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© 2017 Cambridge Philosophical Society Climate change is driving a pervasive global redistribution of the planet's species. Species redistribution poses new questions for the study of ecosystems, conservation science and human societies that require a coordinated and integrated approach. Here we review recent progress, key gaps and strategic directions in this nascent research area, emphasising emerging themes in species redistribution biology, the importance of understanding underlying drivers and the need to anticipate novel outcomes of changes in species ranges. We highlight that species redistribution has manifest implications across multiple temporal and spatial scales and from genes to ecosystems. Understanding range shifts from ecological, physiological, genetic and biogeographical perspectives is essential for informing changing paradigms in conservation science and for designing conservation strategies that incorporate changing population connectivity and advance adaptation to climate change. Species redistributions present challenges for human well-being, environmental management and sustainable development. By synthesising recent approaches, theories and tools, our review establishes an interdisciplinary foundation for the development of future research on species redistribution. Specifically, we demonstrate how ecological, conservation and social research on species redistribution can best be achieved by working across disciplinary boundaries to develop and implement solutions to climate change challenges. Future studies should therefore integrate existing and complementary scientific frameworks while incorporating social science and human-centred approaches. Finally, we emphasise that the best science will not be useful unless more scientists engage with managers, policy makers and the public to develop responsible and socially acceptable options for the global challenges arising from species redistributions.

Distributions of Earth's species are changing at accelerating rates, increasingly driven by humanmediated climate change. Such changes are already altering the composition of ecological communities, but beyond conservation of natural systems, how and why does this matter? We review evidence that climate-driven species redistribution at regional to global scales affects ecosystem functioning, human well-being, and the dynamics of climate change itself. Production of natural resources required for food security, patterns of disease transmission, and processes of carbon sequestration are all altered by changes in species distribution. Consideration of these effects of biodiversity redistribution is critical yet lacking in most mitigation and adaptation strategies, including the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals.

Objective To determine the integrity of the sperm plasma membrane, mitochondria, and DNA, which are essential for accurate transmission of genetic material to offspring, and to quantify possible apoptosis and investigate any relationship between these parameters in ejaculated sperm from men with or without varicoceles. Design Retrospective study. Setting University teaching hospital. Patient(s) Twenty-five patients with varicocele and 10 normal, fertile controls. Intervention(s) Apoptosis-related phenotype activations including the plasma membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine, mitochondrial dysfunction, and nuclear DNA damage, were assessed by using the annexin-V/propidium iodide double staining assay, 3,3'-dihexloxacarbocyanine iodide staining assay, and single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay). Main Outcome Measure(s) Apoptosis-related phenotype. Result(s) Patients with varicocele had statistically significantly more annexin V live sperm cells and nuclear DNA fragmentation than did the control men. In contrast, their numbers of 3,3′-dihexloxacarbocyanine iodide live cells were statistically significantly less than those in control men. Conclusion(s) The increased externalization of phosphatidylserine, mitochondrial dysfunction, and nuclear DNA damage occurred in the sperm of men with varicoceles, suggesting that certain apoptotic mechanisms may relate to the condition of varicocele, originating in the mitochondria of spermatocytes and then functioning within the nucleus of the cell.

Three ml of semen collected from 20 volunteers were divided into three aliquots: a) semen cryopreserved for 48 hr then swim-up method; b) using swim-up method then cryopreserving for 48 h; and c) using 45%-90% two layers PureSperm to prepare sperm then cryopreserved for 48 h. Motility characteristics were evaluated before cryopreservation and after thawing. NO was measured using the chemiluminescence method after centrifugation. The recovery rate and motion parameters were the highest in the swim-up group. NO produced in the swim-up group was significantly lower than the PureSperm group, and the PureSperm group was lower than the semen treated with cryoprotectant group. Best semen quality was achieved due to the decreased NO production.

