon, Oliveira, Layze Braz, Carvalho, Herica Emilia Félix, Ribeiro, Ivonizete Pires, Rodrigues, Gabriel Renan Soares, Sousa, álvaro Francisco Lopes, Chebel, Michel, Sousa Fernandes, Paulo Henrique, Freitas, Marcelo Augusto Faria, Cunha, Juliano Rodrigues, Ather, Zeenia, Dimitrov, Dobromir, Filipov, Emil, Gyokova, Elitsa, Ilieva, Ivelina, Ivanov, Tsvetomir, Karamanliev, Martin, Neykov, Vasil, Atanasov, Boyko, Belev, Nikolay, Kamenova, Paolina, Tonev, Kaloyan, Yotsov, Tsanko, Hristova, Evguenia, Spassov, Kolyo, Tsankov, Tsanko, Dardanov, Dragomir, Gribnev, Petar, Sokolov, Manol, Brown, James, Tanyi, John, Hurdle, Heather, Maclean, Anthony, Sander, Michael, Al Riyami, Salim, Bali, Krittika, Bigam, David, Dajani, Khaled, Anvari, Mehran, Bolis, Rafik, Choi, David, Ellis, Susan, Gupta, Michael, Hanna, Wael, Hong, Dennis, Horner, Cynthia, Luketic, Lea, Moisiuk, Peter, Shargall, Yaron, Alfaro, Hilda, Alkhamesi, Nawar, Allen, Laura, Brackstone, Muriel, Chan, Eunice, Cheng, Davy, Chui, Jason, Gonzalez, Nelson, Lanting, Brent, Macneil, S. Danielle, Mayer, Robert, Mcgee, Jacob, Nagappa, Mahesh, Power, Nicholas, Prempeh, Agya, Qiabi, Mehdi, Razvi, Hassan, Schemitsch, Emil, Sehmbi, Herman, Shah, Ushma, Subramani, Yamini, Vasarhelyi, Edward, Vogt, Kelly, Yang, Homer, Abdehgah, Ali Ghorbani, Balvardi, Saba, Feldman, Liane, Fiore, Julio Flavio, Hanson, Melissa, Hopkins, Brent, Kaneva, Pepa, Lee, Lawrence, Leonard, Julia, Abou‐khalil, Jad, Martel, Andre, Stevenson, James, Lee, Susan, Merchant, Richard, Avoine, Samuel, Belanger, Laurence, Belanger, Mathieu, Belzile, Etienne, Blais, Anne‐sophie, Boucher‐kovalik, Sofia, Boulanger‐gobeil, Cindy, Cardinal, Etienne, Champagne, Pierre‐olivier, Cloutier, Jonathan, Corriveau‐durand, Simon, Cote, Mathieu, Cote, Maxime, Côté, Mathilde, Courval, Valérie, Demers, Suzanne, Desbiens, Christine, El Ouazzani, Mehdi, Girard, Karine, Girard, Ève‐marie, Gosselin, Karo, Khuong, Helene, Labrecque, Nathalie, Langlais, Eve‐lyne, Larouche, Audrey, Lavallée, Andréane, Lemyre, Madeleine, Maheux‐lacroix, Sarah, Marien, Melissa, Marin, Patrick, Mauger, Julie, Milot, Genevieve, Nadeau, Sylvie, Nguyen, Sebastien, Paris, Mélinda, Pelet, Stéphane, Plante, Marie, Plante, Carole, Pouliot, Frederic, Renaud, Marie Claude, Sarlabous, Mathilde, Schmit, Isabelle, St‐germain, Raphaël, Johnston, Brian, Labine, Nicole, Persad, Amit, Pham, Hong, Wood, Melissa, Azam, Riordan, Atrey, Amit, Beckett, Andrew, Cohen, Daniel, Das, Sunit, Daza, Julian, Dunkerton, Cheryl, Ellenbogen, Yosef, Hanley, Ciara, Kellett, Sorcha, Khoshbin, Amir, Ladha, Karim, Mcfarlan, Amanda, Montgomery, Spencer, Pazmino‐canizares, Janneth, Suresh, Hrishikesh, Vasdev, Ravleen, Ahmed, Maira, Gentili, Fred, Kalyvas, Aristotelis, Millesi, Matthias, Sarica, Can, Shaikh, Taariq, Leslie, St, Jacques, Null, Tabasinejad, Raha, Zadeh, Gelareh, Hsiao, Marvin, Jedrzejko, Nicole, Black, Peter, Broe, Claire, Dandurand, Charlotte, Grey, Rebecca, Leung, Philemon, Lindberg, Andrew, Gutierrez, Juan Mata, Mayson, Kelly, Meneghetti, Adam, Phillips, Drew, Street, John, Calderón, Carolina Carvajal, Pizarro, Daniel Alejandro Donoso, Fernández, Esteban, Molero, Ángela, Mutarello, Nastassja, Lucic, Jorge Núñez, Gaete, Katherine Ochoa, Lopez, Catalina Ruiz, Sepúlveda, Rina, Ulloa, Camila, Barreda, Mauricio, Dallaserra, Matias, Wood, Matías Günther, Tobar, Mauricio Sandoval, Garcia‐huidobro, Francisco, Dona, Jimena, Diez, Carolina Soto, Igor, Daniel, Mena, Javier, Reyes, José Tomás, Soto, Catalina Arredondo, Campos, Jose, Gonzalez, Javier, Rivera, Barbara, Altamirano‐villarroel, Jaime, Cohn, David, Amesti, Luis Marin, Recabal, Pedro, Sandoval, Camilo, Fonseca, Bruno Catoia, Contador, Monica, Hodali, Andres, Pincheira, Camila, Mantilla, Andrea Ramos, Garrido, Claudio Salas, Torres, Janina, Valenzuela, Marco, Chen, Zehua, Jiankun, Hu, Tao, Jin, Yang, Kun, Zhang, Yuexin, Chen, Yuan, Cunchuan, Wang, Yang, Wah, Bai, Xueli, Liang, Tingbo, Tao, Ma, Ning, Pu, Yin, Hanlin, Caicedo, Camilo, Beltran, Diego Felipe Tellez, Escobar, Alejandro, Granados, Carolina Perez, Pinzon, Lisbeth Alexandra Urueña, Bonilla, Carlos, Santana, Diana, Serrano, Oscar, Garcia, Andrea, Luque, Fernando Giron, Patino‐jaramillo, Nasly G., Baquero, Laura Giselle Contreras, Botero, Nestor Augusto Muñoz, Castellanos, Jhoana Andrea Murillo, Calvera, Andrea Juliana Vega, Acosta Buitrago, Lina M., Bohórquez‐tarazona, Maria Paz, Rivera, Paulo Andrés Cabrera, Felipe Casas, J, Alfaro, Valeria Cormane, Corso, Julian, Guerra, Bayron, Guerrero‐becerra, Albert Franz, Abiyomaa, Akram Kadamani, Montes, Felix Ramon, Paz, Manuel Santiago Mosquera, Sandoval, Camilo Andrés Polanía, Quintana, Natalia, Ortega, Carlos Fernando Roman, Santacruz, Carlos, Téllez, Manuela, Sánchez, Camilo Alejandro Velandia, Arias‐amézquita, Fernando, Vargas, Luis Felipe Cabrera, Murgueitio, Natalia Cortes, Escorcia, Elkin, Ghotme, Kemel Ahmed Ghotme, Gomez‐mayorga, Jorge Luis, Vergel, Alvaro Felipe Guerrero, Herrera‐almario, Gabriel, Londono‐schimmer, Eduardo, Mejia, Juan A., Monsalve, Guillermo, Rodriguez, Camilo, Niño, Juan Nicolas Rodriguez, Ortegón, Luis Martín Rodríguez, Sanabria, Daniel, Alvarez, Andres, Andrade, Arnulfo, Ardila‐montealegre, Javier, Baquero, David, Vidales, Edgar Mauricio Barrios, Giraldo, María Alejandra Caicedo, Carvajal, María Camila, Castillo, Maria, Florez, Maria Carolina Castillo, Cendales, María Angelica, Monroy, Danny Conde, Cortes, Henry, Daniel, Mario, De la Peña, Jairo, Delgado‐nieto, Elena Leonor, Espitia, Hernando, Avendaño, Carlos Figueroa, Burgos, Edgar Oswaldo Hernandez, Isaza‐restrepo, Andres, Londono, German, Maldonado, Margarita Maria, Montenegro, Andrea, Navarro, Juan Carlos, Navarro‐alean, Jorge, Abaunza, Katherine Parra, Pulido, Eliana, Ramírez Amaya, Erika M., Chaves, Carlos Eduardo Rey, Rincón, Natalia Andrea Rivera, Castillo, William Mauricio Riveros, Sanchez, Lizeth Rodriguez, Rubiano, Wilson, Russi, Maria, Olarte, Juan Carlos Sabogal, Tovar, Javier Mauricio Salgado, Sanchez, Maria Juliana, Varela, David Mauricio Solano, Gomez, Paula Torres, Trillos, Marcial, Patiño, Ana María Vargas, Vargas‐barato, Felipe, Leon, Juan Pablo Villate, Useche, María Alejandra Wagner, Acosta, Jesus, Almeciga, Adriana, Mendez, Luis Becerra, Beltran, Rafael Jose, Bonilla, Ana, Buitrago, Miguel, Cabrera, Marino, Quiroz, Pedro Hernando Calderon, Camacho‐nieto, Diego, Fierro, Carlos Andrés Carvajal, Bonilla, Sergio Cervera, Diaz, Sandra, Facundo, Helena, Forero, Jorge, Mora, Mauricio Garcia, Tirado, Karena Victoria Garcia, Perez, German Fabian Godoy, Gonzalez, Felipe, Guevara, Oscar, Hernandez, Jairo Alonso, Mora, David Ricardo Herrera, Lalinde, Juan David, Lehmann, Carlos, Llanos, Eduardo Leon, Lopez, Byron Eduardo Lopez De Mesa, Mariño, Ivan, Medina, Monica, Morales, Raúl Eduardo Pinilla, Puerto, Angela, Null, Ma, Quintero‐ortíz, Andrea, Hernández, Juliana Rendón, Cortés, Elio Fabio Sánchez, Hernández, Alvaro Eduardo Sánchez, Suarez, Raul, Suescun, Oscar, Vanegas, Marco, Varela, Rodolfo, Bernal, Jorge Luis Velez, Viveros‐carreño, David, Gómez, Daniela Camargo, Fletcher, Angelica, Merchan, Abel, Luna, Euler Javier Burbano, Cujiño, Indira, Galvis, Mauricio Velasquez, Galliadi, Lina Maria Vergara, Gonzalez, Orlando Abonia Gonzalez Abonia, Saravia, Maria Fernanda Acuna, Arroyave, Roberto, Angulo, Jose Maria Barreto, Bonilla‐escobar, Francisco Javier, Cardona, Uriel, Giacometto, Ivan Castañeda, Castillo, José Luis, Castillo‐cobaleda, Diego Fernando, Garcia, Diego Jose Caycedo, Tello, Brenda Marcela Coll, Dueñas‐ramirez, Juan Carlos, Vidarte, Oscar Andres Escobar, Figueroa, Luis, Garcia‐perdomo, Herney, Gomez, Alden, Gomez, Laura, Gomez, Alejandro, Grande‐gil, Ana María, Guarin, David, Guzman, Natalia, Castañeda, Enrique Herrera, Hinaoui, Marisol, Escobar, Anuar Armando Idrobo, Kammerer, Christian Kammerer, Leon, Sergio, Lucero, Carlos Antonio Llanos, López, Angie, Martinez‐blanco, Alexander Maximiliano, Casella, Antonio José Montoya, Corredor, Ricardo Andres Niño, Ordoñez, Sebastian, Uribe, Diego Alfredo Palta, Serna, Andrea Carolina Perea, Ríos, July, Ríos‐samper, Gabriel, Garcia, Juan David Rivera, Moreno, Juan Camilo Salcedo, Sandoval, John, Ramirez, Guillermo Alberto Sarmiento, Romero, Paola Andrea Tabares, Urzola, Ricardo, Valdes‐duque, Iliana Maria, Velasquez, Miguel, Villegas, Lina Maria, Zapata‐copete, James, Lara, José Omar Zorrilla, Zuluaga, Mauricio Zuluaga, Moreno, Alejandra Echeverri, Figueroa, Juan Sebastian, Ortiz, Adolfo Enrique Gómez, Mosos, Maria Fernanda Gonzalez, González‐orozco, Alejandro, Roncancio, Juan Jose Jaramillo, Martínez, María Camila Leyva, Mosos, Monica, Ramirez, Juan Sebastian, Rodríguez, Henry Andrés, Henao, Juan David Saavedra, Varón, María Alejandra Torrado, Ramírez, Leidy Natalia Idarraga, Ocampo, Lorena, Marin, Monica Cardona, Gonzalez, Ana Maria Marin, Mejia, David Alejandro, Vanegas, Luis Emiro, Martinez, Yicel Alvarez, Vesga, Sandra Aruachan, Fuentes, Dayana Vanessa Baron, Salas, Alejandra Caballero, Estrada, Gustavo Antonio Martinez, Campo, Kelly Viloria, Alvarez, Juan Antonio Corralez, Regino, Cesar David Galindo, Velasquez, Angela Maria Giraldo, Moreno, Carlos Enrique Melo, Tejada, Jorman H., Tovar, Jesus Hernan, Tovar, German Alirio, Hernández, Edison Alexander Benavides, Orozco‐chamorro, Claudia Milena, Angel, Gustavo Adolfo, Buesaquillo, Christian Ali, Montaño, Victor David Olave, Sánchez‐gómez, Andrés, Ureche, Daniela Patricia Escalante, Garrido, Jairo Martinez, Genda, Eben‐ezer, Eboma, Fabrice, Bitunjac, Kristina, Grulović, Karlo, Vučković, Marijana, Šantak, Goran, Borovic, Emanuel, Versic, Ana Bosak, Hasandić, Damir, Grabar, Natasa Poldan, Medancic, Suzana Srsen, Brkic, Lucija, Cokarić, Sara, Palac, Petra Pavic, Samac, Zeljka, Tomić, Josipa, Vrdoljak, Marija, Bacic, Ivan, Bakmaz, Bernarda, Vučičić, Nikolina Bratošević, Brzic, Domagoj, Canovic, Samir, Dijan, Emilio, Dragicevic, Maja Grgec, Karlo, Robert, Konjevoda, Suzana, Kovačević, Petra, Kovačić, Ivan, Markulić, Frane, Matak, Luka, Morović, Domagoj, Perišić, Gordan, Simic, Andrea, Skitarelić, Neven, Veršić, Matea, Žufić, Vanja, Zuzul, Matea, Anzic, Srdan Ante, Carevic, Iva, Litvic, Dubravka Heli, Markov‐glavas, Duska, Jovanovic, Tatjana Savic, Augustin, Goran, Biloš, Jerko, Biočina, Bojan, Biosic, Vedrana, Bobovec, Dino, Botica, Iva, Bumber, Boris, Čerina, Petra, Vukovic, Katarina Duric, Gasparovic, Hrvoje, Gatin, Lucija, Grsic, Kresimir, Radojković, Ika Gugić, Jelčić, Ivan, Kastelan, Zeljko, Kolak, Juraj, Kulis, Tomislav, Kunjko, Kristian, Maric, Marjan, Kavanagh, Marcel Marjanović, Milicic, Borna, Morić, Trpimir, Pasini, Miram, Penezić, Luka, Prgomet, Drago, Prstacic, Ratko, Prtorić, Andreja, Radojković, Rudolf, Romić, Ivan, Sečan, Tomislav, Šoša, Dora škrljak, Slipac, Juraj, Tomic, Mislav, Zedelj, Jurica, Zekulić, Toni, Zimak, Zoran, Lorencin, Mia, Luksic, Ivica, Mamic, Matija, Espinsa, Norberto Miranda, Cruz, Ailén Sánchez, Antoniou, Stavros A., Kakas, Michael, Panayiotou, Yiannis, Almezghwi, Heyam, Arslan, Kalbim, Besim, Hasan, Özant, Ali, Özçay, Necdet, Kokkinos, Georgios, Papatheodorou, Panayiotis, Pozotou, Ioanna, Stavrinidou, Olga, Yiallourou, Anneza, Burda, Lukáš, Dosoudil, Michal, Martinek, Lubomir, Gawel, Wladyslaw B., Lerch, Milan, Peteja, Matúš, Žatecký, Jan, Daniel, Toman, Formánek, Martin, Javurkova, Veronika, Kepičová, Markéta, Macečková, Nicole, Matousek, Petr, Simetka, Ondrej, Vavra, Petr, Zelenik, Karol, Černý, Jan, Khan, Sami, Lischke, Robert, Přibyl, Martin, Younus, Temoore, Amarasena, Yenuksha, Klíma, Karel, Pirmorad, Setareh, Hotová, Zuzana, Mladěnka, Aleš, Bozo, Nulvin, Harbjerg, Julie Lykke, Hviid, Louise, Kristensen, Helle ø, Mekhael, Mira, Nielsen, Mette Fugleberg, Paulsen, Laerke, Sinimäki, Saija, Mogensen, Louise Zinck, Bonde, Peter, Ebbehøj, Anders Lyng, Fenger, Anne‐sophie, Haugstvedt, Aleksander Fjeld, Hansen, Christine Hangaard, Jönsson, Maria Lovisa, Jorgensen, Lars N, Krarup, Peter‐martin, Lihn, Anne‐louise, Meyhoff, Christian, Otte, Helena, Amar, Anas Ould Si, Palm, Henrik, Schlesinger, Nis, Smith, Henry, Tryggedsson, Ida, Axelsen, Anne Reiss, Bælum, Jens Kristian, Ellebaek, Mark Bremholm, Ellebæk, Signe Bremholm, Hogh, Anders, Acosta, Maria, Acosta, Yancy, Baez, Pedro, Betances, Luis Alfredo, Bonilla, Luis Rodolfo, Cabreja, Daniel, Cruz, Wilton Cabrera, Expósito, María Mabel Collado, Crespo, Aldo, Cruz‐pineda, Octavio, D’óleo García, Claudio Samuel, Díaz, Pedro, Escoto, Remberto, Figueroa, Jatnna, Garcia, Luis, Rodriguez, U Garcia‐Dubus, Gomez, Humberto, Grullon, Adrian, Guerrero, Fatherin, Guzman, Lillian, Mosquea, Thelma Rocío Jiménez, Lazala, Engels, Lopez, Ariela, Francisco, Leeany Maletta, Mercado, Jhomayri, Munoz, Herisardy, Paulino, Jeffrey, Fernandez, Maricely Ambar Perez, Reyes, Rudeily, Guilamo, Lilia Rosa Reyes, Rivas, Ruben, Torres, Claudia Alejandra Rivas, Rodríguez, Ada, Villa, Madelin Tamar Rosario, Santana, Eleazar, Soto, Joel, Tactuk, Nassin, Sardiñas, Cristina Kristel Tonos, Ubinas, Raul, Victoria, Jose, Villegas, Aaron, Acra‐tolari, Ricardo, Beltran, Larissa, Betances, Luis Fernand, Blaubach, Alejandro, Mejía, Denisse Idalia Campos, Capellan, Nathalia, Bruzual, María Fernanda Cedeño, Spencer, Saray Cordero, Lantigua, Gabriella Cuevas, De Jesus, Luis, Díaz, Gabriela, Vásquez, Pedro Pablo Díaz, Disla, Karla, Uceta, Jesús Antonio Echavarría, Jimenez, Paola Irina Eusebio, Fernandez, Damaris, Camilo, Marlin Fernandez, Germosen, Jiomar Manuel Figueroa, Fortunato, Maruel, Fernández, Leyla Gabriel, Dihmes, Alicia German, Herrera, Héctor, Cuevas, Elizabeth Leon, Mata, Jose Alejandro, De La Cruz, Mirian Mateo, De la Cruz, Dolores Mejia, Mirambeaux, Marcos, De La Cruz, Fabio Ortiz, Paulino, Henry, Pelletier, Gabriela, Pichardo, Merycarla, Enrique, Rodriguez Pumarol Próspero, Rivas, Julio, Marmolejos, Ann Stephany Sanchez, Santana, Roman Santana, Almanzar, Irina Suero, Sánchez, María Magdalena Vásquez, Campuzano, Nicolás, Ocampo, José Ricardo Negrete, Armas, Maria, Guerra, Alvaro Santiago LeMarie, Vizcaya, Gustavo León, Abdelwahab, Omar Ahmed, Elmehrath, Ahmed O., Mostafa, Mohammed Ezzat, Amira, Gamal, Sallam, Ibrahim, Sherief, Mohamed, Abdelmajeed, Ahmed, Abdou, Mostafa, Shanab, Ahmed Abo, Abodeeb, Aya, Aboelkhel, Roger, Abosamak, Nour Eldin, Bakr, Amna Abou, Aboubakr, Samar, Abouelnagah, Yossof, Aboumadawy, Omar, Adel, Dina, Afifi, Nermeen, Ahmed, Sara, Ahmed, Abedelrahman, Sayed, Mohamed AL, Alberkamy, Abdelrahman, Aldahma, Mohamed, Ali, Ahmed, Ali, Mostafa, Bakr, Mohamed Amin, Anter, Alaa, Asal, Doaa, Ashoush, Fouad, Ashraf, Olfat, Ashraf, Abdel Rahman, Atta, Rewan, Badr, Salma, Bahaaeldin, Mohamed, Bastawesy, Mostafa, Darwish, Sara, El Kharashy, Rasha, Elassar, Ziad, Elbadawy, Seifeldin, Elkhity, Dina, Elsaka, Alromisaa, Elsayed, Manal, Hewalla, Mostafa Elsayed Elsayed, Elshafey, Mohamed, Eshac, Youssof, Eshac, Fares, Essameldin, Amr, Ewedah, Moataz, Ezz, Yara, Farag, Mohamed, Gadelkarim, Inas, Gadelrab, Ziyad, Gamal, Dina, Ghaly, Mira, Girgis, Nathalie, Gouda, Omar, El Goweini, Nancy H., Hafez, Nour, Hafez, Youssef, Abdin, Abdelkader Hamed, Hanno, Rodina, Hassanin, Aliaa, Hassanin, Mohamed, Hemead, Hanan M., Hemida, Abdelrahman, Hosain, Maher, Hossam, Ahmed, Aly, Hamza Hussein Aly Salama, Ibrahim, Mohamed, Ibrahim, Abdelrahman, Ibrahim, Nourhan, Hamouda, Noha Mohamed Salah Ibrahim Moussa, Iskander, Monica, Khalifa, Islam, Kotb, Mostafa, Mahmoud, Nada, Shabana, Alaa Mahmoud Abo, Mamdouh, Nora, Metwalli, Maram, Metwally, Khaled, Moghazy, Mahmoud, Mohamed, Moustafa, Mourad, Mohamed, Moustafa, Esraa, Mubarek, Kamilia, Nader, Nour Eldin, Nasser, Ahmed, Omar, Samaa, Qatora, Mostafa Shehata, Ragab, Mohamed, Ragal, Marawan, Ramadan, Dina, Ramadan, Rana, Ramadan, Sara, Romany, John, Sabry, Ahmed, Said, Yasmeen, Salamah, Sara, Saleh, Ahmed Mostafa, Elkaffas, Mona Saleh Mesbah Mohamed, Salem, Alaa, Salim, Hashem, Samih, Ahmed, Abdelaal, Ahmed Samir, Shaheen, Ahmed, Mohammed, Yassmeen