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To analyze the temporal trend of indicators related to motor vehicle driving after alcohol consumption, in the general population and among drivers.Temporal trend study of indicators related to driving motorized vehicles after alcohol consumption, between 2007 and 2018, based on information from Vigitel. The population consisted of adults (≥ 18 years old) living in Brazilian capitals with a landline. Trend analysis was performed by linear regression.Between 2007 and 2018, there was a reduction in the indicator "driving a vehicle after alcohol abuse by the population" from 2.0% to 0.7% (p0.001). This consumption when calculated only among drivers decreased from 3.5 in 2011 to 1.6 in 2018 (p0.003). Driving a vehicle by drivers after consuming any amount of alcohol had high prevalences, ranging from 15.7% (2011) to 11.4% (2018). Prevalence in all indicators was higher among men, younger adults (18 to 34 years) and with higher education.The practice of alcohol abuse and driving reduced in Brazil, however, driving after drinking any amount of alcohol still remains high. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain regulatory measures to control alcohol and driving in order to reduce traffic accidents.

This article reflects on the evolution of the theme of violence within the field of public health. It provides an overview of the strategies and actions developed within Brazil's Unified Health System developed in response to the country's main guiding policy on violence, the National Policy for the Reduction of Morbidity and Mortality due to Accidents and Violence, drawing on baseline documents, national and international research, data from the country's main violence information systems, and the firsthand experiences of the authors from their participation in the abovementioned actions. Violence against children and adolescents, women, and older persons have assumed a prominent position on the health agenda, while other forms of violence, such as child labor, human trafficking, homophobic and racial violence, and violence against street dwellers and people with disabilities, who are deprived of their liberty, are gradually finding their way onto the agenda. Despite undeniable progress in institutionalizing the theme, there is a need for greater investment in various areas including out-of-hospital emergency, rehabilitation, and mental health services. It is also necessary to incorporate the theme into the training and development of all of healthcare professionals and intensify continuing training to enhance capacity for detecting and reporting violence and delivering adequate care to victims.Realiza-se uma reflexão sobre o percurso histórico de inserção do tema da violência no campo da saúde pública. Busca-se oferecer um panorama das estratégias e ações implementadas no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde, tomando como norte a Política Nacional de Redução da Morbimortalidade por Acidentes e Violência, além de documentos, estudos e artigos, dados dos principais sistemas de informação e a participação das autoras em muitas das ações mencionadas. Os temas da violência contra crianças e adolescentes, contra a mulher, contra a pessoa idosa tiveram prioridade na agenda de saúde. Outros como: prevenção do trabalho infantil, do tráfico de pessoas, da violência homofóbica, racial, contra a população de rua e portadoras de deficiências, população privada de liberdade foram sendo aos poucos incluídos na pauta. A despeito de grandes avanços inegáveis na institucionalização do tema, observa-se a necessidade de mais investimento quanto aos serviços pré-hospitalares, de reabilitação e de saúde mental, por exemplo. É preciso também incluir a violência que impacta a saúde como tema na formação em todas as carreiras da área do setor saúde e na formação continuada, pois sem pessoas bem preparadas para implementá-lo, esse tema sempre será um estranho à racionalidade biomédica.

This article examines progress made towards the implementation of the core priorities laid out in the National Health Promotion Policy (PNPS, acronym in Portuguese) and current challenges, highlighting aspects that are essential to ensuring the sustainability of this policy in times of crisis. It consists of a narrative review drawing on published research and official government documents. The PNPS was approved in 2006 and revised in 2014 and emphasizes the importance of social determinants of health and the adoption of an intersectoral approach to health promotion based on shared responsibility networks aimed at improving quality of life. Progress has been made across all core priorities: tackling the use of tobacco and its derivatives; tackling alcohol and other drug abuse; promoting safe and sustainable mobility; adequate and healthy food; physical activity; promoting a culture of peace and human rights; and promoting sustainable development. However, this progress is seriously threatened by the grave political, economic and institutional crisis that plagues the country, notably budget cuts and a spending cap that limits public spending for the next 20 years imposed by Constitutional Amendment Nº 95, painting a future full of uncertainties.O estudo analisa os avanços e desafios da implementação da Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde (PNPS) quanto às suas agendas prioritárias e aponta aspectos críticos para sua sustentabilidade em tempos de crises. Estudo de revisão narrativa, abrangendo estudos publicados e documentação institucional. A PNPS foi aprovada em 2006 e revisada em 2014 e destaca a importância dos condicionantes e determinantes sociais da saúde no processo saúde-doença e tem como pressupostos a intersetorialidade e a criação de redes de corresponsabilidade que buscam a melhoria da qualidade de vida. Foram descritos avanços nas prioridades destacadas na PNPS, em programas e ações de enfrentamento ao uso do tabaco e seus derivados; alimentação adequada e saudável; práticas corporais e atividades físicas; promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável; o enfrentamento do uso abusivo de álcool e outras drogas; a promoção da mobilidade segura e sustentável; e a promoção da cultura da paz e de direitos humanos. Entretanto, os avanços da PNPS apresentados podem estar seriamente ameaçados frente à grave crise política, econômica e institucional que abateu o país, em especial os cortes orçamentários para os próximos 20 anos, com a Emenda Constitucional 95, desenhando um cenário futuro de muitas incertezas.

Work-related injuries, often classified as occupational injuries (OI), stand out among visits due to external causes (accidents and violence) in health services. To describe the characteristics and factors associated with emergency room visits for OI, a cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Survey of Violence and Injuries in Emergency Services (VIVA Inquérito 2011) in 24 state capitals and the Federal District. The prevalence of treatment for OI and prevalence ratios (PR) with confidence intervals of 95% (95%CI) were calculated. There were 29,463 emergency room visits due to accidental injuries in the population above 18 years of age. The prevalence of OI was 33.4% and was positively and significantly associated with the male gender, age 30-59 years old, industrial workers, agricultural sector or repair and maintenance services. The occurrence of OI was significantly higher in attendance for objects falling on people (PR = 3.37, 95% CI 2.80 to 4.05) and injuries due to perforating object (PR = 3.01, 95% CI 2.50-3.65). The results support the surveillance of external causes and direct public policies to promote occupational health. Lesões relacionadas ao trabalho, geralmente classificadas como acidentes de trabalho (AT), destacam-se dentre atendimentos por causas externas (acidentes e violência) nos serviços de saúde. Para descrever as características e os fatores associados aos atendimentos de emergência por AT, realizou-se estudo transversal com dados do Inquérito de Violências e Acidentes em Serviços de Emergência (VIVA Inquérito 2011), em 24 capitais e no Distrito Federal. Estimaram-se prevalências de atendimentos por AT e razões de prevalência (RP) com respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Foram incluídos 29.463 atendimentos de emergência por causas acidentais na população a partir de 18 anos de idade. A prevalência de AT foi de 33,4% e apresentou associação positiva e significante com sexo masculino, faixa etária de 30 a 59 anos, ser trabalhador de indústrias, setor agropecuário ou serviços de reparação e manutenção. A ocorrência de AT foi significativamente maior nos atendimentos por queda de objeto sobre pessoa (RP = 3,37; IC95% 2,80-4,05) e ferimento por objeto perfurocortante (RP = 3,01; IC95% 2,50-3,65). Os resultados podem subsidiar a vigilância de causas externas e direcionar políticas públicas voltadas para a promoção da saúde do trabalhador.