Electrophysiologic study and radiofrequency ablation therapy were performed in 23 patients with atypical (8 patients) or multiple (15) atrioventricular node reentry tachycardias. Dual pathways with anterograde fast and slow pathway conductions were demonstrated in 16 patients. Studies on retrograde conduction revealed the presence of three different pathways, including fast (15 patients), intermediate (17), and slow (16). The radiofrequency current was applied to the inferior aspect, one-third anterior two-thirds posterior between the His bundle and the ostium of the coronary sinus, of Koch's triangle along the tricuspid annulus in all patients. Application of the current resulted in selective ablation or modification of both retrograde intermediate and slow pathway conductions in 20 patients. In two patients retrograde fast pathway conduction was also modified. Complete atrioventricular block occurred in the remaining patient. Sixteen patients had no induction of tachycardia or echo, 4 had induction of a single echo, and 2 had induction of the slow-fast form tachycardia; one of those 2 patients underwent a second trial and was successful. A median application of 2 was delivered at a power of 25 +/- 5 W and a duration of 18 +/- 4 sec. The total fluoroscopic time was 25 +/- 21 minutes. The anterograde fast pathway conduction was unaffected; the shortest atrial paced cycle length that sustained 1:1 fast pathway conduction was 329 +/- 65 msec and 330 +/- 68 msec before and after ablation, respectively. A follow-up electrophysiologic study was performed in 16 patients 60 +/- 15 days after ablation. Eleven had no induction of tachycardia or echo, and five had induction of < 3 echoes. This study demonstrated that radiofrequency ablation with the inferior approach is effective and safe in atypical or multiple atrioventricular node reentry tachycardias. It resulted in ablation of the slow pathway and retrograde intermediate pathway conduction with preserved atrioventricular conduction.

The filamentous fungus Monascus pilosus was genetically transformed with a reporter plasmid, pMS-1.5hp, by aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) treatment to obtain an efficient red-pigment producing mutant. The transformation efficiency of Monascus pilosus was higher with the ATA-treatment than with either a non-restriction-enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) or a REMI method. This valid and convenient random mutagenesis method shows that ATA can be applied in fungi for efficient genetic transformation.

Objective To present male gender preselection after successive gestational hyperandrogenism and female pseudohermaphroditism by pregnancy luteomas. Design Case report. Setting University-based teaching hospital. Patient(s) We describe herein a gravida who presented two successive 46, XX disorders of sex development with apparent female genitalia with an enlarged clitoris due to maternal androgen excess from pregnancy luteoma. The maternal hyperandrogenemia returned to a normal level and bilateral luteoma regressed spontaneously postpartum. After gender preselection by Y-bearing spermatozoa for intrauterine insemination at the third gestation, a healthy boy was born in spite of the exaggerated maternal androgen production of pregnancy luteoma to avoid 46, XX disorders of sex development. Intervention(s) Y-bearing spermatozoa for intrauterine insemination as male gender preselection. Main Outcome Measure(s) Boy born after gender preselection for intrauterine insemination and cesarean section. Result(s) Healthy boy born without disorder of sex development after antenatal maternal androgen excess of ovarian luteoma. Conclusion(s) Successive pregnancy luteomas associated with maternal hyperandrogenism may cause female disorders of sex development. Male preselection ameliorates the insult of external genitalia ambiguity by antenatal androgen excess in this matter of concern.

This study was conducted to compare pregnancy rates following two different timings of intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovarian stimulated cycles. This retrospective study included 135 couples undergoing treatment for infertility. IUI was performed at either 24 hr or 36 hr after hCG injection. Pregnancy rates did not differ between the two groups or in subgroups receiving different methods of ovarian stimulation. Pregnancy rates were similar when IUI was performed at either 24 or 36 hr after hCG injection in ovarian stimulated cycles.

The ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is often observed in patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART). In severe form OHSS is a serious and potentially life-threatening. Here we report a 36-year-old woman with primary infertility due to endometriosis who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Ten days later, severe late-onset ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, severe ascites and pulmonary effusion, developed. Continuous abdominal paracentesis of 5000 mL/day was performed on the third day. With this procedure, ascitic fluid was drained efficiently and the patient's condition improved. This report suggests that early continuous abdominal paracentesis with drainage of ascitic fluid is an efficacious procedure for management of the severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome as soon as euvolemia is achieved clinically.

