19,410 results on '"JURISPRUDENCE"'
Search Results
2. Medical Marijuana Legalization and Co-use in Adult Cigarette Smokers
- Author
-
Wang, Julie B and Cataldo, Janine K
- Subjects
Clinical and Health Psychology ,Social and Personality Psychology ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Psychology ,Brain Disorders ,Tobacco Smoke and Health ,Tobacco ,Prevention ,Drug Abuse (NIDA only) ,Substance Misuse ,Cannabinoid Research ,Good Health and Well Being ,Aged ,Female ,Health Knowledge ,Attitudes ,Practice ,Humans ,Jurisprudence ,Male ,Marijuana Smoking ,Medical Marijuana ,Middle Aged ,Smoking ,Time Factors ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,United States ,tobacco control ,marijuana policy ,public health policy ,marijuana use ,nicotine dependence ,cigarette and marijuana co-use ,Public Health and Health Services ,Curriculum and Pedagogy ,Public health ,Clinical and health psychology ,Social and personality psychology - Abstract
ObjectivesWe examined effects of long-term medical marijuana legalization on cigarette co-use in a sample of adults.MethodsWe conducted secondary analysis using data from the 2014 US Tobacco Attitudes and Beliefs Survey, which consisted of cigarette smokers, aged ≥ 45 years (N = 506). Participants were categorized by their state residence, where medical marijuana was (1) illegal, (2) legalized < 10 years, and (3) legalized ≥ 10 years. The Web-based survey assessed participants' marijuana use, beliefs and attitudes on marijuana, and nicotine dependence using Fagerstrom Tolerance for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) scores.ResultsIn cigarette smokers aged ≥ 45 years, long-term legalization of medical marijuana was associated with stable positive increases in marijuana use prevalence (ever in a lifetime) (p = .005) and frequency (number of days in past 30 days) (unadjusted p = .005; adjusted p = .08). Those who reported marijuana co-use had greater FTND and HONC scores after adjusting for covariates (p = .05).ConclusionsThese preliminary findings warrant further examination of the potential impact of long-term legalization of medical marijuana on greater cigarette and marijuana co-use in adults and higher nicotine dependence among co-users at the population level.
- Published
- 2016
3. Prospective Study of Violence Risk Reduction by a Mental Health Court
- Author
-
McNiel, Dale E, Sadeh, Naomi, Delucchi, Kevin L, and Binder, Renée L
- Subjects
Health Services and Systems ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Health Sciences ,Violence Research ,Mental Health ,Brain Disorders ,Mental health ,Peace ,Justice and Strong Institutions ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adult ,Crime ,Female ,Humans ,Jurisprudence ,Logistic Models ,Longitudinal Studies ,Male ,Mental Disorders ,Middle Aged ,Odds Ratio ,Prospective Studies ,Protective Factors ,Risk Reduction Behavior ,Violence ,Young Adult ,Public Health and Health Services ,Psychiatry ,Clinical sciences ,Health services and systems - Abstract
Although many mental health courts (MHCs) have been established to reduce criminal justice involvement of persons with mental disorders, research has not kept pace with the widespread implementation of these courts. Whereas early MHCs were restricted to persons charged with nonviolent misdemeanors, many MHCs now accept persons with more serious charges for whom ameliorating risk of violence is a greater concern. This study evaluated the relationship between MHC participation and risk of violence by using a prospective design. It was hypothesized that MHC participation would decrease the risk of violence during a one year follow-up compared with a matched comparison group.The sample included 169 jail detainees with a mental disorder who either entered an MHC (N=88) or received treatment as usual (N=81). Seventy-two percent had been charged with felonies. Participants were interviewed at baseline and during a one-year follow up, and their arrest records were reviewed. Propensity-adjusted logistic regression evaluated the relationship between MHC participation and risk of violence, controlling for potential confounders such as history of violence, demographic characteristics, baseline treatment motivation, and time at risk in the community.MHC participation was associated with reduction in risk of violence (odds ratio=.39). During follow-up, 25% of the MHC group perpetrated violence, compared with 42% of the treatment-as-usual group.MHC participation can reduce the risk of violence among justice-involved persons with mental disorders. The findings support the conclusion that the MHC model can be extended beyond persons charged with nonviolent misdemeanors in a way that enhances public safety.
- Published
- 2015
4. Historical Feature: A Long History of Abortion
- Author
-
Corinne, McSpedon
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,General Medicine ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States ,General Nursing - Abstract
The history of abortion in this country is more complex than suggested by the recent Supreme Court decision overturning Roe v. Wade. This article takes a closer look at the lengthy and nuanced history of the meanings and contexts of abortion in American history and AJN's archives, revealing the various roles played and challenges encountered by nurses then and now. A version of this article was first published July 11 on ajnoffthecharts.com.
- Published
- 2022
5. Genetic privacy: constitutional considerations in forensic DNA testing.
- Author
-
Burk, Dan L and Hess, Jennifer A
- Subjects
Law In Context ,Law and Legal Studies ,Public Law ,Blood Specimen Collection ,Civil Rights ,DNA Fingerprinting ,Databases ,Factual ,Databases ,Nucleic Acid ,Freedom ,Genetic Privacy ,Humans ,Jurisprudence ,Law Enforcement ,Legislation as Topic ,Pedigree ,Personal Autonomy ,Prisoners ,Privacy ,Social Control ,Formal ,Tissue Banks ,United States ,DNA Identification Act 1994 ,Fifth Amendment ,First Amendment ,Fourteenth Amendment ,Fourth Amendment ,Genetics and Reproduction ,Legal Approach ,Law ,Law in context ,Public law - Published
- 1994
6. Cross-Border Surrogacy Before the European Court of Human Rights: Analysis of Valdís Fjölnisdóttir And Others v Iceland
- Author
-
Lydia Bracken
- Subjects
Human Rights ,Scope (project management) ,Human rights ,Health Policy ,Jurisprudence ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Member states ,Iceland ,Pregnancy ,Law ,Political science ,Humans ,Family ,Female ,Health law ,Child ,Surrogate Mothers ,media_common - Abstract
The recent case of Valdís Fjölnisdóttir and Others v Iceland adds to the emerging ECtHR jurisprudence on cross-border surrogacy. It reinforces principles established in previous cases and, in doing so, clarifies the scope of the child’s rights under Article 8 ECHR, and hence clarifies the scope of the obligations placed on Member States in cases of cross-border surrogacy. At the same time, consideration of Valdís Fjölnisdóttir reveals significant omissions in the approach adopted by the ECtHR as regards consideration of the rights of the child. In this way, aspects of Valdís Fjölnisdóttir confuse, rather than clarify, the scope of the child’s Article 8 ECHR rights in cases of cross-border surrogacy. This article examines the Valdís Fjölnisdóttir judgment with a view to identifying emerging principles, as well as contradictions, in the developing body of jurisprudence relating to cross-border surrogacy.
