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Background/aim Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by increased recurrence and poor survival. Mounting evidence suggests that interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a role in carcinogenesis, however, little is known about the contribution of IL-10 to TNBC. The study evaluated the contribution of IL-10 promoter A-1082G (rs1800896), T-819C (rs3021097), A-592C (rs1800872) genotypes to the risk of TNBC. Materials and methods IL-10 genotypes were examined among 1,232 breast cancer patients and 1,232 controls and evaluated. Results The percentages of AG and GG for IL-10 A-1082G genotypes were higher in the breast cancer patient group than in the control group. The GG genotype carriers were of higher risk for breast cancer [odds ratio (OR)=2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.28-3.21, p=0.0021]. Interestingly, G allele carriers were of higher risk of TNBC (OR=1.25, 95%CI=1.07-1.46, p=0.0050). Conclusion The G allele of IL-10 A-1082G genotype may serve as a predictor for TNBC risk. The finding should be validated in other populations.

Background/aim The current study aimed at evaluating the contribution of IL-13 promoter rs1881457 and rs1800925 genotypes to the risk of breast cancer in Taiwan. Materials and methods A total of 1,232 breast cancer cases and 1,232 age-matched controls were genotyped by typical polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methodology. Results As for IL-13 rs1881457, the rates of AA, AC and CC genotypes were 54.8, 37.9 and 7.3% among the cases, and 53.8, 38.7 and 7.5% among the healthy controls, respectively; there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (p for trend=0.8889). Also, regarding IL-13 rs1800925, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups either (p for trend=0.6803). Furthermore, the allelic frequencies for IL-13 rs1881457 and rs1800925 were not differentially distributed between the case and control groups (p=0.6515 and 0.8753, respectively). Conclusion The rs1881457 and rs1800925 IL-13 promoter polymorphisms may not serve as breast cancer susceptibility determinants for Taiwanese.

Background/aim The family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for the homeostasis of extracellular matrix components and their genetic polymorphisms may be associated with cancer susceptibility. The serum levels of MMP-1 have been reported to be lower in breast cancer patients than healthy subjects. In the current study, we aimed at investigating the contribution of a polymorphism in the promoter region of MMP-1 to breast cancer in Taiwan. Materials and methods The MMP-1 rs1799705 polymorphic genotypes were genotyped among 1,232 breast cancer patients and 1,232 healthy controls by the typical polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology. Results The percentages of 2G/2G, 1G/2G, and 1G/1G for MMP1 -1607 genotypes were 35.4, 40.6 and 24.0% in the breast cancer group and 34.1, 43.6, and 22.3% in the healthy control group (p trend=0.3025), respectively. The odds ratios (ORs) after adjusting for age, smoking and alcohol drinking status for those carrying 1G/2G and 1G/1G genotypes at MMP1 -1607 were 0.93 (95%CI=0.76-1.11, p=0.2390) and 1.01 (95%CI=0.77-1.23, p=0.7377), respectively, compared to those carrying the wild-type 2G/2G genotype. Supporting this finding, the adjusted OR for those carrying the 1G allele at MMP-1 -1607 was 1.03 (95%CI=0.91-1.18, p=0.8860), compared to those carrying the wild-type 2G allele. Our findings suggest that the polymorphic genotypes at MMP1 promoter -1607 investigated in the current study, may not play a major role in determining cancer susceptibility to breast cancer in Taiwan. Other early diagnostic and predictive markers are urgently needed for personalized and precise breast cancer detection and therapy.

Compared with other subgroups of breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is considered to be the one with the greatest invasiveness and metastatic mobility, and the highest recurrence rate. Considering the lack of predictive markers for TNBC, we aimed to examine the contribution of excision repair cross complementing-group 1 (ERCC1) genotypes to TNBC. The rs11615 and rs3212986 of ERCC1 were investigated and evaluated for their associations with susceptibility to breast cancer, especially TNBC, in Taiwan. In this study, 1,232 breast cancer patients (104 were TNBC) and 1,232 healthy controls were recruited and their genotypes at ERCC1 rs11615 and rs3212986 were revealed by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Our results indicated that genotypes of ERCC1 rs11615 (Ptrend = 2.2*10E-9), but not rs3212986 (Ptrend = 0.6181), were associated with breast cancer risk. In the allelic frequency distribution analysis, breast cancer patients carried the T allele of ERCC1 rs11615 a higher rate than the control subjects, further supporting the idea that ERCC1 rs11615 TT genotype is positively associated with breast cancer susceptibility. More importantly, the frequency of the ERCC1 rs11615 TT genotype was even higher among TNBC patients than among other subtypes of breast cancer patients (P = 0.0001, odds ratio = 1.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.15-2.63). The genotypes of ERCC1 rs11615 were not associated with Ki67 status. Our findings firstly show that the T allele of ERCC1 rs11615 can serve as a predictive biomarker for breast cancer and TNBC. We believe that ERCC1 could serve as a target for personalized treatment of breast cancer, especially for TNBC.

BACKGROUND/AIM The family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) controls homeostasis of the extracellular matrix and their genetic polymorphisms may be associated with personal cancer susceptibility. The serum levels of MMP8 was reported to be higher in patients with breast cancer than in healthy individuals. In this study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of a polymorphism in the promoter region of MMP8 (-799C/T) and two nonsynonymous polymorphisms (Val436Ala and Lys460Thr) to breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS MMP8 -799C/T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr polymorphic genotypes were determined for 1,232 patients with breast cancer and 1,232 healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology. RESULTS The odds ratios (ORs) after adjusting for age, gender, smoking and alcohol drinking status for those carrying CT and TT genotypes at the MMP8 promoter C-799T were 1.03 (95% CI=0.88-1.23, p=0.7475) and 1.08 (95% CI=0.91-1.53, p=0.3561), respectively, compared to those carrying the wild-type CC genotype. The OR for the combined T-bearing genotypes were of a similar non-significant level (OR=1.05, 95% CI=0.90-1.26, p=0.5176). Supporting this finding, the adjusted OR for those carrying the T allele at MMP8 C-799T was 1.05 (95% CI=0.86-1.21, p=0.3797), compared to those carrying the wild-type C allele. There was also no significant association of MMP8 Lys460Thr with breast cancer. There was no polymorphic genotype at MMP8 Val436Ala found among any of the investigated individuals. CONCLUSION MMP8 -799C/T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr polymorphisms may only play an indirect role in determining personal cancer susceptibility to breast cancer in Taiwan.