Sharafeldin, Shehata, Abdelrahman, Shemeis, Mohamed, Shenit, Karim, Sheta, Mennatallah, Soffar, Asmaa, Tanas, Yousef, Tarek, Ahmed, Yehia, Nermin, Eid, Omar Khaled Mohamed, Abdulfattah, Ammar Yasser, Elsaghir, Ahmed, Elganainy, Mohamed Fouad, Elsayed, Omar Ibrahim, Elmandouh, Omar, Hamam, Omar, Shehata, Mostafa Ahmed, Abdelaziz, Areej A., Abbas, Ahmed M., El‐ghani, Wael Abd, Abd Elazeem, Hossam Aldein S., Elsayed, Mustafa Abd, Abd‐elkariem, Ahmed Yassien, Abdalla, Shimaa, Abdel‐aleem, Mahmoud, Abdelazeem, Khaled, Abdelfattah, Mahmoud, Abdelhafez, Mohammed, Abdelkarem, Mohamed M., Abdelraouf, Ali, Abdullaha, Lamess, Abubeih, Hossam, Ahmed, Moaiad Eldin, Ahmed, Nagm Eldin Abu Elnga, Ahmed, Ahmed, Saad, Sarah Ahmed, Alaa, Sherif, Alhussaini, Ali, Ali, Abdelrahman Ahmed Abdelrahman, Ali, Ibrahim, Ali, Wagdi, Mohamed, Mohamed Ali, Ashraf, Mohamed, Bassiouni, Muhammad, El‐adawy, Mohamed G., El‐sharkawi, Mohammad, Elkhayat, Hussein, Elmaghraby, Khaled, Elsdfy, Shady, Elsharkawy, Mohamed, Eltayeb, Almoutaz, Mohamed, Mohamed Esmat, Essam, Esraa, Fahd, Mahmoud, Farouk, Osama, Gadelkareem, Rabea, Ghoneim, Ahmed, Takrouney, Mohammed Hamada, Hamdan, Ahmed, Hamed, Abd El‐Rahman, Hasan, Ahmad, Hassanin, Mohamed Abdelghafor, Hawal, Islam, Henes, Kerollos, Herdan, Mohamed Omar, Hetta, Helal F., Ibrahem, Omar, Ibrahim, Mostafa, Ibrahim, Islam H., Kamel, Mahmoud, Khallaf, Mohamed, Elghazaly, Shrouk M., Mahfouz, Abobakr, Mahmoud, Osman, Mahran, Wesam, Mahrous, Doha, Marsis, Abadeer, Mohamed, Ayman, Hussein, Aliae Mohamed, Sayed, Amr Mohamed, Mohammed, Mahmoud M, Mokhtar, Ahmed, Monib, Fatma A., Nageeb, Ahmed, Nageh, Mariam Albatoul, Nageh, Mohammed, Omar, Nehal Gamal, Ragab, Abdelrahman, Ramadan, Abdelrahman, Temerik, Abdallah Rashad, Sabry, Aya, Safwat, Hadeer, Salah, Omar, Mahmoud, Ahmed Elhussiny Salah, Saleh, Ahmed, Sallam, Mahmoud, Samir, Ahmed, Sayad, Reem, Sayed, Esraa, Sedik, Ahmed S., Shahine, Mohammed, Soliman, Antonios, Soliman, Wael, Taher, Mohamed Gamal, Wanees, Randa, Yousof, Ebrahim Ahmed, Youssef, Ahmed, Elabedeen, Omar Zein, Hassan, Ahmed Emad Sayed, Fattah, Shrouk Abdel, Abostate, Ahmed, Ali, Samar, Salama, Saad Ali Saad, Allam, Mohamed, Alsadek, Ahmed, Arafa, Ebrahim, Barakat, Ahmed, El Sherpiny, Mohammed, Elbehairy, Gehad, Eleisawy, Mahmoud, Elgendy, Abdelrahman, Elhawary, Rewan, Eltregy, Sherif, Hamdy, Mahmoud, Hassan, Gehad, Khalifa, Aya, Mahmoud, Ahmed, Altukhy, Ahmed Mohamed, Noah, Kareem, Noureldin, Yasser, Nowar, Mostafa, Saad, Moustafa, Elsaeidy, Ahmed Saad, Elsaeidy, Khaled Saad, Sabry, Hesham, Sameh, Mostafa, Said‐elnaby, Ahmed Tarek, Zahed, Mohamed, Zahran, Mohamed, Zaid, Abdelrahman, Zoghary, Ahmed Zaki, Atef, Mohamed, Mohamed, Ahmed, Youssef, Mohamed, Abdelhamid, Mahmoud Hossameldin Saad, Alazab, Emad, Awad, Ahmed K., Darwesh, Amr, El Fiky, Lobna, Elgarhy, Ibrahim, Nassef, Mohamed Adel, Shaban, Mahmoud, Shalaby, Mahmoud Mohamed Mohamed, Wahba, Abdelrahman, Fouad, Omar Youssif Omar, Elsadek, Menan, Gad, Dalia, Abdelsamed, Ahmed, Bayomy, Abdulhakeem, Elsalhy, Mohamed, Fahim, Ahmed, Seleim, Ahmed, Afifi, Eman, Gamal, Fatma Alzahraa, Gamal, Mennatullah, Eldesouky, Omnia, Eldwini, Mohamed Hatem Elmetwalli Eldwini, Fahmy, Mostafa Medhat Fahmy, Hussein, Ahmed, Ouf, Abdallah, Sami, Omar, Shaat, Salem, Bahi, Abdullah Wael Mostafa Khalil, Atea, Abdurhman, Gamal, Ibrahim, El Kassas, Mohamed, Omar, Wael, Tawheed, Ahmed, Al‐oribi, Saeid, Aly, Nuran Khaled, Elfiky, Mahmoud, Elmaghraby, Alaa Eldine, Elrahmany, Abdulrahman, Elsherbeeny, Motaz, Helmy, Youssef, Nabil, Ahmed, Farahat, Ahmed Samir, Soliman, Mostafa, Wassef, Amr, Abdelrahman, Abdelrahman, Elsaban, Seif, Ghaly, Galal, Hamdy, Rana, Mondy, Hamada, Abdallah, Lubna, Darwish, Abdelrhman KZ, Rabea, Mohamed, Azab, Mohammed A, Abbas, Alzhraa Salah, El‐deeb, Marwa, Fawzy, Mohamed, Ibraheem, Maher, Bakry, Abdelrahman, Elnems, Sarah, Elsheikh, Randa, Gbreel, Mohamed Ibrahim, Hafez, Mahmoud, Jammal, Mohamed, Hamam, Khaled M, Makram, Abdelrahman M, Makram, Omar Mohamed, Rabie, Salma, Askalany, Sherine Yousery, Abushanab, Mokhtar Mohamed Ibrahim, Eid, Abdulrahman, El Ghalid, Mohammed Refaat Ibrahiem Amin, Abdelaty, Ahmed Adel, Fayad, Elsayed A., Radwan, Asmaa, Sallam, Moataz, Shokry, Ahmad, Farouk, Ahmed Mohamed, Elfallal, Ahmed, Elfeki, Hossam, Elsaeed, Mohamed, Elsaid, Mahmoud, Makroum, Amany, Elsaid, Dina Mohamed, Mostafa, Mohamed, Omar, Mohamed W, Rezk, Mohamed, Sakr, Ahmed, Sanad, Aly, Shalaby, Mostafa, Shawqy, Mohammed, Shetiwy, Mohamed, Shoma, Ashraf, Tawakl, Noura, Yunes, Asmaa, Abouzid, Amr, Atallah, Khalid, Elmorsi, Rami, Elsherbini, Ahmed, Gaballa, Khaled, Hamdy, Omar, Hamdy, Mohamed, Metwally, Islam Hany, Refky, Basel, Shetiwy, Mosab, Zuhdy, Mohammed, Zahran, Mohammed A, Abdellah, Fatima, Abdelmawla, Ahmed, Abdrabou, Ahmed, Abubakr, Asmaa, Al Gohary, Rawda, Al‐shazly, Mohammed Hamdy, Ali, Mohamed, Allam, Abdallah R, Aposaeeda, Aya, Asfour, Mohammed, Ayman, Ammar, Omran, Abdelrahman Azzam, Daghash, Ibrahim Tawfiq, Ebada, Mahmoud Ahmed, Eid, Taher, El Kelany, Ahmed, El Shemy, Esraa, El‐hag‐aly, Mohammed, Elgamal, Omar, Elghoury, Mahmoud, Elkased, Ahmed Farag, Ellakwa, Takwa Hamed, Ellakwa, Hamed, Elmeanawy, Amr, Elnoamany, Salma, Elsabagh, Alaa, Elsawey, Abdelrahman, Elshabrawy, Enas, Elshakhs, Seliman, Elsoudy, Naira, Ezzat, Esraa, Fawzy, Ahmed, Gamal, Abrar, Gameel, Ahmed, Gharbia, Khaled, Ghonaim, Mohamed, Ghonaim, Alaa, Hafez, Ahmed, Hafez, Abdelrahman, Ismail, Zainab, Khaled, Mohamed, Meselhy, Mohammed, Mikhail, Pola, Mohamed, Mervat, Mougahed, Mohamed, Mustafa, Abdulla, Nada, Ahmed, Omran, Janna, Ebiad, Mohamed S., Saleh, Ibrahiem, Salem, Nourhan, Salem, Osama, Selim, Salma, Shalaby, Ghada, Sherif, Hoda, Soltan, Hatem, Wahbah, Mahmoud, Abdelbary, Eman Zakaria, Zayan, Ahmad Helmy, Afify, Abdelrahman, Hadiya, Hossam Ali, Elshref, Mohamed Jamal, Ahmed, Mostafa Mohamed, Nasser, Nourhan, Abdeldayem, Hesham, Salama, Ibrahim Abdelkader, Ammar, Khaled, Ayoub, Islam, Aziz, Amr, Badawy, Mohammad Taha, Balabel, Mohamed, Fayed, Yahya, Gad, Emad Hamdy, Gomaha, Maher, Hammad, Essam, Hegazy, Osama, Hegazy, Elsayed, Ibrahim, Tarek, Kallaf, Mostafa, Macshut, Mahmoud, Magdy, Ammar, Oteem, Ahmed, Sallam, Ahmed, Samaan, Samy, Sharshar, Mohamed, Shoreem, Hany, Soliman, Elsayed, Soliman, Hossam Eldeen, Yassein, Taha, Zakaria, Hazem, Eldaly, Abdullah, Mashaly, Sarah, Abd‐elsalam, Sherief, Abdel‐elsalam, Wafaa, Shaalah, Ahmed Abdullah, Elbahnasawy, Mohamed, Elhalaby, Ismael, Hamada, Mohamed, Soliman, Sarah Hamdy, Hawila, Ahmed, Morsy, Mohamed Sherif, Naieem, Mohmed, Nasreddin, Mohammed, Salman, Samar, Sarsik, Sameh, Shabana, Ahmed, Tolba, Engy, Zagho, Mohamed, Kams, Liisa, Rätsep, Tõnu, Riips, Karolin, Abdurehman, Oumer, Admasu, Azarias, Berhea, Ataklitie, Eado, Yegeremu, Hailu, Nebiyou, Kidane, Meklit, Mohammed, Abdurezak, Mohammed, Khalid, Tibelt, Admasu, Woldemariam, Mersha Abebe, Yonael, Lydya, Alemu, Megersa, Aklilu, Abenezer Tirsit, Asele, Frehun, Assefa, Solomon, Azmach, Dawit, Bekele, Philimon, Mamo, Mickyas, Maru, Nahom, Mekuria, Haile, Menkir, Abel, Mikru, Filagot, Siraw, Eyerusalem, Suga, Hilkiah, Sumoro, Natnael, Teka, Aklilu, Thomas, Efeson, Woldemariam, Dereje, Wubishet, Estifanos, Abebe, Engida, Abebe, Kirubel, Asfaw, Fitsum, Bergene, Eyerusalem, Eshete, Mahder, Gebrehiwot, Fitsum Gebreegziabher, Gedefaw, Yetsedaw, Mengesha, Mulualem Wondafrash, Mengiste, Netsanet, Menjeta, Abeje, Muleta, Mahteme Bekele, Sefera, Sena, Tedla, Yonatan, Teklu, Daniel, Teshome, Henok, Tirfe, Leake, Tsegabrhan, Sahle, Tsehaye, Milkias, Worku, Bereket, Molla, Million, Supha, Melka, Taye, Tewodros, Abebe, Nebyou, Alemu, Berhanu, Chanie, Abera, Degefu, Hailegebriel, Desalegn, Dawit, Gebre, Hiwot, Hussen, Husnia, Kassa, Dawit, Laeke, Tsegazeab, Mammo, Tihitena Negussie, Negash, Samuel, Sahlu, Abat, Tiruneh, Abraham Genetu, Wolde, Amanuel, Woldeselassie, Hanna Getachew, Ahmed, Mnewer Y., Zewdneh, Betelhem, Fentaw, Jibril, Salia, Shemsedin, Tabore, Ketema, Gurara, Addisalem, Abreha, Tassew, Abrha, Teklebirhan, Beyene, Gaym, Hailu, Niguse, Weldu, Mulu Atsbaha, Abdissa, Desalegn, Tesfaw, Mequannet, Wolle, Melatework, Asmamaw, Dawit, Assefa, Biniam Zemedu, Bedane, Dereje, Bekele, Ephrem, Getie, Aderaw, Melkamu, Solomon, Mengesha, Workineh, Shumye, Getachew, Tagele, Gashaye, Tesfa, Abrham Amare, Workneh, Wubshet, Genetu, Sileshi, Mebratu, Eneyew, Chanyalew, Lidya, Deresse, Tilahun, Girma, Adissu, Seid, Marta, Shimelash, Dagim, Shitaw, Abrham, Ayalew, Tewabe, Diress, Tesfaye, Kassahun, Berhanu, Kassaye, Bersabeh, Mulugeta, Esubalew, Tesfaw, Getasew, Yimenu, Beminet, Benecha, Semir, Aman, Mudesir, Ibrahim, Adem, Mekete, Alem, Tesemma, Abdi, Mohammed, Adnan Abdulkadir, Abdullahi, Yasir Younis, Adem, Ephrem, Ahmedin, Mahlet, Assefa, Yared, Ayde, Fitsum, Berhe, Alazar, Gebremeskel, Zersenay, Siyoum, Eneyew Getachew, Teresa, Sintayehu, Wude, Zinaye, Yemer, Fasika, Yohannes, Dagnachew, Zeleke, Ewunetu, Zerihun, Gulilat, Degefe, Derje Worku, Derilo, Hankore Tamirat, Eliyas, Nebiyu, Bayissa, Firew, Deressa, Yadani, Gemechu, Lidya, Gurmu, Tegenu, Kasaye, Ashenafi, Melese, Lemi, Muleta, Lemesa, Mulugeta, Gersam, Taye, Seifu, Teshome, Abraham, Tesso, Birhanu, Gebrekirstos, Gebreagziabher, Haile, Mhreteab, Kassa, Haftamu, Saddik, Mohammed, Mengist, Alemneh, Heikkinen, Juuso, Helminen, Olli, Huhta, Heikki, Kotkavaara, Tommi, Mosorin, Matti‐aleksi, Pitkänen, Joel, Qian, Cheng, Sinikumpu, Jaakko, Sova, Henri, Tastula, Mikko, Virta, Ville P, Bettoni, Jérémie, Dakpé, Stéphanie, Devauchelle, Bernard, Lavagen, Nolwenn, Bastard, François, Bin, Kim, Breheret, Renaud, Fouquet, Olivier, Gueutier, Alexandre, Henric, Nicolas, Kahn, Alexis, Kün‐darbois, Jean‐daniel, Moukoko, Didier, Pineau, Anna, Podevin, Guillaume, Schmitt, Françoise, Alshawared, Fadi, Beyrne, Carlos Daniel, Lugans, Laurene, Marie‐macron, Lysa, Doussot, Alexandre, Ahmed, Omar, Alnajjar, Louy, Mis, Tommaso Cipolat, Fliss, Souha, Giocanti‐auregan, Audrey, Gregory, Thomas, Guiraudet, Patrice, Le Fouler, Adrien, Martinod, Emmanuel, Onorati, Ilaria, Peretti, Marine, Quilichini, Julien, Radu, Dana, Trésallet, Tresallet, Andro, Christophe, Maffert, Alexis, Chapman, Tracy, Halden, Maxime, Fayon, Julie, Mattevi, Catherine, Marion, Herjean, Bendjemar, Lynda, Lionel, Charre, Mikhael, Elie, Macías, Rosa Montero, Villefranque, Vincent, Volpin, Enrico, Trilling, Bertrand, Boleslawski, Emmanuel, Constance, Houlzé‐laroye, Drubay, Vincent, El Amrani, Mehdi, Eveno, Clarisse, Lecolle, Katia, Martin, Louis, Noiret, Barbara, Piessen, Guillaume, Truant, Stephanie, Zerbib, Philippe, Aubry, Estelle, Denimal, Franck, Lamblin, Antoine, Barrat, Benjamin, Caire, François, Christou, Niki, Fourcade, Laurent, Laloze, Jerome, Bouv‐hez, Margaux Mekann, Salle, Henri, Taibi, Abdelkader, Tricard, Jeremy, Usseglio, Julie, Chopinet, Sophie, Gregoire, Emilie, Delpont, Marion, Blanchard, Claire, Crenn, Vincent, Vergie, Stéphane, Denis, Waast, Fragnaud, Henri, Regenet, Nicolas, Rigaud, Jerome, Varenne, Yoann, Anract, Philippe, Barat, Maxime, Biau, David, Dautry, Raphaël, Dohan, Anthony, Idier, Louis, Lang, Elena, Thouny, Camille, Tzedakis, Stylianos, Audenet, François, Cazelles, Antoine, Chamouni, Alexandre, Karoui, Mehdi, Mejean, Arnaud, Clermidi, Pauline, Langlais, Tristan, Leonelli, Lorenzo, Maisonneuve, Emeline, Nicolas, Beaud, Perrot, Ophelie, Prost, Doriane, Thomin, Anne, Thouement, Thouement, Athiel, Yoann, Berry, Richard, Boddaert, Guillaume, Bonnet, Stéphane, Cathala, Nathalie, Conso, Christel, Denet, Christine, Laforest, Anaïs, Levy‐zauberman, Yael, Macek, Petr, Mombet, Annick, Ollat, Didier, Scamporlino, Adriana, Zadegan, Frederic, Amine, Chamakhi Ahmed, Baratte, Baratte, Chartier‐kastler, Emmanuel, Chereau, Nathalie, Colas, Pierre‐antoine, Duquesne, Igor, Genser, Laurent, Petit, Gaëlle Godiris, Goumard, Claire, Hasani, Ariola, Lim, Chetana, Martellotto, Sophie, Melot, Charlotte, Menegaux, Fabrice, Pinar, Ugo, Pocard, Marc, Roupret, Morgan, Scatton, Olivier, Seisen, Thomas, Séverine, Noullet, Turco, Célia, Chouillard, Elie, Beganton, Paul, Frasca, Denis, Kerforne, Thomas, Corbiere, Lisa, Gasmi, Anis, Ghemame, Marwane, Guérin, Sonia, Khene, Zine‐eddine, Livin, Marie, Mahmoud, Fedy, Maillot, Betty, Merdrignac, Aude, Mouriaux, Frederic, Robin, Fabien, Sulpice, Laurent, Vazeux, Charles, Bertheuil, Nicolas, Bonneau, Soline, Cazemajou, Clément Thierry, Cousin, Ianis, Defert, Coralie, Fustec, Elisa, Juricic, Melodie, Lavoue, Vincent, Mevel, Gwenaël, Timoh, Krystel Nyangoh, Renault, Annaëlle, Violas, Philippe, Schwarz, Lilian, Tuech, Jean Jacques, Morichau‐beauchant, Tristan, Sauvat, Frederique, Haddad, Elie, Vermersch, Sophie, Patrizi, Andrea, Roux, Alexia, Aimé, Adeline, Malgras, Brice, Cherkaoui, Zineb, D’Urso, Antonio, Felli, Emanuele, Gonzalez, Cristians Alejandro, Ignat, Mihaela, Mutter, Didier, Pessaux, Patrick, Vix, Michel, Gornes, Hugo, Vergriete, Kélig, Berthoumieu, Pierre, Genre, Ludivine, Le Gall, Hélène, Pierre, Trocard, Chalhoub, Marc, Del, Mathilde, Martinez, Alejandra, Fuchs‐buder, Thomas, Vancon, Antoine, Faya, Camara Abraham, Asaph, Elvam, Baruwa, Elisee, Hofman, Gwen, Machemedze, Solomon, Idiata, Michael Mayombo, Muhemi, Roger, Ndizeye, Olivier, Nkunzimana, Elysé, O’Connor, Jennifer, O’Connor, Zachary, Tchoba, Simplice, Boumas, Natacha, Devidze, Grigol, Pisarevi, Givi, Baumgarten, Sabine, Grüßer, Linda, Hölzle, Frank, Kowark, Pascal, Kowark, Ana, Rossaint, Rolf, Schäfer, Benedikt, Wallqvist, Julia, Winnand, Philipp, Ziemann, Sebastian, Anthuber, Matthias, Broecheler, Tobias, Edlinger, Florian, Goßlau, Yvonne, Hyhlik‐duerr, Alexander, Maksymiw, Florian, Shiban, Ehab, Sommer, Florian, Sommer, Björn, Zerwes, Sebastian, Beyer, Katharina, Lauscher, Johannes Christian, Lee, Lucas D., Loch, Florian N, Schineis, Christian, Aghalarov, Ilgar, Belyaev, Orlin, Braumann, Chris, Enste, Annika, Fahlbusch, Tim, Herzog, Torsten, Horn, Julian, Jedanowski, Julia, Knipschild, Julia, Luu, Andreas Minh, Mohan, Prem Vignesh, Siemen, Leonie, Slobodkin, Illya, Strotmann, Johanna Josefine, Uhl, Waldemar, Wolf, Katerina, Coburn, Mark, Egger, Eva, Eichhorn, Klaus, Enderes, Jana, Far, Frederick, Franzen, Alina, Güresir, Erdem, Hadjiathanasiou, Alexis, Kalff, Jörg C., Kohistani, Zaki, Manekeller, Steffen, Mustea, Alexander, Probst, Chris, Randau, Thomas, Recker, Florian, Schuss, Patrick, Straßberger‐nerschbach, Nadine, Strieth, Sebastian, Treede, Hendrik, Beekum, Cornelius J., Vatter, Hartmut, Velten, Markus, Vilz, Tim O., Wirtz, Dieter, Wittmann, Maria, Behr, Michael, Bulian, Dirk Rolf, Marche, Benedikt, Moczko, Tobias, Otchwemah, Robin, Schulz, Sissy‐amelie, Thomaidis, Panagiotis, Bruns, Christiane, Cursiefen, Claus, Domröse, Christian, Fuchs, Hans, Heindl, Ludwig Maximilian, Mallmann, Michael R., Mallmann, Christoph, Ratiu, Dominik Alexander, Canzler, Ulrich, Distler, Marius, Korn, Sandra, Meisel, Cornelia, Meusel, Marcus, Petzold, Andrea, Praetorius, Christian, Renesse, Janusz, Weitz, Juergen, Wimberger, Pauline, Alkhanji, Nour, Fung, Stephen, Jaber, Kefah, Knoefel, Wolfram Trudo, Vay, Christian, Clonda, Octavian, Cottin, Tatiana, Juodiene, Evelina, Juodis, Domantas, Petrovic, Biljana, Solodarenko, Oleksandra, Binder, Johannes, Grützmann, Robert, Hackner, Danilo, Junker, Stefanie, Arsalan, Mani, Banek, Severine, Chun, Felix, Faqar‐uz‐zaman, Sara Fatima, Keese, Daniel, Kluth, Luis, Rolle, Udo, Van Linden, Arnaud, Walther, Thomas, Bayer, Jörg, Beck, Jürgen, Fung, Christian, Kraus, Luisa Mona, Leiber, Christian, Neidert, Nicolas, Sandkamp, Richard, Schnell, Oliver, Schulte, Antonia, Strähle, Jakob, Jarmusch, Stefanie, Novotny, Helmut Franz Georg, Becker, Johannes, Fulghum, Christian, Gonschor, Bernhard, Herbolzheimer, Marit, Nicolaiciuc, Sina, Trulson, Alexander, Vogelsang, Holger, Zimmermann, Benno, Akbari, Amir Ali, Boening, Andreas, Edinger, Fabian, Hecker, Matthias, Knitschke, Michael, Koch, Christian, Reichert, Martin, Schmidt, Götz, Schneck, Emmanuel, Uhl, Eberhard, Nóbrega, Silvia