Increased DNA fragmentation is found in sperm from infertile men. Varicocele is an important cause of male infertility, even though it is present in 15% of men who father children. Semen analysis does not always identify infertility in these patients. Sperm motility is strongly correlated with male fertility potential. The goal of this study was to determine the correlation between apoptosis and kinematics in the ejaculated spermatozoa of patients affected by varicocele. Fresh semen samples were obtained from 30 patients with varicocele and 15 fertile controls. These samples were compared using computer-assisted semen analysis and were assayed to determine the degree of sperm apoptosis. The apoptotic index (AI) was calculated by dividing the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) stained spermatozoa by the total number of Hoechst 33258-stained sperm cells for 300 sperm. Five microscopic fields were analyzed to obtain 5 AIs for each individual. Results demonstrated no significant difference in semen quality and sperm motion characteristics; however, a significantly higher AI (23.05% +/- 4.07%: mean difference +/- SE, 95% CI, 15.06%-31.03%, P

A 38-year-old man with no significant structural heart disease suffered from one episode of wide QRS tachycardia. The electrocardiogram showed a PR interval of 0.20 second and a QRS duration of 0.10 second. His bundle recording revealed an HV interval of 90–100 ms. The tachycardia was inducible with programmed stimulation and displayed a QRS morphology of complete left bundle branch block. It was characterized by an atrioventricular dissociation, a cycle length of 280 ms, and an H deflection preceding each QRS complex. Pacing from the right ventricular apex at a cycle length of 270 ms entrained the tachycardia, while at a cycle length of 260 ms, the tachycardia was terminated. Four years later, the patient presented with complete atrioventricular block with a wide QRS escape rhythm. An electrophysiologic study conducted while he was in 1:1 atrioventricular conduction showed an HV interval of 100 ms. Second-degree infrahisian block developed at an atrial paced cycle length of 700 ms. There was no induction of tachycardia with programmed stimulation before or after isoproterenol. The patient was treated with an implantation of a permanent pacemaker.

An electrophysiologic study followed by transcatheter radiofrequency ablation therapy was performed in two adult patients with a permanent form of junctional tachycardia. Both patients had no structural heart disease and exhibited a normal resting ECG. The P wave during tachycardia was negative in leads 1, 3, and a VF, biphasic over V 6 , and positive in V 1 and aVL in both patients, while the P-R/R-P interval ratio during tachycardia was 0.82 and 0.36, respectively, in both patients. Both patients displayed an eccentric atrial activation sequence with the earliest atrial activation occurring at the distal coronary sinus and a decremental retrograde conduction property during incremental ventricular pacing, suggesting the presence of a concealed slowly conducting left free wall accessory pathway. The tachycardia used the normal atrioventricular pathway for anterograde conduction and the concealed slow left accessory pathway for retrograde conduction. It was terminated following adenosine administration in both patients; termination of tachycardia was due to a block in the retrograde accessory pathway in one patient and due to a block in the atrioventricular node in the other patient. Radiofrequency ablation was performed by the retrograde transaortic approach. The radiofrequency current was delivered to the site of the earliest atrial activation during tachycardia at the ventricular aspect of the mitral annulus. The successful ablation site had a ventriculoatrial (VA) interval of 120 and 130 ms, respectively, and was located at the posterolateral and lateral aspects of the mitral annulus. Following ablation, there was no VA conduction; however, conduction through the normal atrioventricular pathway was noted during isoproterenol infusion in both patients. There was no induction of tachycardia. This study demonstrates that the permanent form of junctional tachycardia in adults can incorporate a concealed left free wall accessory pathway with a decremental property. Radiofrequency ablation therapy is effective and safe in this form of arrhythmia.