Background Monthly goserelin 3.6 mg dosing suppresses estradiol (E2) production and has proven efficacy in pre-menopausal women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. This non-inferiority study evaluated the efficacy and safety of 3-monthly goserelin 10.8 mg compared with monthly goserelin 3.6 mg. Methods This was a Phase 3, open-label, multicenter trial. Pre-menopausal women with ER-positive advanced breast cancer were randomized to 3-monthly goserelin 10.8 mg or monthly goserelin 3.6 mg; all patients received concomitant tamoxifen (20 mg daily). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) rate at 24 weeks; non-inferiority was to be confirmed if the entire 95 % confidence interval (CI) for the treatment difference was above −17.5 %. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), serum E2 levels, safety, and tolerability. Results In total, 222 patients were randomized (goserelin 10.8 mg, n = 109; goserelin 3.6 mg, n = 113). PFS rate at week 24 was 61.5 % (goserelin 10.8 mg) and 60.2 % (goserelin 3.6 mg); treatment difference (95 % CI) was 1.3 % (−11.4, 13.9), confirming non-inferiority of goserelin 10.8 mg compared with goserelin 3.6 mg. ORR was 23.9 % (goserelin 10.8 mg) and 26.9 % (goserelin 3.6 mg); treatment difference (95 % CI) was −3.0 % (−15.5, 9.7). At week 24, mean serum E2 concentrations were similar in the goserelin 10.8 mg and goserelin 3.6 mg groups (20.3 pg/mL and 24.8 pg/mL, respectively). Conclusion A regimen of 3-monthly goserelin 10.8 mg demonstrated non-inferiority compared with monthly goserelin 3.6 mg for PFS rate at 24 weeks, with similar pharmacodynamic and safety profiles, in pre-menopausal women with ER-positive breast cancer.

Summary Background The oral AKT inhibitor ipatasertib is being investigated in cancers with a high prevalence of PI3K/AKT pathway activation, including triple-negative breast cancer. The LOTUS trial investigated the addition of ipatasertib to paclitaxel as first-line therapy for triple-negative breast cancer. Methods In this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 trial, women aged 18 years or older with measurable, inoperable, locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer previously untreated with systemic therapy were recruited from 44 hospitals in South Korea, the USA, France, Spain, Taiwan, Singapore, Italy, and Belgium. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intravenous paclitaxel 80 mg/m 2 (days 1, 8, 15) with either ipatasertib 400 mg or placebo once per day (days 1–21) every 28 days until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Randomisation was by stratified permuted blocks (block size of four) using an interactive web-response system with three stratification criteria: previous (neo)adjuvant therapy, chemotherapy-free interval, and tumour PTEN status. The co-primary endpoints were progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population and progression-free survival in the PTEN-low (by immunohistochemistry) population. This ongoing trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02162719). Findings Between Sept 2, 2014, and Feb 4, 2016, 166 patients were assessed for eligibility and 124 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to paclitaxel plus ipatasertib (n=62) or paclitaxel plus placebo (n=62). Median follow-up was 10·4 months (IQR 6·5–14·1) in the ipatasertib group and 10·2 months (6·0–13·6) in the placebo group. Median progression-free survival in the intention-to-treat population was 6·2 months (95% CI 3·8–9·0) with ipatasertib versus 4·9 months (3·6–5·4) with placebo (stratified hazard ratio [HR] 0·60, 95% CI 0·37–0·98; p=0·037) and in the 48 patients with PTEN-low tumours, median progression-free survival was 6·2 months (95% CI 3·6–9·1) with ipatasertib versus 3·7 months (1·9–7·3) with placebo (stratified HR 0·59, 95% CI 0·26–1·32, p=0·18). The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events were diarrhoea (14 [23%] of 61 ipatasertib-treated patients vs none of 62 placebo-treated patients), neutrophil count decreased (five [8%] vs four [6%]), and neutropenia (six [10%] vs one [2%]). No colitis, grade 4 diarrhoea, or treatment-related deaths were reported with ipatasertib. One treatment-related death occurred in the placebo group. Serious adverse events were reported in 17 (28%) of 61 patients in the ipatasertib group and nine (15%) of 62 patients in the placebo group. Interpretation Progression-free survival was longer in patients who received ipatasertib than in those who received placebo. To our knowledge, these are the first results supporting AKT-targeted therapy for triple-negative breast cancer. Ipatasertib warrants further investigation for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Funding F Hoffmann-La Roche.

Background/aim The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes are in charge of degradation of various components of the extracellular matrix and their functional genetic polymorphisms may be associated with cancer susceptibility. The functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of MMP7 (A-181G and C-153T) have been reported to influence the binding capacity of nuclear proteins and may contribute to genetic susceptibility to cancer. In this study, we focused on investigating the contribution of the genotypes of MMP7 (A-181G and C-153T) to breast cancer in Taiwan. Materials and methods These two polymorphisms were genotyped in 1,232 patients with breast cancer and 1,232 controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology. Results The odds ratios (ORs) after adjusting for age, family history of cancer, smoking and alcohol drinking status for those carrying AG and GG genotypes at MMP7 promoter A-181G were 1.22 (95%CI=0.91-1.63, p=0.2235) and 2.84 (95%CI=1.64-7.48, p=0.0007) respectively, compared to those carrying the wild-type AA genotype. Supporting this finding, the adjusted OR for those carrying the G allele at MMP7 promoter A-181G was 1.57 (95%CI=1.29-1.93, p=0.0008), compared to those carrying the wild-type A allele. There was no polymorphic genotype at MMP7 C-153T found among any of the investigated individuals. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the MMP7 A-181G polymorphisms may play a role in determining personal cancer susceptibility and GG genotype at MMP7 A-181G may serve as a biomarker for early detection and prediction of breast cancer in Taiwanese.