- Published
- 2021
7. Advancing Action on Health Equity Through a Sociolegal Model of Health
- Author
-
Suzie Forell, Sharon Friel, Ashley Schram, Tessa Boyd-Caine, and Fran Baum
- Subjects
Law reform ,Jurisprudence ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Social Determinants of Health ,Health Policy ,Public health ,Original Scholarship ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Context (language use) ,Models, Theoretical ,Public administration ,Economic Justice ,Health equity ,Political science ,medicine ,Global health ,Humans ,Social determinants of health ,Healthcare Disparities ,Equity (law) - Abstract
POLICY POINTS: Health actors can use the law more strategically in the pursuit of health and equity by addressing governance challenges (e.g., fragmented and overlapping mandates between health and nonhealth institutions), employing a broader rights‐based discourse in the public health policy process, and collaborating with the access to justice movement. Health justice partnerships provide a road map for implementing a sociolegal model of health to reduce health inequities by strengthening legal capacities for health among the health workforce and patients. This in turn will enable them to resolve health issues with legal solutions, to dismantle service silos, and to drive systemic policy and law reform. CONTEXT: In the field of public health, the law and legal systems remain a poorly understood and substantially underutilized tool to address unfair or unjust societal conditions underpinning health inequities. The aim of our article is to demonstrate the value of expanding from a social model of health to a sociolegal model of health and empowering health actors to use the law more strategically in the pursuit of health equity. METHODS: We propose a modified version of the framework for the social determinants of health (SDoH) equity developed by the 2008 World Health Organization Commission on the Social Determinants of Health by conceptually integrating the functions of the law as identified by the 2019 Lancet–O'Neill Institute Commission on Global Health and Law. FINDINGS: Access to justice provides a critical intersection between social models of public health and work in the justice fields. Addressing the inequities produced through the policies and institutions governing society unites the causes of those seeking to enhance access to justice and those seeking to reduce health inequities. Health justice partnerships (HJPs) are an example of a sociolegal model of health in action. Through the resolution of health issues with legal solutions at the individual level, the dismantling of service silos at the institutional level, and policy and law reform at the systemic level, HJPs demonstrate how the law can be used as a tool to reduce social and health inequities. CONCLUSIONS: Greater attention to law as a tool for health creates space for increased collaboration among legal and health scholars, practitioners, and advocates, particularly those working in the areas of the social determinants of health and access to justice, and a promising avenue for reducing health inequities.
- Published
- 2021
8. Judicial consequences in Spain for the completion of the medical death certificate
- Author
-
Elena Albarrán Juan, Benjamín Herreros, Andrés Santiago-Sáez, Pilar Pinto Pastor, and Enrique Dorado Fernández
- Subjects
Antecedent (logic) ,Jurisprudence ,Medicina legal ,Sign (semiotics) ,Medical law ,Certificate ,Death Certificates ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Spain ,Physicians ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Law ,Political science ,Falsity ,Humans ,Death certificate ,Cause of death - Abstract
The completion of the death certificate is indispensable in Spain for a death to be recorded in the civil registry. Occasionally, doctors may be reluctant to sign a death certificate due to possible legal consequences. This study seeks to analyse the possible judicial consequences doctors may face upon filling out this medico-legal document. Sentences published on the Judicial Power’s website between 2009 and 2019 containing the term “death certificate” were analysed. From a total of 2100 sentences examined, only 15 were found to contain the term “death certificate” as part of the claim. In only 7 of these cases the claim was made against the physician, and in 5 the physician was found guilty. Three of them concluded falsity via criminal proceedings, one via administrative proceedings for refusing to sign the certificate and one through civil proceedings for filling out an erroneous antecedent cause of death. In view of the above, it can be inferred that the completion of the death certificate poses few judicial consequences for physicians. In addition, this study reveals the importance of the death certificate document as evidence in judicial proceedings.
- Published
- 2022
9. Patenting transgenic human embryos: a nonuse cost perspective.
- Author
-
Burk, Dan L
- Subjects
Law and Legal Studies ,Animals ,Animals ,Genetically Modified ,Beginning of Human Life ,Chimera ,DNA ,Recombinant ,Economics ,Embryo Research ,Embryo ,Mammalian ,Eugenics ,Genetic Engineering ,Genetic Therapy ,Germ Cells ,Humans ,Jurisprudence ,Life ,Microbiology ,Motivation ,Organisms ,Genetically Modified ,Patents as Topic ,Public Policy ,Research ,Risk ,Risk Assessment ,United States ,Value of Life ,Biomedical and Behavioral Research ,Genetics and Reproduction ,Legal Approach ,Patent and Trademark Office ,patents ,bioethics ,intellectual property ,genetic engineering ,Law ,Law and legal studies - Published
- 1993
10. A meta-analysis of Libet-style experiments
- Author
-
Moritz Nicolai Braun, Janet Wessler, and Malte Friese
- Subjects
Volition ,Unconscious mind ,Consciousness ,Brain activity and meditation ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Jurisprudence ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Neurosciences ,Uncertainty ,Intention ,Style (sociolinguistics) ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Volition (linguistics) ,Meta-analysis ,Free will ,Humans ,Causation ,Psychology ,media_common ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
In the seminal Libet experiment ( Libet et al., 1983 ), unconscious brain activity preceded the self-reported, conscious intention to move. This was repeatedly interpreted as challenging the view that (conscious) mental states cause behavior and, prominently, as challenging the existence of free will. Extensive discussions in philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, and jurisprudence followed, but further empirical findings were heterogeneous. However, a quantitative review of the literature summarizing the evidence of Libet-style experiments is lacking. The present meta-analysis fills this gap. The results revealed a temporal pattern that is largely consistent with the one found by Libet and colleagues. Remarkably, there were only k = 6 studies for the time difference between unconscious brain activity and the conscious intention to move — the most crucial time difference regarding implications about conscious causation and free will. Additionally, there was a high degree of uncertainty associated with this meta-analytic effect. We conclude that some of Libet et al.’s findings appear more fragile than anticipated in light of the substantial scientific work that built on them.