Flachs, Kauffmann, Philipp, Miller, Clemens, Nemeth, Marcus, Sievers, Denise, Kisser, Ulrich, Kleeff, Jorg, Klose, Johannes, Lorenz, Kerstin, Papendick, Nancy, Plontke, Stefan, Seiwerth, Ingmar, Steer, Susanne, Thomssen, Christoph, Ukkat, Jörg, Dumpies, Christian W., Fischer, Isabel, Gessner, Michael, Hanke, John, Klauke, Friederike, Leuschner, Sebastian, Mendel, Thomas, Müller, Katharina, Schmidt, Birte, Schreiter, Valentin, Stosberg, Peter, Vinz, Franziska, Herbig, Beate, Sander, Johannes, Schulte, Thilo Maria, Betz, Christian Stephan, Bewarder, Julian, Bier, Johannes, Böttcher, Arne, Burg, Simon, Busch, Chia‐jung, Bußmann, Lara, Gosau, Martin, Heuer, Annika, Izbicki, Jakob, Klatte, Till Orla, König, Daniela, Köpke, Leon‐gordian, Moeckelmann, Nikolaus, Praetorius, Mark, Priemel, Matthias, Stadlhofer, Rupert, Stangenberg, Martin, Uzunoglu, Faik G., Wittig, Lukas, Zech, Henrike, Zeller, Nina, Roux, Frederic, Spaeth, Tsiona, Fricker, Roland, Müller, Thomas, Schröder, Lars, Alasmari, Mohammed, Boeker, Clara, Hakami, Ibrahim Abdullah, Mall, Julian W, Kyritsis, Ioannis, Graeb, Christian, Huber‐strößner, Kristin, Branzan, Daniela, Doss, Markus, Gockel, Ines, Jödicke, Carolin, Osterhoff, Georg, Pempe, Christina, Sucher, Robert, Adler, Tina, Kelly, Kathrin, Merkle, Janica, Siebert, Julia, Hirche, Christoph, Kneser, Ulrich, Tapking, Christian, Agrawal, Rachit, Qureischie, Homeira, Croner, Roland, Koslowski, Lisa, Krause, Hardy, Meyer, Frank, Turial, Salmai, Al‐nawas, Bilal, Battista, Marco Johannes, Goedeke, Jan, Hasenburg, Annette, Heider, Julia, Mueller, Lena Katharina, Zeller, Simon, Jentschura, Sina Louisa Patrizia, Kowalewski, Karl‐friedrich, Kriegmair, Maximilian, Männle, David, Reissfelder, Christoph, Rotter, Nicole, Scherl, Claudia, Seyfried, Steffen, Kirschniak, Andreas, Rolinger, Jens, Wilhelm, Peter, Bader, Franz G., Ottl, Stephanie, Behr, Alexandra Viktoria, Diamantis, Alexandros, Fichter, Andreas, Grill, Florian, Heck, Matthias, Jira, Daniel, Kallmayer, Michael, Koll, Florestan, Luhne, Stefan, Meyer, Bernhard, Patachia, Robert, Pergolini, Ilaria, Safi, Seyer, Schäffer, Christoph, Schirren, Moritz, Wegmann, Helmut, Wirth, Markus, Zhu, Zhaojun, Aghamaliyev, Ughur, Almaghrabi, Mahmoud, Böcker, Wolfgang, Bruder, Jan, Frank, Konstantin, Herterich, Viktoria, Huber, Verena, Ilmer, Matthias, Kammerlander, Christian, Neuerburg, Carl, Ehrlich‐treuenstätt, Viktor H., Werner, Jens, Börner, Nikolaus, Fegg, Florian, Hartmann, Daniela, Ladurner, Roland, Liokatis, Paris, Patzer, Kathrin, Schlager, Justin Gabriel, Smolka, Wenko, Zimmermann, Petra, Hatz, Rudolf, Steinhart, Diana, Glowalla, Claudio, Schneidmueller, Dorien, Henkel, Karl Wilhelm, Steiner, Martin, Hölz, Katharina, Knorr, Christian, Kuehlmann, Britta, Oikonomou, Kyriakos, Prantl, Lukas, Flurschütz, Roland, Honarpisheh, Human, Kröger, Marie, Lepiorz, Dominic, Luths, Charlotte, Niemeier, Andreas, Sras, Yara, Strate, Tim, Winter, Thore, Freiman, Thomas, Gessler, Florian, Won, Sae‐yeon, Widyaningsih, Rizky, Hoffmann, Sebastian, Schäfer, Ruth Christine, Thiel, Johannes Tobias, Bertolani, Elisa, Steidle, Christoph, Überrück, Lisa, Yurttas, Can, Ziegler, Patrick, Zimmermann, Alexander, Bolenz, Christian, Dayan, Davut, Greve, Jens, Hoffmann, Thomas K., Janni, Wolfgang, Löbig, Niklas, Schochter, Fabienne, Vahl, Julius Malte, Wezel, Felix, Greif, Veronika, Schmidbauer, Stefan, Marsch, Imke, Schneider, Rolf, Boenicke, Lars, Degener, Stephan, Dreger, Nici Markus, Horstmeier, Franz Christian, Kruschwitz, Jakob, Rombach, Adrian, Schmidt, Nele, Seiberth, Rose, Singh, Jaswinder, Smit, Marieke, Rundstedt, Friedrich‐carl, Zirngibl, Hubert, Diessner, Joachim, Friedrich, Sabine, Germer, Christoph‐thomas, Helmer, Philipp, Herrmann, Johannes, Kranke, Peter, Kübler, Hubert, Lock, Johan, Lotz, Christopher, Meffert, Rainer, Meybohm, Patrick, Müller, Sophie, Notz, Quirin, Popp, Maria, Schlegel, Nicolas, Schlesinger, Tobias, Schmid, Benedikt, Sitter, Magdalena, Steinisch, Andreas, Treutlein, Agnes, Berg, Anne, Wurmb, Thomas Erik, Agyeman‐duah, Nana Kwaku, Appiah, Enoch, Armah, Ralph, Asare, Christopher, Awere‐kyere, Lawrence, Daary, Dennis, Gakpetor, Delali, Allah, Stephen Minlah, Obbeng, Ambe, Osei‐poku, Dorcas, Puozaa, Diana, Tackie, Enoch, Adu‐aryee, Nii Armah, Agboadoh, Nelson, Asare, Offei, Bowan, Antoinette Bediako, Brown, George Darko, Clegg‐lamptey, Joe‐nat, Dedey, Florence, Dery, Cedric, Fenu, Benjamin Sena, Harrison, Marian Abedua, Kumassah, Philemon, Kuuzie, Ekins, Nsaful, Josephine, Olayiwola, David Olatayo, Smith, Cecilia, Banka, Charles, Hussey, Romeo, Azize, Diallo Abdoul, Aniakwo, Luke Adagrah, Adofo‐asamoah, Yvonne, Agbeno, Evans Kofi, Agyapong, Meshach Manu, Agyen, Thomas, Mensah, Kwasi Agyen, Alhassan, Baba Alhaji Bin, Amoako‐boateng, Mabel, Appiah‐thompson, Peter, Gyimah, Nita Asamoa‐Manu, Asante‐bremang, Moses, Asante‐asamani, Alvin, Atawurah, Henry, Appiah, Anthony Baffour, Baidoo, Richard Ogirma, Baidoo, Ebikela Ivie, Boakye, Benedict, Boateng, Abigail, Dadoe, Dora, Dayie, Makafui Seth Caleb‐Joshua Kwasi, Debrah, Samuel, Doku, Kingsley, Enti, Enti, Ken‐amoah, Sebastian, Koggoh, Patience, Kpangkpari, Richard, Maison, Patrick, Mensah, Samuel, Mensah, Philip, Mensah, Teresa Aba, Morna, Martin Tangnaa, Nimako‐mensah, Jilac, Nkrumah, John, Nortey, Michael, Ofori, Emmaunel Owusu, Opandoh, Isabella Naa Morkor, Osei‐tutu, Ethel, Adae, Jefferson Owusu, Quansah, Kofi, Quartson, Elizabeth, Rahman, Ganiyu Adebisi, Walawah, David, Yigah, Makafui, Yussif, Safia, Jiagge, Nuna, Nachelleh, Emmanuel, Acquaye, Jane, Agbedinu, Kwabena, Agyei, Fareeda, Agyemang‐prempeh, Akosua, Amo‐antwi, Kwabena, Amoah, Michael, Amoah, George, Amoako, Yaw A, Aning, Daniel Gyawu, Ankobea‐kokroe, Frank, Mintah, Dominic Annor, Anyitey‐kokor, David, Appiah‐kubi, Adu, Arthur, Joshua, Ativor, Vincent, Barnor, Isaac, Braimah, Yasmine, Darko‐asante, Regina, Davor, Anthony, Issahalq, Mohammed Duah, Dzogbefia, Mawutor, Emile, Tano, Fiifi‐yankson, Papa, Gaveh, Valerie, Gudugbe, Senyo, Gyabaah, Solomon, Gyamfi, Frank Enoch, Gyedu, Adam, Gyimah, Derrick, Hammond, Bernard, Jonathan, Boakye‐yiadom, Joseph, Yorke, Konney, Thomas Okpoti, Konney, Anna, Kusi, Kwasi, Kyei, Ishmael, Lovi, Agbenya, Naabo, Nuhu, Nimako, Boateng, Nyadu, Beauty, Nyarko, Obed Ofori, Ofosu‐barko, Ben Blay, Oppong, Philip Peprah, Osabutey, Anita, Poku, Martha, Sagoe, Robert, Yifieyeh, Abiboye, Ansong, George, Abass, Adam, Abdul‐mumin, Alhassan, Adjeso, Theophilus, Alatiiga, John Abanga, Amadu, Munira, Annan, Nathaniel, Leal, German Azahares, Bukari, Mohammed, Buunaaim, Alexis, Cheyuo, Ernest, Salifu, Latif Daboo, Damah, Michael, Dery, Malcolm, Dzantor, Edem Kojo, Garcia, Odoniel Guerra, Baba, Yabasin Iddrisu, Issaka, Adamu, Muntaka, Abdul‐Jalilu Mohammed, Murphy, James, Agyeman, Yaa Nyarko, Amankwaa, Wisdom Opoku, Osman, Imoro, Pie, Samuel, Seidu, Anwar Sadat, Sheriff, Mohammed, Charadan, Ana Maria Simono, Titigah, Abraham, Yahaya, Mundashiru, Yakubu, Musah, Yenli, Edwin Mwintiereh Ta‐ang, Grypiotis, Ioannis, Kiriakopoulos, Nikolaos, Koliopoulos, Georgios, Kyvelos, Vasilis, Micha, Georgia, Papadopoulou, Triada, Balalis, Dimitrios, Fradelos, Evangelos, Korkolis, Dimitrios, Alexakis, Nicholas, Angelou, Kyveli, Haidopoulos, Dimitrios, Prodromidou, Anastasia, Rodolakis, Alexandros, Thomakos, Nikolaos, Psychogios, Dimitris, Antonakis, Pantelis, Bramis, Konstantinos, Chardalias, Leonidas, Contis, Ioannis, Dafnios, Nikos, Dellaportas, Dionysios, Dimitra, Papalouka, Fragkoulidis, Georgios, Gkiokas, Georgios, Gklavas, Antonios, Hadjizacharias, Theodoros, Karageorgou, Dimitra, Konstadoulakis, Manousos, Kontopoulou, Christina, Massaras, Dimitrios, Memos, Nikolaos, Papaconstantinou, Ioannis, Politis, Dimitrios, Polydorou, Andreas, Stamatis, Konstantinos, Theodosopoulos, Theodosios, Vezakis, Antonios, Avgerinos, Konstantinos, Katunin, Jevgeni, Kechagias, Aristotelis, Kelgiorgi, Dionysia, Kritikos, Neoklis, Pengermä, Pasi, Bisdas, Theodosios, Ioannidis, Argyrios, Konstantinidis, Michael, Konstantinidou, Sofia, Patelis, Nikolaos, Antonopoulou, Maria Ioanna, Deskou, Eirini, Kalles, Vasileios, Manatakis, Dimitrios K., Stamos, Nikolaos, Tasis, Nikolaos, Arkadopoulos, Nikolaos, Danias, Nikolaos, Economopoulou, Panagiota, Frountzas, Maximos, Kokoropoulos, Panagiotis, Michalopoulos, Nikolaos, Selmani, Jonida, Sidiropoulos, Theodoros, Vassiliu, Panteleimon, Paraskevas, Kosmas I., Bartziotas, Dimitrios, Bouchagier, Konstantinos, Galanis, Ilias, Kalamatianos, Theodosis, Kapiris, Stylianos, Kolinioti, Angeliki, Mavrodimitraki, Eleni, Metaxas, Panagiotis, Nikova, Alexandrina, Psarologos, Michail, Sotiropoulou, Maria, Stranjalis, George, Albanopoulos, Konstantinos, Kondilis, Panagiotis, Vrakopoulou, Gavriella Zoi, Chrysovergis, Aristeidis, Chrysovitsiotis, Georgios, Giotakis, Evangelos, Kanellopoulou, Vasiliki, Kyrodimos, Efthymios, Larentzakis, Andreas, Pantos, Pavlos, Papanikolaou, Vasileios, Potamianos, Spyridon, Theodoropoulos, Charalampos, Triantafyllou, Alexandra, Triantafyllou, Tania, Georgousi, Kleoniki, Panagiotou, Peter, Avramidis, Emmanouil, Babis, George, Zafeiris, Evangelos, Antoniou, Afroditi, Bessias, Nikolaos, Maras, Dimitris, Papas, Theofanis, Roditis, Konstantinos, Tsagkos, Ioannis, Tsiantoula, Paraskevi, Alexandrou, Andreas, Baili, Efstratia, Charalabopoulos, Alexandros, Dimitroulis, Dimitrios, Dorovinis, Panagiotis, Garoufalia, Zoe, Kanavidis, Prodromos, Karavokyros, Ioannis, Karydakis, Lysandros, Kykalos, Stylianos, Kyros, Eleandros, Machairas, Nikolaos, Mastoraki, Aikaterini, Nikiteas, Nikolaos, Papalampros, Alexandros, Schizas, Dimitrios, Skotsimara, Antonia, Stamopoulos, Paraskevas, Syllaios, Athanasios, Terras, Alexis, Tomara, Nefeli, Tsourouflis, Gerasimos, Vagios, Ilias, Zografos, Constantinos, Apostolou, Konstantinos, Georgopoulos, Nikolaos, Antoniou, Theofani, Antzaka, Christina, Falara, Areti, Fragoulis, Socrates, Ftikos, Panagiotis, Matsouka, Fedra, Perreas, Konstantinos, Rellia, Panagiota, Samara, Evangelia, Smirli, Anna, Tasouli, Androniki, Thanopoulos, Apostolos, Chalkias, Petros Loukas, Dedemadi, Georgia, Mourmouris, Panagiotis, Skolarikos, Andreas, Theochari, Nikoletta, Tzelves, Lazaros, Gaitanakis, Stylianos, Milas, Theodoros, Theodorakis, Emmanuel, Karona, Paraskevi, Kastanaki, Pagona, Tzouganakis, Angelos, Agalianos, Christos, Tsouknidas, Ioannis, Xenakis, Andreas, Chrysos, Emmanuel, Lasithiotakis, Konstantinos, Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis, Xenaki, Sofia, Xynos, Evangelos, Lostoridis, Eftychios, Nagorni, Eleni‐aikaterini, Pujante, Antonio, Tourountzi, Paraskevi, Aggeliki, Al, Baxevanidou, Kyriaki, Bouliaris, Konstantinos, Efthimiou, Matheos, Kalfountzos, Christos, Koukoulis, Georgios, Lachanas, Vasileios, Petropoulos, Konstantinos, Tsitiridis, Ioannis, Angelis, Fragkiskos, Arnaoutoglou, Eleni, Baloyiannis, Ioannis, Bareka, Metaxia, Bouronikou, Anna, Christodoulidis, Gregory, Daponte, Alexandros, Fergadi, Maria, Gkolias, Nick, Gkrinia, Eleni, Hajiioannou, Jiannis, Kalogritsas, Nikos, Karoni, Eleni, Korais, Christos, Krestinidis, Giorgos, Ktisti, Antigoni, Magouliotis, Dimitrios, Maiou, Charikleia, Malizos, Konstantinos, Minasidou, Maria, Ntalouka, Maria, Ntziovara, Anna Maria, Palla, Effrosyni, Perivoliotis, Konstantinos, Saini, Fani, Samara, Athina, Saratziotis, Athanasios, Skoulakis, Charalampos, Solomi, Efthymios, Stamoulis, Konstantinos, Terzoudis, Christos Dimitrios, Tsironi, Evangelia, Tzovaras, George, Vallianou, Kyriaki, Zacharoulis, Dimitris, Ziogkou, Anna, Δακής, Κωνσταντί__ς, Elias, Liolis, Maroulis, Ioannis, Mulita, Francesk, Plachouri, Kerasia‐maria, Vailas, Michail, Doitsidis, Charalampos, Filo, Eva, Gkalonaki, Ioanna, Kogia, Eleni, Kontopoulou, Konstantina, Mitroudi, Magdalini, Panteli, Christina, Patoulias, Ioannis, Semkoglou, Olga Ioulia, Sfoungaris, Dimitrios, Valioulis, Ioannis, υτσ_υ μης, Γι ωργος, Astreidis, Ioannis, Christidis, Panagiotis, Ioannidis, Orestis, Loutzidou, Lydia, Mantevas, Antonis, Paraskevopoulos, Konstantinos, Tatsis, Dimitris, Athanasiadis, Apostolos, Dagklis, Themistoklis, Kalogiannidis, Ioannis, Kapetanios, Georgios, Mamopoulos, Apostolos, Margioula‐siarkou, Chrysoula, Petousis, Stamatios, Tsakiridis, Ioannis, Anthoulakis, Christos, Christou, Chrysanthos, Fantakis, Antonios, Iordanidou, Eirini, Kaselas, Christos, Panagiotidou, Sousana, Papadopoulos, Vasileios, Papavasiliou, Kyriakos, Piachas, Athanasios, Siasios, Ioannis, Spyridakis, Ioannis, Theodoridis, Theodoros, Tooulias, Andreas, Tsiridis, Eleftherios, Tsopozidi, Maria, Alemán, María, Brolo, Estuardo, Lemus, Ana Lucia, Greenberg, Jennifer, Chew, Krisna Mishel Morales, Oliva, José Rodrigo, Lima, María Alejandra De León, Muralles, Ismar Lopez, Solares, Felipe, Ajcip, Gaby, Anton, Claudia, Cojulun, Jose, Flores, Mario‐andrés, José, Noriega, Paiz, Carlos Adolfo Marroquín, Morales, Steffanía, Najera, Ramiro, Lorenzana, Eduardo Quiñónez, Rivera, Pablo, Rodas, Lesly, Santos, Victor, Sosa, Dianne, Ybarra, Natalia, Cajti, José David Pérez, Régil, Carlos, Osorio, Walter A, Arriola, Rember Rosales, Talé‐rosales, Luis‐fernando, Herrera, Danilo, Rodríguez, Servio Tulio Torres, Villeda, Sergio Alejandro, Anicetti, Joshua, Medina, Andrea Michelle Lowey, Ardebol, Javier, Barillas, Kathia, De Leon, Francis, Recinos, Salvador, Marroquin‐alpirez, Miguel‐angel, Yax, Yessica, Hon, Sophie, Liu, Yuk Ho, Liu, Alex Qinyang, Liu, Shirley, Chiu, Hei Tung Natalie, Chow, Chi Man Tom, Hau, Victor, Ho Wai, Ip, Mak, Brian, Mok, Chung Ying, Dennis, Ng, Siu, Yin Yu Eva, Wong, Kiu Fung, Jingya Jane, Pu, Yu‐xiong, Su, Au‐yeung, Kit Ying, Chan, David Yuen Chung, Chan, Albert, Chan, Shannon Melissa, Chang, Tsz Ching, Chiu, Tor Wo, Chiu, Wang Kei, Zhexi, He, Man Fung, Ho, Kevin Ki Wai, Ho, Jacky Yan Kit, Ho, Kung, Janet Wui Cheung, Lam, Cheuk Ho, Lau, Rainbow W. H., Ling, Samuel Ka Kin, Lok, Hon Ting, Mak, Tony Wing Chung, Chi‐fai, Ng, Simon, Ng, Kelvin Kwok‐Chai, Ng, Calvin S. H., Ng, Ong, Michael Tim Yun, Tan, Teresa, Tang, Sui Fan, Teoh, Jeremy Yuen‐Chun, Teoh, Anthony, Tsui, Bess Siu Yan, Wong, George Kwok Chu, Wong, Randolph, Wong, Kwok Chuen, Yee, Chi Hang, Antal, Zsuzsanna, Kalman, Attila, Voros, Peter, Bahrehmand, Kiarash, Echim, Timea, Novak, Zoltan, Sztipits, Tamás, Bihari, Laszló ádám, Hidi, László, Piros, Laszlo, Rózsa, Balazs, Sotonyi, Peter, Szatai, Lilla, Herczeg, György, Pordány, Bálint, Tornyi, Fanni, Dede, Kristof, Egyed, Tamás, Saftics, György, Kulcsicka‐gut, Judit, Sipos, Zsófia, Toth, Dezso, Patel, Bhavin, Majmudar, Hardil, Mankad, Saptak, Pathan, Sohilkhan, Sharathkumarkl, L, Sasatti, Lokesh, Mahankali, Subramanyam, Annayappa, Santhosh Kumar Sampengere, Agrawal, Tulika, Anandan, Premkumar, Baindur, Aditya, Manjunath, Bd, Savitha, C, Anitha, G S, Harigond, Sandeep, Tejeswini, K K, Kesarla, Venkatesh, Manangi, Mallikarjuna, Hareesh, P B, Ranjan, Jyothi K R, Shetty, Athish, Chikkanayakanahalli, Santhosh Shivashankar, Sunil, Tanvi, Syamala, Shreya, Tharanath, Kavya, Atal, Aditya, Rajagopal, Niranjana, Srinath, B S, Vinod, Nk, Thirumanikandan, P L, Mishra, Nitu, Shrivastava, Sushruta, Wadhwani, Rekha, Ahmad, Reyaz, Haq, Zainab Ahmad, Behera, Prateek, Dhurwe, Ritika, Haq, Rehan, Jain, Vaibhav, Jain, Anuj, Karna, Sunaina, Pushpalatha, Kameshwarachari, Raj, Sumit, Santoshi, John Ashutosh, Singh, Pooja, Verma, Virendra, Waindeskar, Vaishali, Yadav, Moorat Singh, Aziz, Zaheda, Chakraborty, Koyel, Chappity, Preetam, Das, Gurudip, Datta, Debajyoti, Jena, Saubhagya Kumar, Kar, Madhabananda, Khuntia, Susanta, Kumar, Pankaj, Kumar, Ravi, Aswathi, Kv, Mishra, Abhijeet, Mishra, Swastik, Mittal, Yash, Muduly, Dillip, Panda, Ritesh, Panigrahi, Sibasish, Parija, Sucheta, Patra, Saroj, Rout, Bikram, Sahu, Rabi, Sarkar, Saurav, Singh, Sweta, Sudha, Sanjibani, Sultania, Mahesh, Tripathy, Sujit, Varghese, Paulson, Kansay, Rajeev, Kaushik, Robin, Singh, Simrandeep, Gupta, Sunil Kumar, Khare, Siddhant, Kumar, Vishal, Mohindra, Sandeep, Patil, Ninad, Salunke, Pravin, Savlania, Ajay, Singh, Kavindra, Pradeep Krishna, Rv, Narasimhan, Gomathy, Rela, Mohamed, Appukuttan, Akhila, Goudar, Swati, Mallick, Shweta, Titus, Christi, Chidambarasamy, Ezhir