Aim To assess the safety and tolerability of adjuvant subcutaneous trastuzumab (Herceptin ® SC, H SC), delivered from an H SC Vial via hand-held syringe (Cohort A) or single-use injection device (Cohort B), with or without chemotherapy, for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive stage I to IIIC early breast cancer (EBC) in the phase III SafeHer study (NCT01566721). Methods Patients received 600 mg fixed-dose H SC every 3 weeks for 18 cycles. The chemotherapy partner was at the investigators' discretion (H SC monotherapy was limited to ≤10% of the population). Data from the first H SC dose until 28 days (plus a 5-day window) after the last dose are presented. Results are descriptive. Results In the overall population, 2282/2573 patients (88.7%) experienced adverse events (AEs). Of the above, 128 (5.0%) patients experienced AEs leading to study drug discontinuation; 596 (23.2%) experienced grade ≥ 3 AEs and 326 (12.7%) experienced serious AEs. Grade ≥ 3 cardiac disorders were reported in 24 patients (0.9%), including congestive heart failure in eight (0.3%). As expected, the AE rates varied according to the timing of chemotherapy in both cohorts, with higher rates in concurrent versus sequential chemotherapy subgroups. In the concurrent chemotherapy subgroup, AEs were more common during the actual period of concurrent chemotherapy compared with the period when patients did not receive concurrent chemotherapy. Conclusion SafeHer confirms the safety and tolerability of the H SC 600 mg fixed dose for 1 year (every 3 weeks for 18 cycles) as adjuvant therapy with concurrent or sequential chemotherapy for HER2-positive EBC. These primary analysis results are consistent with the known safety profile for intravenous H and H SC.

Aim PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) has comparable efficacy and differing toxicity from conventional anthracyclines used to treat advanced breast cancer. This study compared disease-free survival and toxicity between PLD-based and conventional anthracycline-based regimens as adjuvant treatments for early-stage breast cancer. Methods We analyzed disease-free survival (DFS) rates, and adverse events in 102 women with early-stage (I-IIIa) breast cancer who received adjuvant PLD-based chemotherapy from 2002 to 2008. Each patient was matched for age, stage at diagnosis, HER-2 expression and hormone therapy use to a patient treated with an epirubicin-based regimen. Fisher's exact and Pearson's chi-square tests were used for categorical data analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression models were used to analyze DFS. Results DFS at 5 years was 81.3% for PLD-based regimen and 82.3% for epirubicin-based regimen. This difference was not significant (p = 0.939). Stage IIIa disease was associated with a shorter DFS in univariate analysis (p = 0.048). In multivariate analysis that controlled for adjuvant treatment, age at diagnosis, stage, HER-2 expression, type of surgery and hormone and radiation therapy, stage IIIa disease (P = 0.023) and lack of hormone therapy (P = 0.024) were each independently associated with shorter DFS. Adverse events were evaluated, and with the exception of hand-foot syndrome, more grade 3 and 4 toxicities occurred in patients who received epirubicin-based regimens than in those given PLD-based regimens. Conclusion For patients with early-stage breast cancer who received PLD-based adjuvant chemotherapy, 5-year DFS was comparable and toxicity was acceptable, yet different from those of patients who received epirubicin-based regimens.

Conventional anthracyclines play an essential role for the treatment of breast cancer and have potent cytotoxic activity, but are associated with severe toxicity. In metastatic breast cancer, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) is a formulation with efficacy similar to conventional doxorubicin but with reduced toxicity. This multicenter study evaluated the efficacy and safety of PLD-based adjuvant chemotherapy for women with stage I-III operable breast cancer.One hundred and eighty women with stage I-III breast cancer who received PLD-based adjuvant chemotherapy at six different Institutions in Taiwan from February 2002 to March 2008 were included and followed-up until April 2015. Treatment efficacy was determined by disease-free survival (DFS) rate and safety was evaluated by adverse events.The 5- and 10-year DFS rates were 76.3 and 72.6%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that tumor size5 cm (p=0.045; hazard ratio=3.31) and stage III (hazard ratio=3.54; p=0.019) were each associated with shorter DFS. Only stage III (hazard ratio=5.60; p=0.018) retained statistical significance with regard to DFS in the multivariate analysis. Grade 3/4 hematological toxicity was neutropenia (n=13; 7.2%). The women receiving PLD had low-grade 3 or 4 nausea/vomiting, mucositis, and alopecia. Grade 3 hand-foot syndrome occurred in three patients (1.7%).PLD could be considered an effective and safe alternative to conventional anthracyclines in the treatment of stage I-III operable breast cancer.

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human lung cancer cells may contribute to lung cancer metastasis. It has been reported that EGCG can inhibit tumorigenesis and cancer cell growth in lung cancer; however, the effect of EGCG on EMT in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells has not been investigated. In this study, we found that NSCLC cells A549 and H1299 were converted to the fibroblastic phenotype in response to TGF-β. Epithelial marker E-cadherin was down-regulated, and mesenchymal marker vimentin was up-regulated simultaneously. Our results illustrated that TGF-β was able to induce EMT in NSCLC cells, and EGCG would reverse TGF-β-induced morphological changes, up-regulate the expression of E-cadherin, and down-regulate the expression of vimentin. Immunofluorescent staining also demonstrated that E-cadherin was up-regulated and that vimentin was down-regulated by EGCG pretreatment. Moreover, wound-healing and the in vitro invasion assay showed that EGCG could inhibit TGF-β-induced migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. By using the dual-luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that EGCG inhibited TGF-β-induced EMT at the transcriptional level. EGCG decreased the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Erk1/2, inhibited the nuclear translocation of Smad2, and repressed the expression of transcription factors ZEB1, Snail, Slug, and Twist, and up-regulated the expression of E-cadherin. In summary, our results suggest that EGCG can inhibit TGF-β-induced EMT via down-regulation of phosphorylated Smad2 and Erk1/2 in NSCLC cells.

Preclinical data indicate that the combination of docetaxel, cisplatin and trastuzumab (TCH) may have the potential for clinically significant activity against breast cancers that overexpress the her2/neu gene (HER2). An open-label phase II trial was designed to investigate the response rate and toxicity profile of TCH in breast cancer patients with a primary tumor 2-5 cm in diameter (T2) in its original size.Thirty breast cancer patients with HER2-overexpressing tumors were enrolled. Patients received 6 cycles of docetaxel at 60 mg/m(2) and cisplatin at 50 mg/m(2) given on day 1 and then every 21 days. Trastuzumab was given on day 1, cycle 1 (4 mg/kg), and then continued weekly at 2 mg/kg for 1 year or until disease progression. Tumor measurements were obtained at baseline as well as after 3 and 6 cycles of chemotherapy.We identified 29 breast cancer patients in Taiwan, of whom 13 (44.8%) had pathological complete responses. No cardiac toxicity was observed. Hematologic grade 4 or 3 toxicities were observed in 1 of 28 patients. Non-hematologic grade 4 or 3 toxicities with a reverse pattern were observed in 6 of 29 patients.The results of our study indicate that TCH neoadjuvant chemotherapy is feasible and active in T2 HER2-overexpressing breast cancer patients in terms of pathological complete response rate, complete response, partial response and manageable toxicities.