- Published
- 2021
11. Establishing the shadowline: the border between legally acceptable and unacceptable standards of surgical practice
- Author
-
J Phadnis, Aidan O’Brien, M Patterson, and David M Ricketts
- Subjects
Clinical governance ,business.industry ,Surgical care ,Jurisprudence ,Standard of Care ,General Medicine ,language.human_language ,Welsh ,Informed consent ,Evidence-Based Practice ,Surgical Procedures, Operative ,Law ,language ,Humans ,Medicine ,Surgery ,Line (text file) ,business ,Expert Testimony - Abstract
Introduction Our study investigated how the standard of surgical care is assessed within the English and Welsh litigation process. The ‘shadowline’ represents the dividing line between acceptable and unacceptable standards of care. Our hypothesis was that different assessors risk adopting materially different interpretations regarding the acceptable standard of care. Any variation in the interpretation of where the shadowline falls will create uncertainty and unfairness to surgeons and patients alike. Methods We summarised the legal literature and suggested the factors affecting the assessment of surgical standards. We illustrated our findings on distribution curves. Results There was a risk that the shape of the curve and the location of the shadowline may vary according to the assessor. Importantly, a gap may have developed between the legal and clinical shadowlines in respect of the consenting process. Discussion and conclusion We suggested how a gap between the surgical and legal shadow lines could be narrowed. Clinical governance, balanced literature and realistic expert assessments were all part of the solution.
- Published
- 2021
12. Do not resuscitate: Lawful or unlawful?
- Author
-
Alec Samuels
- Subjects
Resuscitation ,medicine.medical_treatment ,media_common.quotation_subject ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030502 gerontology ,Political science ,Mental capacity ,medicine ,Humans ,Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ,Meaning (existential) ,Resuscitation Orders ,media_common ,Jurisprudence ,Withholding Treatment ,Health Policy ,Presumption ,Do not resuscitate ,General Medicine ,Discretion ,Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Patient Rights ,Patient autonomy ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Law ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology - Abstract
When is it lawful not to resuscitate and when is it unlawful? What is the meaning of mental capacity on the part of the patient and what is meant by patient autonomy? What is the extent of clinical discretion in decisions not to resuscitate? Does the presumption in favour of life still obtain? What about the risks in cardiopulmonary resuscitation? What have the judges decided about decisions not to resuscitate, and what is the contemporary role of the doctor in this area? Is there any need for change or reform?
- Published
- 2021
13. Human rights violations, detention conditions and the invisible nature of women in European immigration detention: a legal realist account
- Author
-
Marie Claire Van Hout
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Human Rights ,Parliament ,media_common.quotation_subject ,0507 social and economic geography ,Vulnerability ,Criminology ,prisons ,Health Professions (miscellaneous) ,Health Services Accessibility ,03 medical and health sciences ,Dignity ,Legal realism ,HV ,0302 clinical medicine ,Pregnancy ,Political science ,HQ ,Humans ,Lactation ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,030212 general & internal medicine ,European union ,Child ,cjadmin ,Immigration detention ,media_common ,Human rights ,Jurisprudence ,05 social sciences ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Emigration and Immigration ,Female ,Pregnant Women ,050703 geography - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper was to conduct a legal realist assessment of women’s situation in European immigration detention which focuses on relevant international and European human rights instruments applicable to conditions and health rights in detention settings, academic literature and relevant European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) jurisprudence since 2010. Design/methodology/approach In spite of the United Nations human rights frameworks and European Union (EU) standards, conditions in European immigration detention settings continue to pose a health risk to those detained. Migrant health rights when detained are intertwined with the right not to be subjected to arbitrary detention, detention in conditions compatible for respect for human dignity and right to medical assistance. Migrant women are particularly vulnerable requiring special consideration (pregnant and lactating women; single women travelling alone or with children; adolescent girls; early-married children, including with newborn infants) in immigration detention settings. Findings The situation of women in immigration detention is patchy in EU policy, academic literature and ECtHR jurisprudence. Where referred to, they are at best confined to their positionality as pregnant women or as mothers, with their unique gendered health needs ill-resourced. ECtHR jurisprudence is largely from male applicants. Where women are applicants, cases centre on dire conditions of detention, extreme vulnerability of children accompanying their mother and arbitrary or unlawful detention of these women (with child). Originality/value Concerns have been raised by the European Parliament around immigration detention of women including those travelling with their children. There is a continued failure to maintain minimum and equivalent standards of care for women in European immigration detention settings.
- Published
- 2021
14. Treating Cancer in Pregnant Patients After Roe v Wade Overturned
- Author
-
Melissa Suran
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Neoplasms ,Abortion, Legal ,Government Regulation ,Humans ,Female ,Abortion, Induced ,General Medicine ,Pregnant Women ,Supreme Court Decisions ,Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic ,United States - Abstract
This medical news feature discusses the challenges of treating pregnant patients diagnosed with cancer following the reversal of Roe v Wade.