Selvan, Madhavan, Devdas, Murugesan, Anandan, Narayanasamy, Kuppurajan, Barani Kumar, P B, Rajan, Firoz, Vijayaragavan, Paari, Kumar, Arvind, Borthakur, Biplob, Chauhan, Tapan Singh, Govil, Akhil, Gupta, Shubhra, Hanjoora, Vijay Mohan, Sharma, Ashish, Srivastava, Aseem, Tiwari, Saurabh, Vishwani, Vartika, Pendyala, Karuna Sree, Prasad, Navakoti, Bothra, Jyoti, Deb, Mainak, Herle, Koushik, Jayaram, Harish, Kannaiyan, Lavanya, Krithiga, Abirami, Mukta, W, Nagpal, Pooja, Pathak, Prachi, Banerjee, Sumit, Chaudhary, Ramkaran, Choudhary, Gautam Ram, Chugh, Ankita, Dixit, Pawan, Elhence, Abhay, Gahlot, Nitesh, Garg, Mayank, Ghuman, Navdeep Kaur, Jha, Deepak, Kala, Prakash, Kaur, Amanjot, Madduri, Vijay, Pandey, Himanshu, Pareek, Puneet, Pathak, Manish, Rathod, Kirtikumar J, Rodha, Mahaveer Singh, Saxena, Rahul, Sharma, Naveen, Shekhar, Shashank, Singh, Mahendra, Singh, Pratibha, Suryanarayanan, Bhaskar, Vishnoi, Jeewan Ram, Amin, Shivang, Kumar, Rohit, Sharma, Tanishq, Murugesan, Kesavan, Ramasamy, Abhinav Balachandar Subbiah, Chatterjee, Debarshi, Gerber, C Gerber, Naskar, Upasana, Aggarwal, Gaurav, Agrawal, Sanjit Kumar, Ahmed, Azaz, Gupta, Sujoy, Jain, Prateek, Jain, Deepak, Kewlani, Vishal, Pipara, Amrit, Priya, Noopur, Raja, Roopak, Shakya, Sudip, Thambudorai, Robin, Kharkongor, Dimple, Agarwal, Anjoo, Akhtar, Naseem, Anand, Akshay, Asnani, Mona, Chaturvedi, Arun, Chaurasia, Akhilanand, Enny, Loreno E., Garg, Surabhi, Gupta, Sameer, Jaiswal, Anoop Kumar, Jaiswal, Somil, Jaware, Yashpal, Kala, Navneet, Karnatak, Ruchi, Kaur, Apjit, Kumar, Vijay, Kumar, Manoj, Kumar, Ambrish, Kumar, Upander, Shrivastava, Amit Kumar, Mehrotra, Seema, Mishra, Brijesh, Mishra, Anand, Namrata, Null, Ojha, Bal Krishna, Ozair, Ahmad, Pal, Uma Shanker, Pandey, Amita, Raja, Nancy, Ramakant, Pooja, Roy, Ashutosh, Sachan, Rekha, Sankhwar, Satyanarayan, Sankhwar, Pushp, Sarin, Divya, Shukla, Ayushi, Singh, Sushil, Singh, Mohit, Singh, Kul Ranjan, Singh, Renu, Singh, Uma, Singh, Urmila, Solanki, Vandana, Sonkar, Abhinav Arun, Srivastava, Chhitij, Suryawanshi, Parijat, Tewarson, Vivek, Verma, Rajat, Verma, Manju Lata, Yadav, Awdhesh, Chand, Gyan, Chanthar, K. M. M. Vishvak, Hoysal, Dileep, Mishra, Anjali, Batra, Nitin, Bhatti, Arun, Chopra, Rupali, David, Shakina, Dhar, Tapasya, Dutt, Uma Kant, Dutta, Rohini, Gandhi, Sumir, Haque, Parvez David, Paul Sudhakar John, B, Veetil, Sreejith Kannummal, Kaur, Gurvinder, Kumar, Navneet, Luther, Anil, Mahajan, Anupam, Mahajan, Amit, Mandrelle, Kavita, Mathews, Shefin, Michael, Vishal, Mukherjee, Partho, Pargal, Pinki, Paul, Rajesh, Phillip, Anupam, Phillips, Rachel, Samuel, Abhishek, Singh, Noel, Singh, Inderjot, Singh, Abhijit, Grewal, Sarvpreet Singh, Singhania, Anusha, Thirumalai, Selven, Varghese, Ashish, Wesley, Joshua, Thomas, Josy, Zechariah, Pradeep, Ifthikar, Mariam Anjum, Mathew, Rohan Thomas, Shetty, Rohan, Vijaykumar, M Vijayakumar, Hameed, BM Zeeshan, Ibrahim, Sufyan, Jyothish, Gayathri, Krishna, Sunil, Mathew, Stanley, Kumar, Arjun Suresh, Singh, Narinder, Sinha, Piyush Kumar, Sridhar, Rachith, Agarwal, Sunny, Balasubramaniam, Srikant, Chhatrapati, Swati, Deshpande, Charulata, Dharia, Ashni, Fernandes, Sarita, Gandhi, Suraj, Gore, Mangesh, Jayakumar, Abhilash, Mhamane, Rameshwar, Nirgude, Anand, Parab, Sandesh, Patil, Manish, Peswani, Amit, Sahu, Anjana, Samel, Sarika, Shah, Fagun, Haridas, Dipti, Shetty, Vijay, Abraham, Bejoy, Agarwal, Varun, Ahmad, Quazi, Asari, Ashishkumar, Attar, Mohammad Ismail, Ayyalasomayajula, Nagaraja Sekhar, Bachawat, Sutej, Bachhav, Shivani, Badhe, Vivek, Badhwar, Sanjiv, Banerjee, Shubhabrata, Basa, Vikas, Bothara, Vipul, Chattopadhyay, Somnath, Chaudhari, Sohin, Chavan, Rahul, Chawathe, Priyank, Dadhich, Shailja, Dalal, Anuj, Date, Avinash, Deshpande, Mandar, Dev, Preetham, Dongre, Niren, Doshi, Anirudha, Gade, Maya, Gajjar, Shreyash, Gawande, Mohan, Ghalme, Amol, Ghugare, Bhavisha, Gupta, Ishita, Jain, Manoj, Jain, Divakar, Jenasamant, Saumya Sekhar, Joshi, Vaishali, Joshi, Vinay, Kalwadia, Neha, Kapadia, Nandkishore, Kattana, Hari Bipin Radhakrishnan, Kaushik, Tirathram, Kayal, Akshat, Kovale, Shama, Kulkarni, Yogesh, Kumar, Abhaya, Kumar, 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Patel, Priyank, Poyyil, Dilroop, Redkar, Rajeev, Shah, Munjal, Tewari, Shruti, Bakshi, Ganesh, Chaudhari, Vikram, Deshmukh, Anuja, Desoouza, Ashwin, Gupta, Stuti, Nair, Deepa, Nayak, Prakash, Patkar, Shraddha, Puri, Ajay, Qureshi, Sajid, Shetty, Prakash, Shylasree, Ts, Thakkar, Purvi, Thiagarajan, Shivakumar, Tiwari, Virendra Kumar, Voppuru, Saiesh Reddy, Soni, Anushri, Soni, Gira, Alam, Junaid, Bagaria, Dinesh, Bajpai, Minu, Bisoi, Akshay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Arvind, Chauhan, Sandeep, Choudhary, Narendra, Chouhan, Rajendra Singh, Chumber, Sunil, Farooque, Kamran, Gudala, Vasubabu, Gupta, Amit, Joshi, Mohit, Kabra, Apoorva, Kale, Shashank Sharad, Kumar, Abhinav, Kumar, Subodh, Mahajan, Dhruv, Malhotra, Rajesh, Menon, P Ramesh, Misra, Biplap, Mittal, Samarth, Parshad, Rajinder, Priyadarshini, Pratyusha, Sagar, Sushma, Sharma, Pradeep Brijkishor, Sharma, Vijay, Trikha, Vivek, Tyagi, Mayank, Bansal, Kuldeep, Varma, Kalyan, Mishra, Anurag, Singh, Rajdeep, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Mittal, Abhishek, 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Chowdri, Nisar, Kour, Robindera, Parray, Fazl, Shah, Raahil, Shah, ZAMIR AHMAD, Wani, Rauf, Adamala, Soujanya, Gowder, Ravikanth, Hegde, Siddhi, Mashitha, M S, Sreeram, Shreya, Ankadavar, Sushil, Bafna, Darshan, Dhanani, Bharat, Ingle, Nikhil, Jadhao, Piyush, Joseph, Sinu, Kapote, Swapnil, Karkada, Shirin, Lad, Parag, Lohia, Rajan, Madje, Suyog, Narasiman, Venkateshwaran, Chisthi, Meer, George, Gejoe, Jothi, Harihara, Pareed, Dilber, Mathew, Godwin David C., Abel, Livingston, Agrawal, Mansi, Rabindranath, B, Baldia, Manish, Barla, Ravi Kishore, Beck, Manisha, Benjamin, Santosh, Bliss, Jeremy, Cherian, Lisa, Devarakonda, Sreekar, Ete, Geley, George, Arun Jacob Philip, Gohil, Amish, James, Deeptiman, Jesudason, Mark Ranjan, Joseph, Lallu, Joseph, Treasa, Joyson, Kathir, Karnan, Gomathi, Kota, Albert, Kumari, Pushplata, Loganathan, Anitha, Samuel, Vasanth Mark, Mathew, John, Nathan, Senthil K, Ninan, Joby Elizabeth, Philip, Ajay, Priyadarshini, R. Priyadarshini, Suganya, S, Samuel, Habie, Samuel, Gilbert, Selvaraj, Daniel, Sharma, Srujan, Surendran, Suraj, Hariharan, T D, Thangaraj, Santhosh Kumar, Thomas, Vinotha, Thomas, Varghese, Thomas, John K, Harish, Y S, Boggavarapu, Manobhiram, Voonna, Murali Krishna, Lolobali, Marilaeta Cindryani, Ryalino, Christopher, Senapathi, Tjokorda Gde Agung, Tjokorda, Mahadewa, Widnyana, I Made Gede, Aditianingsih, Dita, Auerkari, Aino, Chandra, Susilo, Damara, Fachreza Aryo, Dilmy, Mohammad Adya Firmansha, Harzif, Achmad Kemal, Manggala, Sidharta Kusuma, Pratama, Dedy, Priyambodo, Affan, Ramlan, Andi Ade, Soenarto, Ratna Farida, Sugiarto, Adhrie, Surya, Ilham Utama, Tango, Tamara, Tantri, Aida Rosita, Zahra, Raihanita, Fachrian, Dedy, Hasyim, Andi, Susanti, Ade, Saputra, Teddy, Syarifuddin, Erwin, Islam, Andi Asadul, Pajan, Hendra, Amrullah, Ahmad Hannan, Anam, Khoirul, Hadipranata, Thirza, Sugianto, Julius Albert, Fitrisyah, Aidyl, Lestari, Mayang Indah, Lubis, Nur Rachmat, Zainal, Rizal, Zulkifli, Zulkifli, Amba, Erick Gamaliel, Lie, Warren, Thehumury, Andika Adiputra, Apriawan, Tedy, Aji, Yunus Kuntawi, Wathoni, Roidah Taqiyya Zahra, Anwar, Sumadi Lukman, Aryandono, Teguh, Harahap, Wirsma Arif, Kurniawaty, Juni, Sari, Djayanti, Wahyono, Artanto, Widyastuti, Yunita, Jufan, Akhmad Yun, Arjmand, Parisa, Etezadpour, Mohammad, Ganjeifar, Babak, Hosseinpoor, Masoumeh, Mehrad‐majd, Hassan, Rajati, Mohsen, Assadi, Reza, Noori, Ehsan, Rajaei, Parisa, Hajisadeghi, Samira, Mehdizadeh, Mohammad, Soltani, Mina, Alizadeh, Narges, Nia, Gholamreza Azarnia Azar, Heidari, Hamid, Zavareh, Seyedmohamad Hosseini Zavareh Hosseini, Pour, Ali Moazami Pour Moazami, Savaddar, Farokh, Vahedian, Mostafa, Amouzegar, Hoora, Bahadorzadeh, Mojdeh, Hemmasi, Seyedeh Homa, Kachoie, Ahmad, Karimi, Ali Karimi, Miraj, Sepideh, Mirzaie, Monireh, Mokarami, Hossein Mokarami, Salimi, Amrollah, Ahangari, Roghayyeh, Ahmadvand, Ali, Bashiri, Ali, Borhani, Morteza, Haidari, Mohammad, Khosroshahi, Mohammad Taghi 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Seyyed Hossein, Siavashi, Babak, Al‐isawi, Ali, Al‐masood, Mohammed, Al‐najjar, Dania, Gahtan, Yarub, Nabil, Sara, Hameed, Najat Abdul, Hameed, Jumana Abdul, Ahmed, Abdullah, Akadh, Ali, Hussein, Rand, Aljebur, Abbas, Hassan, Sadik, Ali, Haithem Hussein, Al‐hasani, Fahad, Ibrahim, Mustafa Wameedh, Saeed, Mubder Mohammed, Muhssein, Haidar, Akindoyin, Success, Barry, Stevie, Dewan, Nikhil, Ekwere, Bosom, Essajee, Murtaza, Langhe, Ream, Marshall, Calista, Musa, Darya, Ahmad, Zeeshan, Andrews, Emmet, Chin, Bruno Chan, Corrigan, Mark, Murphy, Amy Edwards, Foley, Niamh, Gardiner, Padraig, Hechtl, Daniel, Hsiao, Michelle, Kayyal, Mohd Yasser, Killeen, Shane, Lyons, Maria, Burke, Cathy, Hewitt, Matt, Mohamed, Marwa, Nazir, Syeda Farah, Mei Yee, Ng, Wahab, Nor Azlia Abdul, Monteith, Cathy, Oduola, Oladayo, Aljohmani, Lylas, Nugent, Timothy, Corr, Paula, Crone, Lauren, Harris, Johnathon, Hill, Arnold, Kearney, David, Keenan, Robert Anthony, Nolan, Deirdre, Ryan, James, Hehir, Mark Philip, Regan, Carmen, Geary, Michael, Malone, Fergal, Mccarthy, Claire, O’Connor, Donal B, Considine, Shane, Donohoe, Emma, Herron, Caroline, Larkin, John, Lynch, Thomas Hugh, Maguire, Barry, Manecksha, Rustom, Carthy, Andrea Mc, Nagassima, Katharina, O’Sullivan, Erica, Rohan, Pat, Roopnarinesingh, Ryan, Salloum, Salloum, Aherne, Thomas, Barry, Mary, Bowen, Gareth John, Boyle, Ellen, Dowdall, Joseph, Hanly, Ann, Hassanin, Ahmed, Heneghan, Helen, Hurson, Conor, Kelly, Orlaith, Kennelly, Rory, Kiernan, Aoife, Martin, Sean T, Masarani, Nawar, Mccartan, Damian, Mcdermott, Enda W, Murphy, Ben, Kin Cheung, Ng, Njeze, Nwabundo, O’Neill, Aine, Prichard, Ruth S, Quirke, Ned, Reynolds, Ian Sean, Winter, Des, Casey, Rowan, Elamin, Mutaz, Gillis, Amy, Kavanagh, Dara, Kelly, Michael, Mcnamee, Áine, Neary, Paul, Owens, Patrick, Ravi, Akshaya, Ridgway, Paul, Carroll, Paul, Collins, Chris, Dhannoon, Amenah, Fowler, Amy, Hogan, Aisling, Lowery, Aoife, Mcanena, Peter, Timon, Charlie, Walsh, Stewart, Al‐ramli, Wisam, Azeem, Imran, Bahadoor, Muhammad Usaama, Bodnar, Zsolt, Elmusharaf, Hassan, Hassan, Faisal Saeed, Hingum, Adam, Huan, Huilun, Jennings, Seamus, Khalid, Mohamed Hamed, Kuteva, Mariya, Mujtaba, Syed Nadeem, Peeriyah, Shanell, Rehman, Hina, Sarwar, Muhammad Assam, Shaju, Tony, Stephens, Ian, Sugrue, Michael, Thomas, Joseph, Varzgalis, Manvydas, Zeeshan, Saqib, Jaffer, Alisha, Jones‐whiting, Larne, Peirce, Colin, Johnston, Sean, Lim, Seantee, Abdelgadir, Alwaleed, Al‐mukhaizeem, Youssef, Cooke, Fiachra, Crowley, Clare, Cullen, Ivor, Flanagan, Michael, Fogarty, Amy, Glynn, Orna, Martinez, Claudia Guerrero, Hamza, Mohamed Alfatih, Hassan, Mekki, Hegazy, Ibrahim, Hill, Rhodri, Kazim, Amr, Khalid, Azriny Shaziela, Khalid, Muhammad Abdullah, Majeed, Zubair, Manning, Aidan, Mccullough, Peter, Murphy, Seamus, Neary, Peter, Noone, Anthony, O’Donoghue, Gerrard, O’Kelly, John, Odonnell, Eddie, Osman, Elaf, Ryan, Jessica, Saeed, Rafeh, Arar, Ahmad Abo, Abed, Arsan Abu, Dykman, Daniel, Elnassasra, 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Martines, Gennaro, Papagni, Vincenzo, Picciariello, Arcangelo, Magnone, Stefano, Pisano, Michele, Poiasina, Elia, Alberici, Laura, Antonacci, Filippo, Arena, Alessandro, Belvedere, Angela, Bernagozzi, Fabio, Bernante, Paolo, Bertoglio, Pietro, Bianchi, Lorenzo, Bisulli, Maria, Bonfanti, Barbara, Boussedra, Safia, Brandolini, Jury, Cacciapuoti, Crescenzo, Cardelli, Stefano, Casadei, Riccardo, Cescon, Matteo, Cipolli, Alessandro, Cipriani, Riccardo, Contu, Luca, Costa, Francesco, Daddi, Niccolo, De Crescenzo, Eugenia, De Iaco, Pierandrea, De Palma, Alessandra, Del Gaudio, Massimo, Gatta, Anna Nunzia Della, Dolci, Giampiero, Dondi, Giulia, Droghetti, Matteo, Parri, Sergio Nicola Forti, Garelli, Elena, Gelati, Chiara, Germinario, Giuliana, Giorgini, Federico A., Ingaldi, Carlo, Jovine, Elio, Kawamukai, Kenji, Lanci, Antonio Lanci, Lombardi, Raffaele, Miralles, Maria Elisa Lozano, Marchetti, Claudio, Masetti, Michele, Minni, Francesco, Morezzi, Daniele, Parlanti, Daniele, Pellegrini, Alice, Perrone, Anna Myriam, Pezzuto, Anna Paola, Pignatti, Marco, Pilu, Gianluigi, Pinto, Valentina, Poggioli, Gilberto, Puglisi, Silvana Bernadetta, Raimondo, Diego, Ravaioli, Matteo, Ricci, Claudio, Ricciardi, Sara, Ricotta, Francesco, Rizzo, Roberta, Romano, Angela, Rottoli, Matteo, Schiavina, Riccardo, Seracchioli, Renato, Serenari, Matteo, Serra, Margherita, Solli, Piergiorgio, Sorbi, Gioia, Taffurelli, Mario, Tanzanu, Marta, Tarsitano, Achille, Tesei, Marco, Vago, Gabriele, Violante, Tommaso, Zanotti, Simone, Aspide, Raffaele, Bertolini, Giacomo, Bortolotti, Carlo, Carretta, Alessandro, Caruso, Ambra, Conti, Alfredo, De Vita, Carla, Friso, Filippo, La Corte, Emanuele, Mazzatenta, Diego, Pirina, Alessandro, Rosetti, Vittoria, Sturiale, Carmelo, Vincenzi, Matteo, Zoli, Matteo, Castagnini, Francesco, Donati, Davide Maria, Frisoni, Tommaso, Lucchini, Stefano, Palmerini, Emanuela, Traina, Francesco, Baietti, Anna Maria, Berselli, Bruno, Bolognesi, Silvia, Fabbri, Erich, Farnia, Francesco, Maremonti, Pietro, Marganella, Concetta, Pasquini, Ernesto, Piserchia, Vito Antonio, Prucher, Gian Marco, Razzaboni, Alessandra, Ricci, Silvia, Sollini, Giacomo, Testoni, Caterina, Hilal, Mohammed Abu, Graaf, Nine, La Mendola, Roberta, Arrigoni, Giulia, Baiocchi, Gian Luca, Cagnazzi, Elena, D’Alessio, Rossella, Doglietto, Francesco, Ferrari, Federico, Fontanella, Marco, Igor, Batog, Molfino, Sarah, Odicino, Franco, Panciani, Pier Paolo, Saraceno, Giorgio, Sartori, Enrico, Zanin, Luca, Esposito, Giuseppe, Frongia, Federica, Pisanu, Adolfo, Podda, Mauro, Cillara, Nicola, Putzu, Alessandro Cannavera, Sechi, Raffaele, Abate, Emmanuele, Casati, Massimiliano, Laface, Letizia, Schiavo, Marcello, Marino, Fabio, Perrone, Fabrizio, Annicchiarico, Paolo, Cappellani, Alessandro, Cavallo, Matteo, Giaquinta, Alessia, Gioco, Rossella, Veroux, Massimiliano, Veroux, Pierfrancesco, Zanghì, Antonino, Cianci, Antonio, Giudice, Arturo Lo, Matarazzo, Maria Grazia, Russo, Giorgio Ivan, Sarpietro, Giuseppe, 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Fabbri, Nicolò, Fazzin, Marta, Feo, Carlo V., Torchiaro, Marco, Costi, Renato, Virgilio, Edoardo, Arlia, Lorenzo, Barbato, Giuseppe, Bartolini, Ilenia, Bottari, Andrea, Bruno, Chiara, Bruscino, Alessandro, Checcucci, Carlotta, Cianchi, Fabio, Coratti, Francesco, De Vincenti, Rosita, Di Bella, Annamaria, Fambrini, Massimiliano, Fortuna, Laura, Gallo, Oreste, Gigliucci, Giacomo, Locatello, Luca Giovanni, Maltinti, Gherardo, Martellucci, Jacopo, Prosperi, Paolo, Ringressi, Maria Novella, Sorbi, Flavia, Staderini, Fabio, Taddei, Antonio, Anastasi, Alessandro, Canonico, Giuseppe, Chisci, Emiliano, Gabellini, Linda, Masciello, Fabrizio, Michelagnoli, Stefano, Nelli, Tommaso, Tirloni, Luca, Alemanno, Giovanni, Arminio, Armando, Beck, Renata, Bergamini, Carlo, Cotoia, Antonella, Lizzi, Vincenzo, Maccagnano, Giuseppe, Pesce, Vito, Sarni, Antonio Luciano, Tartaglia, Nicola, Vovola, Fernanda, Avanzolini, Andrea, Bocchino, Antonio, Bova, Raffaele, Cavaliere, Davide, D’Acapito, Fabrizio, Ercolani, Giorgio, Fappiano, Francesca, Pacilio, Carlo Alberto, Solaini, Leonardo, D’Andrea, Giancarlo, Lavalle, Laura, Picotti, Veronica, Barberis, Andrea, Filauro, Marco, Santoliquido, Matteo, Aprile, Alessandra, Barra, Fabio, De Rosa, Raffaele, Diaz, Raquel, Ferrero, Simone, Fregatti, Piero, Gustavino, Claudio, Iester, Michele, Kratochwila, Chiara, Massobrio, Andrea, Pertile, Davide, Scabini, Stefano, Scovazzi, Umberto, Soriero, Domenico, Sparavigna, Marco, Traverso, Carlo, Vagge, Aldo, Gambardella, Denise, Tedesco, Manfredo, D’Ugo, Stefano, Depalma, Norma, Spampinato, Marcello