Breast cancer is the most common female cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death among women in Taiwan. We measured urinary nucleoside levels in female breast cancer patients (n=36) to evaluate the diagnostic value of nucleosides as potential tumor markers.Purification of urinary nucleosides was performed using a 96-well solid phase extraction (SPE, cation-exchange column) procedure to decrease the variation between the single column preparations and to shorten the pretreatment time. Cation-exchange allows for the comprehensive purification of modified nucleosides, such as 2-deoxynucleosides, that are not purifiable by phenylboronic acid-based SPE. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode was used to quantify multiple nucleosides. Tubercidin was used as an internal standard. The qualitative parameters, retention time, and the parent and daughter ions used revealed that the method was more specific and sensitive than traditional UV detection.Urinary levels of 3 nucleosides, cytidine, 3-methylcytidine, and inosine were significantly higher in breast cancer patients than in normal controls (p0.01). The discriminative powers of cytidine, 3-methylcytidine, and inosine were 58%, 58%, and 62%, respectively.LC/MS/MS is a highly specific and sensitive method for rapidly screening a large number of urinary nucleosides that may be potential cancer markers. The 3-methylcytidine may be a candidate marker for breast cancer.

The DNA repair gene XPD, an important caretaker of the overall genome stability, is thought to play a major role in the development of human malignancy. Polymorphic variants of XPD, at Asp312Asn (rs1799793), Lys751Gln (rs13181), and promoter C-114G (rs3810366), were chosen to be studied of their association with breast cancer susceptibility in a central Taiwanese population. In this hospital-based case-control study, the associations of XPD Asp312Asn, Lys751Gln and promoter C-114G polymorphisms with breast cancer risk were investigated. In total, 1232 patients with breast cancer and 1433 healthy controls recruited from the China Medical Hospital in Central Taiwan were genotyped. We found a significant difference in the frequency of the XPD Asp312Asn genotype, but not the XPD Lys751Gln or promoter C-114G genotypes, between the breast cancer and control groups. Those who had G/A or A/A at XPD Asp312Asn showed a 1.78-fold (95% confidence interval = 1.53-2.08) increased risk of breast cancer compared to those with G/G. As for XPD Lys751Gln or promoter C-114G, there was no difference in distribution between the breast cancer and control groups. Our findings suggest that the heterozygous and homozygous A allele of the XPD Asp312Asn may be associated with the development of breast cancer and may be a useful marker for primary prevention and anticancer intervention.

Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) has been proven to be an effective antitumor drug for metastatic breast cancer, with less toxicity than conventional anthracycline. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PLD-based adjuvant chemotherapy compared to conventional chemotherapy for patients with stages I-III Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).A total of 162 patients, histologically proven to have TNBC at stages I-III between 2003 and 2010, were enrolled to evaluate the impact of PLD- and non-PLD-based adjuvant chemotherapy by using the end-pint of overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS).Forty-nine (30.2%) patients received PLD-based adjuvant chemotherapy and 113 (69.8%) a non-PLD regimen, including 84 (52%) patients receiving non-PLD anthracycline. The Kaplan-Meier calculation indicated no differences in RFS and OS between the PLD and non-PLD groups. Multivariate analysis adjusted for tumor size and lymph node status also revealed similar RFS (HR=0.86, 95% CI=0.43-1.73, p=0.678) and OS (HR=0.86, 95% CI=0.41-1.79, p=0.692) for PLD-based chemotherapy compared with non-PLD-based. Patients receiving PLD-based chemotherapy had a relatively lower incidence of grade 3-4 neutropenia (25% vs. 41.6%, respectively; p=0.054) and significantly higher incidence of hand-foot syndrome (16.3% vs. 4.4%, respectively; p=0.010).PLD-based adjuvant chemotherapy was as effective as conventional chemotherapy for patients with TNBC. PLD is an alternative for patients with TNBC when conventional anthracycline is inappropriate.

Overexpression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) has been suggested to be associated with breast carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of genotypic polymorphisms in COX-2 to breast cancer risk of Taiwanese females. In total, 1,232 breast cancer patients and 1,232 healthy controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methodology. Six polymorphic variants of COX-2, including G-1195A (rs689466), G-765C (rs20417), T8473C (rs5275), intron 1 (rs2745557), intron 5 (rs16825748) and intron 6 (rs2066826) were examined. The results showed that the GC genotype of COX-2, G-765C was associated with a lower risk compared to the wild-type GG genotype (odds ratio(OR)=0.66, 95% confidence interval(CI)=0.53-0.83, p=0.0005). The C allele of COX-2 G-765C was significantly more frequently found in controls than in cancer patients (p=0.0006). In addition, the OR of the GG/AG+AA, GC/GG and GC/AG+AA at G-765C/Intron 1 combined genotypes compared to wild-type GG/GG genotype were 0.79 (95%CI=0.66-0.96; p=0.0166), 0.61 (95%CI=0.48-0.78; p=0.0001), and 0.71 (95%CI=0.36-1.37; p=0.3040), respectively. As for the combination of G-765C and intron 6, the OR of the GG/AG+AA, GC/GG and GC/AG+AA combined genotypes compared with wild-type GG/GG reference genotype were 0.79 (95%CI=0.62-1.01; p=0.0561), 0.63 (95%CI=0.50-0.81; p=0.0003), and 0.68 (95%CI=0.38-1.21; p=0.1897), respectively. Our results indicate that the C allele of COX-2, G-765C was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer in Taiwan, and could serve as an early detection and predictive marker for breast cancer risk.

