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Patients diagnosed with high-risk essential thrombocythemia (ET) have limited treatment options to reduce the risk of thrombosis and lessen the progression of the disease by targeting the molecular source. Hydroxyurea is the recommended treatment, but many patients experience resistance or intolerance. Anagrelide is an approved second-line option for ET, but concerns of a higher frequency of disease transformation may affect its role as a suitable long-term option. Interferons have been evaluated in myeloproliferative neoplasms for over 30 years, but early formulations had safety and tolerability issues. SURPASS-ET (NCT04285086) is a phase III, open-label, multicenter, global, randomized, active-controlled trial that will evaluate the safety, efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ropeginterferon alfa-2b compared with anagrelide as second-line therapy in high-risk ET.Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a condition characterized by having more platelets than normal. The high number of platelets increases the risk of a life-threatening blood clot and/or bleeding. Patients with ET and at a high risk for these events are usually treated first with hydroxyurea (HU), but some patients do not respond properly or may develop significant side effects. Anagrelide is an approved medication used in patients who do not respond to HU. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is a disease-specific, long-acting interferon with a good safety profile approved in polycythemia vera, another type of myeloproliferative neoplasm. The SURPASS-ET clinical trial will evaluate the safety, efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ropeginterferon alfa-2b compared with anagrelide in patients with ET who are resistant or cannot tolerate HU.

The pathogenesis of acute leukemia involves interaction among genetic alterations. Mutations of IDH1/2 and PHF6 are common and co-exist in some patients of hematopoietic malignancies, but their cooperative effects remain unexplored. In this study, we addressed the question by characterizing the hematopoietic phenotypes of mice harboring neither, Phf6 knockout, Idh2 R172K, or combined mutations. We found that the combined Phf6

Background/purpose To investigate the clinical characteristics of intraocular lymphoma and to evaluate two protocols of intravitreal methotrexate injection. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of newly-diagnosed intraocular lymphoma patients between January 2013 and January 2018 at National Taiwan University Hospital. Patients were divided into two groups. In Group A, intravitreal methotrexate was administered weekly for the initial 8 weeks, every 2 weeks for the following 12 weeks, and then monthly for 7 months. In Group B, intravitreal methotrexate was administered twice a week for the initial 2 weeks, weekly for the subsequent 2 weeks, once every 2 weeks for the next 1 month, and monthly for the last 10 months. Results A total of 12 patients were analyzed in the study; seven of these patients were allocated to Group A. Differences in the overall survival and progression-free survival between the two groups did not yield statistical significance. The median visual acuity was improved from LogMAR 0.46 to LogMAR 0.30 with borderline significance in Group A (p = 0.053). Two of seven patients in Group A and five of five patients in Group B developed punctate keratitis during intravitreal methotrexate injection treatment. Conclusion Intravitreal methotrexate is an effective and repeatable treatment for intraocular lymphoma. A new protocol with reduced frequency of intravitreal injections as shown in this study could potentially produce similar results without a worse prognosis, along with a decrease in the incidence of keratitis.