- Published
- 2022
15. Vaccinating Children: The COVID-19 Family Law Jurisprudence
- Author
-
Ian, Freckelton
- Subjects
Parents ,Canada ,Jurisprudence ,Australia ,COVID-19 ,Humans ,Child ,Pandemics - Abstract
Australian, New Zealand, English and Canadian courts have made a number of orders, often in the context of parenting disputes, requiring children to be vaccinated. Complementary therapy options have generally not been permitted as an alternative to mainstream vaccination. Debates about parental entitlements to make decisions about such matters have taken place in the context of contested family law litigation during the COVID-19 era. However, by contrast with Ontario Superior Court of Justice decisions in 2022, a series of Australian decisions, including the judgment of Sutherland CJ in ClayDallas [2022] FCWA 18, have developed the law further, having regard to both the capacity of a minor to consent to vaccination and reviewing a variety of factors going to children's best interests at different junctures during the pandemic, finding it generally to be in the best interests of children to receive COVID-19 vaccinations. This is likely to flow back into curial decision-making about vaccinations more broadly, as well as cognate matters.
- Published
- 2022
16. How overturning Roe
- Author
-
David, Cox
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Fetus ,Pregnancy ,Privacy ,Personal Autonomy ,Civil Rights ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Pregnant Women ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
17. Global implications of overturning Roe
- Author
-
Susheela, Singh and Gilda, Sedgh
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
18. Roe
- Author
-
Sally, Howard and Geetanjali, Krishna
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Government Regulation ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Pregnant Women ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
19. How does South African law handle cases involving baby swapping?
- Author
-
M S, Khan
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,South Africa ,Malpractice ,Humans ,Infant ,Child - Abstract
Cases of baby swapping in South Africa (SA) are very rare. In 1996 the first of these cases, Clinton-Parker v Administrator, Transvaal; Dawkins v Administrator, Transvaal, appeared before our courts. The parties in that instance decided to keep the babies who had been erroneously given to them, but the plaintiffs were awarded compensation for the emotional shock and injury they endured as the result of the defendant's negligence. In recent times we had the case of Child Law v NN and NS (GP), where the parties also decided to keep the children who had been erroneously given to them by the hospital staff. These scenarios, while difficult, have had amicable conclusions, with the parents electing not to pursue custody of their natural children. The situation would be more complex if either of the parties were to decide that they want their natural child back. A number of questions are pertinent here, and will guide the discussion in this article. Is it as simple as both of the 'psychological' parents returning the babies to their natural parents? Do the parents have a claim against the hospital staff? Unfortunately there is not a wealth of legal precedent to assist the SA courts in this regard. The article explores the jurisprudence that speaks to baby swapping, in an attempt to provide clarity and assistance in resolving these difficult cases.
- Published
- 2022
20. After Roe
- Author
-
Janice Hopkins, Tanne
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
21. Medicine and the Law
- Author
-
M S, Khan
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,South Africa ,Malpractice ,Humans ,Child - Abstract
Cases of baby swapping in South Africa (SA) are very rare. In 1996 the first of these cases, Clinton-Parker v Administrator, Transvaal; Dawkins v Administrator, Transvaal, appeared before our courts. The parties in that instance decided to keep the babies who had been erroneously given to them, but the plaintiffs were awarded compensation for the emotional shock and injury they endured as the result of the defendant's negligence. In recent times we had the case of Child Law v NN and NS (GP), where the parties also decided to keep the children who had been erroneously given to them by the hospital staff. These scenarios, while difficult, have had amicable conclusions, with the parents electing not to pursue custody of their natural children. The situation would be more complex if either of the parties were to decide that they want their natural child back. A number of questions are pertinent here, and will guide the discussion in this article. Is it as simple as both of the 'psychological' parents returning the babies to their natural parents? Do the parents have a claim against the hospital staff? Unfortunately there is not a wealth of legal precedent to assist the SA courts in this regard. The article explores the jurisprudence that speaks to baby swapping, in an attempt to provide clarity and assistance in resolving these difficult cases.
- Published
- 2022
22. You Can't Make Me Stay Home! Medical and Legal Aspects of the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Author
-
Sarah E. Nelson and Emily J. Nelson
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,pandemic ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Public health ,public health ,COVID-19 ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Article ,prevention measures ,Quarantine ,Pandemic ,Humans ,Medicine ,Medical emergency ,law ,business - Published
- 2022
23. Challenges Posed by Transnational Commercial Surrogacy: The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
- Author
-
März, Julian W, University of Zurich, and März, Julian W
- Subjects
Consensus ,Human Rights ,media_common.quotation_subject ,610 Medicine & health ,Best interests ,Pregnancy ,Political science ,Humans ,Family ,Advisory opinion ,Child ,Surrogate Mothers ,media_common ,Jurisprudence ,Human rights ,Health Policy ,Common ground ,3308 Law ,2719 Health Policy ,Europe ,Law ,10222 Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine ,Female ,Health law - Abstract
There is little consensus between European States regarding the legal treatment of surrogacy in general and of transnational commercial surrogacy in particular. Against this background, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in this matter is of particular significance since it provides some common ground for the legal treatment of transnational commercial surrogacy in Europe. For this reason, the present paper will outline the development of the jurisprudence of the ECtHR on transnational commercial surrogacy, giving particular attention to the Mennesson and Labassee decisions, the Paradiso/Campanelli case, and the 2019 Advisory Opinion. On this basis, it will conclude by underlining the importance of the best interests of the child principle in the jurisprudence of the ECtHR on transnational commercial surrogacy.