We assessed the effect of zoledronic acid on quality of life (QOL) and pain outcome in breast cancer patients with bone metastases using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer bone metastases module (EORTC QLQ-BM22).Three hundred sixty-six breast cancer patients receiving zoledronic acid for bone metastases from 13 Centers were prospectively enrolled. QOL was evaluated using the EORTC QLQ-BM22 and pain outcome were measured monthly with a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score for 24 months.No significant change of functional scale (functional interference and psychosocial aspects) of the EORTC QLQ-BM22 was reported. Significant reduction of the symptom scale was noted after treatment compared with the baseline. The painful site subscale was significantly reduced during the first 12 months, with the exception the 6-month follow-up of point. Pain characteristics subscale was also significantly lower from the 2-month time point onwards. VAS scores indicated a significant reduction in pain over the course of the study to the 22-month time point follow-up compared to the baseline.Zoledronic acid treatment improved QOL of breast cancer patients with bone metastases by relieving bone pain.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the genotypic polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and its interaction with early-onset breast cancer risk in Taiwan. Two well-known polymorphic variants of MTHFR, C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131), were analyzed and their joint effects with individual age- and estrogen-related factors on breast cancer risk were discussed. In total, 1,232 patients with breast cancer and 1,232 healthy controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The MTHFR C677T genotype, but not the A1298C, was differently distributed between cancer and control groups. The T allele of MTHFR C677T was significantly more frequently found in controls than in patients with cancer. In addition, females carrying MTHFR C677T CT or TT genotypes had a higher odds ratio of 1.21 (95% confidence interval=1.03-1.42, p=1.85E-5) for breast cancer, especially before the age of 45.4 years (odds ratio=1.51 and 95% confidence interval=1.20-1.90). Our results indicate that MTHFR C677T T allele was associated with increased risk of breast cancer in Taiwan, especially in cases who were 45.4 old or younger and with earlier menarche age (12.2 years).

The current study aimed to examine the impact of zoledronic acid therapy on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Taiwanese patients with bone metastases from breast cancer.Patients with bone metastases from breast cancer who received zoledronic acid according to the standards of care were enrolled in this observational phase IV study. HRQoL was measured monthly using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire 30 (QLQ-C30) and the breast cancer-specific module (BR-23) for 24 months.A total of 366 patients from 13 centers were enrolled. QLQ C-30 demonstrated that zoledronic acid improved the HRQoL in different aspects. In particular, a significant reduction of pain in the first 14 months and the 22-month follow-up was reported by patients. QLQ-BR23 indicated improved future perspective and breast symptom scores over the course of the study.These data confirm the HRQoL benefits and safety of zoledronic acid in Taiwanese patients with bone metastases from breast cancer.

Patients with node-negative breast cancer (NNBC) usually have a good prognosis, but tumor recurrence still compromises survival. In this study, we sought to identify clinical and pathologic factors that predict recurrence.A total of 716 patients who were proved with pT1-2N0M0 breast cancer between 2005 and 2009 were enrolled in this study.Forty-seven of the 716 patients developed tumor recurrence during the 47.0 months of median follow-up. The significant risk factors of recurrence were lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.60, 95% CI. 2.32-9.10) and Nottingham grade 3 (HR = 4.99, 95% CI. 1.06-23.48); adjuvant radiotherapy (HR = 0.35, 95% CI. 0.14-0.92) prevented tumor recurrence. Furthermore, we investigate the therapeutic impact of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy on patients with LVI and Nottingham grade 3. The adverse effect of LVI and grade 3 can be abrogated by adjuvant radiotherapy in recurrence-free survival (RFS) (LVI((+)) radiotherapy((+)) , no recurrence; grade 3((+)) radiotherapy((+)) , HR = 0.82, 95% CI. 0.18-3.70). However, adjuvant chemotherapy did not.LVI and Nottingham grade 3 were the independent risk factors predicting tumor recurrence for patients with NNBC. Adjuvant radiotherapy might be considered in NNBC patients with these unfavorable factors to improve the RFS.

Primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast (PNCB) are very rare and tumor markers for this indication are not well defined. We aim at reporting a case and providing a marker useful for prognosis and prediction of tumor recurrence for patients with PNCB.A 75-year-old woman presented with a slight painful lump in her left breast of more than 6 months duration. Prior to surgery, the serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (54.4 ng/ml; normal limit5.0 ng/ml) was significantly elevated. Ultrasonography identified a hypoechoic lesion. Mammography revealed a hyperdense lesion with a well-circumscribed margin. The patient underwent a modified radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection. Pathology showed tumor cells with neuroendocrine features, with diffuse immunopositivity for chromogranin and synaptophysin. The tumor cells were also strongly positive for progesterone and estrogen receptor, but negative for HER-2/neu expression. The CEA value gradually decreased to the normal range within one month after surgery. Neither recurrence nor distant metastasis has been detected at 20 months after surgery and hormone therapy with letrozole. The serial CEA levels were within normal limits in the follow-up period.The serum CEA level after surgery may be a potential marker for evaluating tumor recurrence or prognosis of patients with PNCB.

Alpha B-Crystallin (CRYAB) is purported to be a metastasis suppressor protein, and lack or lower CRYAB expression is a prognostic biomarker for several types of cancer, such as that of the prostate and head and neck. However, the association of genomic variation of CRYAB and breast cancer is not well studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of polymorphic genotypes of CRYAB with breast cancer within a Taiwanese population.In this hospital-based study, 1232 patients with breast cancer and an equal number of healthy controls in central Taiwan were genotyped via polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and the association of CRYAB A-1215G (rs2228387), C-802G (rs14133) and intron 2 (rs2070894) polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in a central Taiwanese population was investigated.Those individuals with CRYAB C-802G CG and GG genotypes had 1.50- and 2.22-fold risk for breast cancer than those with the CC genotype. As for the A-1215G and intron 2 polymorphisms, there was no significant association of the genotype with breast cancer risk. In allelic frequency analysis, the G allele CRYAB C-802G conferred a significantly (p=5.63×10(-10)) increased risk of breast cancer. Our results provide evidence that the G allele of CRYAB C-802G is correlated with breast cancer risk and this polymorphism may be a useful marker for early detection of breast cancer in clinical practice.

Japanese and American groups reported that single nucleotide variation of caveolin-1 gene (CAV1) plays an important role in breast cancer risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of six polymorphic genotypes of CAV1, which is reported to be overexpressed in tumors, with breast cancer within a Taiwanese population.A total of 1232 patients with breast cancer and equal number of healthy controls in central Taiwan were genotyped via polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and six polymorphic variants of CAV1 were analyzed for their association with breast cancer susceptibility.The distribution of genotypes of CAV1 G14713A and T29107A were significantly different between breast cancer and control groups (p=5.6×10(-5) and 1.9×10(-4), respectively), while those for CAV1 C239A, G21985A, T28608A and G32124A were not significant (p0.05). The percentages of AG genotype of G14713A and TT genotype of T29107A are higher in the cancer group than in the control group. The two single nucleotide polymorphisms were chosen for haplotype analysis and the data showed that compared with GG/TT haplotype of CAV1 G14713A/T29107A, the GG/AT and GG/AA groups have a lower risk of breast cancer (odds ratio, OR=0.69, 95% confidence interval, CI=0.57-0.92). On the contrary, the AG/TT haplotype confers a higher risk of breast cancer (OR=1.50, 95% CI=1.14-2.12).Our results provide evidence for CAV1 genotypes being involved in predisposition to breast cancer. The association of the potential risk haplotype agrees well with a role of CAV1 genotype in breast cancer risk and the association with tumor progression needs further investigation.