BACKGROUND: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors approved for myelofibrosis provide spleen and symptom improvements but do not meaningfully improve anaemia. Momelotinib, a first-in-class inhibitor of activin A receptor type 1 as well as JAK1 and JAK2, has shown symptom, spleen, and anaemia benefits in myelofibrosis. We aimed to confirm the differentiated clinical benefits of momelotinib versus the active comparator danazol in JAK-inhibitor-exposed, symptomatic patients with anaemia and intermediate-risk or high-risk myelofibrosis.METHODS: MOMENTUM is an international, double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 study that enrolled patients at 107 sites across 21 countries worldwide. Eligible patients were 18 years or older with a confirmed diagnosis of primary myelofibrosis or post-polycythaemia vera or post-essential thrombocythaemia myelofibrosis. Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive momelotinib (200 mg orally once per day) plus danazol placebo (ie, the momelotinib group) or danazol (300 mg orally twice per day) plus momelotinib placebo (ie, the danazol group), stratified by total symptom score (TSS; FINDINGS: 195 patients were randomly assigned to either the momelotinib group (130 [67%]) or danazol group (65 [33%]) and received study treatment in the 24-week randomised treatment period between April 24, 2020, and Dec 3, 2021. A significantly greater proportion of patients in the momelotinib group reported a 50% or more reduction in TSS than in the danazol group (32 [25%] of 130 vs six [9%] of 65; proportion difference 16% [95% CI 6-26], p=0·0095). The most frequent grade 3 or higher treatment-emergent adverse events with momelotinib and danazol were haematological abnormalities by laboratory values: anaemia (79 [61%] of 130 vs 49 [75%] of 65) and thrombocytopenia (36 [28%] vs 17 [26%]). The most frequent non-haematological grade 3 or higher treatment-emergent adverse events with momelotinib and danazol were acute kidney injury (four [3%] of 130 vs six [9%] of 65) and pneumonia (three [2%] vs six [9%]).INTERPRETATION: Treatment with momelotinib, compared with danazol, resulted in clinically significant improvements in myelofibrosis-associated symptoms, anaemia measures, and spleen response, with favourable safety. These findings support the future use of momelotinib as an effective treatment in patients with myelofibrosis, especially in those with anaemia.FUNDING: Sierra Oncology.

The mutant burden of FLT3-ITD modulates its prognostic impact on patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, for patients with low allelic ratio (AR) FLT3-ITD (FLT3-ITDlow, AR

Increasing evidence supports the role of the immune microenvironment and associated signalling in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Nevertheless, the clinical relevancy of immune signals in patients with MDS remains elusive. To address this, we used single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis to score immune signatures of bone marrow (BM) samples from 176 patients with primary MDS. Enhanced signatures of 'immature dendritic cells' and 'natural killer cells with cluster of differentiation (CD)56bright' were correlated with better overall survival (OS), whilst higher 'CD103+ signature' was associated with reduced survival. An MDS-Immune-Risk (MIR) scoring system was constructed based on the weighted sums derived from Cox regression analysis. High MIR scores were correlated with higher revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) scores and mutations in ASXL transcriptional regulator 1 (ASXL1), Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), and tumour protein p53 (TP53). High-score patients had significantly inferior leukaemia-free survival (LFS) and OS than low-score patients. The prognostic significance of MIR scores for survival remained valid across IPSS-R subgroups and was validated in two independent cohorts. Multivariable analysis revealed that a higher MIR score was an independent adverse risk factor for LFS and OS. We further proposed a model with the combination of MIR score and gene mutations to be complementary to IPSS-R for the prognostication of LFS and OS of patients with MDS.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are characterized by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and immune dysregulation, which provide a reasonable basis for immunotherapy in patients. Megakaryocytes are crucial in the pathogenesis of primary myelofibrosis (PMF), the most clinically aggressive subtype of MPN. In this study, we aimed to explore PD‐L1 (programmed death‐ligand 1) expression in megakaryocytes and its clinical implications in PMF. We analyzed PD‐L1 expression on megakaryocytes in PMF patients by immunohistochemistry and correlated the results with clinicopathological features and molecular aberrations. We employed a two‐tier grading system considering both the proportion of cells positively stained and the intensity of staining. Among the 85 PMF patients, 41 (48%) showed positive PD‐L1 expression on megakaryocytes with the immune‐reactive score ranging from 1 to 12. PD‐L1 expression correlated closely with higher white blood cell count (p = 0.045), overt myelofibrosis (p = 0.010), JAK2V617F mutation (p = 0.011), and high‐molecular risk mutations (p = 0.045), leading to less favorable overall survival in these patients (hazard ratio 0.341, 95% CI 0.135–0.863, p = 0.023). Our study provides unique insights into the interaction between immunologic and molecular phenotypes in PMF patients. Future work to explore the translational potential of PD‐L1 in the clinical setting is needed.