OBJECTIVE To assess whether sex, education level, and health insurance affect the use of health services among the adult Brazilian population with chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD). METHODS Data from a cross-sectional survey were analyzed, the National Health Survey (PNS). Frequency of use of services in the population that referred at least one NCD were compared with the frequency from a population that did not report NCD, according to sex, education level, health insurance, and NCD number (1, 2, 3, 4, or more). The prevalence and prevalence ratios were calculated crude and adjusted for sex, age, region, and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The presence of a noncommunicable disease was associated with increase in hospitalizations in the last 12 months, in 1.7 times (95%CI 1.53–1.9). Failing to perform usual activities in the last two weeks for health reasons was 3.1 times higher in NCD carriers (95%CI 2.78–3.46); while the prevalence of medical consultation in the last 12 months was 1.26 times higher (95%CI 1.24–1.28). NCD carriers make more use of health services, as well as women, people with higher number of comorbidities, with health insurance, and higher education level. CONCLUSIONS NCD carriers make more use of health services, as well as women, people with higher number of comorbidities, with health insurance, and higher education level. RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar se sexo, escolaridade e posse de plano de saúde influenciam a utilização de serviços de saúde entre a população adulta brasileira portadora de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados de inquérito transversal, a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). Foram comparadas as frequências de uso de serviços na população que referiu pelo menos uma DCNT, com aquelas que não relatam DCNT, segundo sexo, escolaridade, posse de plano de saúde e número de DCNT (1, 2, 3, 4 ou mais). Foram calculadas as prevalências e razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas por sexo, idade e região e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS A presença de doença crônica associou-se ao aumento de internação nos últimos 12 meses, em 1,7 vezes (IC95% 1,53–1,9). Deixar de realizar atividades habituais nas duas últimas semanas por motivo de saúde foi 3,1 vezes maior em portadores de DCNT (IC95% 2,78–3,46), e a prevalência de consulta médica nos últimos 12 meses foi 1,26 vezes maior (IC95% 1,24–1,28). Portadores de DCNT utilizam mais os serviços de saúde, assim como as mulheres, pessoas com maior número de DCNT, com planos de saúde e elevada escolaridade. CONCLUSÕES Portadores de DCNT têm maior utilização de serviços de saúde, assim como as mulheres, pessoas com maior número de comorbidades, com planos de saúde e elevada escolaridade.

The objective of this study was to describe and analyze factors associated with sexual violence (SV) among primary school students in Brazil. Data from the National School Health Survey (PeNSE in Portuguese) in 2015 was analyzed. The prevalence of total and disaggregated SV was calculated according to variables such as sociodemographic data, family context, mental health, risk behaviors, safety, and physical activity. The Odds Ratios of suffering SV were estimated according to variables that were statistically associated (p0.05) by means of multivariate analysis. The prevalence of SV was 4.0%. SV among school-age adolescents was associated with characteristics such as: age of13 years old; female; black skin color; working; being assaulted by family members; having insomnia; feeling lonely; not having friends; consuming tobacco / alcohol regularly; having tried drugs; having started sexual activity; feeling insecure on the way to or at school; and having suffered bullying. Studying in a private school, having a mother with higher education, living with parents, and supervision by relatives were protective factors to SV. It was possible to identify students' vulnerabilities to SV, which can support researchers, professionals, and families in the prevention of this type of violence.O objetivo do estudo foi descrever e analisar fatores associados à violência sexual (VS) entre estudantes do ensino fundamental no Brasil. Analisaram-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) em 2015. Calculou-se a prevalência de VS total e desagregada segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, contexto familiar, saúde mental, comportamentos de risco, segurança e prática de atividade física. Estimaram-se as razões de chances (Odds Ratios – OR) de sofrer VS segundo variáveis associadas estatisticamente (p0,05) por meio de análise multivariada. A prevalência de VS foi de 4,0%. A VS entre escolares esteve associada a características como idade13 anos, sexo feminino, cor da pele preta, trabalhar, ser agredido por familiares, ter insônia, sentir-se solitário, não possuir amigos, consumir tabaco/álcool regularmente, ter experimentado drogas, ter iniciado atividade sexual, sentir-se inseguro na escola ou no trajeto escola-casa, ter sofrido bullying. Estudar em escola privada, possuir mãe com escolaridade de nível superior, morar com os pais e ter supervisão de familiares foram fatores protetores em relação à VS. Foi possível identificar vulnerabilidades dos estudantes frente à VS, o que pode apoiar pesquisadores, profissionais e famílias na prevenção deste tipo de violência.

The purpose of this paper was to compare the tendency of bullying across Brazilian capitals, considering the editions of National Scholl Health Survey (PeNSE) 2009, 2012 and 2015, and to describe the prevalence of bullying by sex, age and administrative dependence of the school in the 2015 sample.The prevalence of bullying and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were assessed per State capital and for all capitals. 95%CI was used to check for differences in the period. In the last edition, two samples were analyzed: sample 1 represents the students of the 9th year of Elementary School and sample 2 holds students from 13 to 17 years of age, from the 6th to 9th grade of Elementary and High Schools.The report of suffering bullying by 9th graders in Brazilian capitals increased from 5.4% (95%CI 5.1 - 5.7), in 2009, to 7.2% (95%CI 6.6 - 7.8), in 2012, staying at 7.4% (95%CI 7.1 - 7.7) in 2015. Descriptive analysis for Brazil showed variation by age, as adolescents aged 13 years suffered more bullying than those aged 14, 15 and 16 years. Boys usually report more this problem than girls, as well as public school students, but with overlapping CI.The study pointed 37% increase in the prevalence of bullying between 2009 and 2015 in Brazilian capitals by.This study reiterates that Brazilian schools are still a space for violence reproduction, which makes it urgent to make progress in prevention and minimization of bullying at schools based on the concept of health promotion and integral care.O estudo objetivou comparar a tendência de bullying nas capitais brasileiras, considerando as edições da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2009, 2012 e 2015, e descrever na amostra de 2015 a prevalência do bullying por sexo, idade e dependência administrativa da escola.Foram comparadas as prevalências de sofrer bullying e seus intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), por cada capital e total de capitais. Foram considerados os IC95% para verificar a ocorrência de diferenças no período. Na última edição, foram analisadas duas amostras: a amostra 1 representa os alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental e a amostra 2, alunos de 13 a 17 anos, estudantes do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental e do 1º ao 3º ano do Ensino Médio.O relato de sofrer bullying entre os alunos do 9º ano das capitais brasileiras aumentou de 5,4% (IC95% 5,1 - 5,7), em 2009, para 7,2% (IC95% 6,6 - 7,8), em 2012, e 7,4% (IC95% 7,1 - 7,7), em 2015. Uma análise descritiva do Brasil apontou variação do problema com a idade e que adolescentes de 13 anos sofreram mais bullying que alunos de 14 a 16 anos. Meninos em geral relatam mais esse problema que as meninas, bem como alunos da escola pública, embora com sobreposição dos IC.O estudo apontou aumento de 37% da prevalência de sofrer bullying entre 2009 e 2015 nas capitais brasileiras.Reitera-se do estudo que o contexto escolar brasileiro continua sendo um espaço de reprodução da violência, tornando-se urgente avançar na perspectiva de prevenção e minimização das situações de bullying na escola, fundamentada no conceito de promoção da saúde e integralidade do cuidado.

This study analyzed the prevalence of bullying and associated factors among Brazilian schoolchildren using data produced by the 2015 National School Health Survey (PeNSE, acronym in Portuguese) consisting of a national sample of 102,301 eighth grade students. The prevalence of bullying was calculated and bivariate analysis was performed using a 95% confidence level to determine the association between victimization and socio-demographic variables and other variables relating to family background, mental health, and risk behaviors. Multivariate analysis was then conducted using the biologically plausible variables of interest. For the final model, variables that obtained p-values of0.05 were maintained. The prevalence of bullying was found to be 7.4%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that boys aged 13 years studying in public schools who worked and whose mother did not have any schooling were more likely to be bullied, as were schoolchildren who felt lonely, had no friends, suffered from insomnia, skipped lessons without parental permission, and who smoked. Victims of bullying were predominantly 13-year-olds from an unfavorable social and family background, painting a picture of vulnerability that calls for support from social protection networks, schools and families alike .O estudo analisou a prevalência de sofrer bullying e fatores associados em escolares brasileiros. Trata-se de análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) 2015 em amostra nacional com 102.301 alunos do 9º ano. Foi calculada a prevalência de sofrer bullying e foi feita inicialmente análise bivariada com estimativas de razões de chance (OR) e IC95% para estimar as associações entre vitimização e variáveis sociodemográficas, contexto familiar, violência familiar, saúde mental e comportamentos de risco. Posteriormente, procedeu-se ao modelo de regressão logística múltipla, inserindo as variáveis de interesse com (p0,20). No modelo final ajustado (ORa) permaneceram variáveis com p0,05. A prevalência de bullying foi de 7,4%. A análise multivariada mostrou que quem tem maior chance de sofrer bullying são os escolares do sexo masculino, com 13 anos, da escola pública, filhos de mães sem escolaridade, que trabalham, com relato de solidão, sem amigos, com insônia; que sofreram agressão física dos familiares, faltaram as aulas sem avisar aos pais, usaram tabaco. Predominaram vítimas de 13 anos, com contexto social e familiar desfavorável, mostrando cenário de vulnerabilidades, demandando apoio de redes de proteção social, escolar e famíliar.