Many articles have reported the caveolin-1 gene to be down-regulated thus suggesting that it might be a candidate tumor suppressor gene in many tumors. However, its involvement in bladder cancer is not clear and may be depending on pathological grade. In this case-control study, the association of Cav-1 polymorphisms with bladder cancer risk in a central Taiwanese population was investigated. Three hundred and seventy-five patients with bladder cancer and the same number of age- and gender-matched healthy controls were genotyped. There were significant differences between bladder cancer and control groups in the distributions of their genotypes (P = 1.0 x 10(-12) and 0.299) and allelic frequencies (P = 1.4 x 10(-14) and 6.2 x 10(-3)) in the Cav-1 G14713A (rs3807987) and T29107A (rs7804372) polymorphisms, respectively. As for haplotype analysis, subjects who had GG/AT or GG/AA at Cav-1 G14713A/T29107A showed a decreased risk of bladder cancer compared to subjects with GG/TT, while those of any other combinations were of increased risk. There were joint effects of Cav-1 G14713A and T29107A genotypes with smoking status on individual bladder cancer susceptibility. This is the first report providing evidence that Cav-1 was involved in bladder cancer in that the A allele of the Cav-1 G14713A is risky, the A allele of the Cav-1 T29107A is protective, and AA/TT on these two polymorphisms may be the most risky haplotype for the development of bladder cancer and may be novel useful genomic markers for early detection of bladder cancer.

Several epidemiological studies have investigated the association between ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. However, published data are still inconclusive and there are no such studies for Taiwan. Thus, the polymorphic variants of ATM were investigated for their association with breast cancer in Taiwan for the first time here.In this hospital-based matched case-control study, associations of seven ATM single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs600931, rs652311, rs227060, rs227292, rs624366 and rs189037) with breast cancer risk in a Taiwanese population were investigated. One thousand two hundred and thirty-two patients with breast cancer and the same number of age-matched healthy controls recruited were genotyped and analyzed.There was a slight difference between breast cancer and control groups in the distributions of their genotypic (p = 0.0774) and allelic frequencies (p = 0.0217) in the rs189037 polymorphism. As for the other six polymorphisms there was no differential distribution.Our data indicate that ATM polymorphism is associated with breast cancer, and the A allele of ATM rs189037 is a minor risky biomarker of breast cancer in Taiwan. The gene-gene and gene-environment interactions of ATM with other factors is worthy of further investigation.

Docetaxel, capecitabine, and cisplatin are effective chemotherapeutic agents for breast cancer with significant synergistic cytotoxicity demonstrated by in vitro studies. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a combination of docetaxel, capecitabine, and cisplatin (TXP) in patients diagnosed with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC).Patients (n = 42) with chemotherapy-naïve LABC (stage IIIa or IIIb) were enrolled. The chemotherapeutic regimen consisted of 4-6 cycles of intravenous docetaxel (60 mg/m(2)) and cisplatin (50 mg/m(2)) on day 1, plus oral capecitabine (1,800 mg/m(2)/day) on day 1-14, repeated every 3 weeks. Upon completion of therapy, the primary tumor was resected when not contraindicated.Median patient age was 48.5 years (range 31-66 years). Median tumor size was 6.8 cm (range 2.7-15 cm), 29 patients were node-positive, and 12 patients were hormone receptor positive. A total of 216 cycles (median 5; range 3-6 cycles) were administered without prophylactic G-CSF. The predominant toxicities were grade 3/4 neutropenia (30%/28%) and no grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia, febrile neutropenia, or grade 4 non-hematological toxicities were observed. Grade 3 non-hematological toxicities included hand-foot syndrome (5.6%) and vomiting (0.5%). The overall clinical response rate was 97.6% (41/42). Six of the 42 patients (14.3%) achieved a complete pathological response. Of 22 patients who completed 6 cycles of combination treatment, the complete pathological response was 27.3% (6/22).A combination of TXP can be administered safely without prophylactic G-CSF, and appears to be an effective neoadjuvant regimen in patients with LABC.

Exonuclease 1 (Exo1) is an important nuclease involved in the mismatch repair system that contributes to the maintenance of genomic stability, modulation of DNA recombination and mediation of cell cycle arrest. Potential polymorphisms in Exo1 may alter cancer risks by influencing the repair activity of Exo1. We hypothesized that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Exo1 might be associated with risks of gastric cancer. In this hospital-based study, the association of Exo1 A-1419G (rs3754093), C-908G (rs10802996), A238G (rs1776177), C498T (rs1635517), K589E (rs1047840), G670E (rs1776148), C723R (rs1635498), L757P (rs9350) and C3114T (rs851797) polymorphisms with gastric cancer risk in a central Taiwanese population was investigated. In total, 179 patients with gastric cancer and 179 age- and gender-matched healthy controls recruited from the China Medical Hospital in central Taiwan were genotyped. A significantly different distribution was found in the frequency of the Exol K589E genotype, but not the other genotypes, between the gastric cancer and control groups. The A allele Exol K589E conferred a significant (P = 0.0094) increased risk of gastric cancer. Gene-environment interactions with smoking were significant for Exo1 K589E polymorphism, which showed that the Exo1 K589E AG/AA genotype in association with smoking conferred an increased risk of 2.07-fold (95% confidence interval = 1.22-3.50) for gastric cancer. Our results provide the first evidence that the A allele of the Exo1 K589E may be associated with the development of gastric cancer and may be a novel and useful marker for primary prevention and anticancer intervention.

To evaluate the association between the polymorphisms of the ERCC6 DNA repair gene, which plays an important role in maintaining genome stability, and the risk of bladder cancer in Taiwan.In this hospital-based case-control study, the association of ERCC6 codon 399, 1097 and 1413 polymorphisms with bladder cancer risk in a Central Taiwanese population was first investigated. In total, 288 patients with bladder cancer and 288 age- and gender-matched healthy controls recruited from the China Medical Hospital in Taiwan were genotyped.A significantly different distribution was found in the frequency of the ERCC6 codon 399 genotypes, but not the ERCC6 codon 1097 or 1413 genotypes, between the bladder cancer and control groups. Those who had homozygous A/A or heterozygous A/G at ERCC6 codon 399 showed a 1.97- and 1.04-fold (95% confidence interval=1.29-3.01 and 0.71-1.53, respectively) increased risk of bladder cancer compared to those with G/G. As for ERCC6 codon 1097 or 1413, there was no difference in distribution between the bladder cancer and control groups.The first evidence that the homozygous A allele of the ERCC6 codon 399 may be associated with the development of bladder cancer and may be a novel useful marker for primary prevention and anticancer intervention is provided.