Giuseppe, Airoldi, Angelo, Brivio, Ariberto, Chiarelli, Marco, Gibelli, Ludovica, Giulia, Bonfanti, Grandi, Samuele, Pesenti, Giovanni, Tagliabue, Fulvio, Zago, Mauro, Lenzi, Riccardo, Matteucci, Jacopo, Muscatello, Luca, Colletti, Gaia, Confalonieri, Marco Guido, Costanzi, Andrea, Frattaruolo, Colomba, Locatelli, Andrea, Monteleone, Michela, Badessi, Giorgio, Caffo, Maria, Caruso, Gerardo, Cucinotta, Eugenio, Germano, Antonino Francesco, Mazzeo, Carmelo, Bertoglio, Camillo Leonardo, De Martini, Paolo, Ferrari, Giovanni, Giani, Alessandro, Lombardi, Pietro Maria, Mazzola, Michele, Baldari, Ludovica, Bissacco, Daniele, Boni, Luigi, Cassinotti, Elisa, Domanin, Maurizio, Pignataro, Lorenzo, Torretta, Sara, Trimarchi, Santi, Armellin, Daniele, Basato, Silvia, Bernardi, Laura, Bunino, Francesca, Capretti, Giovanni, Carrano, Francesco Maria, Castoro, Carlo, Colombo, Giovanni, Costantino, Andrea, De Lucia, Francesca, De Virgilio, Armando, Di Bari, Matteo, Ferreli, Fabio, Gaino, Francesca, Gramellini, Marco, La Raja, Carlotta, Malvezzi, Luca, Marano, Salvatore, Mercante, Giuseppe, Milana, Flavio, Nappo, Gennaro, Peros, Georgios, Pirola, Francesca, Rossi, Vanessa, Russo, Elena, Spriano, Giuseppe, Tamburello, Sara, Zerbi, Alessandro, Aiolfi, Alberto, Bona, Davide, Sozzi, Andrea, Adamoli, Laura, Ansarin, Mohssen, Bertolaccini, Luca, Cenciarelli, Sabine, Chu, Francesco, De Berardinis, Rita, Romario, Uberto 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Andreani, Lorenzo, Antonio, Darienzo, Aprile, Vittorio, Balestri, Riccardo, Benettini, Giacomo, Berrettini, Stefano, Bruschini, Luca, Chiarugi, Massimo, Coccolini, Federico, Colangeli, Simone, Cremonini, Camilla, Mencacci, Lodovica Cristofani, Dallan, Iacopo, De Santi, Silvia, Di Franco, Gregorio, Di Girolami, Lorena, Fiacchini, Giacomo, Furbetta, Niccolò, Korasidis, Stylianos, Lucchi, Marco, Morandi, Andrea, Morelli, Luca, Musetti, Serena, Neri, Carlo Maria, Palmeri, Matteo, Picariello, Miriana, Porcelli, Francesco, Puccini, Marco, Roffi, Nicolo, Statuti, Erica, Tartaglia, Dario, Tonelli, Alberto, Vianini, Matteo, Baronio, Gianluca, Montuori, Mauro, Pinotti, Enrico, Basso, Stefano Maria Massimiliano, Maffeis, Federica, Ubiali, Paolo, Aguzzoli, Lorenzo, Coiro, Saverio, Falco, Giuseppe, Mandato, Vincenzo Dario, Mastrofilippo, Valentina, Mele, Simone, Baldi, Caterina, Corbellini, Carlo, Sampietro, Gianluca Matteo, Dugo, Massimo, Garino, Mauro, Marafante, Chiara, Masciandaro, Antonio, 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Francesco, Altana, Cristian, Bussu, Francesco, Capobianco, Giampiero, Carta, Anna Giacomina, Ciccarello, Sandro, Cossu, Maria Laura, Cottu, Pietrina, De Riu, Giacomo, Dessole, Salvatore, Dessole, Francesco, Dettori, Salvatora, Doria, Carlo, Fancellu, Alessandro, Feo, Claudio F, Ginesu, Giorgio Carlo, Giuliani, Giuliana, Iannuccelli, Marco Giuseppe, Madonia, Massimo, Mancino, Roberto, Massarelli, Olindo, Meloni, Gianfranco, Milia, Fabio, Mulliri, Andrea, Perra, Teresa, Petrillo, Marco, Piras, Antonio, Piredda, Franco, Pisanu, Francesco, Porcu, Alberto, Rizzo, Davide, Sanna, Angelino, Scanu, Antonio Mario, Scognamillo, Fabrizio, Soma, Damiano, Tanca, Anna Rita, Tedde, Alessandro, Tedde, Matteo, Vaira, Luigi Angelo, Pazzi, Andrea Bartalini Cinughi, Samorani, Osvaldo Carpineto, Fusario, Daniele, Marano, Luigi, Oldrà, Gaia, Pesce, Anna Lisa, Piccioni, Stefania Angela, Resca, Luca, Ricchiuti, Vincenzo, Roviello, Franco, Savelli, Vinno, Abrate, Alberto, Bordoni, Pierpaolo, Bosio, Lorenzo, 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Rinaldi, Mauro, Ruffini, Enrico, Salizzoni, Stefano, Bardelli, Laura, Berselli, Mattia, Borroni, Giacomo, Cocozza, Eugenio, Desio, Matteo, Elisa, Bottazzoli, Ietto, Giuseppe, Iori, Valentina, Iovino, Domenico, Livraghi, Lorenzo, Marchionini, Valentina, Megna, Stefano, Nahal, Emma Amal, Palumbo, Mara, Quintodei, Valeria, Zullo, Alessandra, D’Alimonte, Lucrezia, Pirozzolo, Giovanni, Vignotto, Chiara, Campagnaro, Tommaso, Caravati, Andrea, Conci, Simone, De Cristofaro, Carlotta, Gecchele, Gabriele, Giuliani, Tommaso, Graziosi, Jacopo, Guglielmi, Alfredo, Paiella, Salvatore, Pedrazzani, Corrado, Pollini, Tommaso, Rattizzato, Simone, Ruzzenente, Andrea, Salvia, Roberto, Turri, Giulia, Bacchion, Matilde, Butturini, Giovanni, Casaril, Andrea, Giardino, Alessandro, Impellizzeri, Harmony, Inama, Marco, Isabella, Frigerio, Moretto, Gianluigi, De Zuanni, Marco, Deiana, Enrica, Guglielmo, Mario, Broglia, Alessandro, Casarini, Claudia, Zingaretti, Caterina Costanza, Bonaldi, Marta, Cesana, Giovanni, Mastriale, Francesco, Olmi, Stefano, Fukami, Matteo Uccelli Yasuyuki, Saito, Takuya, Sano, Tsuyoshi, Hirai, Naoki, Hirota, Kazuyoshi, Kushikata, Tetsuya, Oyama, Tasuku, Saito, Junichi, Ishibashi, Katsuhiko, Kamiyama, Mizue, Son, Kyongsuk, Tarao, Kentaroh, Yamada, Takayuki, Shiga, Toshiya, Aze, Chisaki, Deguchi, Yoshihiko, Hasegawa, Hirotoshi, Hoshino, Tatsuki, Innami, Yasushi, Inoue, Hiroyuki, Ito, Shingo, Nomura, Takeshi, Ogihara, Tomomi, Okada, Reina, Ouchi, Takashi, Sekiya, Yuri, Tachibana, Keikoku, Takano, Emi, Yamamoto, Masae, Matsuda, Shuko, Matsuki, Yuka, Shigemi, Kenji, Hiraki, Teruyuki, Inoue, Yui, Jotaki, Shosaburo, Abe, Tatsuro, Eto, Masatoshi, Inokuchi, Junichi, Kashiwagi, Eiji, Kinoshita, Fumio, Kobayashi, Satoshi, Lee, Ken, Matsumoto, Takashi, Monji, Keisuke, Naganuma, Hidekazu, Shiota, Masaki, Takeuchi, Ario, Obara, Shinju, Takatsuki, Saori, Tanaka, Saori, Iida, Koji, Kagawa, Kota, Neshige, Shuichiro, Chaki, Tomohiro, Hirata, Naoyuki, Kazuma, Satoshi, Kimizuka, 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Mieko, Hirano, Kouichi, Kobayashi, Yoichi, Matsuki, Ryota, Matsumoto, Hironori, Motoyasu, Akira, Nakazawa, Harumasa, Noguchi, Hikari, Okamura, Kaio, Ono, Motoaki, Seki, Hiroyuki, Sunami, Eiji, Tajima, Atsushi, Tanigaki, Shinji, Uzawa, Kohji, Watanabe, Hidenobu, Furuhata, Yukari, Toyama, Satoshi, Uchida, Tokujiro, Enomoto, Yutaka, Furukawa, Yuri, Hasumi, Yoko, Hirota, Jinso, Iida, Katsuyuki, Ikeda, Shingo, Ikeda, Tatsuhiko, Kawamata, Natsuko, Kawasaki, Yosuke, Koizumi, Minako, Kono, Yoshiharu, Kuzuhara, Shigeki, Maeda, Junichi, Moriyama, Mai, Nagamoto, Shoichi, Nakanishi, Rinako, Noda, Michio, Seichi, Atsushi, Takahashi, Shintaro, Takashi, Kobayashi, Takeda, Misuzu, Tanakura, Kenta, Terajima, Katsuyuki, Tsuji, Munechika, Ueshima, Chiharu, Yamamoto, Naoya, Yamamoto, Mari, Yokota, Toshiya, Yoshioka, Yuki, Yuri, Sakoh, Iwata, Shintaro, Kawai, Akira, Osaki, Shuhei, Ishikawa, Masashi, Iwasaki, Masae, Morita, Tomonori, Hirooka, Reina, Nakata, Yoshinori, Sawamura, Shigehito, Ishida, Yusuke, Kawachi, Aya, Kobayashi, Takayuki, Nagashima, Fumiaki, Suzuki, Naoki, Ando, Kohei, Miyazawa, Noriko, Tanaka, Yukio, Abuissa, Khatab, Aljabali, Alaa, Almasri, Amal, Alrabadi, Mera, Alshara, Rana, Alzghoul, Yasmeen, Alzughoul, Ahmed, Freihat, Ali, Jeitan, Emran, Owais, Qais, Smadi, Aseel, Abukhadra, Mahmoud, Abunawas, Huthifa, Al‐azzam, Abdallah Ahmed Mezel, Aladaileh, Ammar, Albadawi, Ismail, Alhawatmeh, Mohammad, Alkhaza’Leh, Mohannad Yaser, Alneimat, Roaa Salem Jwaid, Alwahedy, Saba, Alwardat, Abdel Rahman Mohannad Ahmad, Dhoon, Slsabela, El‐qawaqzeh, Khaled, Hrerat, Tarteel, Jaradat, Enas, Mubaydeen, Teeba, Sarayrah, Husam, Tarawneh, Mohammad Abdel Elah A., Karasneh, Mohammad Yousef, Zurgan, Amany, Alassaf, Mohammad, Alzraikat, Sayel H., Amarin, Justin Z., Hijjawi, Ahmed, Suradi, Haya H., Zaghlol, Louay Y., Abdalah, Ahmad, Abdallah, Ghaida, Tarieh, Ammar Abu, Abu‐libdeh, Tareq, Abualteen, Faisal, Al Abdallah, Murad, Al Bdour, Zakaria, Al Dahabrh, Seif, Al‐kasaji, Farah, Ali, Zaid Al‐sheikh, Al‐thaher, Mohammad, Alnajjar, Tareq, Alqedrh, Mohannad, Alsaleh, Mohammad, Alzaatreh, Mohammad, Amayreh, Ghandi, Ayasra, Yazeed, Eid, Ahmad, Ghayada, Ibrahim, Moh’d Ahmed Hasanein, Khaled, Hassouneh, Anas, Hijazeen, Raid, Hmeidan, Majedah, Khaled, Ahmed, Khasawneh, Barihan, Kifayeh, Omar, Lafi, Yasser, Seba, Jasem, Semrin, Qusai, Sma, Fda, Theab, Mohammad, Tumeh, Haitham, Zaid, Muna Aba, Abazeed, Alaa, Abbad, Bader, Abbadi, Osaid, Abu‐ishkerih, Nizar, Al‐osta, Malk, Al‐zyadat, Reham, Alawneh, Bashar Omar Falah, Alhattab, Majd, Alkurdieh, Mohd Mujahed, Awwad, Ziad, Hammouri, Mohammad, Hussein, Hamzeh, Khader, Sereen, Khalil, Mariam, Mansour, Omar, Othman, Ahmad, Qandeel, Haitham, Saleem, Mohammad, Souri, Fouad, Tahboub, Ahmad, Tayyem, Raed, Abdallah, Munir, Abdel‐hafez, Ibrahim, Obead, Hamza Abu, Abudari, Hadeel, Abuhamour, Ehab, Abusadah, Samer, Al‐azzeh, Nimer, Al‐adwan, Sofian, Al‐darabah, Ali, Al‐qannas, Mohammad, Albaba, Basil, Alradawneh, Qutaiba, Amaireh, Mohammad, Ashour, Subhi, Chabaan, Reem, Eskander, Ammar, Fawzi, Ahmad, Haij, Manal, Hamad, Hisham, Hamdan, Haya, Hamss, Ahmed, Hassouneh, Esraa, Hyasat, Ayah, Ibrahim, Zainab, Jamaliah, Saja, Khalil, Mohammed, Massad, Anas, Mohamed, Ishak, Qandeel, Mahmoud, Qasrawi, Dalia, Raggad, Mahmoud, Rifai, Ebaa, Semreen, Nedal, Shehada, Reham, Shorman, Marwan, Al‐shibi, Abdallah, Alsa’Afin, Shatha, Bani‐hani, Morad, Nimer, Bahaa, Nofal, Sandra, Qaraqe, Layth, Salameh, Mohammed, Saleh, Ma’Moun, Sanjuq, Ghaidaa, Sharabi, Alaa, Sweiti, Alaa, Yaghmour, Jamal, Zaza, Sabri, Alhindi, Rahaf, Baninasr, Eman, Al‐masri, Mahmoud, Al‐najjar, Hani, Alawneh, Fade, Al‐latayfeh, Motasem, Al‐shudifat, Abdel‐ellah, Ahmad, Abd Almonem Shaikh, Abdeljalil, Abdelkarim, Abdelrahman, Haneen, Abdulmalek, Abdulmalek, Abedalqader, Lina, Abed, Laith Abu, Al Smadi, Omar, Alarood, Salameh, Allouzi, Mohammad, Almansour, Maha, Almi’Ani, Sari, Alsaiad, Abdulhakim, Alshaikh, Khaled, Androus, Farah, Awbakh, Mirna, Azzam, Belal, Yasin, Hammam Bany, Daoud, Maher, Dawod, Lujain, Dawod, Omar, Elmusa, Reem, Fadli, Saba, Hammad, Farah, Hunaiti, Majd, Muhtaseb, Mahmoud, Owaimer, Rawan, Qulaghassi, Zaki, Romman, Saleh, Saket, Rawand, Sharawi, Said, Tawalbeh, Alaa, Al‐howthi, Mohammed, Ababneh, Laila, Ababneh, Roba, Za’Nouneh, Faris Jamal Abu, Al DHOUN, Sajedah, Al Khassawneh, Ahmad, Al Sharie, Ahmed, Al Shraideh, Ayah Ahmad, Al‐dabaa, Tawfik, Al‐jarrah, Salsabeel, Al‐jarrah, Hothaifa, Al‐othman, Hadeel, Alaradi, Zuhair, Alshannaq, Qutaiba, Alsulaiman, Rima, Alzaqh, Motasem, Alzu’Bi, Yazan, Audat, Ziad, Bahhour, Mohammad, Bdour, Saja, Khatatbeh, Roa, Marji, Fares, Mazahreh, Tagleb, Nail, Dina, Nuseir, Amjad, Rabab’Ah, Asmaa, Sawadi, Taher, Zidan, Ghina, Muhfouz, Dima Abu, Nael, Abdullah, Qasim, Ahmad, Al‐jarrah, Amar, Rawagah, Faisal, Abu Ismail, Dima Y, Al‐dolat, Wedad, Alzoubi, Mai, Alzoubi, Malak, Alzu’Bi, Mu’Taz, Asha, Ruba, Guboug, Ali, Hussein, Hasan, Rawashdeh, Shireen, Sanwar, Mohammad, Ababneh, Adnan, Abu‐eisheh, Basil, Alhami, Haneen Ahmad, Al Dwairi, Saif Aldeen, Al Shurman, Hana’, Al Yahya, Zakaria, Al‐atiyah, Hussam, Al‐balas, Hasan, Aljaiuossi, Anas, Alqawasmi, Shatha, Alqudah, Sadeel, Alshourman, Mahmoud, Hamad, Abdulsalam Bani, Issa, Anas Bany, Ennab, Raed, Hamdoni, Sara, Hijazi, Zaid, Khafaja, Ali, Mraiyan, Mohamed, Obeidat, Riyad, Olaywah, Dina, Qudah, Mohamad, Talal, Mhamdd, Aidarov, Askar, Sarmenova, Aisulu, Kodasbaev, Almat, Sakhov, Orazbek, Tanabayeva, Shynar, Amrayev, Sultan, Dzhumabekov, Berik, Malgazhdarov, Maulen, Tezekbaev, Kanat, Kukubassov, Yerlan, Satanova, Alima, Mwachiro, Michael, Parker, Robert, Simel, Ian, Mohammedali, Shamshuddin, Mwaria, Claude, Obure, Ralph, Shah, Sayed Shah Nur Hussein, Hirani, Chetan, Kibunyi, Muthoni, Mailu, Claire, Mwangi, Victor, Ogenya, Roy, Osea, Lydia, Cheruiyot, Davies, Hirsi, Omar, Muiru, Carolyne, Wanjara, Samuel, Kim, Chang Woo, Lee, Suk Hwan, Almulla, Ahmad, Dashti, Mustafa, Elghany, Omar, Sultan, Abdullah, Al‐mahmeed, Husain, Alabbad, Jasim, Albader, Ibtisam, Aldalal, Shuaib, Baba, Mahdi, Abdulsalam, Fareed, Alhajri, Naser, Alwael, Athari, Ayele, Brook, Marie, Hatem, Zaitoun, Ahmed, Alali, Ahmad M., Alkhamis, Ahmed, Alozairi, Ous, Almazeedi, Sulaiman, Alsabah, Salman, Abdelkarim, Mostafa, Al Rashed, Asmaa, Al Subaie, Saud, Al‐shaiji, Tariq, Al‐terki, Abdullatif, Alhunaidi, Omar, Aljewaied, Ali, Alzamel, Khaled, Farag, Ahmed, Hayati, Hussein, Termos, Salah, Wood, Sarah, Al‐gilani, Maha, Al‐sihan, Mutlaq, Alotaibi, Haifa, Lobovs, Dmitrijs, Pcolkins, Andrejs, Sivins, Armands, Apse, Ingus Arnolds, Berga, Annija Evelīna, Ivanova, Anna, Demicevs, Jevgenijs, Ivanovs, Igors, Kaminskis, Aleksejs, Opincans, Janis, Pāvulāns, Jānis, Rudzāts, Agris, Udre, Anna, Dbouk, Samer, Farfour, Imadeddine, Rakka, Mohamad, Antonios, Ingrid, El Hage, Joe, Hage, Stephanie, Haiby, Lea, Kahi, Hiba, Lichaa, Anthony, Moussa, Rita Milan, Salameh, Michel, Sarkis, Riad, Albaini, Obey, Haykal, Tony, Safadi, Bassem, Abou‐abbass, Hussein, Al Makari, Reem, Al Zein, Zeina, Baidoun, Mariam, Itani, Rania, Owiedat, Mustafa, Abdel Sater, Ali H., Akl, Michel, Badran, Nour, El Mustapha, Sara, Fatouh, Fathallah, Ghoussoub, Youssef, Saad, Nader, Serhan, Fatima, Souleiman, Bassem, Alame, Walid, Ghiya, Peter, Ibrahim, Firas, Abdallah, Rasha, Kassab, Mohamad B., Karout, Samar, Aya Abdul, Al, Chaaban, Hilal, Fakih, Ghinwa, Haj‐ibrahim, Huzifa, Awad, Rabih, El Assaad, Hadi, Alfeqeeh, Ahmed, Muftah, Hosam, Abdulrahman, Taha, Ahseen, Naeimah, Abunaaja, Hayat Omar, Abdulmalik, Abdulmuez, Al Gasi, Abd El Jawad, Alsaeiti, Sara, Elkhafeefi, Fatimah, Elrefai, Nasre, Ahmad, Rofida, Alhouni, Tarek, Alkarky, Safya, Alkeelani, Hana, Alkuwafi, Rauoof, Benhariz, Rema, Bettamer, Nagat, Busarira, Musa, Bushaala, Hassan, Diryaq, Tariq, Elbargathe, Osama, Eldarat, Tarik, Elfadli, Mustafa, Elfitori, Jamael, Elmahgoub, Asma, Elsahti, Reem, Hassan, Yosef, Hussain, Fathi, Mirsal, Taha, Mohammed, Marwa, Saad, Ebtesam, Hadad, Haifaa Il, Mosabha, Mostafa, Alhaje, Awatif, Haron, Aaya, Alsuwiyah, Suhir, Hamed, Mona, Khel, Samer, Omar, Sana, Yousef, Rowaida, Abdelmalik, Abubaker, Abosnaina, Yahya, Abuhlaiga, Ma’Aly, Abushahma, Ahmed Omar, Aldelensi Alzubi, Alhosen Saleh M, Aljanfi, Asma, Alnehum, Mohamed Alnaser, Alzedam, Ahmad, Delhen, Malik, Maderi, Galia, Matoug, Faisel, Mohammed, Burooj, Sawalem, Mohamed, Jahan, Alhadi, Jahan, Abdussalam, Alazabi, Basma, Alezabi, Bahauldin, Alazabi, Mona Masaud Amro, Egdeer, Amin Salem Ahmed, Sefi, Fatma, Kamoka, Elhusain, Salamah, Abdulrauf, Abdalhadi, Alya, Abdeewi, Saedah, Alhadad, Marwah, Awrayit, Ahmed, Eshnaf, Mabroka, Yahmad, Mohammad, Abudher, Abdulhafid, Elamin, Faisl, Abojeila, Farah, Aliwa, Mohamed, Jouira, Rayet Al Islam Ben, Shagour, Sana, Altobal, Ahmed, Aljuroushi, Omar, Almadani, Hadeel, Attia, Hajer, Eljali, Amal Sharif, Emran, Ayyah, Omar, Mabruka, Salim, Radhwan, Samer, Ashraf, Abulshuwashi, Nayrouz Abdullah, Ben Khalifa, Emadeddin T M, Benabdalla, Hdaya Abdalla S, Elnageh, Hatem, Hammad, Ali, Abdullah, Duha Milad, Abusalem, Marwa, Esmael, Esraa Ben, Benmasoud, Fatma, Debri, Laila, Elmokhtar, Randa, Sheta, Manal Ezeddin Kamel, Elhabashi, Bushra Sayeh Mohamed, Younis, Balkees, Elmabrouk, Amna, Momen, Ahmed, Alzoubi, Abdalrahem Essied Alzubi, Ayad, Kusay, Hasan, Ameerah Mahdi Abraheem, Musrati, Fawzie, Abusannoga, Malek, Malek, Ans, Ajaj, Hatem, Abdulwahed, Eman, Aboubeirah, Mohammed, Alqurpaa, Aya, Alshareea, Entisar, Aribi, Sarra, Aribi, Tomather, Biala, Marwa, Ghamgh, Reem, Issa, Mohannned, Lamari, Amani Hamid, Mufth, Mohammed, Abboud, Omar Sudig, Hallalah, Muad Fathi Khalleefah Abu, Abumahara, Saleh, Aburima, Sarah, Adrees, Mohammed, Ahtash, Abdurahman, Al Shukri, Asmaa, Alameen, Hind, Alarabi, Rehab, Alarabi, Alarabi, Alelwany, Aisha, Alesmail, Abdulkarim, Algadi, Noran, Almaqrahi, Khuloud, Alosta, Hadel, Alsharedi, Mohamed, Bashir, Rasha, Ghrema, Mahmoud Ben, Nour, Sari Bin, Elbarouni, Sofian, Elhadi, Ahmed, Elkhadar, Abdulmohimen A, Elkouba, Esraa, Elmsherghi, Nabiha, Gammoudi, Abdulmohimen, Ghariba, Abdulraouf, Gjam, Fatima Zayed, Haidar, Arwa, Helal, Hala, Huwaysh, Mohammed, Alhadheeri, Ahmed Khalid, Kriem, Eslam, Osman, Halim, Ossman, Mohamed Ali, Shilfeet, Marwah, Turshani, Laila, Albishty, Nouran, Alhadi, Abdulmueti, Ali, Salem, Altoumi, Manal