To analyze mortality and years of life lost due to death or disability (disability-adjusted life years - DALYs) for interpersonal violence and self-harm, comparing 1990 and 2015, in Brazil and Federated Units, using estimates produced by the Global Burden of Disease 2015 (GBD 2015).Secondary data analysis of estimates from the GBD 2015, producing standardized death rates and years of life lost due to death or disability. The main source of death data was the Mortality Information System, submitted to correction of underreporting of deaths and redistribution of garbage codes.From 1990 to 2015, homicide mortality rates were stable, with a percentage variation of -0.9%, from 28.3/100 thousand inhabitants (95% UI 26.9-32.1) in 1990 to 27.8/100,000 (95% UI 24.3-29.8) in 2015. Homicide rates were higher in Alagoas and Pernambuco, and there was a reduction in São Paulo (-40.9%). Suicide rates decreased by 19%, from 8.1/100,000 (95% UI 7.5-8.6) in 1990 to 6.6/100,000 (95% UI 6.1-7,9) in 2015. Higher rates were found in Rio Grande do Sul. In the ranking of external causes for years of life lost due to death or disability (DALYs), firearm aggression predominated, followed by transportation accidents; self-inflicted injuries were in sixth place.The study shows the importance of external causes among young people and men as a cause of premature death and disabilities, which is a priority problem in the country. The Global Burden of Disease study may support public policies for violence prevention.

To describe the implantation of the Surveillance System for Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) in the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) and the challenges in maintaining it.A literature review was carried out the information contained in federal government directives between 2003 and 2015 was consulted.A comprehensive risk and protection factor surveillance system was implemented. It is capable of producing information and providing evidence to monitor changes in the health behavior of the population. Among the advances cited are the organization of epidemiological surveys, such as the Surveillance System for Risk Factors and Protection for NCD (Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para DCNT - Vigitel), the National School Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - PeNSE), and the National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saude) from 2013, which enabled the most extensive health diagnosis of the Brazilian population. In 2011, the NCD National Plan 2011-2022 established targets for reducing risk factors and NCD mortality.The information gathered from the NCD surveillance system can support the implementation of sectoral and intersectorial strategies, which will result in the implementation of the Brazilian Strategic Action Plan for the prevention and control of NCDs, as well as the monitoring and evaluation of their results periodically. Finally, it can be a very important tool to help Brazil achieve the goals proposed by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Global Plan to Tackling NCDs.Descrever a implantação do Sistema de Vigilância de Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) no Sistema Único de Saúde e os desafios colocados para sua sustentabilidade.Foram feitas revisão de literatura e consultas às informações contidas em portarias do governo federal entre 2003 e 2015.Foi implantado um sistema de vigilância de fatores de risco (FR) e proteção integrado, capaz de produzir informações e fornecer evidências para monitorar mudanças nos comportamentos de saúde da população. Dentre os avanços, foram citados a organização dos inquéritos epidemiológicos, como o Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para DCNT (Vigitel), a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), e a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), em 2013, que possibilitou o mais amplo diagnóstico de saúde da população brasileira. Em 2011, o Plano de Enfrentamento de DCNT 2011 - 2022 estabeleceu metas para redução de FR e mortalidade por DCNT.A produção de informações do Sistema de Vigilância de DCNT pode apoiar a implementação de estratégias setoriais e intersetoriais, que resultem no apoio à execução do Plano de Ações Estratégicas para o Enfrentamento das DCNT, bem como monitorar e avaliar os resultados periodicamente. Constitui ferramenta relevante para o alcance das metas e dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e do Plano Global de Enfrentamento das DCNT.

This study explored the association between demographic characteristics (age and sex) and other variables related to violence committed against children (form of violence perpetrator, place of occurrence, and nature of injury) using a sample of 404 children taken from the 2014 Violence and Accident Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes, VIVA) survey. Correspondence analysis was used to identify variables associated with the outcome violence against children. Victims were predominantly male. The most common form of violence was neglect/abandonment, followed by physical violence and sexual violence. The most common perpetrators were parents (ages zero to one and two to five years), followed by friends (ages six to nine years). The most common place of occurrence was the home. Notable levels of violence were observed at school, particularly among children aged between six and nine years. Neglect was most common in the age group zero to one year and two to five years, while physical violence was most common between children aged between six and nine years.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the victimization and bullying practice in Brazilian school children, according to data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey and to compare the surveys from 2009 and 2012. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with univariate and multivariate analyzes of the following variables: to have been treated badly by colleagues, to have been bullied and to have bullied other children. The following independent variables were analyzed: age, sex, race/color, type of school, maternal education. Prevalence rates were compared between the editions of 2009 and 2012 of the survey. RESULTS: Of all the adolescents analyzed, 27.5% have not been treated well by peers at school, with greater frequency among boys (OR = 1.50), at the age of 15 years (OR = 1.29) and 16 (OR = 1.41), public school students (OR = 2.08), black (OR = 1.18) and whose mothers had less education; 7.2% reported having been bullied, with a greater chance in younger students (13 years old), male (OR = 1.26), black (OR = 1.15) and indigenous (OR = 1.16) and whose mothers had less education; 20.8% reported to have bullied other children, with a greater chance for older students, at the age of 14 (OR = 1.08) and 15 years (OR = 1.18), male (OR = 1.87), black (OR = 1.14) and yellow (OR = 1.15), children of mothers with higher education, private school students. There was an increase of bullying in the Brazilian capitals, from 5.4 to 6.8%, between 2009 and 2012. DISCUSSION: The occurrence of bullying reveals that the Brazilian school context is also becoming a space of reproduction of violence, in which it is crucial to act intersectorally and to articulate social protection networks, aiming to face this issue. OBJETIVO: Descrever a vitimização e a prática de bullying em escolares brasileiros, segundo dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), e comparar a evolução entre as pesquisas de 2009 e 2012. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal com análises univariadas e multivariadas das variáveis: não ser bem tratado, sofrer bullying e praticar bullying. Como variáveis independentes, foram analisadas: idade, sexo, raça/cor, tipo de escola, escolaridade materna. Foram comparadas as prevalências entre as edições da PeNSE de 2009 e 2012. RESULTADOS: Não foram bem tratados pelos colegas na escola 27,5% dos adolescentes, tendo sido maior a frequência entre meninos (OR = 1,50) mais velhos, 15 anos (OR = 1,29) e 16 anos (OR = 1,41), alunos de escolas públicas (OR = 2,08), de raça/cor preta (OR = 1,18) e cujas mães tinham menor escolaridade. Relatam ter sofrido bullying 7,2%, tendo sido a maior chance em alunos mais jovens (13 anos) do sexo masculino (OR = 1,26), da raça/cor preta (OR = 1,15) e indígena (OR = 1,16) e cujas mães apresentaram menor escolaridade. A prática de bullying foi relatada por 20,8% e mostrou maior chance em alunos mais velhos, 14 anos (OR = 1,08) e 15 anos (OR = 1,18), do sexo masculino (OR = 1,87), raça/cor preta (OR = 1,14) e amarela (OR = 1,15), filhos de mães com maior escolaridade e alunos de escola privada. Ocorreu aumento de bullying nas capitais, passando de 5,4 para 6,8% entre 2009 e 2012. DISCUSSÃO: A ocorrência de bullying revela que o contexto escolar brasileiro também tem se tornado um espaço de reprodução da violência, sendo fundamental atuar de forma intersetorial e articulando redes de proteção social, visando seu enfrentamento.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of injuries among teenagers and to examine the associated risk factors, such as sociodemographic characteristics, risk behaviors, family ties and other factors. METHOD: The prevalence of the outcome (injury) was estimated with a 95%confidence interval. In order to verify factors associated with the injury, a bivariate analysis was made with estimated odds ratio (OR) and its respective confidence intervals. Then, a multivariate analysis was carried out, only with variables whose descriptive level was equal to or lower than 5% (p < 0.05) remaining in the model. RESULTS: The study of injury in adolescents, based on the data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE), pointed out that 10.3% of the teenagers suffered severe injuries in the past 12 months, such as cuts or perforations, broken bones or dislocated joints. The following variables remained independently associated with "suffering severe injuries": being a male teenager; black, mulatto or indigenous race/color and working. Factors related to family ties are significant when the relations are fragile amongst members: adolescents that are injured the most are the ones who suffer most aggressions at home, who skip classes without notifying their parents, those who do not live with their parents and have low family control. The most relevant aspects of mental health are insomnia and loneliness. The factors associated to the exposure to situations of violence that remained in the model were: insecurity in school and in the route home-school; getting a ride with someone inebriated; drinking and driving motorized vehicles; not wearing the seatbelt; not wearing a helmet and being bullied. Among the factors of individual behavior, the following can be emphasized: use of alcohol, cigarettes, trying illicit drugs and early sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION: The analysis of the determinants for suffering injuries in childhood and adolescence shows the complex relationship between associated factors, which points to the need for action towards several aspects to reduce social inequalities, strengthen family ties and prevent violent contexts and individual risk factors. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de ferimentos entre adolescentes, e examinar os fatores associados aos mesmos, como características sócio-demográficas, comportamentos de risco, relações familiares e outros fatores. MÉTODO: Foi estimada a prevalência do desfecho (ferimento) com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Para verificar fatores associados aos ferimentos, realizou-se análise bivariada com estimativas de razões de chance (OR) com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança, e realizada analise multivariada, permanecendo no modelo variáveis aquelas com nível descritivo igual ou inferior a 5% (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: O estudo de ferimentos em adolescentes, feito a partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde dos Escolares (PeNSE), apontou que 10,3% dos adolescentes sofreram lesões graves nos últimos 12 meses, como cortes ou perfurações, ossos quebrados ou juntas deslocadas. Permaneceram independentemente associadas a "sofrer ferimentos graves" as variáveis: ser adolescente do sexo masculino; pertencer à raça/cor preta, parda, ou indígena e trabalhar. Fatores familiares têm força quando os laços são frágeis entre os membros: os adolescentes que mais se ferem são os que sofrem agressões em casa, faltam às aulas sem avisar aos pais, não moram com os pais e têm baixa supervisão familiar. Os aspectos mais relevantes da saúde mental são sofrer insônia e solidão. Os fatores associados à exposição a situações de violência que permaneceram no modelo foram: insegurança na escola e no trajeto casa-escola; ser conduzido por alguém alcoolizado; dirigir veículo motorizado; não usar cinto de segurança; não usar capacete na moto e sofrer bullying. Dentre os fatores de risco de comportamento individual, destacam-se: uso de álcool; uso de cigarro; experimentação de drogas ilícitas e ter relação sexual precoce. CONCLUSÃO: A análise dos fatores determinantes da ocorrência de ferimentos na infância e adolescência mostra a complexa relação dos fatores associados, apontando para a necessidade de atuação em várias frentes para a redução das desigualdades sociais, para o fortalecimento de laços familiares e para a prevenção dos contextos de violência e dos fatores de risco individuais.