Low-dose aspirin with hydroxyurea (HU) is first-line therapy in high-risk essential thrombocythemia (ET). However, many patients become HU-intolerant or -resistant. Anagrelide (ANA) and peginterferon alfa-2a are second-line options for high-risk ET patients.To assess the long-term safety and efficacy of P1101 compared to ANA as a second-line option for ET patients with HU intolerance or resistance Design: Phase 3, open-label, multicenter, randomized, active-controlled study to assess the efficacy, safety, tolerability after 12 months of treatment with a 28-day screening and follow-up, for a total trial duration of 14 months. Study visits are scheduled every 2 weeks. Treatments are assigned in a 1:1 ratio and stratified according to baseline platelet count, TSS, and country.Results will impact the treatment of patients with high-risk ET.Subjects diagnosed with high-risk ET (either60 years and JAK2V617F-positive at screening or having thrombosis or hemorrhage in the past) and according to WHO 2016 criteria, documented resistance/intolerance to HU, and IFN naïve are eligible to participate. Key exclusion criteria include pregnant females, autoimmune disease, and history or presence of clinically significant depression.P1101 will be administered subcutaneously every 2 weeks at the starting dose of 250 mcg (Week 0), 350 mcg (Week 2), and target optimal dose of 500 mcg (Week 4) for the remainder of the treatment period. ANA will be dosed according to local country label. All subjects will receive low-dose aspirin unless contraindicated.The primary endpoint is durable modified European LeukemiaNet composite response at 9 and 12 months from start of dosing.The study involves 58 sites across the world. To date 101 patients have been randomized (45 men and 56 women). The mean and median age at recruitment was 58.9 years (SD: 13.4) and 62 years (range 21 to 80 years). 79 subjects had a TSS20. Study is overseen by a DSMB and the need to intervene was not identified.Results will provide the first evidence of a second-line ET treatment by comparing P1101 with the only approved treatment option, ANA. This study is sponsored by PharmaEssentia USA.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been applied to measurable/minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring after induction chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but the optimal time point for the test remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of NGS MRD at 2 different time points. We performed targeted NGS of 54 genes in bone marrow cells serially obtained at diagnosis, first complete remission (first time point), and after the first consolidation chemotherapy (second time point) from 335 de novo AML patients. Excluding DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1 mutations, which are commonly present in individuals with clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, MRD could be detected in 46.4% of patients at the first time point (MRD1st), and 28.9% at the second time point (MRD2nd). The patients with detectable NGS MRD at either time point had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of relapse and shorter relapse-free survival and overall survival. In multivariate analysis, MRD1st and MRD2nd were both independent poor prognostic factors. However, the patients with positive MRD1st but negative MRD2nd had a similar good prognosis as those with negative MRD at both time points. The incorporation of multiparameter flow cytometry and NGS MRD revealed that the presence of NGS MRD predicted poorer prognosis among the patients without detectable MRD by multiparameter flow cytometry at the second time point but not the first time point. In conclusion, the presence of NGS MRD, especially after the first consolidation therapy, can help predict the clinical outcome of AML patients.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of clonal myeloid malignancies. Though several recurrent mutations are closely correlated with clinical outcomes, data concerning the association between mutation variant allele frequencies (VAF) and prognosis are limited. In this study, we performed comprehensive VAF analyses of relevant myeloid-malignancy related mutations in 698 MDS patients and correlated the results with their prognosis. Mutation VAF in DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, EZH2, SETBP1, BCOR, SFSF2, ZRSR2, and TP53 mutations correlated with outcomes. In multivariable analysis, DNMT3A and ZRSR2 mutations with high VAF and mutant IDH2, CBL, U2AF1, and TP53 were independent poor prognostic factors for overall survival. A substantial portion of patients in each revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) risk group could be adjusted to different prognostic groups based on the integrated VAF and mutational profiles. Patients with these unfavorable mutations in each IPSS-R risk subgroup had survivals worse than other patients of the same risk but similar to those in the next higher-risk subgroup. Furthermore, patients harboring U2AF1 mutation might benefit from hypomethylating agents. This study demonstrated the critical role of VAF of mutations for risk stratification in MDS patients and may be incorporated in novel scoring systems.