To evaluate the association between the genotypes of the heterodimeric DNA-binding component, Ku80 gene and the breast cancer risk in Taiwan.In this hospital-based case-control study, the association of Ku80 G-1401T rs828907, Ku80 C-319T rs11685387 and Ku80 intron19 rs9288518 polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in a Taiwanese population was investigated. In total, 1272 patients with breast cancer and the same number of age- and gender-matched healthy controls were genotyped.A significantly different distribution was found in the frequency of the Ku80 G-1401T genotype, but not the Ku80 C-319T or intron 19 genotypes, between the breast cancer and control groups. The T allele Ku80 G-1401T conferred a significant (p=0.0069) increased risk of breast cancer. Gene interactions with smoking, but not with breastfeeding, were significant for the Ku80 G-1401T polymorphism. The Ku80 G-1401T GT and TT genotypes in association with smoking conferred an increased risk of 3.162 (95% confidence interval=2.275-4.393) for breast cancer.The T allele of Ku80 G-1401T may be associated with the development of breast cancer and may be a novel useful marker for breast cancer detection and prediction.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between the polymorphisms of the EXO1 gene and the risk of breast cancer in central Taiwan.In this hospital-based study, the association of EXO1 A1419G (rs3754093), C908G (rs10802996), A238G (rs1776177), C498T (rs1635517), K589E (rs1047840), G670E (rs1776148), C723R (rs1635498), L757P (rs9350) and C3114T (rs851797) polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in a central Taiwanese population was investigated. In total, 1,272 patients with breast cancer and 1,272 age- and gender-matched healthy controls recruited from the China Medical University Hospital were genotyped.A significantly different distribution was found in the frequency of the EXO1 K589E genotype, but not the other genotypes, between the breast cancer and control groups. The A allele EXO1 K589E conferred a significantly (p=0.000025) increased risk of breast cancer. As for the rest of the polymorphisms, there was no difference in distribution between the breast cancer and control groups.Our results provide evidence that the A allele of EXO1 K589E may be associated with the development of breast cancer and may be a useful biomarker for breast cancer detection and primary prevention.

Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) system is a major route in repairing double strand breaks (DSBs), and is important in maintaining the genome stability. The gene XRCC4 is a central role of the NHEJ system, and it is critical in carcinogenesis. In order to reveal the association between XRCC4 and lung cancer, we recruited 164 lung cancer patients and 649 healthy controls from central Taiwan, investigated seven novel polymorphic variants of XRCC4, includes C-1622T (rs7727691), G-1394T (rs6869366), G-652T (rs2075685), C-571T (rs2075686), intron3 DIP (rs28360071), S247A (rs3734091) and intron7 DIP (rs28360317), and analyzed the association of specific genotype with lung cancer susceptibility. The results showed that the XRCC4 G-1394T is significant in Taiwanese lung cancer and the GT genotype of G-1394T is an obvious risk factor of lung cancer susceptibility (P = 0.0049), and the G allele is a risky factor (P = 0.0087). As for XRCC4 C-1622T (rs7727691), G-652T (rs2075685), C-571T (rs2075686), intron3 DIP (rs28360071), S247A (rs3734091) and intron7 DIP (rs28360317) polymorphism sites, there was no difference in the distribution between the lung cancer and control groups. The analyzing results of joint effect for smoking habit and XRCC4 G-1394T polymorphism was that people with GT genotype and smoking habit present the highest risk of lung cancer than other groups (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.43-3.72). The G allele of the XRCC4 G-1394T may be responsible for lung carcinogenesis and maybe useful in early detection and prevention of lung cancer.

To evaluate the association between the polymorphisms of the Ku80 gene and the risk of colorectal cancer in Central Taiwan.In this hospital-based case-control study, the association of Ku80 G-1401T rs828907, Ku80 C-319T rs11685387 and Ku80 intron 19 rs9288518 polymorphisms with colorectal cancer risk in a central Taiwanese population was investigated. In total, 362 patients with colorectal cancer and 362 age- and gender-matched healthy controls recruited from the China Medical Hospital in central Taiwan were genotyped.A significantly different distribution was found in the frequency of the Ku80 G-1401T genotype, but not the Ku80 C-319T or intron 19 genotypes, between the colorectal cancer and control groups. The T allele Ku80 G-1401T conferred a significantly (p=0.0069) increased risk of colorectal cancer. As for Ku80 C-319T and intron 19 polymorphisms, there was no difference in distribution between the colorectal cancer and control groups. Gene interactions with smoking, but not with alcohol consumption, were significant for Ku80 G-1401T polymorphism. The Ku80 G-1401T GT and TT genotype in association with smoking conferred an increased risk of 2.537 (95% confidence interval=1.398-4.601) for colorectal cancer.These results provide the first evidence that the T allele of the Ku80 G-1401T may be associated with the development of colorectal cancer and may be a novel useful marker for primary prevention and anticancer intervention.

To evaluate the association between the polymorphisms of the Exo1 gene and the risk of lung cancer in central Taiwan.In this hospital-based study, the association of Exol A-1419G (rs3754093), C-908G (rs10802996), A238G (rs1776177), C498T (rs1635517), K589E (rs1047840), G670E (rs1776148), C723R (rs1635498), L757P (rs9350) and C3114T (rs851797) polymorphisms with lung cancer risk in a central Taiwanese population was investigated. In total, 358 patients with lung cancer and 358 age- and gender-matched healthy controls recruited from the China Medical Hospital in central Taiwan were genotyped.A significantly different distribution was found in the frequency of the Exo1 K589E genotype, but not the other genotypes, between the lung cancer and control groups. The A allele Exo1 K589E conferred a significantly (p = 0.0097) increased risk of lung cancer. As for the rest of the polymorphisms, there was no difference in distribution between the lung cancer and control groups. Gene environment interactions with smoking were significant for Exo1 K589E polymorphism. The Exo1 K589E AG and AA genotype in association with smoking conferred an increased risk of 1.7208 (95% confidence interval = 1.2188-2.4295) for lung cancer.Our results provide the first evidence that the A allele of Exo1 K589E may be associated with the development of lung cancer and may be a novel useful marker for primary prevention and anticancer intervention.