Violence against women is an important public health problem in Brazil and in the world. The objective of the present study was to describe the profile of mortality due to aggression against women, and analyze whether the victims of reported violence are more likely to die from aggression than the general female population. This is a descriptive study of mortality due to aggression against women, from database linkage. The databases used for linkage were SINAN Brazil's Notifiable Diseases Information System (reports of violence against women) (2011 - 2015), and SIM, the Mortality Information System (women dying as a result of aggression) (2011 - 2016). The risk of death due to aggression among women previously reporting violence is higher than in the general female population, thus revealing a situation of vulnerability. Black women with lower schooling are the main victims of violence and homicides. The large number of women killed by aggression and repeated violence reveal the fragility of the care and protection networks in providing comprehensive, qualified and timely care for victims.

The Violence and Accidents Survey Conducted in Sentinel Emergency Departments (VIVA Survey) is the sentinel surveillance component of the Violence and Accidents Surveillance System (VIVA). It was conducted for the first time in 2006 and again in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2014. The sample is comprised of victims of accidents and violence treated in Emergency Departments linked to the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). The services are selected intentionally. This isfollowed by probability sampling of 12-hour shifts by conglomerates in single-stage selection. Data is collected by trained interviewers using a standard form. The variables include data about the service site, the victim, the event, injury and case development. The VIVA Survey provides key information for the implementation of policies for addressing violence and accidents as well as for health and peace promotion policies.

Introduction Road traffic crashes (RTC) are an important public health problem, accounting for 1.2 million deaths per year worldwide. In Brazil, approximately 40,000 deaths caused by RTC occur every year, with different trends in the Federal Units. However, these figures may be even greater if health databases are linked to police records. In addition, the linkage procedure would make it possible to qualify information from the health and police databases, improving the quality of the data regarding underlying cause of death, cause of injury in hospital records, and injury severity. Objective This study linked different data sources to measure the numbers of deaths and serious injuries and to estimate the percentage of corrections regarding the underlying cause of death, cause of injury, and the severity injury in victims in matched pairs from record linkage in five representative state capitals of the five macro-regions of Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional, population-based study used data from the Hospital Information System (HIS), Mortality Information System (MIS), and Police Road Traffic database of Belo Horizonte, Campo Grande, Curitiba, Palmas, and Teresina, for the year 2013 for Teresina, and 2012 for the other capitals. RecLink III was used to perform probabilistic record linkage by identifying matched pairs to calculate the global correction percentage of the underlying cause of death, the circumstance that caused the road traffic injury, and the injury severity of the victims in the police database. Results There was a change in the cause of injury in the HIS, with an overall percentage of correction estimated at 24.4% for Belo Horizonte, 96.9% for Campo Grande, 100.0% for Palmas, and 33.2% for Teresina. The overall percentages of correction of the underlying cause of death in the MIS were 29.9%, 11.9%, 4.2%, and 33.5% for Belo Horizonte, Campo Grande, Curitiba, and Teresina, respectively. The correction of the classification of injury severity in police database were 100.0% for Belo Horizonte and Teresina, 48.0% for Campo Grande, and 51.4% for Palmas after linkage with hospital database. The linkage between mortality and police database found a percentage of correction of 29.5%, 52.3%, 4.4%, 74.3 and 72.9% for Belo Horizonte, Campo Grande, Palmas, Curitiba and Teresina, respectively in the police records. Conclusions The results showed the importance of linking records of the health and police databases for estimating the quality of data on road traffic injuries and the victims in the five capital cities studied. The true causes of death and degrees of severity of the injuries caused by RTC are underestimated in the absence of integration of health and police databases. Thus, it is necessary to define national rules and standards of integration between health and traffic databases in national and state levels in Brazil.

To estimate and describe the coverage of the Pap Smear test reported by women aged 25 to 64 years old from data collected by the National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS) and to compare the estimates made by the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases using a Telephone Survey (Vigitel) for the same indicator in the Brazilian capital cities and the Federal District in 2013.Based on the data from the PNS and Vigitel, we estimated prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of women who reported having had a Pap test screening in the past 3 years.According to the PNS, 79.4% (95%CI 78.5 - 80.2) of the women had had a cervical cancer screening in the past 3 years in Brazil. Women aged 55 to 64 years old (71.0%, 95%CI 68.7 - 73.3) and without an education or incomplete elementary school (72.1%, 95%CI 70.6 - 73.7) had the lowest prevalence, and 88.4% (95%CI 87.5 - 89.2) received test results within 3 months. There was no difference when comparing the estimates of the Vigitel with the PNS for the capital city and Federal District totals. In the PNS, the prevalence was 83.8% (95%CI 82.8 - 84.7) and in the Vigitel, it was 82.9% (95%CI 81.9 - 83.8). In addition, there were no differences by capital, except for Recife, Boa Vista, and João Pessoa.Cervical cancer screening coverage for the target population is below the target of 85%. When comparing the data for the capital city and Federal District totals, we verified that the Vigitel System has been effective in monitoring this indicator, which is similar to PNS estimates.Estimar e descrever a cobertura do exame Papanicolaou, relatado por mulheres brasileiras entre 25 e 64 anos, na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), e comparar as estimativas do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Sistema Vigitel) para o mesmo indicador nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal em 2013.A partir dos dados da PNS e do Vigitel, foram estimadas as prevalências e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de mulheres que referiram ter realizado o exame de Papanicolaou nos últimos 3 anos.Segundo a PNS, 79,4% (IC95% 78,5 - 80,2) das mulheres realizaram exame Papanicolaou nos últimos 3 anos no Brasil. Mulheres de 55 a 64 anos (71,0%; IC95% 68,7 - 73,3) e sem instrução ou com ensino fundamental incompleto (72,1%; IC95% 70,6 - 73,7) apresentaram as menores prevalências; 88,4% (IC95% 87,5 - 89,2) receberam resultado do exame em até 3 meses. Não houve diferença ao comparar as estimativas do Sistema Vigitel com a PNS para o total das capitais e Distrito Federal. Na PNS, a prevalência foi de 83,8% (IC95% 82,8 - 84,7) e no Vigitel, de 82,9% (IC95% 81,9 - 83,8); além disso, não houve diferenças por capitais, exceto para Recife, Boa Vista e João Pessoa.A cobertura do exame Papanicolaou para a população-alvo encontra-se abaixo da meta de 85%. Ao comparar os dados para o total de capitais e o Distrito Federal, verificou-se que o Sistema Vigitel tem sido efetivo no monitoramento desse indicador, assemelhando-se às estimativas da PNS.