Somatic gene mutations are key determinants of outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and secondary AML (sAML). In particular, patients with TP53 mutations represent a distinct molecular cohort with uniformly poor prognosis. The precise pathogenetic mechanisms underlying these inferior outcomes have not been delineated. In this study, we characterized the immunological features of the malignant clone and alterations in the immune microenvironment in patients with TP53-mutant and wild-type MDS or sAML. Notably, PDL1 expression is significantly increased in hematopoietic stem cells of patients with TP53 mutations, which is associated with MYC upregulation and marked downregulation of MYC’s negative regulator miR-34a, a p53 transcription target. Notably, patients with TP53 mutations display significantly reduced numbers of bone marrow–infiltrating OX40+ cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, as well as decreased ICOS+ and 4-1BB+ natural killer cells. Further, highly immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) (ie, ICOShigh/PD-1−) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PD-1low) are expanded in cases with TP53 mutations. Finally, a higher proportion of bone marrow–infiltrating ICOShigh/PD-1− Treg cells is a highly significant independent predictor of overall survival. We conclude that the microenvironment of TP53 mutant MDS and sAML has an immune-privileged, evasive phenotype that may be a primary driver of poor outcomes and submit that immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies may offer a benefit for this molecularly defined subpopulation.

Philadelphia chromosome‐negative (Ph−) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a heterogeneous group of clonal disorders of the bone marrow, and are associated with a high disease burden, reduced quality of life (QOL), and shortened survival. This multinational, multicenter, non‐interventional registry “MERGE” was initiated with an objective to collect data on the epidemiological indices of classical Ph‐MPNs, existing treatment patterns, and impact of MPNs on health‐related QOL in various countries/regions in Asia, including the Middle East, Turkey, and Algeria. Of the 884 eligible patients with MPNs, 169 had myelofibrosis (MF), 301 had polycythemia vera (PV), 373 had essential thrombocythemia (ET), and 41 had unclassified MPNs. The median age was 58 years (range, 47‐66 years), and 50% of patients were males. The prevalence and incidence of MPNs were estimated to be 57‐81 and 12‐15 per 100 000 hospital patients per year over the last 4 years, respectively, in these countries. Total symptom score (mean [standard deviation; SD]) at baseline was highest in patients with MF (23.5 [17.47]) compared with patients with ET (14.6 [14.26]) and PV (16.6 [14.84]). Patients with ET had a lower mean (SD) number of inpatient visits (0.9 [0.77] days), and patients with MF had more outpatient visits (5.2 [3.17] days) on an average, compared with the entire MPN group. The study showed that patients with MPNs have a severe disease burden and reduced QOL. A discordance between physician and patient perception of symptom assessment was observed in this study (International clinical trials registry ID: CTRI/2014/05/004598)., This MERGE registry study provides epidemiological data on the distribution of MPNs and their diagnosis, management, and treatment patterns in developing emerging countries in Asia, including the Middle East, Turkey, and Algeria. The study showed that patients with MPNs have a severe disease burden and reduced quality of life. A discordance between physician and patient perception of symptom assessment was observed in this study.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) comprised a heterogeneous group of diseases. The prognosis of patients varies even in the same risk groups. Searching for novel prognostic markers is warranted. Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for chemoresistance and relapse in leukemia. Recently, expressions of 17 genes related to stemness of LSCs were found to be associated with prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia patients. However, the clinical impact of LSC genes expressions in MDS, a disorder arising from hematopoietic stem cells, remains unclear. We analyzed expression profile of the 17 stemness-related genes in primary MDS patients and identified expression of 4 genes (LAPTM4B, NGFRAP1, EMP1, and CPXM1) were significantly correlated with overall survival (OS). We constructed an LSC4 scoring system based on the weighted sums of the expression of 4 genes and explored its clinical implications in MDS patients. Higher LSC4 scores were associated with higher revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) scores, complex cytogenetics, and mutations in RUNX1, ASXL1, and TP53. High-score patients had significantly shorter OS and leukemia-free survival (LFS), which was also confirmed in 2 independent validation cohorts. Subgroup analysis revealed the prognostic significance of LSC4 scores for OS remained valid across IPSS-R lower- and higher-risk groups. Furthermore, higher LSC4 score was an independent adverse risk factor for OS and LFS in multivariate analysis. In summary, LSC4 score can independently predict prognosis in MDS patients irrespective of IPSS-R risks and may be used to guide the treatment of MDS patients, especially lower-risk group in whom usually only supportive treatment is given.