Ahmed, Bahroun, Sumayyah Ghayth, Younes, Eman, Atarabulsi, Hana, Elshaibi, Mohamed, Othman, Abdullmujeeb, Hasan, Hayat Ben, Hasan, Najat Shaban Ben, Hasan, Rabab Shaban Ben, Barauskas, Vidmantas, Dainius, Edvinas, Dambrauskas, Zilvinas, Dauksa, Albertas, Dekeryte, Inga, Gudaityte, Rita, Jasaitis, Kristijonas, Koženiauskaitė, Akvilė, Krasauskas, Virgilijus, Lukosiute‐urboniene, Ausra, Maleckas, Almantas, Riauka, Romualdas, Šlenfuktas, Vygintas, Svagzdys, Saulius, Urbonas, Kestutis, Vanagas, Tomas, Venclauskas, Linas, Venskutonis, Donatas, Zilinskas, Justas, Ambrazevicius, Marijus, Syminas, Vilius, Aliosin, Oleg, Cizauskaite, Agne, Eismontas, Vitalijus, Jurgaitis, Jonas, Mikutaitis, Vytenis, 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Mamisoa, Solo, Corinne Eulalie, Ralaizafindraibe, Tojomamy Herinjaka, Andofenohasina, Fanonjomahasoa Safiry, Rasataharifetra, Hanta, Razafindraibe, Vanona Barijaona, Herinirina, Angelin Sablon, Das, Andre, Ganapathy, Thanga, Gunarasa, Yohesuwary, Mariapan, Kalyani, Muniandy, Maathichsudhaar, Osman, Mohd Firdauss, Azmi, Mohd Azem Fathi Mohammad, Soh, Jien Yen, Zain, Wan Zainira Wan, Zakaria, Andee Dzulkarnaen, Zakaria, Zaidi, Chan, Kheng Hooi, Hayati, Firdaus, Johan, Syamim, Mah, Jin Jiun, Sriram, Ratha Krishnan, Subramaniam, Sentilnathan, Shahimi, Nur Shahirah Binti Muhammad, Hamdan, Khairul Hazim, Ibrahim, Mohd Razali, Muthkumaran, Guhan, Tan, Ju Ann, Thanapal, Mohana Raj, Aziz, Dayang Anita Abdul, Bastion, Mae‐lynn, Harun, Mohd Hairul Nizam, Imran, Farrah‐hani, Din, Norshamsiah Md, Zain, Ayesha Mohd, Mustapha, Mushawiahti, Nabil, Syed, Naffi, Ainal Adlin, Nazimi, Abd Jabar, Ramli, Roszalina, Soon, Bee Hong, Bal, Pavin, Cheng, Joo Qing, Draman, Mohd Rusdi, Fadzli, Ahmad Nazran, Ghauth, Sakina, Hung, Weipin, Jamaris, Suniza, Koh, Peng Soon, Krishnasamy, Sivakumar, Lee, Yeong Sing, Liew, Yew Toong, Lim, Jeffery Zk, Lim, Raymond Chung Siang, Lim, Hiong Chin, Pauzi, Siti Farhan Moh, Nah, Shireen Anne, Nair, Ashvin Krishna, Doris Sin Wen, Ng, Yong, Yuki Julius Ng We, Ramayah, Kamarajan, Saaid, Rahmah, Sanmugam, Anand, See, Mee Hoong, Seevalingam, Kanesh Kumaran, Sethi, Neha, Singaravel, Srihari, Zaidi, Syeda Nureena Syed Jafer Hussain, Tang, Chu Yik, Teoh, Li Ying, Wong, Kian Boon, Xavier, Ruben, Yahaya, Ahmad Shuib, Norhafiza, Ab, Rahman, Null, Islah Munjih, Ab, Rashid, Null, Aziz, Mohd Fahmi Abd, Rahman, Mohd Norhisham Azmi Abdul, Amjad, Nasser Muhammad, Alhadi, Shahidah Che, Elagili, Faisal, Kamarulzaman, Mohd Nazli, Nor, Azmi Md, Othman, Ahmad Faidzal, Sainal, Mohd Yusof, Sarif, Mat Salleh, Chua, Richelle, Ibrahim, Aini Fahriza, Ahmad, Abdul Rauf Bin, Lau, Yii Ling, Liew, Ka Yee, Palayan, Kandasami, Wong, Hui Yu, Zakaria, Jasiah, Aziz, Nor Azimah Abd, Rahim, Norazila Abdul, Rahman, Noorneza Abdul, Abdullah, Bahiyah, Sikkandar, Mohamed Faizal Bin, Firman, Fatin, Hazleigh, Nik Mohd, Kamarudin, Intan Kartika, Khalid, Shahril, Miswan, Mohd Fairudz Mohd, Zahid, Akmal Zulayla Mohd, Mustafa, Norasyikin, Obaid, Kadhim, Yahaya, Mohd Yusoff Bin Yahaya, Yusoff, Ahmad Ramzi, Andrejevic, Predrag, Myatt, Jeremy Borg, Brincat, Svetlana, Caruana, Clifford, Chircop, Kurt Lee, Chircop, Francesca, Chircop, Daniel Mario, Cini, Charles, Czok, Viktoria, Farrugia, Melanie, Grima, Gabriella, Almukhariq, Fatimah MJ Hassan, Muscat, Esther, Pisani, Darryl, Roshan, Mohsin Hassan Khan, Schembri, Nicholas, Shoukry, Mohamed, Spiteri, Neville, Tanti, Gilbert, Hasan, Ziad Aboharp, Soto, Alberto Bazan, Rubén, Cedillo Rodrìguez Jonathan, Zamudio, Gustavo Esteban Lugo, Gómez, David Gerardo Miranda, Meave, José Alfredo Pérez, Victor Pinto Angulo, Null, Aguilar, Antonio Rojas, Duran, Erik Efrain Sosa, Perez, Alejandro Vàzquez, Arroyo, Diego, Corona‐cruz, Jose, Martinez‐said, Hector, Medina‐franco, Heriberto, Mendez, Manuel, Suárez Ma, Teresa Moreno Y, Díaz, Dolores Orta, León Vázquez, Martha Patricia Pérez, Carvajal, Angélica Azucena Soto, Hernández, Fidel Soto, Stenner, Juan Ignacio, López, Adriana Valenzuela, Hernandez, Mauricio Rene, Romero, Rey Jesus, Hernandez, Aldo Bernal, Cortes‐flores, Ana Olivia, Valle, Carlos Jose Zuloaga Fernandez, Tinajero, Carlos Andres Colunga, Orozco‐perez, Jaime, Balboa, Laura Gabriela Peña, Yanowsky‐reyes, Guillermo, Torres, Víctor Hugo Alcalá, Camacho, Francisco José Barbosa, Perez, Irma Valeria Brancaccio, Calderon‐llamas, Miguel Angel, Gomez, Aldo Camacho, Cortes‐torres, Edgar‐joaquin, Cueva‐martinez, Esteban, Anguiano, Oscar Durán, Estrada, Isaac Esparza, Fierro‐rizo, Roberto, Becerril, Paola Flores, Orozco, Clotilde Fuentes, Castillo, Miguel García, Ojeda, Alejandro Gonzalez, Rubio, Ana Sofia Gonzalez, Rojas, Erick Alonso González‐García, Govea‐camacho, Luis Humberto, Barba, Jose Aldo Guzman, Peña, Juan Carlos Ibarrola, Martínez, César íñiguez, Llamas‐macias, Francisco Javier, Galaviz, Ruben Eduardo Morán, Nuño‐escobar, Cesar, Olvera‐flores, Oscar‐everardo, Osuna‐rubio, Jaqueline, Pérez‐navarro, Jose Victor, Prieto‐aldape, Rodrigo, Gonzalez, Luis Ricardo Ramirez, Sánchez, Marco Vinicio Ramírez, Reyes, Emilio, Romero‐limón, Olaya Moramay, Ruiz‐velasco, Carlos Beas, Martínez, José Antonio Sánchez, Sanchez‐villaseñor, Guillermo, Sedano‐portillo, Ismael, Gonzalez, Gabriela Ambriz, Moreno, Pedro Berrones Moreno Berrones, Alvarado, Ana Beatriz Calderon, Jesús Cárdenas Barón, José, Hernández, Araceli, Frutos, Francisco Javier León, Hernandez, Edgard Efren Lozada, Valencia, Eduardo Morales, Pérez, Karla Daniela, Bolanos‐morales, Francina, Herrera‐zamora, Julio, Santillan‐doherty, Patricio, Zavala, David Omar Arriaga, Campos, Salvador Francisco Campos, Carmona, Lizette, Nava, Antonio Galindo, Santos, Blanca, Cisneros, Juan Roberto Torres, Bozada‐gutiérrez, Katya, Herrera, Jose Jesus, Portillo, Mucio Moreno, López, Francisco Pérez, Trejo‐avila, Mario, Salazar, Carlos Valenzuela, Alvarez, Maria Regina, Cordera, Fernando, Rosa Abaroa, Marco Antonio, Gómez‐pedraza, Antonio, Hernandez, Roberto, Maffuz‐aziz, Antonio, Posada, José Antonio, Vidal, Carlos Robles, Beristain‐hernandez, Jose‐luis, Sada, Blas Eduardo Quintero, Heredia, Nicolás Uxmal Soruco, Anaya, Ernesto, Arceo‐olaiz, Ricardo, Sougarret, Bernardo Gutiérrez, Flores, Sonia Lopez, Ochoa Carrillo, Francisco J., Uribe, Raymundo Alfredo Pérez, Silva, Ludwigvan Adriano Bustamante, Lupián‐angulo, Arianne I, Martínez, Christian Enrique Soulé, García, Francisco César Becerra, Casillas, Ernesto Javier Guerrero, Uribe, Edgar, Arias, Nereida Esparza, Hernández‐nava, J. Mindy, Isla‐ortiz, David, Melchor‐ruan, Javier, Bañuelos, Esmeralda Romero, Salcedo‐hernández, Rosa, Vilar‐compte, Diana, Peniche, Paola Zinser, Aguilar Frasco, Jorge L., Alfaro‐goldaracena, Alejandro, Buerba, Gabriela Alejandra, Castro, Emma, Chan, Carlos, Cortes, Ruben, Dominguez‐rosado, Ismael, Lechuga, Daniel Garay, Herrera, Miguel, Hinojosa, Carlos, Lopez‐pena, Gabriel, Martos, Edgar, Mercado, Miguel ángel, Velázquez, Paulina Moctezuma, Moguel, Roberto, Oropeza, Mariano, Portugal, Emmanuel Peña Gómez, Posadas‐trujillo, Oscar Emmanuel, Salgado‐nesme, Noel, Jasso, Oscar Santes, Sarre, Catherine, Skewes, Karla Yareli Hernandez, Jimenez, Cristian, Licona‐meníndez, Roque Delfino, Montiel, Guillermo, Navarrete‐peón, Alberto, Ortega, Shannat, Lechuga, Fernanda Romero, Roque, Oscar, Sevilla, Fernando, González‐lópez, Rogelio, Núñez‐gonzález, Roberto ángel, Ortega‐jiménez, José Antonio, Alvarado, Antonio, Orendain, Alfonso Alvarez Manilla, Pesquera, José Alberto Atristain, Frutos, Diego, Garcia, Felipe, León, Juan Antonio González, Guzman, Marlin, Herappe, Dorihela, Miranda, Jesús Giovanni Inzunza, Botello, Miguel Angel Jimenez, Lerma, Ricardo, Pedraza, Fabián Hilario Mendoza, Castillo, Monica Noguez, Resendiz, Jose Anatolio, García, Oscar Alejandro Sánchez, Rios, Laura Elena Fernandez, Frigerio, Pamela, Garcia, Iset, Frías, Gloria Isela Mendoza, Moreno, Emmanuel, Quiroga, Raquel, Mendoza, Alejandra Anzures, Hinojosa, Arantza Govela, Izaguirre, Aldo, Miguelena, Luis Hdez, Vazquez, Jose Manuel Luna, Rodriguez, Indalecio Barcelata, Mange, Raul Ramos, Utrera, Carlos Reyes, Saenz, David Zarate, Gonzalez, Miguel Angel Zavala, González, Francisco Andrade, Cortes, Ludivina, Roman, David, Sanchez, Aaron, Gurghiș, Radu, Rojnoveanu, Gheorghe, Vozian, Marin, Caraja, Petru, Croitor, Gheorghe, Mosneaga, Roman, Erdene, Sarnai, Ganbold, Lundeg, Orgoi, Sergelen, Orsoo, Soyombo, Sainbayar, Altanchimeg, Sandag, Erdene, Sanjaa, Burmaa, Benhamou, Rita Ait, El Azhari, Abdessamad, Ghita, Bennis, Lhassani, Sara, Louraoui, Sidi Mamoun, Rghioui, Mounir, Saaf, Sarra, Gadouali, Taha, Gouazar, Iltimass, Korch, Moniba, Letrache, Ahmed, Louari, Amina, Zamame, Anas, Ousouss, Samia, Zekhnini, Meryem, Abderrazaq, Hafni, Abichou, Wijden, Ahlaou, Hamza, Baicha, Amal, Baroudi, Salma, Chaoui, Ghita, El Azzazi, Hind, El Masaoudi, Saja, Hassoun, Chiraz, Moujtahid, Hajar, Riyahi, Anas, Zaim, Ouijdane, Aji, Narjiss, Ammouze, Imane, Arkha, Yasser, Bechri, Hajar, Belabbes, Meryem Benchekroun, Benslimane, Zaineb, Boualila, Lina, Bouanani, Othmane, El Ouahabi, Abdessamad, Hossyni, Leila Essakalli, Malik, Boulaadas, Oudrhiri, Mohammed Yassaad, Sefrioui, Taha Ismail, Tagmouti, Adam, Bensghir, Mustapha, Elkoundi, Abdelghafour, Belarabi, Othman, Belkhadir, Zakaria Houssaïn, Benkabbou, Amine, Boutayeb, Saber, El Ahmadi, Brahim, El Bouazizi, Yassine, Ghannam, Abdelilah, Kabbaj, Taha, Majbar, Anass Mohammed, Mohsine, Raouf, Souadka, Amine, Kone, Badra Aliou, Ndatewapo, Fillipus, Njuki, Peter Ngungi, Abrahams, Jenevive, Jeketera, Clara, Yeboah, Kwasi, Abebrese, John Tabiri, Mureko, Alfred, Quayson, Francis William, Shikongo, Justina, Bhusal, Subarna, Dwa, Yam, Joshi, Ashoo, Berkeveld, Eva, Bloemers, Frank, Borgstein, Alexander, Gisbertz, Suzanne, Mikdad, Sarah, Berge Henegouwen, Mark, Bakx, Roel, Besselink, Marc, Lemmers, Daniel HL, Roelofs, Anne‐jasmin, Amstel, Paul, Helsdingen, Claire, Smeele, Ludi, Harlaar, Niels, Jonker, Frederik, Burg, Sjirk, Oostendorp, Justin Y., Ombashi, Saranda, Voort, Tim, Geldorp, Martijn, Posma‐bouman, Lisanne, Boer, Hans Donald, Olieman, Annette, Smid‐nanninga, Henriette, De Vries, Jean‐Paul P. M., Hogenbirk, Rianne, Derksen, Tyche, Franken, Josephine, Oosterling, Steven, Nolte, Peter, List, Jelle, Alwayn, Ian, Bijlstra, Okker, Braat, Andries, Bulder, Ruth, Kok, Michèle, Faber, Robin, Goudsmit, Ben, Hamming, Jaap, Mieog, Sven, Vahrmeijer, Alexander, Leemkolk, Fenna E. M., Vorst, Joost, Schaik, Jan, Verhagen, Merel, Albers, Kim, Gawria, Larsa, Van Goor, Harry, Warle, Michiel, Ginhoven, Tessa M., Viëtor, Charlotte, Boerma, Evert‐jan, Lallitsch, Lara, Schweitzer, Donald, Leclercq, Wouter, Sijmons, Julie, Vancoillie, Peter‐jan, Konsten, Joop, Heinsbergen, Maarten, Dekker, Nicole, Boer, Frank, Dimech, Julian, Djamali, Kaveh, Fowler, Carolyn, Ghamri, Naji, Houston, Helen, Joseph, Reece, Kantroo, Astha, Kwun, Jin, Lie, Samuel, Lightfoot, Nicholas, Maccormick, Andrew, Olliff, Sue, Trilokekar, Natasha, Wood, Daniel, Ekanayaka, Aruna, Furkert, Chris, Nanayakkara, Asanga, Panesar, Divyansh, Waddell, Oliver, Bidois, Lauren, Clifford, Zoe, Frizelle, Frank, Glyn, Tamara, Lim, Eric, Lyons, Oliver, Mclauchlan, Jared, Nicholas, Ella, O’Grady, Michael, Roake, Justin, Singh, Harsh, Ailabouni, Ramez, Rietveld, John, Alqassab, Mohammed, Amer, Mostafa, Chan, Annie, Egbuji, John, Fullarton, Mairi, Haddow, James, Hawkins, Robyn, Vui Teck, Lu, Oliver, Thomas, Saw, Kai Sheng, Sugunesegran, Ramanen, Wilkins, James, Woodfield, Esther, Baker, Joseph, Cama, Jitoko, Field, Xavier, Fulivai, Alamea, Hossain, Ruhella, Kelly, Ben, Jasen, Ly, Mckelvie, James, Meiyappan, Vivek, Cindy Xin Yi, Ou, Singh, Vidit, Hedley, Alex, Temara, Hinerangi, Aitken, Jake, Frunt, Brytt, Boys, Max Hardie, Lakshman, Prashant, Pinfold, Esther, Cowan, Sarah, Henderson, Nigel, Leary, Jessica, Castle, Cameron, Gaston, Matt, Haimona, Maira, Jury, Steffanie, Lahood, Zoe, Lim, Matthew, Macintyre, Dillon, Mak, Josephine, Neal, Annelise, Shelker, William, Weeratunga, George, Ferguson, Liam, Harmston, Christopher, Heaven, Chelsea L, Watt, Imogen, Cahill, Henry Witcomb, Abdurrazzaaq, Abdussemee, Abdussalam, Hameedat Opeyemi, Adebanjo, Ademola, Ahmed, Aminat Olayinka, Borokinni, Opeyemi Busayo, Fasiku, Olushola Kayode, Gwaram, Usman, Okoye, Onyedika, Olaomi, Oluwole, Adeyeye, Ademola, Enoch, Elizabeth, Fayose, Samuel, Kayode‐nissi, Victor, Kadiri, Innih, Oduah, Stella, Abdull, Mohammed, Abdullahi, Mohammed Kabir, Kwankiyel, Auwal Babayo, Umar, Shahir Bello, Hassan, Sulaiman, Ja’Afar, Abubakar Bappah, Ja’Afaru, Umma Hani, Kadas, Saidu, Liman, Haruna, Makama, Baje, Mohammad, Aminu Mohammad, Kirfi, Abdullahi Musa, Oyediji, Funmilayo, Mohammed, Husseini Yakubu, Akpoghor, Oghenevwegba, Arekhandia, Alexander, Dawodu, Oseyi, Edetanlen, Ekaniyere, Efobi, Chizoba, Egbor, Esezobor, Enaruna, Nosakhare, Ezeanochie, Michael, Ezenwa, Ekene, Ijekeye, Ferdinand, Imumoren, Joe, Iribhogbe, Oseihie, Irowa, Omorodion, Momoh, Moses, Nwashilli, Nnamdi, Obahiagbon, Osarobo, Obuekwe, Ozoemene, Odai, Emeka Danielson, Odigie, Vincent, Odutola, Oluwatomi, Okhakhu, Amina, Okugbo, Stanley, Oni, Samson, Onyeagwara, Ngozi, Oseghale, Eustace, Osemwegie, Osarenkhoe, Osho, Philip, Ugwi, Veronica, Uwagboe, Charles, Yusuf, Sofiat, Abiodun, Adekunle, Akinloa, Olufemi, Shodipo, Moses, Abdullahi, Alhassan, Lawal, Ishak, Echieh, Chidiebere Peter, Nwagboso, Chimaobi, Udoh, Ubong, Akanni, Bolaji, Anyimba, Solomon, Chukwu, Isaac, Ezomike, Uchechukwu, Gold, Ikponmwosa, Nnabugwu, Ikenna, Nwafor, Ikechukwu, Okolie, Louis, Okoro, Kelechukwu, Okwara, Blasius, Onyemaechi, Ndubuisi, Abdulsalam, Khalifa, Arogundade, Abayomi, Kura, Mohammed, Nwosu, David, Abdullahi, Habiba, Agida, Eyaofun, Aisuodionoe‐shadrach, Oseremen, Ajibola, Hafees, Akaba, Godwin, Ale, Omolabake, Atim, Terkaa, Emeka, Malachy Ayogu, Benard, Adeka, Buba, Amina, Chinda, John, Edino, Stephen, Eniola, Sefiu, Garba, Stephen, Isah, Aliyu, Isah, Dennis Anthony, Joshua, Zaman, Mbajiekwe, Ndubuisi, Mshelbwala, Philip, Muhammad, Rafat, Offiong, Richard, Olute, Anne, Osagie, Olabisi, Ogolekwu, Idoko Pius, Sulaiman, Bilal, Suleiman, Salisu, Umar, Aminu, Abayomi, Olukayode, Abdus‐salam, Rukiyat, Adebayo, Sikiru A., Adeleye, Amos, Ademola, Samuel, Afuwape, Oludolapo, Ajao, Akinlabi, Akinsola, Sanusi, Aladelusi, Timothy, Ayandipo, Omobolaji, Baiyewu, Lateef Ayodele, Balogun, Mosimabale, Daodu, Israel, Egbuchulem, Ifeanyichukwu Kelvin, Elemile, Peter, Ezeme, Constantine, Fasunla, Ayotunde James, Gbolahan, Olalere, Iwuagwu, Ifeanyi, Michael, Afieharo, Morhason‐bello, Jemiludeen, Nwaorgu, Onyekwere, Obadan, Izegaegbe, Odeyemi, Olubunmi, Ogundoyin, Omowonuola, Ogundoyin, Olakayode, Ogunkeyede, Segun Ayodeji, Ogunrewo, Tolulope, Okere, Oghenekevwe, Oladejo, Titilola, Oladiran, Ajibola, Olagunju, Naomi, Olaoye, Ifedolapo, Olawoye, Olayinka, Olulana, Dare, Olusanya, Adeola, Omigbodun, Akinyinka, Onakoya, Paul, Orji, Mathias, Oyelakin, Oyeleye, Oyewole, Olugboyega, Sule, Samuel, Takure, Augustine O, Ugwu, Ebere, Afolabi, Bosede, Ajayi, Peter, Akinajo, Opeyemi, Alakaloko, Felix, Atoyebi, Oluwole, Belie, Orimisan, Bode, Chris, George, Ihediwa Chibuike, Elebute, Olumide, Ezenwankwo, Francis, Fatuga, Adedeji, Ladipo‐ajayi, Oluwaseun, Makanjuola, Ayomide, Makwe, Christian, Mofikoya, Bolaji, Ohazurike, Ephraim, Ojewola, Rufus Wale, Okunade, Kehinde, Okunowo, Adeyemi, Olajide, Thomas Olagboyega, Oni, Oluwafemi, Tijani, Kehinde, Ugburo, Andrew, Ugwu, Aloy Okechukwu, Abiola, Paul, Abiyere, Henry, Adebara, Idowu, Adeniyi, Adebayo, Adeyemo, Olabisi, Ariyibi, Abimbola, Babalola, Olakunle, Bakare, Adewumi, Banjo, Oluseyi, Egharevba, Peter, Obateru, John, Ojo, Owolabi, Olajide, Adewale, Oluwafemi, Fatudimu, Oyeleye, Oluwole, Salawu, Adedayo, Babatunde, Bakare Tajudeen Ishola, Abdulsalam, Moruf, Adelaja, Aderinsola, Adeniran, Abimbola, Ajai, Olalekan, Atobatele, Kazeem, Ayodele, Olabamidele, Bello, Funmi, Faboya, Omolara, Idowu, Olufemi, Idowu, Jeuel, Mustapha, Muntaqa, Omisanjo, Olufunmilade, Osuoji, Roland, Vitowanu, Julius, Abe, Anthonia, Aderounmu, Adewale, Adesunkanmi, Abdulhafiz, Ajekwu, Temitope, Ajekwu, Samuel, Ajiboye, Olalekan, Aderogba, Adeleke