To describe emergency care for external causes in childhood, age group 0-9 years, in Brazilian capitals, collected from the Violence and Accident Surveillance System (VIVA) Survey in 2014.To review data from the VIVA survey conducted in public emergency services in 24 Brazilian capitals. Variables analyzed were gender, age group (0-1 years, 2-5 years and 6-9 years), race/skin color, type of events and injuries, aggressors and other.Eight thousand five hundred eighty-eight children received care, of which 8,164 (95%) were victims of accidents and 424 (5%) of violence. Boys suffered more accidents, most events occurred at home (65%) and discharge was the most frequent outcome. Falls were the most frequent accidents, followed by other accidents, road injury and burns. Neglect prevailed among the types of violence, followed by physical violence. The perpetrator was a child's relative in 72% of the cases, and women were the most frequent aggressors for children under 1 year, and men for children aged 6 to 9 years.Childhood accidents occurred mainly at home, and falls were the most frequent events. Family members and acquaintances perpetrated violence against children. Data point to the implementation of public prevention and child protection policies.

The National Health Promotion Policy reasserted the Brazilian Ministry of Health's commitment to bolster the promotion of health in the Unified Health System. In this context, the Health Academy Program constitutes a new tool of the health network for the enhancement of individual and collective primary healthcare. The scope of this study is to present the program implementation scenario, describing characteristics of its operation in the country. Data were collected through an electronic form sent to all Municipal Health Departments that received federal resources to implement the program. The response rate was 85%, corresponding to 2,418 municipalities. A total of 856 centers were found to be in operation, primarily promoting physical exercise, healthy eating and health education. The main participants were adults and the elderly. Difficulties reported by the administrators involve the inclusion of children and adolescents and the hiring of professionals. Over 90% of the program centers do not depend exclusively on federal funding for operation and receive municipal support to conduct their activities. The results show the potential of the program as a strategy to promote healthcare in the community nationwide in Brazil.

The aim of this study is to identify and describe the occurrence of bullying among students in the 9th year (8th grade) from public and private schools from 26 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. It is a cross-sectional study involving 60,973 students and 1,453 public and private schools. Data analysis indicates that 5.4% (IC95%: 5.1%-5.7%) of students reported having suffered bullying almost always or always in the last 30 days, 25.4% (IC95%: 24.8%-26.0%) were rarely or sometimes the victim of bullying and 69.2% (IC95%: 68.5%-69.8%) of students felt no humiliation or provocation at school. The capital with higher frequency of bullying was Belo Horizonte (6.9%; IC95%: 5,9%-7,9%), Minas Gerais, and the lowest was Palmas (3.5%; IC95%: 2.6%-4.5%), Tocantins. Boys reported more bullying (6,0%; IC95%: 5.5%-6.5%) compared with girls (4,8%; IC95%: 4.4%-5.3%). There was no difference between public schools 5.5% (IC95%: 5.1%-5.8%) and private (5.2%) (IC95%: 4.6%-5.8%), except in Aracaju, Sergipe, that show more bullying in private schools. The findings indicate an urgent need for intersectoral action from educational policies and practices that enforce the reduction and prevention of the occurrence of bullying in schools in Brazil. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar e descrever a ocorrência do bullying, episódios de humilhação ou provocação perpetrados pelos colegas da escola, entre estudantes do 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas das 26 capitais dos estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal. Trata-se de estudo transversal feito com 60.973 escolares de 1.453 escolas públicas e privadas. A análise dos dados aponta que 5,4% (IC95%: 5,1%-5,7%) dos estudantes relataram ter sofrido bullying quase sempre ou sempre nos últimos 30 dias; 25,4% (IC95%: 24,8%-26,0%) foram raramente ou às vezes vítimas de bullying e 69,2% (IC95%: 68,5%-69,8%) não sentiram nenhuma humilhação ou provocação (bullying). A capital com maior frequência de foi Belo Horizonte-MG (6,9%; IC95%: 5,9%-7,9) e a menor foi Palmas-TO (3,5%; IC95%: 2,6%-4,5%). Meninos relatam mais bullying (6,0%; IC95%: 5,5%-6,5%) do que meninas (4,8%; IC95%: 4,4%-5,3%). Não houve diferença entre escolas públicas (5,5%; IC95%: 5,1%-5,8%) e privadas (5,2%; IC95%: 4,6%-5,8%), exceto em Aracaju-SE, onde foi registrada maior ocorrência de bullying em escolas privadas. Os dados mostram urgente necessidade de ações intersetoriais a partir de políticas e práticas educativas que efetivem redução e prevenção da ocorrência do bullying nas escolas.

OBJECTIVE: This article describes the characteristics of violence-related injury (VRI) cases presenting at emergency departments (EDs) in Brazil and compares circumstances for assault-related and self-inflicted cases. METHODS: The study is cross-sectional. The data describe cases seen in September 2006 in 62 EDs, representing all 26 states and the Federal District. A total of 4 835 case records were analyzed. Basic statistical tabulations were complemented by logistic regression analysis to assess potential associations between type of violence (assault or self-harm) and multiple factors. RESULTS: Males comprised 72.8% of cases while those aged 20 to 29 comprised 35.4%. Alcohol use was reported or suspected in 42.7% of cases, more commonly among males. Assault victims comprised 91.4% of cases versus self-inflicted injuries, which accounted for 8.6%. Three-fourths of the assault victims were male, while over half of the self-inflicted injury victims were female. The leading mechanism for assaults was physical force/blunt objects (46.2%), whereas poisoning was the predominant mechanism for self-inflicted injuries (71.4%). Younger females were significantly more likely to have been victims of self-inflicted injuries than younger males, while younger males were more likely to have been victims of assault; this finding is more pronounced in cases where alcohol use was reported. Self-inflicted injuries were significantly more likely to occur in residences, while assaults were more likely to occur away from home. CONCLUSION: These results can improve understanding of the scope and characteristics of VRIs in Brazil (and thus contribute to national injury prevention efforts), and help identify areas for future research.

Injuries resulting from motorcycle road traffic accidents are an important public health issue in Brazil. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of motorcyclists involved in traffic accidents attended in public urgent and emergency services in the state capitals and the Federal District. This is a cross-sectional study based on data from the Violence and Accident Surveillance System (VIVA Survey) in 2014. Data were analyzed according to sociodemographic, event and attendance characteristics. Proportional differences between genders were analyzed by chi-square test (Rao-Scott) with 5% significance level. Motorcyclist-related attendances (n = 9,673) reported a prevalence of men (gender ratio = 3.2), young people aged 20-39 years (65.7%), black / brown (73.6%), paid work (76.4%). Helmet use was reported by 79.1% of the victims, 13.3% had consumed alcohol in the six hours prior to the accident, 41.4% of the events were related to the victim's work. Accidents were more frequent on weekends, in the morning and late afternoon. These characteristics can support the development of public accident prevention policies and health promotion.

to describe the actions undertaken by the Strategic Action Plan for Tackling Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Brazil, from 2011 to 2015.the actions were identified through sectorial and interministerial meetings, annual forums, as well as document reviews of publications and laws on government websites.the actions found were: national surveys and monitoring of mortality and risk factor reduction targets; encouragement of physical activity, adequate nutrition and health promotion through the creation of the Health Gym Program (Programa Academia da Saúde); the publication of legislation on tobacco-free environments; free of charge drugs for hypertension, diabetes, and asthma; organization of the emergency service network for cardiovascular diseases; and expanding access to diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients.we found progress regarding surveillance, health promotion and comprehensive care; in general, the goals of the Plan are being met.