- Published
- 2021
24. Malpractice Litigation Involving Chiropractic Spinal Manipulation
- Author
-
Eren O. Kuris, Alan H. Daniels, Davis A. Hartnett, John D. Milner, and Dominic T. Kleinhenz
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Plaintiff ,Manipulation, Chiropractic ,business.industry ,General surgery ,Malpractice ,Medical malpractice ,medicine.disease ,Chiropractic ,Spinal manipulation ,United States ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Humans ,Medicine ,Surgery ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,Settlement (litigation) ,Stroke ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Allegation - Abstract
Objective To evaluate the relationship between chiropractic spinal manipulation and medical malpractice using a legal database. Methods The legal database VerdictSearch was queried using the terms “chiropractor” OR “spinal manipulation” under the classification of “Medical Malpractice” between 1988 and 2018. Cases with chiropractors as defendants were identified. Relevant medicolegal characteristics were obtained, including legal outcome (plaintiff/defense verdict, settlement), payment amount, nature of plaintiff claim, and type and location of alleged injury. Results Forty-eight cases involving chiropractic management in the United States were reported. Of these, 93.8% (n = 45) featured allegations involving spinal manipulation. The defense (practitioner) was victorious in 70.8% (n = 34) of cases, with a plaintiff (patient) victory in 20.8% (n = 10) (mean payment $658,487 ± $697,045) and settlement in 8.3% (n = 4) (mean payment $596,667 ± $402,534). Overaggressive manipulation was the most frequent allegation (33.3%; 16 cases). A majority of cases alleged neurological injury of the spine as the reason for litigation (66.7%, 32 cases) with 87.5% (28/32) requiring surgery. C5-C6 disc herniation was the most frequently alleged injury (32.4%, 11/34, 83.3% requiring surgery) followed by C6-C7 herniation (26.5%, 9/34, 88.9% requiring surgery). Claims also alleged 7 cases of stroke (14.6%) and 2 rib fractures (4.2%) from manipulation therapy. Conclusions Litigation claims following chiropractic care predominately alleged neurological injury with consequent surgical management. Plaintiffs primarily alleged overaggressive treatment, though a majority of trials ended in defensive verdicts. Ongoing analysis of malpractice provides a unique lens through which to view this complicated topic.
- Published
- 2021
25. Charles Byrne, Last Victim of the Bodysnatchers: the Legal Case for Burial
- Author
-
Mary Lowth
- Subjects
Male ,Property (philosophy) ,History ,Deception ,Burial ,Personhood ,Famous Persons ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Common law ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,History, 18th Century ,Morals ,Respect ,Dignity ,State (polity) ,Cadaver ,AcademicSubjects/LAW00490 ,Corpse ,Humans ,Legal case ,Duty ,Autonomy ,media_common ,Jurisprudence ,Dissection ,Museums ,History, 19th Century ,Articles ,History, 20th Century ,Body Remains ,England ,Law ,Giant ,Rights - Abstract
The retention and display of the remains of Charles Byrne, an Irishman with acromegaly, by the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons has been contentious for some years, and the moral case for his release for burial has been repeatedly made. This article makes the legal case through five arguments. The first three concern common law rights and duties; Byrne’s right to burial, the duty of the State to ensure his burial where others do not, and the right of his friends to assume that duty. The fourth concerns Byrne’s common law right to direct his disposal, and, related to this, not to be retained and displayed. The fifth, which underpins the rest, is that Byrne is not, and has never been property, and it is in fact intuitively and legally arguable that he, like other corpses, remains a person. The article finally outlines three options available to those wishing to ensure Byrne finally has the burial at sea that he sought to ensure in 1783.
- Published
- 2021
26. There is life beyond the statistical significance
- Author
-
Sanni Yaya, Gilda Piaggio, José M. Belizán, and Agustín Ciapponi
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,Decision Making ,Statistics as Topic ,MEDLINE ,01 natural sciences ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Statistical significance ,Humans ,Clinical significance ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Point estimation ,0101 mathematics ,media_common ,Jurisprudence ,Actuarial science ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Gynecology and obstetrics ,Certainty ,Confidence interval ,Intervention (law) ,Editorial ,Reproductive Medicine ,Data Interpretation, Statistical ,RG1-991 ,Psychology - Abstract
This article challenges the “tyranny of P-value” and promote more valuable and applicable interpretations of the results of research on health care delivery. We provide here solid arguments to retire statistical significance as the unique way to interpret results, after presenting the current state of the debate inside the scientific community. Instead, we promote reporting the much more informative confidence intervals and eventually adding exact P-values. We also provide some clues to integrate statistical and clinical significance by referring to minimal important differences and integrating the effect size of an intervention and the certainty of evidence ideally using the GRADE approach. We have argued against interpreting or reporting results as statistically significant or statistically non-significant. We recommend showing important clinical benefits with their confidence intervals in cases of point estimates compatible with results benefits and even important harms. It seems fair to report the point estimate and the more likely values along with a very clear statement of the implications of extremes of the intervals. We recommend drawing conclusions, considering the multiple factors besides P-values such as certainty of the evidence for each outcome, net benefit, economic considerations and values and preferences. We use several examples and figures to illustrate different scenarios and further suggest a wording to standardize the reporting. Several statistical measures have a role in the scientific communication of studies, but it is time to understand that there is life beyond the statistical significance. There is a great opportunity for improvement towards a more complete interpretation and to a more standardized reporting.