The DNA repair gene XRCC4, an important caretaker of the overall genome stability, is thought to play a major role in the human carcinogenesis. Some new and important polymorphic variants of XRCC4, at codon 247 (rs 3734091), G-1394T (rs 6869366), and Intron 7 (rs 28360317), and their association with breast cancer susceptibility was investigated in a Taiwanese population.In a hospital-based case-control study, 432 female patients with breast cancer and 432 age-matched healthy controls recruited from the China Medical Hospital in Central Taiwan were genotyped.A significant difference in the frequency of the XRCC4 G-1394T genotype, but not the XRCC4 codon 247, or intron 7 genotypes was found between the breast cancer and control groups. Individuals with G/T or T/T at the XRCC4 G-1394T locus showed a 2.33-fold (95% confidence interval=1.37-3.98) increased risk of breast cancer compared to those with G/G. For XRCC4 codon 247 or intron 7, there was no difference in distribution between the breast cancer and control groups.Our findings suggest that the heterozygous and homozygous T allele of the XRCC4 G-1394T may be associated with the development of breast cancer and may be a useful biomarker for anticancer prevention and intervention.

Expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) in tumor cells is frequently suggested as an important prognostic factor for patients scheduled for chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). However, clinical evidence does not fully support such an anticipation. We studied the expression of rTSbeta, a reverse orientation gene of TS, as a 5-FU resistance marker in patients with primary breast cancer. Expression of rTSbeta was examined in 129 patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer and five breast cancer cell lines by immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. Clinically, expression of rTSbeta was found to correlate with survival of the patients (p=0.023) when patients received chemotherapeutic regimen containing 5-FU. In vitro, rTSbeta expression was found to correlate with 5-FU resistance in breast cancer cell lines. Notably, in the 5-FU-resistant cells, rTSbeta was identified in the nucleus, whereas in the 5-FU-sensitive cells, rTSbeta was found in the cytoplasm. Nuclear localization of rTSbeta was further found to be associated with protein farnesylation. Therefore, nuclear expression of rTSbeta could be a novel 5-FU resistance marker in patients with primary breast cancer.

The aim of our study was to compare the usefulness of technetium-99m tetrofosmin (Tc-TF) mammoscintigraphy and ultrasonography for detecting breast cancer in mammographically dense breasts. This study included 32 female Taiwanese patients with indeterminate mammographic probability of malignancy due to mammographically dense breasts. Both Tc-TF mammoscintigraphy and ultrasonography were performed on each patient. Then, all of the 32 breast masses underwent biopsies or operations to obtain final pathological diagnoses. Based on the final pathological diagnoses, 24 women had breast cancer and eight had benign breast tumors among the 32 patients. Twenty cancers and one benign tumor had positive Tc-TF mammoscintigraphic findings. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 83, 88, and 84%, respectively. Twenty-two cancers and five benign tumors had positive ultrasonographic findings. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 92, 38, and 78%, respectively. To detect breast cancer in patients with nondiagnostic mammograms because of mammographically dense breasts, ultrasonography with its higher sensitivity is more suitable for screening breast masses. However, due to its higher specificity, Tc-TF mammoscintigraphy is useful to confirm the ultrasonographic findings.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the utility of technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc-99m sestamibi) scintimammography with that of ultrasonography for diagnosis of breast cancer in 32 female patients with indeterminate mammographic probability of malignancy because of mammographically dense breast. All breast masses were removed and histopathological diagnosis was obtained in all cases. The results showed 20 of 24 cases of breast carcinoma detected on Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography. Only one out of eight patients with benign breast lesion had abnormal scintimammographic finding. Ultrasonography diagnosed 22 of the 24 cases of breast carcinoma. However, five out of eight patients with benign breast lesion had positive ultrasonographic findings. In differentiating malignant and benign breast tumors in mammographically dense breast, the diagnostic sensitivities were 83 and 92%, specificities were 88 and 38%, and accuracies were 84 and 78% for Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography and ultrasonography, respectively. Ultrasonography showed a nonsignificantly higher sensitivity (p0.05), but lower specificity, with more false-positive diagnoses made on ultrasonography. Due to its higher sensitivity, ultrasonography is more suitable for screening breast masses. However, Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography exhibited significantly higher specificity (p0.05) and accuracy in detecting malignant breast tumors in the current study. We conclude that Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography is a safe and useful diagnostic method for detection of breast cancer in patients with nondiagnostic mammogram because of mammographically dense breast.

Background and aim The DNA repair gene Ku70, an important member of non-homologous end-joining repair system, is thought to play an important role in the repairing of DNA double strand breaks. It is known that defects in double strand break repair capacity can lead to irreversible genomic instability. However, the polymorphic variants of Ku70, have never been reported about their association with gastric cancer susceptibility. Methods In this hospital-based case-control study, the associations of Ku70 promoter T-991C (rs5751129), promoter G-57C (rs2267437), promoter A-31G (rs132770), and intron 3 (rs132774) polymorphisms with gastric cancer risk in a Taiwanese population were investigated. In total, 136 patients with gastric cancer and 560 age- and gender-matched healthy controls recruited from the China Medical Hospital in Taiwan were genotyped. Results As for Ku70 promoter T-991C, the ORs after adjusted by age and gender of the people carrying TC and CC genotypes were 2.41 (95% CI = 1.53-3.88) and 3.21 (95% CI = 0.96-9.41) respectively, compared to those carrying TT wild-type genotype. The P for trend was significant (P < 0.0001). In the dominant model (TC plus CC versus TT), the association between Ku70 promoter T-991C polymorphism and the risk for gastric cancer was also significant (adjusted OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.74-3.92). When stratified by age and gender, the association was restricted to those at the age of 55 or elder of age (TC vs TT: adjusted OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.37-4.68, P = 0.0139) and male (TC vs TT: adjusted OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.33-4.47, P = 0.0085). As for the other three polymorphisms, there was no difference between both groups in the distributions of their genotype frequencies. Conclusion In conclusion, the Ku70 promoter T-991C (rs5751129), but not the Ku70 promoter C-57G (rs2267437), promoter A-31G (rs132770) or intron 3 (rs132774), is associated with gastric cancer susceptibility. This polymorphism may be a novel useful marker for gastric carcinogenesis.