The scope of this article is to describe the prevalence of violence committed by acquaintances in accordance with demographic characteristics. It is a descriptive study, based on data from a population-based National Health Research survey conducted in Brazil in 2013. Data from the adult population (≥ 18 years) of 64,348 households. Prevalence rates were calculated and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) according to gender, age, education, race/color, area of residence and geographical region. The prevalence of violence committed by acquaintances was 2.5% (95%CI 2.3-2.7), significantly higher in women (3.1%; 95%CI 2.8-3.5) compared to men (1.8%; 95% CI 1.6-2.1). This prevalence was higher in the population aged 18-29 years old (3.2%; 95%CI 2.8-3.7) compared to older individuals (1.1%; 95%CI 0.8-1.3), and among residents of the North (3.2%; 95%CI 2.5-3.8) and Northeast Regions (3.0%; 95%CI 2.5-3.8) when compared to residents of the Southeast Region (2.0%; 95%CI 1.6-2.3). Violence was present in higher prevalence among women, proving the occurrence of gender-based violence and confirming its occurrence in all geographical regions and in different population groups in Brazil in 2013.O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a prevalência de violência cometida por pessoas conhecidas segundo características demográficas. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, a partir dos dados obtidos em inquérito de base populacional, a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, realizada no Brasil em 2013. Foram analisados dados da população adulta (≥ 18 anos) em 64.348 domicílios. Calcularamse as prevalências e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) segundo sexo, faixa etária, escolaridade, cor/raça, zona de residência e região geográfica. A prevalência de violência cometida por pessoa conhecida foi de 2,5% (IC95% 2,3-2,7), significativamente maior nas mulheres (3,1%; IC95% 2,8-3,5) quando comparadas aos homens (1,8%; IC95% 1,6-2,1), na população jovem de 18 a 29 anos (3,2%; IC95% 2,8-3,7) em relação aos mais velhos (1,1%; IC95% 0,8-1,3) e nos residentes das Regiões Norte (3,2%; IC95% 2,5-3,8) e Nordeste (3,0%; IC95% 2,5-3,8) em comparação aos da Região Sudeste (2,0%; IC95% 1,6-2,3). A violência foi observada em maior prevalência no sexo feminino, comprovando a ocorrência da ‘violência de gênero’ e confirmando sua existência em todas as regiões geográficas e nos diferentes grupos populacionais do Brasil, em 2013.

The article aims to describe the injuries in traffic according to demographic characteristics, use of protective equipment, use of health services, activity limitations and disabilities. The percentage involvement in traffic accidents with injuries, the percentage of use of protective equipment, use of health services, limitation of daily activities, disability and sequelae, according to educational level, race, color, sex, age and region of residence it estimated.The use of safety belt in the adult population was 79.4%and 50.2% in the front seats and back, respectively; the helmet use among motorcycle drivers and passengers were respectively 83.4 and 80.1. Safety equipment are less used in the North and Northeast and in the countryside. Reported car accident last month 3.1%, being higher in males 4.5%, the people of complete primary schooling and School graduate, young adult and the brown race-color. Among the injured received some form of health care due to this accident 52.4%, were admitted 7.7%. They reported having had limitation of daily activities, disabilities and consequences arising from traffic accidents 14.1%. Car accidents are high in the country.

to provide an overview of occupational accidents among Brazil's adult population.descriptive study using data from the 2013 National Health Survey.A total of 4.9 million workers mentioned having suffered some kind of work-related accident, which is equivalent to 3.4% (CI95% 4.6-5.6) of Brazil's adult population. Prevalence rates were higher among men, young adults aged between 18 and 39 years, and black people and in the North Region of the country. Prevalence was highest in the State of Para and lowest in the State of Rio de Janeiro State. Around one third of all accidents were commuting accidents, 50.4% (CI95% 45.3-55.5) of people who had suffered an occupational accident were prevented from carrying out some kind of routine activity due to the accident, 8.8% (CI95% 6.4-11.2) were hospitalized and 19% (CI95% 15.3-22.7) had sequelae resulting from occupational accidents.the data provided by the National Health Survey comprises an unprecedented and invaluable source of information on these issues in Brazil. The results of the survey confirm that occupational accidents are underreported, since official figures do not cover individuals working in the informal sector.

The goal of this study was to describe the trend of tobacco-use indicators for adults in Brazilian state capitals. Simple linear regression was used to analyze tobacco-use trends according to data from telephone survey VIGITEL between 2006 and 2014. The prevalence of smokers in Brazil dropped 0.645p.p. per year this period, from 15.6% (2006) to 10.8% (2014). There was a decrease per sex, schooling, major regions, and in most age groups. The prevalence of former smokers dropped from 22.2% (2006) to 21.2% (2014); smoking 20 cigarettes or more per day went from 4.6% (2006) to 3% (2014). Passive smoking at home dropped 0.614p.p. per year since 2009, and was 9.4% in 2014. Passive smoking at the workplace decreased 0.54p.p. a year, reaching 8.9% in 2014. The prevalence trend of smokers is declining for sexes, schooling, and major regions in almost all age groups. This indicates that the global target of 30% reduction in tobacco use until 2025 is possible to be reached, reflecting the effectiveness of control actions for this risk factor in Brazil.

To present the results of indicators of alcohol consumption and driving for Brazilian capitals based on two population surveys performed in Brazil in 2013.Cross sectional study with data from adults (≥ 18 years) participants of the Telephone Survey on Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases (Vigitel) and the National Health Survey (NHS). Prevalence for indicators of alcohol consumption and driving was then calculated.The proportion of adult drivers who drove soon after drinking was significantly higher among males (29.3% - Vigitel and 24.4% - NHS), the young aging 18 to 29 years (31.6% - Vigitel and 24.1% - NHS) and among residents of the capitals of the Midwest (33.7% - Vigitel and 28.3% - NHS). The proportion of adults who reported drinking and driving was higher among males (9.4% - Vigitel and 7.4% - NHS) in the 18 to 29 age group (7.1% - Vigitel; 4.5% - NHS), and among residents of the capitals of the Midwest (7.9% - Vigitel and 6.1% - NHS).The study estimated the prevalence of the habit of driving after alcohol consumption among drivers and in the general population. There was consistency between the results from two nationwide surveys.

The scope of this article is to analyze the National Health Promotion Policy with respect to the implementation of core management priorities. Information contained in institutional documents, websites, books and published articles was consulted in order to analyze the actions implemented. There were advances in management, such as the creation of a specific budget line, insertion of the promotion in the Multi-Year Plan, monitoring of indicators of health promotion in the federal pacts, financing of health promotion projects in municipalities and the creation of health promotion programs. Evaluation of physical activity programs was conducted that revealed the effectiveness of the programs. Intersectorial actions taken were relevant, in particular coordination with the Education, Justice, Cities, Human Rights, Social Development, Sports and Leisure sectors, among others. Regulatory actions have been implemented such as the Drink and Drive ban and no smoking environments. Advances were observed, especially greater emphasis on health promotion in the health sector agenda as well as partnerships as intersectorial actions, identifying inequities in the area seeking reduction thereof, in addition to the sustainability of health promotion actions.