The incidence rate of AL (light-chain) amyloidosis is not known in Asia. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan National Healthcare Insurance Research database and Death Registry to estimate incidence and all-cause case fatality rates, and characteristics of patients with AL amyloidosis in Taiwan. All patients with confirmed, newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis from 01-Jan-2016 until 31-Dec-2019 were enrolled and followed up until dis-enrolment, death or study end (31-Dec-2019). There were 841 patients with newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis with median age of 61.4 years and 58.7% were men. At diagnosis, cardiac, renal and liver-related diseases were present in 28.54%, 23.19% and 2.14% of patients, respectively. AL amyloidosis age-adjusted annual incidence was 5.73 per million population in 2016 and 5.26 per million population in 2019. All-cause case fatality ranged from 1.7 to 2.9% over the study period and was highest (~10%) in patients ≥ 80 years. Survival was significantly lower in patients with co-morbid cardiac, renal, or liver-related diseases which could indicate organ involvement. The incidence of AL amyloidosis in Taiwan appears to be similar to Western countries. The poor prognosis in patients with co-morbid diseases highlights the need for earlier diagnosis.

The incidence of multiple myeloma (MM) is increasing worldwide, but the rate of increase is greatest in Asia. Few data describe the epidemiology and treatment of MM in Asia. Building on a cohort study from 2007 to 2012 using the Taiwan National Healthcare Insurance Research database, we extended our analysis to estimate the disease burden and treatment patterns of patients with MM in Taiwan through 2015. A further 1664 patients with newly diagnosed MM from 2013 to 2015 (total 4387 patients from 2007 to 2015) were enrolled and followed up until death or end of the observation period (December 31, 2016), whichever occurred first. The age distribution of the 2013–2015 cohort was similar to that for previous years, but there were fewer men (52.1% versus 58.0%), and more patients had renal impairment at diagnosis (19.7% versus 16.4%). From 2007 to 2015, crude annual incidences per 100,000 population of newly diagnosed MM increased from 1.74 to 2.48 and age-adjusted incidences from 1.41 to 1.65. Crude all-cause mortality rates increased over time. Case fatality decreased from 25.5 to 18.3% and median survival increased from 2.10 to 3.12 years. From 2007 to 2015, the percentage of patients receiving first-line therapy with novel agents increased from 0.4 to 89.4%, autologous stem cell transplantation doubled, and chemotherapy use decreased by 81%. Comprehensive national data covering 9 years of follow-up demonstrate continuing change in the disease burden, treatment, and survival of MM in Taiwan. Despite increased use of new treatments, MM remains largely incurable. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00277-019-03858-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) by reverse seroconversion (HBV-RS) after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) can occur in patients with resolved HBV infection (rHBV, defined as negative HBV surface antigen [HBsAg] and positive HBV core antibody), and may cause fatal hepatitis. To explore the risk factors, we retrospectively identified 817 consecutive patients who underwent allo-HSCT from 2005 to 2016 in this largest single centre cohort from National Taiwan Univerisity Hospital. Transplants using donors or recipients positive for HBsAg or HBV DNA were excluded, leaving 445 rHBV patients for analysis. The 3- and 5-year cumulative incidence of HBV-RS after allo-HSCT was 8·7% and 10·5%, respectively, at a median 16 months after allo-HSCT. All had concurrent HBV reactivation. HBV flares developed in 19% of HBV-RS cases, but none experienced hepatic failure. Neither did it impact non-relapse mortality or overall survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with donor lacking hepatitis B surface antibody and extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) have the highest risk for HBV-RS, with 5-year incidence of 24·2%. In conclusion, adoptive immunity transfer from the donor seems to have protective effects against HBV-RS, which may alter future donor selection algorithms, and combined with extensive cGVHD provides a good target for risk-adaptive HBV prophylaxis.