- Published
- 2021
27. The Supreme Court abortion ban impact on dermatology
- Author
-
Jenna, Yousif, Taylor, Adlam, Jane M, Grant-Kels, and Mehdi, Farshchian
- Subjects
Abortion, Spontaneous ,Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Dermatology ,United States - Published
- 2022
28. Overturning Roe
- Author
-
Terry, McGovern
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Health Facilities ,Delivery of Health Care ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
29. The fall of Roe
- Author
-
Maria, Lewandowska
- Subjects
Abortion, Spontaneous ,Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Civil Rights ,Humans ,Women's Rights ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Pregnant Women ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
30. Overturning Roe v Wade: reproducing injustice
- Author
-
Nina, Sun
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
31. US Supreme Court ends constitutional right to abortion
- Author
-
Janice Hopkins Tanne
- Subjects
Abortion, Spontaneous ,Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,General Medicine ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
32. Lawmakers v. The Scientific Realities of Human Reproduction
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Reproduction ,Humans - Published
- 2022
33. What Overturning Roe v Wade May Mean for Assisted Reproductive Technologies in the US
- Author
-
I. Glenn Cohen, Judith Daar, and Eli Y. Adashi
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,General Medicine ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
34. The Leaked Supreme Court Ruling Opinion: Implications for Abortion Access
- Author
-
Rebecca B. Reingold and Lawrence O. Gostin
- Subjects
Abortion, Spontaneous ,Jurisprudence ,Judicial Role ,Pregnancy ,Family Planning Services ,Abortion, Legal ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,General Medicine ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
35. Implications for racial inequities in maternal health if Roe v Wade is lost
- Author
-
Anna Kheyfets, Brenna Miller, and Ndidiamaka Amutah-Onukagha
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Maternal Health ,Abortion, Legal ,Government Regulation ,Humans ,Female ,General Medicine ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
36. Law, policy, biology, and sex: Critical issues for researchers
- Author
-
Maayan Sudai, Alexander Borsa, Kelsey Ichikawa, Heather Shattuck-Heidorn, Helen Zhao, and Sarah S. Richardson
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Sex Characteristics ,Multidisciplinary ,Policy ,Humans ,Biology ,Sexuality ,Research Personnel - Abstract
Researchers should be aware of how sex-difference science is (mis)applied in legal and policy contexts
- Published
- 2022
37. What overturning
- Author
-
Sarah, Compton and Scott L, Greer
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
38. Unborn in the USA: what happened and what's next for Roe
- Author
-
Joanne, Silberner
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Civil Rights ,Humans ,Women's Rights ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
39. The US Supreme Court is wrong to disregard evidence on the harm of banning abortion
- Subjects
Abortion, Spontaneous ,Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
40. US abortion: Leaked document shows Supreme Court plans to overturn rights
- Author
-
Janice Hopkins Tanne
- Subjects
Jurisprudence ,Pregnancy ,Abortion, Legal ,Humans ,Abortion, Induced ,Female ,General Medicine ,Supreme Court Decisions ,United States - Published
- 2022
41. How to Apply the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution and the Civil Rights Act to Promote Health Equity in the US
- Author
-
Scott J. Schweikart
- Subjects
Male ,Jurisprudence ,Health (social science) ,Health Equity ,Human Rights ,Human rights ,Constitution ,Health Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Gender Identity ,Legislation ,Health Promotion ,Economic Justice ,United States ,Health equity ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Health promotion ,Political science ,Law ,Civil Rights ,Humans ,Female ,media_common ,Equal Protection Clause - Abstract
Health equity in the United States requires elimination of differentials in access to health services according to race, ethnicity, sex, gender identity, comorbidity, or ability. To achieve health equity, governments can use a variety of tools, including civil rights legislation and constitutional jurisprudence. In the United States, 2 such examples are the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution's Equal Protection clause and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. While both have the capacity to reduce health disparities, in practice, neither has achieved its full potential because of how the judicial branch has interpreted and allowed these 2 laws to be enforced. How courts adjudicate health-related cases, especially those in which civil rights or other human rights legislation are at stake, is key to the successful promotion of legislative and jurisprudential approaches to motivating health equity and realizing justice for all.
- Published
- 2021
42. Association Between Design Elements of Concussion Laws and Reporting of Sports-Related Concussions Among US High School Athletes, 2009-2017
- Author
-
Lihong Huang, Hosea H. Harvey, R. Dawn Comstock, Jingzhen Yang, and Lindsay Sullivan
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Poison control ,Legislation ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030225 pediatrics ,Concussion ,Injury prevention ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Association (psychology) ,Brain Concussion ,Jurisprudence ,Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Human factors and ergonomics ,medicine.disease ,United States ,Athletes ,Law ,Female ,Psychology ,Sports - Abstract
Objectives Studies that evaluate the effectiveness of concussion laws often use only a single variable (ie, presence of the law), failing to account for law complexity. We examined the association between multiple design elements of state concussion laws and rates of sports-related concussion reporting among US high school athletes. Methods We derived 3 design elements of concussion laws from the 2009-2017 LawAtlas database: (1) strength of law, (2) number of law revisions, and (3) speed of law adoption. We examined the association between these design elements and rates of new and recurrent sports-related concussion reporting from the 2009-2010 through 2016-2017 academic years in a nationally representative sample of high school athletes participating in High School Report Information Online, an online data collection tool. Results A total of 7064 sports-related concussions (6332 [89.6%] new and 732 [10.4%] recurrent concussions) were reported during the study period, with an overall rate of 39.7 sports-related concussions per 100 000 athletic exposures (eg, game or practice). Rates of new concussion reporting were higher among high schools in states with medium- or high-strength concussion laws than in states with low-strength concussion laws and in states with at least 1 concussion law revision than in states with no concussion law revisions. Rates of recurrent concussion reporting were lower among high schools in states with ≥2 concussion law revisions than in states with Conclusion Our findings may help inform legislators of the public health effect of concussion laws.
- Published
- 2021
43. Informing reform: The views of legal professionals on the unique aspects of Scottish Law
- Author
-
Jim Turner, Lara A. Frumkin, Lee J. Curley, and James Munro
- Subjects
advocate attitudes ,Adult ,Male ,Scottish legal system ,simple majority verdict system ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Decision Making ,qualified majority verdict system ,Lawyers ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Jury ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Political science ,‘Not proven’ verdict ,Humans ,030216 legal & forensic medicine ,15-person jury ,Legal profession ,Aged ,0505 law ,media_common ,Jurisprudence ,Judicial Role ,Health Policy ,05 social sciences ,Original Articles ,Middle Aged ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Attitude ,Scotland ,Law ,050501 criminology ,Female - Abstract
The unique Scottish legal system stands apart from the better-known Anglo-American legal system, with variations relating to jury size (15 vs. 12), the number of verdicts available (3 vs. 2) and majority size (simple majority vs. unanimous). At present, only a handful of investigations have explored the effects of the Scottish ‘not proven’ verdict on jurors, and only a single study has explored the combined impact of the unique elements of the Scottish legal system on juror and jury decision making. The current study is the first to investigate the views of Scottish legal professionals on the three-verdict system, 15-person jury and simple majority verdict system. The aim of the study is to inform public and political debate, involve legal stakeholders in policy changes and decision making and compare legal professionals’ views with findings from previously conducted juror studies. Seventy-eight legal professionals took part in an online survey which asked for ratings and open responses on their attitudes to the Scottish (a) three-verdict system, (b) 15-person jury and (c) simple majority system. The results highlighted strong positive attitudes towards the ‘not proven’ verdict (particularly in a binary-verdict system of proven and not proven), 15-person juries and both the simple and qualified majority verdict systems. There was minimal support for reform towards an Anglo-American system. Instead, the reforms preferred by the legal professionals would be to require a qualified majority of 12/15 jurors, and to use a binary-verdict system of proven and not proven.