The study analyzes the trend in frequency of adults who drive under the influence of alcohol in major Brazilian cities after the passing of laws, which prohibit drunk driving. Data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL) between 2007 and 2013 were analyzed. The frequency of adults who drove after abusive alcohol consumption was reduced by 45.0% during this period (2.0% in 2007 to 1.1% in 2013). Between 2007 and 2008 (-0.5%) and between 2012 and 2013 (-0.5%), significant reductions were observed in the years immediately after the publication of these laws that prohibit drunk driving. These improvements towards the control of drunk driving show a change in the Brazilian population’s lifestyle. O estudo analisa a tendência da frequência de adultos que dirigem alcoolizados, nas capitais brasileiras, após aprovação das leis que proíbem uso de álcool e direção. Foram utilizados dados do sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel), entre 2007 e 2013. A frequência de adultos que dirigiram após o consumo abusivo foi reduzida em 45,0% no período (2,0% em 2007 a 1,1% em 2013). Reduções significativas foram verificadas nos anos imediatamente após a publicação das leis que proíbem o uso do álcool e direção entre 2007 e 2008 (-0,5%) e entre 2012 e 2013 (-0,5%). As melhorias apontadas em relação a dirigir alcoolizado mostram mudança dos hábitos da população brasileira.

The study objective was to describe the profile and factors related to alcohol consumption among emergency room visits by external causes. It is a cross-sectional study with data from the Survey of Violence and Injuries in Emergency between September and October 2011, in 24 state capitals and the Federal District. Statistical analysis were performed for all cases treated in selected services, comparing the characteristics of the victims, according to the statement of alcohol consumption. 33,289 visits to emergency rooms by external causes in the population above 18 years of age were included. The prevalence of self-reported statement of alcohol consumption among these services was 14.9% for the 24 capitals and the Federal District, and was significantly higher among visits by violent causes than by accidents. For both accidents and violence the associated causes were victims male, black/brown, less educated, members of specific populations, occurrences on public roads. The results support global discussions on the importance of establishing policies and legal measures to restrict the consumption of alcohol and vehicular direction, control advertising of alcoholic beverages, and laws normalizing the functioning of sales points of alcoholic beverages.

To analyze the temporal trends of mortality due to Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) as well as identify the existence and location of high risk death clusters for RTA using spatial analysis.Descriptive study of temporal trends by RTA, pedestrians, motorcyclists, motorists and passengers and spatial analysis for 2000 and 2010. The data was obtained from the Mortality Information System, and standardized rates were calculated by age in Brazilian states and municipalities grouped by population size.The mortality rates due to RTA between 2000 and 2010 varied from 18 to 22.5 deaths/100,000 inhabitants. The risk of death for pedestrians decreased in recent years, though motorists, motorcyclists and passengers saw a rising trend. A higher risk of death by RTA occurred in municipalities with populations up to 20,000 inhabitants and in those from 20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants. Spatial analysis revealed risk clusters for RTA and motorcyclists and pillion riders with an increase between 2000 and 2010 and enlargement of the areas most at risk in the Northeast.Increase in the rates of mortality by RTA mostly in the Northeast. Coordinated action between government, civil society and the citizens themselves is required to tackle this problem.

Accidents from external causes affect the human population in different ways. This article seeks to analyze emergency care for women who are victims of accidents and violence. Data from the Surveillance System for Violence and Accidents were analyzed. This study was carried out in 74 emergency units of 23 state capitals and the Federal District in 2009 and included 6,965 women aged from 20-59 years. The age groups of 20-39 and 40-59 years were compared for the occurrence of accidents and violence. Accidents were more frequent among young black women (20-39 years) with more than nine years of schooling. The occurrence of violence was also prevalent in young black women but with less schooling. Falls were the most frequent accidents (38.6%), followed by traffic accidents. The occurrence of violence was more frequent in the home (p0.000) and the mention of alcohol abuse among victims of violence was predominant. The most frequent type of violence was aggression (84.6%), in which the aggressor was male (79.1%) and identified as an intimate partner (44.1%). It is increasingly important that services are able to provide comprehensive and humanized care to the victims of this important public health problem.

The scope of this study is to analyze the differences in the profile of emergency care for external causes between public and private emergency departments. With data come from VIVA-Campinas 2009, the association between the nature of healthcare and the characteristics of the victims was verified using the chi-square test. Using Poisson regression, proportion ratios of care in the public and private network were estimated. In the sample of 1094 victims, 67.8% were treated by public health. Traffic accidents, animal-related accidents, and assaults were 2 times higher in public units, whereas collisions with objects and sprains were 75% and 2.7 times higher in private units. Cranium-encephalic trauma/polytrauma and cuts/lacerations were 3.8 times and 61% more frequent in public care, while victims with no injuries, with dislocations/sprains or fractures being predominant in private care. Head and multiple organ injuries, road accident and work-related injuries, the use of public transport or mobile emergency care services/ambulances were predominant in public care. Revealing significant differences in care in public and private care can contribute to the organization of healthcare.

The scope of this study was to describe reports of violence against the elderly (e" 60 years) reported in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases - net version (Sinan Net) in 2010. We conducted a descriptive, retrospective study with data analyzed by Stata version 11. We estimated proportion ratios (PR) of violence according to selected variables. Of the 3,593 reports of violence against the elderly, 52.3% were against females. Physical violence was significantly more frequent against males (PR=0.82) in the group aged 60 to 69 years, out of the home, committed by offenders who were not sons and were suspected of drinking alcohol. Psychological violence was more common among elderly people (PR=2.17), in the home, inflicted by sons, with suspected chronic alcohol abuse. Negligence was predominant among females (P R=1.24), in the group above 70 years of age, in the home, recurrently perpetrated by sons. Sexual violence was more common against females (PR=5.21), by offenders who were not children, but who consumed alcohol. The knowledge of the different manifestations of violence against the elderly supports actions to combat them, identifying characteristics of vulnerability in which support networks may intervene.

Mortality, hospitalization and emergency attendance visits for assault in Brazil, from 1996 to 2007 were analyzed. The data sources are the Mortality Information System/SIM, the Hospital Information System/SIH and the Surveillance System of Violence and Injuries/VIVA of the Ministry of Health. It was focused on males in the 15 to 29 year-old age group, and other variables related to the victim, the aggressor and the event. The male/ woman distribution was 11.6 times higher for mortality, 4.5 times for hospitalization and 2.8 times for hospital emergency treatment. In 2007 the rate of 15 to 29 year-old men was 92.8/100,000 inhabitants. The Southeast and Northeast have the highest incidence and prevalence. The conclusion was that the male/female differential rates occurs during adolescence, intensifies in early adulthood, and despite decreasing in intensity, continues until death. Cultural gender models and socio-structural aspects were examined to explain such marked differences.

This study aimed to identify the association between alcohol and drug consumption and bullying on the one hand and involvement in situations of physical violence among adolescents 13 to 15 years in public and private schools in State capitals and the Federal District of Brazil. The study analyzed data from the National School Health Survey (PeNSE) for the year 2009. Data analysis used logistic regression. Prevalence of involvement in physical violence was 12.9% more common in boys than girls. Both genders showed associations between physical violence or being a victim of bullying and use of illegal drugs, plus the heightened effect of the combined consumption of alcohol and other drugs. In boys, alcohol consumption showed a significant association with physical violence. Having the father or both parents living at home was inversely associated with physical violence in girls. Knowledge of factors associated with physical violence among adolescents is important for supporting health promotion strategies and a culture of peace, thereby counteracting the idea of taking teenage violence for granted.

Data from the Brazilian Surveillance System for Violence and Accidents (VIVA) in 2009 were used to examine socio-demographic characteristics, outcomes, and types of accidents and violence treated at 74 sentinel emergency services in 23 Brazilian State capitals and the Federal District. The analysis included 25,201 individuals aged20 years (10.1%60 years); 89.3% were victims of accidents and 11.9% victims of violence. Hospitalization was the outcome in 11.1% of cases. Compared to the general population, there were more men and non-white individuals among victims of accidents, and especially among victims of violence. As compared to younger adults (20-59 years), accidents and violence against elderly victims showed less association with alcohol, a higher proportion of domestic incidents, more falls and pedestrian accidents, and aggression by family members. Policies for the prevention of accidents and violence should consider the characteristics of these events in the older population.