Akeem, Alatise, Olusegun Isaac, Babatunde, Mustapha, Balogun, Simon, Ijarotimi, Adebimpe, Lawal, Adedayo, Ojo, Olugbenga, Olasehinde, Olalekan, Olugbami, Adebayo, Ubom, Akaninyene Eseme, Agbaje, Ademola, Mohammed, Tajudeen, Adeniran, Abiodun, Adesola, Muideen, Afolabi, Abdulrahman O., Aremu, Isiaka, Ayinmode, Iyehunwa, Bello, Jibril, Ezeoke, Grace, Gwadabe, Sadiya, Ibraheem, Gbadebo, Ibrahim, Saidu, Ijaiya, Munir’Deen, Nasir, Abdulrasheed, Odeyemi, Peter Olalekan, Ogunade, Olukayode, Olabinjo, Afusat, Olatoke, Samuel Adegboyega, Olowogbayi, Tope, Onjefu, Stephen, Popoola, Ademola, Raji, Hadijat Olaide, Salawu, Nasiru, Salawu, Hafeez, Sayomi, Tolulope Olayinka, Segun‐busari, Segun, Uche‐okonkwo, Kenechukwu, Abiola, Olajide, Anipole, Olalekan, Ogunlaja, Olumuyiwa, Adesina, Oluwaseyi, Alayande, Barnabas, Ebenezer, John, Enwerem, Kenneth, Isichei, Christian, Isichei, Mercy, Luku, Pwaluke, Omiragi, Paul, Onyeji, John, Adze, Joel, Aghadi, Ifeanyi, Auta, Akawu, Duniya, Sharon, Gyuro, Joseph, Lawal, Jamila, Makama, Jerry Godfrey, Mohammed, Garba, Mohammed‐durosinlorun, Amina, Salisu, Kabiru, Taingson, Matthew, Yusuf, Nuhu, Amos, Happy, Daniel, James, Takai, Idris Usman, Abdullahi, Lawal, Abdullahi, Sani, Abdulrahman, Mamuda, Abubakar, Mohammed Kabir, Adikaibe, Valentine, Ahmad, Misbahu, Ahmad, Jameel Ismail, Aji, Sani Ali, Aliyu, Mohammed Salele, Danagundi, Maryam Babba, Bako, Yusuf Halidu, Bello‐muhammad, Nafisatu, Garzali, Ibrahim Umar, Hasheem, Muhammad Ghazali, Hassan, Ismail, Hassan, Sadiq, Usman, Mustapha Ibrahim, Ismail, Nasiru, Jibril, Yasir Nuhu, Kurawa, Musbahu, Magashi, Mahmoud Kawu, Martins, Bardi, Bello, Usman Mohammed, Muhammad, Saminu, Muhammad, Abubakar Bala, Muhammad, Shamsuddeen, Daneji, Sulaiman Muhammad, Mukhtar, Ibrahim Aliyu, Adamu, Kabir Musa, Nwachukwu, Callistus, Omeje, Uchenna Kelvin, Orji, Ifeanyi James, Sheshe, Abdurrahman Abba, Suleiman, Ibrahim, Yunusa, Sani Abdullahi, Maryam, A, Abubakar, Kabiru Bello, Habib, Saudat Garba, Mahmood, Farrukh, Alabi, Ibrahim Abolaji, Arojuraye, Soliudeen, Salihu, Mohammed, Alade, Samuel, Kumolalo, Felix, Mogbo, Chiedozie, Adebayo, Olaolu, Ige, Oluwasuyi, Jones, Gbenga, Odunafolabi, Tunde, Olubayo, Oluniyi Oyetunde, Akani, Chris, Alasia, Datonye, Alegbeleye, Justina Omoikhefe, Aria, Oti Nimi, Awopeju, Abimbola, Edonkumoh, Kemebradikumo, Ekeke, Onyeanunam, Fyneface‐ogan, Sotonye, John, Celestine, Kasso, Terhemen, Korubo, Inye, Mato, Christie, Ogu, Rosemary, Okpani, Charles, Okpani, Anthony, Onwuagha, Ijeoma, Oppah, Ijeoma, Oputa, Victory, Oranu, Emmanuel, Orazulike, Ngozi, Otokwala, Job, Ugboma, Henry A. A, Ajayi, Adekunle, Ogundele, Ibukunolu, Salami, Babatunde, Ajagha, Okeoghene, Ali, Yakubu, Awaisu, Mudi, Daniyan, Muhammad, Fidelis, Lovely, Nwabuoku, Stanley Emeka, Ogunsua, Oluseyi, Oyelowo, Nasir, Sholadoye, Tunde T., Yakubu, Alfa, Rendevski, Vladimir, Shuntov, Blagoj, Shuntov, Natalija Cokleska, Georgieva, Gordana, Jovanoski, Tomislav, Jovanovska, Katerina, Nikolovska, Bisera, Peev, Igor, Srbov, Blagoja, Trajkova, Andrijana, Trenchev, Viktor, Dohcev, Sasho, Janchulev, Josif, Saidi, Skender, Stankov, Oliver, Trifunovski, Aleksandar, Draz, Najib Abu, Al Ajmi, Khalil, Al Ajmi, Ghadeer, Al Amri, Ayman, Al Badaai, Ghalib, Al Balushi, Nawf, Al Bassam, Wameedh, Al Farsi, Maather, Al Ghafri, Wadha, Al Ghafry, Alaa, Al HOSNI, Mohammed, Al Kalbani, Moza, Al Kalbani, Maha, Al Kharusi, Lamya, Al Kharusi, Safiya, Al Mutani, Mohammed, Al Qadhi, Hani, Al Raisi, Amani, Al Riyami, Nihal, Al Sabti, Hilal, Al Shaibi, Maha, Al‐abri, Rashid, Al‐mujaini, Abdullah, Al‐rashdi, Aya, Alajmi, Suha, Albadi, Zamzam, Albusaidi, Hanadi, Alhadeethi, Ahmed, Aljabri, Noor, Alkazrooni, Muhannad, Alkharousi, Nadiya, Alkharusi, Al‐salt, Alkiyumi, Khadija, Almaharbi, Noof, Alsaadi, Sabaa, Alsharji, Marwa, Alsharqi, ALi Hamed, Alshehhi, Fatma, Alsulaimani, Thuwaiba, Alward, Mustafa, Alwashahi, Mohammed, Alyafii, Hussain, Alzadjali, Adil, Basi, Tayseer, Dalmar, Khadija, Dawud, Bashar, Gargouri, Mohamed Mourad, Kariyattil, Rajeev, Kenawy, Ahmed Omer, Kochummen, Koshy, Kolethekkat, Arif, Pillai, Mahesh Krishna, Sureshkannan, Ks, Laghari, Farman Ali, Manjunatha, Attibele Palaksha, Mathew, Joseph Kunju, Muzaffar, Rahil, Nair, Asha, Naiya, Hafsa Ismail Ibrahim, Nazar, Zuhail, Pillai, Silja, Rahim, Ferdous, Rahman, Khalid, Sheik, Shahila, Siddiqi, Mohammad Salman, Stephen, Edwin, Younas, Shahzad, Fatima, Mishal, Javed, Ayesha, Khan, Muhammad Ahsan, Shakir, Fatima Tuz Zahra, Siddiqui, Riaz Hussain, Syed, Danish, Rehman, Ishtiaq Ur, Warraich, Shahrukh, Amir, Mohammed, Asghar, Saleha Yurf, Bangash, Ali Haider, Latif, Sehrish, Naqvi, Wajih, Abdullah, Muhammad Tariq, Abdullah, Saleha, Ahmed, Arooj, Ahsan, Muhammad Fahim Ahsan, Akhtar, Fahad, Ali, Sana, Ansar, Mehwish, Aqib, Muhammad, Arslan, Muhammad, Ashraf, Sumaira, Ayubi, Azaz, Azam, Tayyab, Bhatti, Hamza, Huda, Shahab, Irshad, Abeer, Ishaque, Nazia, Khaliq, Tanwir, Khan, Farheen, Khan, Mumtaz Ahmad Khan, Mahmood, Namrah, Malik, Ali Raza, Malik, Tahir, Malik, Komail, Mehmood, Manzer, Mustafa, Fatima, Noor, Fazal, Nubair, Sarwar, Rashid, Isbah, Saeed, Waqar, Sajid, Hannan, Shah, Sajid, Shami, Ali, Siraj, Minhaj Us Siraj, Tareen, Mariam, Haq, M Burhan Ul, Abbas, Manzar, Zaidi, Syeda Maria Ahmad, Ahmed, Iffat, Ahmed, Shahnoor, Ahsan, Kunwar Armash, Akhtar, Munazza, Akhund, Ramsha, Manji, Adil Al‐Karim, Arshad, Hajra, Awan, Muhammad Ozair, Aziz, Humaira, Bhutto, Shameen, Aamir, Faiqa Binte, Biyabani, Syed Raziuddin, Chishti, Uzma, Chundrigar, Mohsin, Ghaloo, Shayan Khalid, Haroon, Waqqas, Hashmi, Shiraz, Hassan, Murtuza, Inam, Hina, Kassam, Nausheen, Kazmi, Abbas, Khan, Majid, Khan, Muhammad Osama, Kumari, Sameeta, Malik, Muhammad Jehangir, Mansoor, Maheen, Martins, Russell Seth, Mubarik, Areeba, Munir, Muhammad Musaab, Musharraf, Muhammad Bazil, Naz, Falak, Noordin, Shahryar, Pervaiz, Arsalan, Qamar, Javeria Bilal, Rahman, M Fazlur, Rani, Pallavi, Rasheed, Yasir, Sadia, Haleema, Saeed, Marwah, Safri, Mohammad, Salim, Shaharyar, Sattar, Abida K., Shamim, Shahzad, Sherwani, Maryam, Siddiqui, Muhammad Ahsan Iqbal, Sidhwa, Astad, Tariq, Javeria, Tejani, Isbaah, Waqar, Usama, Zahid, Fahad, Jamal, Abid, Ghufran, Muhammad Ali, Memon, Amjad Siraj, Saeed, Summaya, Samo, Khursheed Ahmed, Aswani, Manisha, Manzoor, Shahneela, Muhammad, Shoaib, Arshad, Muhammad, Hussain, Syeda Namayah Fatima, Moin, Inshrah, Najjad, Muhammad Kazim Rahim, Nasir, Manal, Sohail, Osama Bin, Mangi, Ali, Markhand, Naveed, Mushtaq, Hassan, Zia, Kashif, Ahmed, Hassaan, Ahmed, Nasir, Qureshi, Talha Ahmed, Shaikh, Shafqat Ali, Anwer, Rabia, Arshad, Owais, Batool, Sehrish, Chatni, Muhammad, Chundrigar, Tariq, Dojki, Samina Saleem, Elahi, Minahil, Farooqui, Bakhtawar, Ghouri, Amna, Hassan, Nabeel, Hussain, Zainab, Hussaini, Null, Iftikhar, Fizza, Iqbal, Faizan, Javed, Anum, Javed, Dania, Kamal, Wajahat, Khan, Shifa, Mughal, Zeeshan Uddin, Murtaza, Ghulam, Nadeem, Areeba, Nasir, Areeba, Nayyer, Fatima, Nisa, Kanwal, Rauf, Yaseen, Haroon, Umer Saeed, Saleem, Shah Masabat, Seriwala, Haseeb, Shah, Aaqil, Siddiqui, Safia, Tanveer, Asher Tanweer, Tariq, Nida, Zaman, Junaid, Zamir, Mehroz, Anjum, Muhammad Ayyub, Afzal, Ameer, Ahmed, Ehsan, Ahmed, Jawad, Riaz, Shujat Ahmed, Akbar, Ali, Akbar, Bilal, Ali, Maria, Ali, Imran Ali, Ali, Abrar Ashraf, Ali, Ghazanfar, Altaf, Zahra, Ammar, Ahmed Siddique, Arif, Hafiz Muhammad Arif, Aslam, Imran, Bashir, Muhammad Mustehsan, Farooq, Usman, Farooq, Muhammad, Gondal, Khalid Masood, Iqbal, Muhammad Javed, Iqbal, Zafar, Ismail, Fahad, Jameel, Muhammad Khurram, Janjua, Muhammad Haris, Janjua, Azwa, Joshi, Prabesh, Khadam, Mamoona, Khan, Romaisa, Khawaja, Muhammad Asadullah, Manzoor, Sobia, Mohsin, Muhammad, Mumtaz, Khizra, Musaab, Muhammad, Naqi, Syed Asghar, Naumeri, Fatima, Nazir, Umer, Noureen, Sadaf, Rafi, Yaseen, Raza, Ali, Rijal, Sushil, Saleem, Irfan, Shah, Hafiz Syed Zaigham Ali, Sharif, Muhammad, Shaukat, Ayesha, Siddique, Usman, Sikandar, Hafiz Saqib, Sohail, Mohammad, Zahara, Fatima Tu, Usman, Yasmeen, Zaman, Balakh Sher, Zeb, Misbah, Afzal, Muhammad Farooq, Ahmad, Fateen, Ahmed, Waqas, Akram, Shahzad, Alam, Azhar, Ali, Danish, Ali, Ahsan, Alvi, Ammar Tariq, Asif, Suleman Asif, Aslam, Madiha, Daood, Muhammad Daood, Jawad, Muhammad, Kathia, Usama Muhammad, Khalid, Ismaeel, Khan, Anwar, Khurshid, Zain, Noman, Hamza, Raza, Ahsan, Taha, Hassan, Zubair, Muhammad, Maria, Noor Ul Huda, Janjua, DrAtif A, Ahmad, Qamar Ashfaq, Ahmad, Sheraz, Ali, Imran, Amin, Sana, Anjum, Momina, Asjad, Muhammad, Aslam, Aatif, Ayyaz, Mahmood, Bajwa, Luqman Ali, Bakhtiar, Akkasha, Bashir, Alia, Batool, Fizza, Bhatti, Samiullah, Butt, Roshan, Butt, Usman, Changazi, Shabbar Hussain, Cheema, Omer Iqbal, Chishti, Muhammad Haris, Haq, Bushra, Hashmi, Ali, Hassan, Muhammad, Hassan, Usman, Hayat, Khizar, Iqbal, Javaid, Iqbal, Ayesha, Ishaq, Amna, Javed, Sundas, Javed, Hina, Javed, Aymen, Kashif, Muhammad, Khalid, Muhammad Saud, Khan, Wasim Hayat, Khan, Rohma, Khan, Fatima, Latif, Usman, Mahmood, Arif, Majeed, Faizan, Malik, Kiren, Masood, Rumaisa, Munawwar, Fasiha, Mushtaq, Asma, Nabi, Muhammad Shoaib, Nasir, Ahmad, Naureen, Shazia, Noreen, Zahida, Qadir, Muhammad Ghulam Qadir, Raana, Gul e Raana, Rashid, Madeeha, Rehman, Abdul, Riaz, Sidra, Saboor, Arfa, Sadiq, Muhammad Hamza, Saeed, Komal, Saleem, Humaira, Sarfraz, Kiran, Shafiq, Zahid, Shafqat, Aymen, Shaukat, Hassan, Sher, Fateh, Sohail, Rubina, Suhail, Amina, Muhammad, Bilal Syed, Umair, Usama, Umar, Muhammad, Usama, Muhammad, Usman, Natasha, Waheed, Kalsoom, Farooka, Muhammad Waris, Wasim, Shafqat, Wasim, Tayyiba, Yasin, Fahad, Zafar, Zain, Zaka, Sabahat, Zaman, Salma Zaman, Azad, Junaid, Fatima, Zareen, Anwar, Muhammad Imran, Naseer, Muhammad Ahmed, Shah, Muhammad Taimoor, Ali, Ammar, Aslam, Muhammad, Aziz, Muhammad Usama, Gohar, Farhan, Humayoun, Waseem, Khan, Hassan, Naeem, Shiza, Tahir, Warda, Alvi, Kashif, Mehmood, Maria, Ali, Muhammad, Shahzad, Aniqa, Sher, Muhammad, Murtaza, Null, Siddique, Hijab, Anjum, Waleed, Ahmad, Manzoor, Alam, Muhammad, Faizi, Fouzia, Faridoon, Shehla, Hussain, Musarrat, Iftikhar, Muhammad, Jan, Yousaf, Kalim, Muhammad, Raza, Tilal Ahmed, Shah, Farrukh Ozair, Shah, Muhammad, Tahir, Imran, Khan, Hamza, Naeem, Muhammad, Ahmad, Shabir, Ahmed, Haseeb, Akbar, Hazrat Akbar, Akhtar, Muhammad Shaheer, Ali, Noman, Ali, Mehboob, Ali, Sadaf, Ali, Irfan, Amin, Hasbi Allah, Amin, Shehzadi, Ayub, Bakhtawar, Basir, Muhammad, Faraz, Ahmad, Farsi, Muhammad Salman, Gul, Ambrin, Gul, Hina, Gul, Ayaz, Gul, Sana, Haider, Sajjad L, Ikramullah, Syed Ikramullah, Jan, Kashif, Khalid, Muhammad, 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(INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GlobalSurg Collaborative, Surgery, AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Graduate School, AGEM - Endocrinology, metabolism and nutrition, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Paediatrics, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Nepogodiev, D., Simoes, J. 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A., Workneh, W., Genetu, S., Mebratu, E., Chanyalew, L., Deresse, T., Girma, A., Seid, M., Shimelash, D., Shitaw, A., Ayalew, T., Diress, T., Kassahun, B., Kassaye, B., Mulugeta, E., Tesfaw, G., Yimenu, B., Benecha, S., Aman, M., Mekete, A., Tesemma, A., Mohammed, A. A., Abdullahi, Y. Y., Adem, E., Ahmedin, M., Assefa, Y., Ayde, F., Berhe, A., Gebremeskel, Z., Siyoum, E. G., Teresa, S., Wude, Z., Yemer, F., Yohannes, D., Zeleke, E., Zerihun, G., Degefe, D. W., Derilo, H. T., Eliyas, N., Bayissa, F., Deressa, Y., Gemechu, L., Gurmu, T., Kasaye, A., Melese, L., Muleta, L., Mulugeta, G., Taye, S., Teshome, A., Tesso, B., Gebrekirstos, G., Haile, M., Kassa, H., Saddik, M., Mengist, A., Heikkinen, J., Helminen, O., Huhta, H., Kotkavaara, T., Mosorin, M. -A., Pitkanen, J., Qian, C., Sinikumpu, J., Sova, H., Tastula, M., Virta, V. 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M., Salle, H., Taibi, A., Tricard, J., Usseglio, J., Chopinet, S., Gregoire, E., Delpont, M., Blanchard, C., Crenn, V., de Vergie, S., Denis, W., Fragnaud, H., Regenet, N., Rigaud, J., Varenne, Y., Anract, P., Barat, M., Biau, D., Dautry, R., Dohan, A., Idier, L., Lang, E., Thouny, C., Tzedakis, S., Audenet, F., Cazelles, A., Chamouni, A., Karoui, M., Mejean, A., Clermidi, P., Langlais, T., Leonelli, L., Maisonneuve, E., Nicolas, B., Perrot, O., Prost, D., Thomin, A., Thouement, T., Athiel, Y., Berry, R., Boddaert, G., Bonnet, S., Cathala, N., Conso, C., Denet, C., Laforest, A., Levy-Zauberman, Y., Macek, P., Mombet, A., Ollat, D., Scamporlino, A., Zadegan, F., Amine, C. A., Baratte, B., Chartier-Kastler, E., Chereau, N., Colas, P. -A., Duquesne, I., Genser, L., Petit, G. 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A., Asaph, E., Baruwa, E., Hofman, G., Machemedze, S., Idiata, M. M., Muhemi, R., Ndizeye, O., Nkunzimana, E., O'Connor, J., O'Connor, Z., Tchoba, S., Boumas, N., Devidze, G., Pisarevi, G., Baumgarten, S., Grusser, L., Holzle, F., Kowark, P., Kowark, A., Rossaint, R., Schafer, B., Wallqvist, J., Winnand, P., Ziemann, S., Anthuber, M., Broecheler, T., Edlinger, F., Gosslau, Y., Hyhlik-Duerr, A., Maksymiw, F., Shiban, E., Sommer, F., Sommer, B., Zerwes, S., Beyer, K., Lauscher, J. C., Lee, L. D., Loch, F. N., Schineis, C., Aghalarov, I., Belyaev, O., Braumann, C., Enste, A., Fahlbusch, T., Herzog, T., Horn, J., Jedanowski, J., Knipschild, J., Luu, A. M., Mohan, P. V., Siemen, L., Slobodkin, I., Strotmann, J. J., Uhl, W., Wolf, K., Coburn, M., Egger, E., Eichhorn, K., Enderes, J., Far, F., Franzen, A., Guresir, E., Hadjiathanasiou, A., Kalff, J. C., Kohistani, Z., Manekeller, S., Mustea, A., Probst, C., Randau, T., Recker, F., Schuss, P., Strassberger-Nerschbach, N., Strieth, S., Treede, H., van Beekum, C. J., Vatter, H., Velten, M., Vilz, T. O., Wirtz, D., Wittmann, M., Behr, M., Bulian, D. R., Marche, B., Moczko, T., Otchwemah, R., Schulz, S. -A., Thomaidis, P., Bruns, C., Cursiefen, C., Domrose, C., Fuchs, H., Heindl, L. M., Mallmann, M. R., Mallmann, C., Ratiu, D. A., Canzler, U., Distler, M., Korn, S., Meisel, C., Meusel, M., Petzold, A., Praetorius, C., von Renesse, J., Weitz, J., Wimberger, P., Alkhanji, N., Fung, S., Jaber, K., Knoefel, W. T., Vay, C., Clonda, O., Cottin, T., Juodiene, E., Juodis, D., Petrovic, B., Solodarenko, O., Binder, J., Grutzmann, R., Hackner, D., Junker, S., Arsalan, M., Banek, S., Chun, F., Faqar-Uz-Zaman, S. F., Keese, D., Kluth, L., Rolle, U., Van Linden, A., Walther, T., Bayer, J., Beck, J., Fung, C., Kraus, L. M., Leiber, C., Neidert, N., Sandkamp, R., Schnell, O., Schulte, A., Strahle, J., Jarmusch, S., Novotny, H. F. G., Becker, J., Fulghum, C., Gonschor, B., Herbolzheimer, M., Nicolaiciuc, S., Trulson, A., Vogelsang, H., Zimmermann, B., Akbari, A. A., Boening, A., Edinger, F., Hecker, M., Knitschke, M., Koch, C., Reichert, M., Schmidt, G., Schneck, E., Uhl, E., Nobrega, S. F., Kauffmann, P., Miller, C., Nemeth, M., Sievers, D., Kisser, U., Kleeff, J., Klose, J., Lorenz, K., Papendick, N., Plontke, S., Seiwerth, I., Steer, S., Thomssen, C., Ukkat, J., Dumpies, C. W., Gessner, M., Hanke, J., Klauke, F., Leuschner, S., Mendel, T., Muller, K., Schmidt, B., Schreiter, V., Stosberg, P., Vinz, F., Herbig, B., Sander, J., Schulte, T. M., Betz, C. S., Bewarder, J., Bier, J., Bottcher, A., Burg, S., Busch, C. -J., Bussmann, L., Gosau, M., Heuer, A., Izbicki, J., Klatte, T. O., Konig, D., Kopke, L. -G., Moeckelmann, N., Praetorius, M., Priemel, M., Stadlhofer, R., Stangenberg, M., Uzunoglu, F. 