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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive technique used to study metabolites in the brain. MRS findings in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subconcussive hit literature have been mixed. The most common observation is a decrease in

Persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) are debilitating and endure beyond the usual recovery period after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Altered neurotransmission, impaired energy metabolism and oxidative stress have been examined acutely post-injury but have not been explored extensively in those with persistent symptoms. Specifically, the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and the excitatory and inhibitory metabolites, glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are seldom studied together in the clinical mTBI literature. While Glu can be measured using conventional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methods at 3 Tesla, GABA and GSH require the use of advanced MRS methods. Here, we used the recently established Hadamard Encoding and Reconstruction of MEGA-Edited Spectroscopy (HERMES) to simultaneously measure GSH and GABA and short-echo time point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) to measure Glu to gain new insight into the pathophysiology of PPCS. Twenty-nine adults with PPCS (mean age: 45.69 years, s.d.: 10.73, 22 females, 7 males) and 29 age- and sex-matched controls (mean age: 43.69 years, s.d.: 11.00) completed magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans with voxels placed in the anterior cingulate and right sensorimotor cortex. Relative to controls, anterior cingulate Glu was significantly reduced in PPCS. Higher anterior cingulate GABA was significantly associated with a higher number of lifetime mTBIs, suggesting GABA may be upregulated with repeated incidence of mTBI. Furthermore, GSH in both regions of interest was positively associated with symptoms of sleepiness and headache burden. Collectively, our findings suggest that the antioxidant defense system is active in participants with PPCS, however this may be at the expense of other glutamatergic functions such as cortical excitation and energy metabolism.

Objective To evaluate physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior and their associations with symptom and quality of life outcomes in adults with persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Design Cross-sectional cohort study. Setting Outpatient brain injury clinic. Participants Consecutive sample of adults (N=180) with a diagnosis of mTBI and PPCS. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures PA and sedentary behavior were assessed using the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire and Rapid Assessment Disuse Index, respectively. Participants were dichotomized according to whether they completed 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA per week, based on Canadian guidelines. Postinjury moderate-to-vigorous PA was also analyzed as a continuous variable. Results Prior to injury, 85% of participants reported meeting PA guidelines, compared with 28% postinjury. Individuals meeting PA guidelines postinjury reported higher quality of life (η2p=0.130; P Conclusions PA was significantly decreased in individuals with PPCS compared to preinjury levels. Meeting PA guidelines postinjury was associated with better clinical outcomes, suggesting that returning individuals to PA should be considered in the treatment of this patient population.

The OncoScan CNV Plus Assay (OS+) is a single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray platform that can detect 74 hotspot somatic mutations (SMs) in nine genes via molecular inversion probes. We report validation of the SM component of OS+ using a cohort of pediatric high-grade brain tumor specimens. SM calls were generated from 46 brain tumor cases, most tested orthogonally via bidirectional Sanger sequencing. The initial calling algorithm result showed that 31 tumors were positive and 15 were negative for SM, with a total of 71 OS+ SM calls [28 high-confidence (HC) and 43 low-confidence (LC)]. Sanger sequencing was performed for 54 of the 71 calls (27 HC and 27 LC), as well as for 21 randomly selected hotspots across the 15 OS+ negative cases. HC calls (except EGFR) Sanger sequencing confirmed positive, negative calls confirmed negative, but none of the LC calls were Sanger-confirmed positive. An update of the OS+ algorithm resolved the LC calls, but of the 11 HC SM EGFR calls, Sanger sequencing confirmed only one. Two PTEN SM calls by OS+ in two separate cases were also negative per Sanger sequencing. We conclude that a majority of HC OS+ SM calls were accurate, except calls identified in EGFR and PTEN. Clinically, we report SMs identified by OS+ only after Sanger sequencing verification.

The objective was to determine whether a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) was associated with Parkinson's Disease (PD) and specific cognitive, motor, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. A cross-sectional cohort study of 120 participants aged 60-85 years old (48 females) were recruited (69 PD and 51 healthy controls). Assessments included demographic information, neuropsychological tests, a motor evaluation, neuropsychiatric questionnaires, and the Brain Injury Screening Questionnaire. A history of TBI or number of TBIs was not significantly related to an increased risk of developing PD or poorer motor scores on the United Parkinson Disease Rating Scale part 3. There was a significant negative correlation between number of TBI's and mean

The chromosome 16p13.11 heterozygous deletion is associated with a diverse array of neuropsychiatric disorders including intellectual disabilities, autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. However the clinical significance of its reciprocal duplication is not clearly defined yet. We evaluated 1645 consecutive pediatric patients with various developmental disorders by high-resolution microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization and identified four deletions and eight duplications within the 16p13.11 region, representing ∼0.73% (12/1645) of the patients analyzed. Recurrent clinical features in these patients include mental retardation/intellectual disability, autism, seizure, dysmorphic feature or multiple congenital anomalies. Our data expand the spectrum of the clinical findings in patients with these genomic abnormalities and provide further support for the pathogenic involvement of this duplication in patients who carry them.