- Published
- 2021
44. Holistic representation in juvenile defense: An evaluation of a multidisciplinary children's defense team
- Author
-
Casey L. Thomas, Hasheemah Afaneh, Stephen Phillippi, and Yilin Yoshida
- Subjects
Employment ,Jurisprudence ,050103 clinical psychology ,Multivariate analysis ,Recidivism ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Bivariate analysis ,Educational attainment ,Odds ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Multidisciplinary approach ,Juvenile Delinquency ,Humans ,Juvenile ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,0509 other social sciences ,Child ,Psychology ,Law ,Retrospective Studies ,Clinical psychology ,Adjudication - Abstract
This study describes the results of an evaluation of a holistic defense model for juvenile clients. Longitudinal, retrospective analysis of de-identified data from clients (N = 308) measured individual variable outcomes, relationships, and project performance. Bivariate and multivariate analyses examined the strength of association and interrelationships among client and defense team variables. Findings indicate that holistic defense was significantly associated with improved outcomes among juvenile clients, including increased mental health assessment resulting in treatment, increased employment and educational attainment, and decreased odds of recidivism. Favorable court or dispositional outcomes, including lower adjudication or early termination from custody, were also reported. Further practice-level, controlled research is necessary to evaluate these models and offer comparison to other models for holistic defense.
- Published
- 2021
45. EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE TRAINING OF LEGAL AND HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS ON ISSUES OF INFECTION WITH ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- Author
-
Tetiana Vasylivna Ivakhniuk, Kateryna Dmytrivna Yanishevska, Hanna Yuriivna Budko, and Yurii V. Smiianov
- Subjects
Medical education ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Universities ,business.industry ,Process (engineering) ,Legal liability ,Health Personnel ,Jurisprudence ,Teaching method ,Public health ,General Medicine ,Medical law ,Models, Theoretical ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Communicable Diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Health care ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,medicine ,Humans ,Applied research ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Students ,business - Abstract
Objective The aim: Developing integration training (educational) programs for medical and legal students, interns, masters, doctors. Patients and methods Material and methods: When performing the work, on a set of search and analytical methods: analytical, bibliographic, systemic, informational, statistical; interdisciplinary interactive teaching methods for students of Sumy State University. Results Results: The results of the integrated training course are the formation of a new style of interdisciplinary relations between participants of the educational process and practical medicine and jurisprudence; new educational environment; classes with multi - and transdisciplinary experts-consultants; development of personal attitudes, future professional contacts, and practical skills. Conclusion Conclusions: The introduction of new teaching methods using an interdisciplinary integrated approach increases the level of education quality (35.8% higher than the initial result) and conduct applied research in the field of public health, jurisprudence.
- Published
- 2021
46. The Determination of Death under Polish Law in Comparative, Historical and Medical Perspective
- Author
-
Witold Borysiak and Leszek Bosek
- Subjects
Brain Death ,Jurisprudence ,Tissue and Organ Procurement ,History ,Health Policy ,Perspective (graphical) ,humanities ,Death ,Law ,Humans ,Health law ,Poland - Abstract
It has been recently adopted under Polish law that the determinant of death is both the brain death criterion, tantamount to the permanent and irreversible cessation of its function, and the equally valid circulatory criterion. This means that the determination of brain death is not indispensable to pronounce a person dead, because the irreversible cessation of circulation is sufficient in this respect. The purpose of this article is to present current developments in Polish law against the comparative, historical and medical background.
- Published
- 2020
47. Smoking, Obesity, and Disability Benefits or Litigation Are Not Associated with Clinically Important Reductions in Physical Functioning After Intramedullary Nailing of Tibial Shaft Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study
- Author
-
Forough Farrokhyar, Jason W. Busse, Fawaz Findakli, Eva Lonn, Emil H. Schemitsch, and Mohit Bhandari
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,Long bone ,Minimal Clinically Important Difference ,Risk Assessment ,law.invention ,Intramedullary rod ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,Risk Factors ,Clinical Research ,law ,Humans ,Medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Obesity ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Tibia ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ,Retrospective Studies ,Fracture Healing ,Jurisprudence ,030222 orthopedics ,business.industry ,Minimal clinically important difference ,Smoking ,Confounding ,Retrospective cohort study ,Recovery of Function ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Confidence interval ,Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ,Tibial Fractures ,Functional Status ,Treatment Outcome ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Ultrasonic Waves ,Insurance, Disability ,Physical therapy ,Female ,Surgery ,business - Abstract
BACKGROUND Forty percent of long bone fractures involve the tibia. These fractures are associated with prolonged recovery and may adversely affect patients' long-term physical functioning; however, there is limited evidence to inform what factors influence functional recovery in this patient population. QUESTION/PURPOSE In a secondary analysis of a previous randomized trial, we asked: What fracture-related, demographic, social, or rehabilitative factors were associated with physical function 1 year after reamed intramedullary nailing of open or closed tibial shaft fractures? METHODS This is a secondary (retrospective) analysis of a prior randomized trial (Trial to Re-evaluate Ultrasound in the Treatment of Tibial Fractures; TRUST trial). In the TRUST trial, 501 patients with unilateral open or closed tibial shaft fractures were randomized to self-administer daily low-intensity pulsed ultrasound or use a sham device, of which 15% (73 of 501) were not followed for 1 year due to early study termination as a result of futility (no difference between active and sham interventions). Of the remaining patients, 70% (299 of 428) provided full data. All fractures were fixed using reamed (298 of 299) or unreamed (1 of 299) intramedullary nailing. Thus, we excluded the sole fracture fixed using unreamed intramedullary nailing. The co-primary study outcomes of the TRUST trial were time to radiographic healing and SF-36 physical component summary (SF-36 PCS) scores at 1-year. SF-36 PCS scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores being better, and the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) is 5 points. In this secondary analysis, based on clinical and biological rationale, we selected factors that may be associated with physical functioning as measured by SF-36 PCS scores. All selected factors were inserted simultaneously into a multivariate linear regression analysis. RESULTS After adjusting for potentially confounding factors, such as age, gender, and injury severity, we found that no factor showed an association that exceeded the MCID for physical functioning 1 year after intramedullary nailing for tibial shaft fractures. The independent variables associated with lower physical functioning were current smoking status (mean difference -3.0 [95% confidence interval -5 to -0.5]; p = 0.02), BMI > 30 kg/m2 (mean difference -3.0 [95% CI -5.0 to -0.3]; p = 0.03), and receipt of disability benefits or involvement in litigation, or plans to be (mean difference -3.0 [95% CI -5.0 to -1]; p = 0.007). Patients who were employed (mean difference 4.6 [95% CI 2.0 to 7]; p < 0.001) and those who were advised by their surgeon to partially or fully bear weight postoperatively (mean difference 2.0 [95% CI 0.1 to 4.0]; p = 0.04) were associated with higher physical functioning. Age, gender, fracture severity, and receipt of early physical therapy were not associated with physical functioning at 1-year following surgical fixation. CONCLUSION Among patients with tibial fractures, none of the factors we analyzed, including smoking status, receipt of disability benefits or involvement in litigation, or BMI, showed an association with physical functioning that exceeded the MCID. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, therapeutic study.