Since patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the real world have a much different clinical picture than patients recruited in the clinical trials, obtaining real-world evidence of medication adoption is important for therapeutic efficiency and safety. This study used three population-based data in Taiwan, the National Health Insurance Research Database, Taiwan Cancer Registry, and National Death Registry, between 2001 and 2015, to investigate the effect of conventional chemotherapy (CCT) versus non-conventional chemotherapy (NCCT) on the overall survival (OS) of patients with AML (n = 7,763). Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of different treatments on the risk of mortality. To reduce the potential selection bias, we used the inverse probability of treatment weighting based on the propensity score to balance the baseline characteristics between patients receiving CCT and NCCT. The median survival time for CCT and NCCT arms was 10.2 months (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 9.7-10.9) and 4.1 months (95% CI: 3.8-4.5), respectively. Compared to the patients received NCCT, those receiving CCT had a lower risk of mortality (HR 0.63 (95% CI: 0.59-0.67, P 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that CCT did benefit patients in different gender, age, comorbidity, and socioeconomic status (SES) groups. In conclusion, the real-world population-based data exhibited CCT were more likely to be prescribed for patients with AML of younger age, fewer comorbidities, diagnosed recently (2011-2015), and higher SES. In fact, CCT had better treatment outcomes than NCCT in terms of OS for adult patients diagnosed with AML.

Key Points CIBERSORTx analytical approach reveals M0, M2, and eosinophil fractions in the BM to be the most relevant prognostic factors in patients with MDS.High-risk immune cell scores correlate with NF-κB signaling, oxidative stress, and leukemic stem cell signature pathways., Visual Abstract, Aside from cell intrinsic factors such as genetic alterations, immune dysregulation in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment plays a role in the development and progression of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, the prognostic implications of various immune cells in patients with MDS remain unclear. We adopted CIBERSORTx to estimate the relative fractions of 22 subtypes of immune cells in the BM of 316 patients with MDS and correlated the results with clinical outcomes. A lower fraction of unpolarized M0 macrophages and higher fractions of M2 macrophages and eosinophils were significantly associated with inferior survival. An immune cell scoring system (ICSS) was constructed based on the proportion of these 3 immune cells in the BM. The ICSS high-risk patients had higher BM blast counts, higher frequencies of poor-risk cytogenetics, and more NPM1, TP53, and WT1 mutations than intermediate- and low-risk patients. The ICSS could stratify patients with MDS into 3 risk groups with distinct leukemia-free survival and overall survival among the total cohort and in the subgroups of patients with lower and higher disease risk based on the revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R). The prognostic significance of ICSS was also validated in another independent cohort. Multivariable analysis revealed that ICSS independently predicted prognosis, regardless of age, IPSS-R, and mutation status. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between high-risk ICSS and nuclear factor κB signaling, oxidative stress, and leukemic stem cell signature pathways. Further studies investigating the mechanistic insight into the crosstalk between stem cells and immune cells are warranted.

