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Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is characterised by the presence of immune responses to previously acquired Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection without clinical evidence of active tuberculosis (TB). Here we report evidence-based guidelines from the World Health Organization for a public health approach to the management of LTBI in high risk individuals in countries with high or middle upper income and TB incidence of, Guidelines on LTBI for low TB incidence countries – essential element of the @WHO #EndTB strategy and TB elimination http://ow.ly/RW8xn

Objective We aimed to assess the potential prevention benefits of HIV treatment as prevention (TasP) in resource-rich countries and examine the potential interactions between TasP and other prevention strategies by reviewing mathematical models of TasP. Method Multiple databases were searched for mathematical models published in the previous 5 years (from July 2007 to July 2012). The nine models located were set in Canada, Australia and the United States. Results These models' predictions suggested that the impact of expanding treatment rates on expected new infections could range widely, from no decrease to a decrease of 76%, depending on the time horizon, assumptions and the form of TasP modeled. Increased testing, reducing sexually transmitted infections and reducing risky practices were also predicted to be important strategies for decreasing expected new infections. Sensitivity analysis suggests that current uncertainties such as the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy outside of heterosexual transmission, less than ideal adherence, and risk compensation, could impact on the success of TasP at the population level. Conclusion The results from large scale pilots and community randomized controlled trials will be useful in demonstrating how well this prevention approach works in real world settings, and in identifying the factors that are needed to support its effectiveness.

To provide recommendations on the management of gonococcal infection among adults and youth.Treatment recommendations in the Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections are based on review of the literature, as well as the grades of recommendations and the levels of evidence quality determined by a minimum of 2 reviewers. The recommendations are peer-reviewed and require approval by the expert working group.The new key recommendations for managing gonococcal infection among adults and youth include using culture as a diagnostic tool when practical, providing treatment with combination antibiotic therapy (ceftriaxone combined with azithromycin), and promptly reporting all cases with treatment failure to public health.Following these new key recommendations might reduce treatment failure, contribute to better surveillance of antibiotic-resistance trends in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and contribute to the prevention of transmission of multidrug-resistant gonorrhea.