- Published
- 2020
48. Fourth Amendment Protections of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs: Patient Privacy in the Opioid Crisis
- Author
-
Ryan Knox
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Prescription drug ,Probable cause ,Internet privacy ,Expectation of privacy ,Controlled Substances Act ,03 medical and health sciences ,Law Enforcement ,0302 clinical medicine ,Civil Rights ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Jurisprudence ,Controlled substance ,Controlled Substances ,business.industry ,030503 health policy & services ,Search warrant ,Law enforcement ,General Medicine ,Legislation, Drug ,United States ,Search and seizure ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Privacy ,Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs ,Business ,0305 other medical science ,Law ,Confidentiality - Abstract
The opioid crisis is one of the largest public health problems in the history of the United States. Prescription drug monitoring programs (“PDMPs”)—state databases containing the records of all prescriptions for controlled substances written in the state—have emerged as a means to track opioid prescribing and use. While PDMPs are typically used as a tool for physicians to inform their prescribing practices, many states also permit law enforcement to access PDMPs when investigating controlled substance distribution, often without prior judicial approval. Such law enforcement use of PDMPs raises serious questions of patient privacy. The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy and has been interpreted to require law enforcement have probable cause and a search warrant before infringing upon an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy. Several courts have held that patients have no reasonable expectation of privacy, or a severely diminished expectation of privacy, in their prescription drug records held in PDMPs. As support, courts rely on the third-party doctrine because the information is disclosed to physicians and then held by the state; the highly regulated nature of the prescription drug industry; and the statutory framework of the Controlled Substances Act. Such analysis disregards patients’ expectation of privacy in their personal health information, the confidentiality in the physician-patient relationship, and the resulting patient incentives not to seek care. Therefore, this Article argues that law enforcement must have probable cause and a search warrant to access PDMPs because the exceptions to the Fourth Amendment’s probable cause and warrant requirements do not apply.
- Published
- 2020
49. Restatement (Third) of Torts Section 47(b) Bypasses Traditional Barriers and Offers Aspiring Parents a Clear Path to Recover Stand-Alone NIED when Their Cryopreserved Reproductive Material is Lost or Destroyed
- Author
-
Joseph M Hnylka
- Subjects
Parents ,Health (social science) ,Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ,education ,Section (typography) ,Fertilization in Vitro ,Psychological Distress ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,01 natural sciences ,Humans ,Embryo Disposition ,Sociology ,0101 mathematics ,health care economics and organizations ,Law and economics ,Cryopreservation ,Jurisprudence ,Malpractice ,010102 general mathematics ,Liability, Legal ,Standard of Care ,Professional-Patient Relations ,social sciences ,06 humanities and the arts ,General Medicine ,Embryo, Mammalian ,United States ,humanities ,Path (graph theory) ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,060301 applied ethics ,Law - Abstract
“[T]he tissue or embryo is not the primary victim at all. The victims are the parents who have been deprived of the potential to conceive a child together.”1
- Published
- 2020
50. The psychological correlates of transitional justice in Rwanda: A long-term assessment
- Author
-
Serge Caparos, Isabelle Blanchette, Eugène Rutembesa, Emmanuel Habimana, Fonctionnement et Dysfonctionnement Cognitifs : Les âges de la vie (DysCo), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, and Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR)
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Social Psychology ,[SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology ,PsycINFO ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Genocide ,Humans ,Survivors ,Justice (ethics) ,Cooperative Behavior ,10. No inequality ,Crime Victims ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Jurisprudence ,Depression ,Transitional justice ,Rwanda ,Attendance ,Middle Aged ,16. Peace & justice ,Psychodynamics ,Mental health ,030227 psychiatry ,Clinical Psychology ,Female ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Objective We tested the psychological correlates of the Gacaca tribunals, a massive program of transitional justice put in place by the Rwandan government following the 1994 genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi. Method The sample consisted of 679 Rwandese participants, among which 373 (55%) were survivors of the genocide. We contrasted three groups of participants: (1) those who had never attended the Gacaca (N = 229), the control group, (2) those who had attended without testifying (N = 275), the attendance group, and (3) those who had attended and testified (N = 120), the testimony group. In the analyses, we controlled for the level of genocide-related negative consequences that participants reported. Results The attendance group presented lower levels of PTSD and depression symptoms than both the control and testimony groups. Both attendance and testimony groups had more positive opinions of the Gacaca and higher openness to reconciliation than the control group. Conclusions contrary to what has been reported in two previous studies, participation in the Gacaca was not, in our data, negatively related to mental health or to social cohesion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2020
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.