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V., Diamantis, A., Fichter, A., Grill, F., Heck, M., Jira, D., Kallmayer, M., Koll, F., Luhne, S., Meyer, B., Patachia, R., Pergolini, I., Safi, S., Schaffer, C., Schirren, M., Wegmann, H., Wirth, M., Zhu, Z., Aghamaliyev, U., Almaghrabi, M., Bocker, W., Bruder, J., Frank, K., Herterich, V., Huber, V., Ilmer, M., Kammerlander, C., Neuerburg, C., von Ehrlich-Treuenstatt, V. H., Werner, J., Borner, N., Fegg, F., Hartmann, D., Ladurner, R., Liokatis, P., Patzer, K., Schlager, J. G., Smolka, W., Zimmermann, P., Hatz, R., Steinhart, D., Glowalla, C., Schneidmueller, D., Henkel, K. W., Steiner, M., Holz, K., Knorr, C., Kuehlmann, B., Oikonomou, K., Prantl, L., Flurschutz, R., Honarpisheh, H., Kroger, M., Lepiorz, D., Luths, C., Niemeier, A., Sras, Y., Strate, T., Winter, T., Freiman, T., Gessler, F., Won, S. -Y., Widyaningsih, R., Hoffmann, S., Schafer, R. C., Thiel, J. T., Bertolani, E., Steidle, C., Uberruck, L., Yurttas, C., Ziegler, P., Zimmermann, A., Bolenz, C., Dayan, D., Greve, J., Hoffmann, T. K., Janni, W., Lobig, N., Schochter, F., Vahl, J. M., Wezel, F., Greif, V., Schmidbauer, S., Marsch, I., Schneider, R., Boenicke, L., Degener, S., Dreger, N. M., Horstmeier, F. C., Kruschwitz, J., Rombach, A., Schmidt, N., Seiberth, R., Singh, J., Smit, M., von Rundstedt, F. -C., Zirngibl, H., Diessner, J., Friedrich, S., Germer, C. -T., Helmer, P., Herrmann, J., Kranke, P., Kubler, H., Lock, J., Lotz, C., Meffert, R., Meybohm, P., Muller, S., Notz, Q., Popp, M., Schlegel, N., Schlesinger, T., Schmid, B., Sitter, M., Steinisch, A., Treutlein, A., van den Berg, A., Wurmb, T. E., Agyeman-Duah, N. K., Appiah, E., Armah, R., Asare, C., Awere-Kyere, L., Daary, D., Gakpetor, D., Allah, S. M., Obbeng, A., Osei-Poku, D., Puozaa, D., Tackie, E., Adu-Aryee, N. A., Agboadoh, N., Asare, O., Bowan, A. B., Brown, G. D., Clegg-Lamptey, J. -N., Dedey, F., Dery, C., Fenu, B. S., Harrison, M. A., Kumassah, P., Kuuzie, E., Nsaful, J., Olayiwola, D. O., Smith, C., Banka, C., Hussey, R., Azize, D. A., Aniakwo, L. A., Adofo-Asamoah, Y., Agbeno, E. K., Agyapong, M. M., Agyen, T., Mensah, K. A., Alhassan, B. A. B., Amoako-Boateng, M., Appiah-Thompson, P., Gyimah, N. A. -M., Asante-Bremang, M., Asante-Asamani, A., Atawurah, H., Appiah, A. B., Baidoo, R. O., Baidoo, E. I., Boakye, B., Boateng, A., Dadoe, D., Dayie, M. S. C. -J. K., Debrah, S., Doku, K., Enti, E., Ken-Amoah, S., Koggoh, P., Kpangkpari, R., Maison, P., Mensah, S., Mensah, P., Mensah, T. A., Morna, M. T., Nimako-Mensah, J., Nkrumah, J., Nortey, M., Ofori, E. O., Opandoh, I. N. M., Osei-Tutu, E., Adae, J. O., Quansah, K., Quartson, E., Rahman, G. A., Walawah, D., Yigah, M., Yussif, S., Jiagge, N., Nachelleh, E., Acquaye, J., Agbedinu, K., Agyei, F., Agyemang-Prempeh, A., Amo-Antwi, K., Amoah, M., Amoah, G., Amoako, Y. A., Aning, D. 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T. -A., Grypiotis, I., Kiriakopoulos, N., Koliopoulos, G., Kyvelos, V., Micha, G., Papadopoulou, T., Balalis, D., Fradelos, E., Korkolis, D., Alexakis, N., Angelou, K., Haidopoulos, D., Prodromidou, A., Rodolakis, A., Thomakos, N., Psychogios, D., Antonakis, P., Bramis, K., Chardalias, L., Contis, I., Dafnios, N., Dellaportas, D., Dimitra, P., Fragkoulidis, G., Gkiokas, G., Gklavas, A., Hadjizacharias, T., Karageorgou, D., Konstadoulakis, M., Kontopoulou, C., Massaras, D., Memos, N., Papaconstantinou, I., Politis, D., Polydorou, A., Stamatis, K., Theodosopoulos, T., Vezakis, A., Avgerinos, K., Katunin, J., Kechagias, A., Kelgiorgi, D., Kritikos, N., Pengerma, P., Bisdas, T., Ioannidis, A., Konstantinidis, M., Konstantinidou, S., Patelis, N., Antonopoulou, M. I., Deskou, E., Kalles, V., Manatakis, D. K., Stamos, N., Tasis, N., Arkadopoulos, N., Danias, N., Economopoulou, P., Frountzas, M., Kokoropoulos, P., Michalopoulos, N., Selmani, J., Sidiropoulos, T., Vassiliu, P., Paraskevas, K. I., Bartziotas, D., Bouchagier, K., Galanis, I., Kalamatianos, T., Kapiris, S., Kolinioti, A., Mavrodimitraki, E., Metaxas, P., Nikova, A., Psarologos, M., Sotiropoulou, M., Stranjalis, G., Albanopoulos, K., Kondilis, P., Vrakopoulou, G. Z., Chrysovergis, A., Chrysovitsiotis, G., Giotakis, E., Kanellopoulou, V., Kyrodimos, E., Larentzakis, A., Pantos, P., Papanikolaou, V., Potamianos, S., Theodoropoulos, C., Triantafyllou, A., Triantafyllou, T., Georgousi, K., Panagiotou, P., Avramidis, E., Babis, G., Zafeiris, E., Antoniou, A., Bessias, N., Maras, D., Papas, T., Roditis, K., Tsagkos, I., Tsiantoula, P., Alexandrou, A., Baili, E., Charalabopoulos, A., Dimitroulis, D., Dorovinis, P., Garoufalia, Z., Kanavidis, P., Karavokyros, I., Karydakis, L., Kykalos, S., Kyros, E., Machairas, N., Mastoraki, A., Nikiteas, N., Papalampros, A., Schizas, D., Skotsimara, A., Stamopoulos, P., Syllaios, A., Terras, A., Tomara, N., Tsourouflis, G., Vagios, I., Zografos, C., Apostolou, K., Georgopoulos, N., Antoniou, T., Antzaka, C., Falara, A., Fragoulis, S., Ftikos, P., Matsouka, F., Perreas, K., Rellia, P., Samara, E., Smirli, A., Tasouli, A., Thanopoulos, A., Chalkias, P. L., Dedemadi, G., Mourmouris, P., Skolarikos, A., Theochari, N., Tzelves, L., Gaitanakis, S., Milas, T., Theodorakis, E., Karona, P., Kastanaki, P., Tzouganakis, A., Agalianos, C., Tsouknidas, I., Xenakis, A., Chrysos, E., Lasithiotakis, K., Nikolouzakis, T., Xenaki, S., Xynos, E., Lostoridis, E., Nagorni, E. -A., Pujante, A., Tourountzi, P., Al, A., Baxevanidou, K., Bouliaris, K., Efthimiou, M., Kalfountzos, C., Koukoulis, G., Lachanas, V., Petropoulos, K., Tsitiridis, I., Angelis, F., Arnaoutoglou, E., Baloyiannis, I., Bareka, M., Bouronikou, A., Christodoulidis, G., Daponte, A., Fergadi, M., Gkolias, N., Gkrinia, E., Hajiioannou, J., Kalogritsas, N., Karoni, E., Korais, C., Krestinidis, G., Ktisti, A., Magouliotis, D., Maiou, C., Malizos, K., Minasidou, M., Ntalouka, M., Ntziovara, A. M., Palla, E., Perivoliotis, K., Saini, F., Samara, A., Saratziotis, A., Skoulakis, C., Solomi, E., Stamoulis, K., Terzoudis, C. D., Tsironi, E., Tzovaras, G., Vallianou, K., Zacharoulis, D., Ziogkou, A., Elias, L., Maroulis, I., Mulita, F., Plachouri, K. -M., Vailas, M., Doitsidis, C., Filo, E., Gkalonaki, I., Kogia, E., Kontopoulou, K., Mitroudi, M., Panteli, C., Patoulias, I., Semkoglou, O. I., Sfoungaris, D., Valioulis, I., Astreidis, I., Christidis, P., Ioannidis, O., Loutzidou, L., Mantevas, A., Paraskevopoulos, K., Tatsis, D., Athanasiadis, A., Dagklis, T., Kalogiannidis, I., Kapetanios, G., Mamopoulos, A., Margioula-Siarkou, C., Petousis, S., Tsakiridis, I., Anthoulakis, C., Christou, C., Fantakis, A., Iordanidou, E., Kaselas, C., Panagiotidou, S., Papadopoulos, V., Papavasiliou, K., Piachas, A., Siasios, I., Spyridakis, I., Theodoridis, T., Tooulias, A., Tsiridis, E., Tsopozidi, M., Aleman, M., Brolo, E., Lemus, A. L., Greenberg, J., Chew, K. M. M., Oliva, J. R., Lima, M. A. D. L., Muralles, I. L., Solares, F., Ajcip, G., Anton, C., Cojulun, J., Flores, M. -A., Jose, N., Paiz, C. A. M., Morales, S., Najera, R., Lorenzana, E. Q., Rivera, P., Rodas, L., Santos, V., Sosa, D., Ybarra, N., Cajti, J. D. P., Regil, C., Osorio, W. A., Arriola, R. R., Tale-Rosales, L. -F., Herrera, D., Rodriguez, S. T. T., Villeda, S. A., Anicetti, J., Medina, A. M. L., Ardebol, J., Barillas, K., De Leon, F., Recinos, S., Marroquin-Alpirez, M. -A., Yax, Y., Hon, S., Liu, Y. H., Liu, A. Q., Liu, S., Chiu, H. T. N., Chow, C. M. T., Hau, V., Ip, H. W., Mak, B., Mok, C. Y., Ng, D., Siu, Y. Y. E., Wong, K. F., Pu, J. J., Su, Y. -X., Au-Yeung, K. Y., Chan, D. Y. C., Chan, A., Chan, S. M., Chang, T. C., Chiu, T. W., Chiu, W. K., He, Z., Ho, M. F., Ho, K. K. W., Ho, J. Y. K., Kung, J. W. C., Lam, C. H., Lau, R. W. H., Ling, S. K. K., Lok, H. T., Mak, T. W. C., Ng, C. -F., Ng, S., Ng, K. K. -C., Ng, C. S. H., Ong, M. T. Y., Tan, T., Tang, S. F., Teoh, J. Y. -C., Teoh, A., Tsui, B. S. Y., Wong, G. K. C., Wong, R., Wong, K. C., Yee, C. H., Antal, Z., Kalman, A., Voros, P., Bahrehmand, K., Echim, T., Novak, Z., Sztipits, T., Bihari, L. A., Hidi, L., Piros, L., Rozsa, B., Sotonyi, P., Szatai, L., Herczeg, G., Pordany, B., Tornyi, F., Dede, K., Egyed, T., Saftics, G., Kulcsicka-Gut, J., Sipos, Z., Toth, D., Patel, B., Majmudar, H., Mankad, S., Pathan, S., Sharathkumarkl, L., Sasatti, L., Mahankali, S., Annayappa, S. K. S., Agrawal, T., Anandan, P., Baindur, A., Bd, M., Savitha, C., Anitha, G. S., Harigond, S., Tejeswini, K. K., Kesarla, V., Manangi, M., Hareesh, P. B., Ranjan, J. K. R., Shetty, A., Chikkanayakanahalli, S. S., Sunil, T., Syamala, S., Tharanath, K., Atal, A., Rajagopal, N., Srinath, B. S., Nk, V., Thirumanikandan, P. L., Mishra, N., Shrivastava, S., Wadhwani, R., Ahmad, R., Haq, Z. A., Behera, P., Dhurwe, R., Haq, R., Jain, V., Karna, S., Pushpalatha, K., Raj, S., Santoshi, J. A., Singh, P., Verma, V., Waindeskar, V., Yadav, M. S., Aziz, Z., Chakraborty, K., Chappity, P., Das, G., Datta, D., Jena, S. K., Kar, M., Khuntia, S., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kv, A., Mishra, A., Mishra, S., Mittal, Y., Muduly, D., Panda, R., Panigrahi, S., Parija, S., Patra, S., Rout, B., Sahu, R., Sarkar, S., Singh, S., Sudha, S., Sultania, M., Tripathy, S., Varghese, P., Kansay, R., Kaushik, R., Gupta, S. K., Khare, S., Kumar, V., Mohindra, S., Patil, N., Salunke, P., Savlania, A., Singh, K., Pradeep Krishna, R. V., Narasimhan, G., Rela, M., Appukuttan, A., Goudar, S., Mallick, S., Titus, C., Chidambarasamy, E. S., Madhavan, D., Murugesan, A., Narayanasamy, K., Barani Kumar, P. B., Rajan, F., Vijayaragavan, P., Borthakur, B., Chauhan, T. S., Govil, A., Hanjoora, V. M., Srivastava, A., Tiwari, S., Vishwani, V., Pendyala, K. S., Prasad, N., Bothra, J., Deb, M., Herle, K., Jayaram, H., Kannaiyan, L., Krithiga, A., Mukta, W., Nagpal, P., Pathak, P., Banerjee, S., Chaudhary, R., Choudhary, G. R., Chugh, A., Dixit, P., Elhence, A., Gahlot, N., Garg, M., Ghuman, N. 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V., Hoysal, D., Batra, N., Bhatti, A., Chopra, R., David, S., Dhar, T., Dutt, U. K., Dutta, R., Gandhi, S., Haque, P. D., Paul Sudhakar John, B., Veetil, S. K., Kaur, G., Kumar, N., Luther, A., Mahajan, A., Mandrelle, K., Mathews, S., Michael, V., Mukherjee, P., Pargal, P., Paul, R., Phillip, A., Phillips, R., Samuel, A., Singh, N., Singh, I., Singh, A., Grewal, S. S., Singhania, A., Thirumalai, S., Varghese, A., Wesley, J., Thomas, J., Zechariah, P., Ifthikar, M. A., Mathew, R. T., Shetty, R., Vijaykumar, M. V., Hameed, B. M. Z., Ibrahim, S., Jyothish, G., Krishna, S., Mathew, S., Kumar, A. S., Sinha, P. K., Sridhar, R., Agarwal, S., Balasubramaniam, S., Chhatrapati, S., Deshpande, C., Dharia, A., Fernandes, S., Gore, M., Jayakumar, A., Mhamane, R., Nirgude, A., Parab, S., Patil, M., Peswani, A., Sahu, A., Samel, S., Shah, F., Haridas, D., Shetty, V., Abraham, B., Agarwal, V., Ahmad, Q., Asari, A., Attar, M. I., Ayyalasomayajula, N. 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C., Abel, L., Agrawal, M., Rabindranath, B., Baldia, M., Barla, R. K., Beck, M., Benjamin, S., Bliss, J., Cherian, L., Devarakonda, S., Ete, G., George, A. J. P., Iovino, Claudio, CovidSurg Collaborarive, Frisoni T., Palmerini E., Donati D., Traina F., Solaini L., Pignatti M., Conti A., Internal Medicine, Collaborative, COVIDSurg, Collaborative, GlobalSurg, Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, COVIDSurg Collaborative, Li, E, Emanuele Cammarata, Sofia Campanella, Daniela Canzonieri, Adriana Cordova, Federico De Michele, Ettore Dinoto, Mara Franza, Leo Licari, Daniele Matta, Domenico Mirabella, Felice Pecoraro, Roberto Pirrello, Pierfrancesco Pugliese, Fernando Rosatti, Giuseppe Salamone, Francesca Toia, Massimiliano Tripoli, Vito Chiantera, Leo Licari, Palmisano, Silvia, de Manzini, Nicolo', Collaborative, Covidsurg, Collaborative, Globalsurg, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinical sciences, Medical Oncology, Basic (bio-) Medical Sciences, Diabetes Pathology & Therapy, Gastroenterology, Fruscio, R, Ornaghi, S, Surgical clinical sciences, COVIDSurg Collaborative (GlobalSurg, Collaborative), Beretta, L, and Aldrighetti, L.
Subjects: Male, pulmonary embolism, Internationality, Settore MED/18 - CHIRURGIA GENERALE, Deep vein, Vascular damage Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 16], infectious diseases, Cardiovascular, SARS‐CoV‐2, surgery, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, deep vein thrombosis, venous thromboembolism, Cohort Studies, Postoperative Complications, Anesthesiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Prospective Studies, 610 Medicine & health, Prospective cohort study, Lung, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Confounding, Hematology, Middle Aged, Thrombosis, 17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Pulmonary embolism, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cohort, COVID-19/complications, Postoperative Complications/etiology, Original Article, Female, Patient Safety, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Clinical Sciences, GlobalSurg Collaborative, Venous Thromboembolism/etiology, NO, COVIDSurg Collaborative, Young Adult, Medicine, General & Internal, Age Distribution, Clinical Research, COVID‐19, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Sex Distribution, Aged, Science & Technology, business.industry, Prevention, Neurosciences, deep vein thrombosi, Pneumonia, Odds ratio, Original Articles, medicine.disease, Surgery, Reconstructive and regenerative medicine Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 10], Prospective Studie, Good Health and Well Being, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Human medicine, Postoperative Complication, Cohort Studie, business, Venous thromboembolism, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with an increased rate of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients. Since surgical patients are already at higher risk of venous thromboembolism than general populations, this study aimed to determine if patients with peri-operative or prior SARS-CoV-2 were at further increased risk of venous thromboembolism. We conducted a planned sub-study and analysis from an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study of elective and emergency patients undergoing surgery during October 2020. Patients from all surgical specialties were included. The primary outcome measure was venous thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis) within 30 days of surgery. SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was defined as peri-operative (7 days before to 30 days after surgery); recent (1-6 weeks before surgery); previous (≥7 weeks before surgery); or none. Information on prophylaxis regimens or pre-operative anti-coagulation for baseline comorbidities was not available. Postoperative venous thromboembolism rate was 0.5% (666/123,591) in patients without SARS-CoV-2; 2.2% (50/2317) in patients with peri-operative SARS-CoV-2; 1.6% (15/953) in patients with recent SARS-CoV-2; and 1.0% (11/1148) in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2. After adjustment for confounding factors, patients with peri-operative (adjusted odds ratio 1.5 (95%CI 1.1-2.0)) and recent SARS-CoV-2 (1.9 (95%CI 1.2-3.3)) remained at higher risk of venous thromboembolism, with a borderline finding in previous SARS-CoV-2 (1.7 (95%CI 0.9-3.0)). Overall, venous thromboembolism was independently associated with 30-day mortality (5.4 (95%CI 4.3-6.7)). In patients with SARS-CoV-2, mortality without venous thromboembolism was 7.4% (319/4342) and with venous thromboembolism was 40.8% (31/76). Patients undergoing surgery with peri-operative or recent SARS-CoV-2 appear to be at increased risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism compared with patients with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Optimal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment are unknown in this cohort of patients, and these data should be interpreted accordingly. ispartof: ANAESTHESIA vol:77 issue:1 pages:28-39 ispartof: location:England status: published
Published: 2022

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