To analyze the characteristics of visits to the emergency services that result from falls and to identify the factors associated with these visits.A cross-sectional study of 12,617 visits that resulted from falls, recorded in the National Injury Surveillance System, was carried out. The data were collected in 23 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District between September and November 2009 using cluster sampling. Correspondence analysis was used, which allowed for the joint observation of a large number of qualitative variables.Most of the victims were male (56.5%), aged 0 to 19 years (45.7%), and identified as non-white skin color (62.2%). The majority of the falls occurred at home (54.6%) and in the street (17.4%); 14.3% were work-related. The predominant types were "falls on the same level" (57.0%) and "falls from a ladder/step" (15.6%). Most of the injuries were classified as sprains, dislocations, bruises, cuts, or lacerations (68.3%). Falls among children occurred mostly at home; among adolescents at school; and among young people at sports facilities. Falls among adults were associated with the work place, including falls from scaffolding, roofs, stairs/steps, and holes and were linked to alcohol use. Falls on the same level resulted in less serious injuries, mostly on the upper and lower limbs, and falls from scaffolding and roofs were associated with more severe injuries and hospitalization.The results show that strategies to prevent falls should target residences, schools, and work environments.

Injuries resulting from accidents and violence occupy a key place in the current epidemiological scenario. The head and face are one of the main sites of lesions from external causes, especially dental and oral injuries. This article aims to present the epidemiological profile of emergency care for dental and oral lesions from external causes. The study used data from the Surveillance System for Violence and Accidents (VIVA) for the years 2006 and 2007. There were a total of 106,075 emergency visits involving external causes, of which 939 (~1%) presented dental and oral lesions. There were a majority or large proportions of males (65.5%), children10 years (44.3%), black individuals (66%), and individuals with low schooling (45.9%). High proportions of the injuries occurred at home (48.3%) or on public byways (30%). Frequent characteristics were cuts or puncture wounds (63.3%) and lesions resulting from falls (43%), traffic accidents (19.9%), and physical assault (13%).

The study describes the estimates of occurrence of injury due to traffic accidents among the Brazilian population based on data obtained from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). It is a probabilistic sample, in which 391,868 people were interviewed. in three stages, namely municipalities, census sectors and households. The traffic accident (TA) and the safety belt usage variables were described according to socio-demographic variables and region of residence. Proportions, 95% confidence intervals, χ² tests and p values were calculated. 2.5% (CI95% 2.4-2.6%) of the population reported higher traffic accident (TA) incidence among males (3.5%; CI95%: 3.4-3.6), youths (4.4%; CI95%: 4.2-4.6) and residents in the Central-West region (3.3% CI95%3.0-3.6). Most of the events involved drivers or passengers of cars or vans (53.9%), followed by motorcyclists or pillion passengers (30.1%), cyclists (7.6%) and pedestrians (5.25%). The front seat safety belt is used by 73.2% (CI95% 72.2-74.2) and the rear seat safety belt is only used by 37.4% (CI95% 36.6-38.2). Traffic accidents led to the abandonment of their habitual activities by 30.7% of those involved. The severity of injuries in traffic accidents demands further preventive and legislative measures to reduce such incidents.

Road traffic injuries are the cause of an expressive number of deaths and hospitalizations among young people in the world. In Brazil, it is responsible for 17.1% of all deaths among adolescents aged 10 to 14 years. This article presents the results of the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE), using a probabilistic sample of students in the 9th grade of high schools (public and private) of the Brazilian capitals in 2009. The prevalence (and 95%CI) of risk factors for road traffic injury among adolescents were estimated. Main results from the 60,973 interviews were: in the last 30 days, 26.3% (25.5% to 27.0% 95%CI) reported no use of seat-belts while riding in a moving vehicle; 18.5% (18.0% to 19.1% 95%CI) of youths younger than 18 years reported driving a motor vehicle (or= once); 18.7% (18.1% a 19.2% 95%CI) reported a history of being driven by a driver who had been drinking (or= once); and 35.0% (33.8% to 36.2% 95%CI) reported no use of helmets while riding a motorcycle (or= once). The results are in accordance with the high rates of morbidity and mortality from traffic injury among youths, reinforcing the need of integrated intersectoral actions, specific legal measures and strict control.

This article presents the main results of the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE). A questionnaire was applied to a sample of 60,973 students of the 9th year of Junior high school in public and private schools of the Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District, between March and June 2009. The prevalence and confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%) of the violence situations involving adolescents were analyzed. The following situations were identified: lack of safety on the way home-school (6.4%; CI95%: 6.1%-6.8%) and at school (5.5%; CI95%: 5.2%-5.8%); involving fights with physical aggression (12.9%; CI95%: 12.4%-13.4%), with knife (6.1%; CI95%: 5.7%-6.4%) or fire arm (4.0%; CI95%: 3.7%-4.3%); physical aggression by family member (9.5%; CI95%: 9.1%-9.9%). Violence situations were more prevalent among male students. There were great variations among the cities studied. Adolescents are exposed to different violence manifestations in the institutions that supposedly must assure their protection and healthy development: school and the home. These results aim to support health promotion measures and prevention of these risk factors.

The aim of this article was to describe the profile of emergency care for injuries resulting from violence against children (10 years of age) treated Surveillance System for Violence and Accidents (VIVA) of the Ministry of Health, for 30 consecutive days in 2006 and 2007 in selected cities of Brazil. The 518 children in the sample were predominantly male (60.6%), aged 5-9 years (52.1%), and black (71.2%). The majority (55%) of the cases occurred in the home, 34.2% involved sharp objects, and 68.7% evolved to discharge. The most frequent form of violence was physical aggression (67.4%), involving beating, sharp objects, and firearms. The other types of violence included neglect (32%), psychological abuse (9.5%), and sexual assault (3.5%). The aggressors were largely male (48.1%) and family members of the victim (36.3%). The study shows children's vulnerability to situations of violence. It is necessary to develop specific strategies for inter-sector care and social mobilization to intervene in this problem.

Alcohol-related injuries are an important public health issue worldwide. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of alcohol intake perceived by interviewers among injury victims seen at emergency departments in selected Brazilian cities. Cross-sectional data were collected from the injury surveillance system based on sentinel health services recently implemented in the country through intentional sampling in 2006 and 2007 and analyzed in Epi Info 3.5.1. Alcohol intake perception was higher in violence-related injuries than in unintentional injuries (37.9% versus 8%). For violence-related injuries, highest proportions of alcohol intake perception were observed among males (43.7%), 20 to 39 years old (45.3%), blacks (40.5%), and low schooling level victims (40.3%). Settings where these injuries occurred with the highest concerned proportions were taverns (78.2%) and public places (39.5%). Higher alcohol intake perception was observed in assaults (39.1%), suicide attempts (25.4%), transport-related injuries (16.8%), and falls victims (5.9%).

External causes occupy a high position in the morbidity and mortality profile of youth and children in Brazil, configuring an important public health problem and demanding the deepening of the studies on its characteristics and magnitude. This article describes the profile of emergency care for accidents suffered by children (10 years of age) seen at emergency public in some services in Brazil in 2006 and 2007. The data were obtained from survey surveillance component of the Sentinel Service Surveillance System for Violence and Accidents (VIVA), of the Ministry of Health. Children represented about 20% of emergency visits by accidents, with male sex predominance and pre scholars' (2-5 years of age). The greater proportion of accidents (60%) occurred in the household, followed by public ways, school, leisure and sport practice places. Falls and burns had greater participation in the younger age group (1), while transport accidents and other types of accidents presented greater frequency among children age 2 to 5. It is necessary to develop education programs since pre school and along the community, aiming of warning about risks and the need of adopt safe behavior in relation to the household environment and the development phase of the child.

In 2006, the Brazilian Ministry of Health established the Injury Surveillance System Network in Sentinel Services (Rede VIVA) to describe data on injuries victims treated at emergency departments (ED), especially minor injuries which do not cause deaths and hospitalization. This study describes the characteristics of unintentional injuries victims treated in these EDs by means of a transversal descriptive study with data coming from EDs located in 35 municipalities with the highest injury rates. The data were collected during 30 consecutive days in an alternated 12-hour shift. There were a total of 41,677 patients with unintentional injuries, mainly among males (64.8%), people aged 20 to 29 years (23.0%) and low level of education (45.8%). Falls were the main cause (40.1% overall), followed by transport related injuries (26.6% overall). The more frequent place of occurrence were public streets (36.3% overall) and residences (33.6% overall). The body parts most affected were upper members (42.7%), lower members (42.0%) and head/face (29.2%). The injury surveillance in sentinel services allows collecting timeless data about minor cases which is essential for planning and implementing preventive measures.