MYC oncoproteins regulate transcription of genes directing cell proliferation, metabolism, and tumorigenesis. A variety of alterations drive MYC expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and enforced MYC expression in hematopoietic progenitors is sufficient to induce AML. Here we report that AML and myeloid progenitor cell growth and survival rely on MYC-directed suppression of Transcription Factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of the autophagy–lysosome pathway. Notably, although originally identified as an oncogene, TFEB functions as a tumor suppressor in AML, where it provokes AML cell differentiation and death. These responses reflect TFEB control of myeloid epigenetic programs by inducing expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) and IDH2, resulting in global hydroxylation of 5-methycytosine. Finally, activating the TFEB–IDH1/IDH2–TET2 axis is revealed as a targetable vulnerability in AML. Thus, epigenetic control by an MYC–TFEB circuit dictates myeloid cell fate and is essential for maintenance of AML. Significance: Alterations in epigenetic control are a hallmark of AML. This study establishes that a MYC–TFEB circuit controls AML differentiation and epigenetic programs by inducing IDH1/IDH2 and hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine, that TFEB functions as a tumor suppressor in AML, and that this circuit is a targetable vulnerability in AML. See related commentary by Wu and Eisenman, p. 116.

Limited real-world data are available regarding treatment practices and outcomes of multiple myeloma (MM) in Asia. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan National Healthcare Insurance Research database and Taiwan Death Registry and used a Markov model to describe disease progression and outcomes in 4092 patients newly diagnosed with MM from 01-Jan-2007 to 31-Dec-2015. We observed marked differences in the characteristics, length and outcome of the clinical journey between patients who did/did not receive autologous stem cell transplant, and between patients initiated on novel agents versus other treatment regimens. In transplant recipients, initiation with combined thalidomide + bortezomib increased over time (12.2–77.5%). Progression-free survival after first-line treatment improved and a lower percentage of patients died. Lenalidomide in second and third-line regimens increased (15.5–31.5%). In non-transplanted patients, initiation with novel agents increased (17.5–54.6%), but death rates remained high (60.3%). The treatment landscape of MM in Taiwan has evolved, with increased use of combined bortezomib + thalidomide for first-line and lenalidomide for second/third-line but many patients die before receiving second-line treatment. Novel agents with different modes of action should be used as early as possible to maximize their benefits. Improved MM treatments remains a critical medical need.

Cabozantinib is an orally available, multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of several solid tumours and known to inhibit KIT tyrosine kinase. In acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), aberrant KIT tyrosine kinase often coexists with t(8;21) to drive leukaemogenesis. Here we evaluated the potential therapeutic effect of cabozantinib on a selected AML subtype characterised by t(8;21) coupled with KIT mutation. Cabozantinib exerted substantial cytotoxicity in Kasumi-1 cells with an IC50 of 88.06 ± 4.32 nM, which was well within clinically achievable plasma levels. The suppression of KIT phosphorylation and its downstream signals, including AKT/mTOR, STAT3, and ERK1/2, was elicited by cabozantinib treatment and associated with subsequent alterations of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related molecules. Cabozantinib also disrupted the synthesis of an AML1-ETO fusion protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In a mouse xenograft model, cabozantinib suppressed tumourigenesis at 10 mg/kg and significantly prolonged survival of the mice. Further RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that mTOR-mediated signalling pathways were substantially inactivated by cabozantinib treatment, causing the downregulation of ribosome biogenesis and glycolysis, along with myeloid leukocyte activation. We suggest that cabozantinib may be effective in the treatment of AML with t(8;21) and KIT mutation. Relevant clinical trials are warranted.

Expression of long non-coding RNA KIAA0125 has been incorporated in various gene expression signatures for prognostic prediction in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, yet its functions and clinical significance remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the clinical and biological characteristics of AML bearing different levels of KIAA0125. We profiled KIAA0125 expression levels in bone marrow cells from 347 de novo AML patients and found higher KIAA0125 expression was closely associated with RUNX1 mutation, but inversely correlated with t(8;21) and t(15;17) karyotypes. Among the 227 patients who received standard chemotherapy, those with higher KIAA0125 expression had a lower complete remission rate, shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) than those with lower expression. The prognostic significance was validated in both TCGA and GSE12417 cohorts. Subgroup analyses showed that higher KIAA0125 expression also predicted shorter DFS and OS in patients with normal karyotype or non-M3 AML. In multivariable analysis, higher KIAA0125 expression remained an adverse risk factor independent of age, WBC counts, karyotypes, and mutation patterns. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that higher KIAA0125 expression was associated with hematopoietic and leukemic stem cell signatures and ATP-binding cassette transporters, two predisposing factors for chemoresistance.

Longer survival in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) after treatment with novel agents (NA) such as thalidomide, bortezomib, and lenalidomide may be associated with increased risks of developing second primary malignancies (SPM). Few data describe the risk of SPM in patients with MM in Asia. This population-based retrospective cohort study assessed the risk of SPM in MM using the Taiwan National Cancer Registry and National Health Insurance Research databases from 2000 to 2014. Among 4,327 patients with newly diagnosed MM initiated with either novel agents alone (NA), chemotherapy combined with novel agents (CCNA), or chemotherapy alone (CA), the cumulative incidence of SPM overall was 1.33% at year 3. The SPM incidence per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 0.914 (0.745–1.123) overall, 0.762 (0.609–1.766) for solid tumours, and 0.149 (0.090–0.247) for haematological malignancies. We compared risks of SPM using a cause-specific Cox regression model considering death as a competing risk for developing SPM. After controlling for age, gender, Charlson Co-morbidity Index, and time-period, the risk of developing any SPM or any haematological malignancy was significantly reduced in patients initiated on NA (2010–2014 period) compared to chemotherapy alone (adjusted hazard ratio 0.24, 95% CI 0.07–0.85, and 0.10, 95% CI 0.02–0.62, respectively). Contemporary treatment regiments using NA (mainly bortezomib) were associated with a lower risk for a SPM in comparison with CA.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have important functions in cancer biology. Among them, lncRNA KIAA0125 is one of the genes proposed to play a critical role in leukaemia stem cell (LSC). In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical relevance of the expression levels of lncRNA KIAA0125 in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), a disease with highly heterogeneous clinical and biological features. Using RNA arrays, we measured the expression of KIAA0125 in 176 primary MDS patients. We found that higher KIAA0125 expression was associated with higher risk MDS, based on the revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R), mutations in ASXL1 and NRAS, and predicted poorer overall survival (OS) and leukaemia-free survival (LFS). Multivariate analysis revealed that higher KIAA0125 expression was an independent, unfavourable prognostic factor for OS and LFS, irrespective of IPSS-R and mutation status. Further global gene expression profile analysis suggested a close association of higher KIAA0125 expressions with LSC signatures. The expression of KIAA0125 may be a potential biomarker to guide the treatment choice in MDS patients, especially those with lower risk subtypes, in whom palliative treatment is usually used.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy in terms of clinical features, underlying pathogenesis and treatment outcomes. Recent advances in genomic techniques have unraveled the molecular complexity of AML leukemogenesis, which in turn have led to refinement of risk stratification and personalized therapeutic strategies for patients with AML. Incorporation of prognostic and druggable genetic biomarkers into clinical practice to guide patient-specific treatment is going to be the mainstay in AML therapeutics. Since 2017 there has been an explosion of novel treatment options to tailor personalized therapy for AML patients. In the past 3 years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a total of eight drugs for the treatment of AML; most specifically target certain gene mutations, biological pathways, or surface antigen. These novel agents are especially beneficial for older patients or those with comorbidities, in whom the treatment choice is limited and the clinical outcome is very poor. How to balance efficacy and toxicity to further improve patient outcome is clinically relevant. In this review article, we give an overview of the most relevant genetic markers in AML with special focus on the therapeutic implications of these aberrations.

HOPX is a stem cell marker in hair follicles and intestines. It was shown critical for primitive hematopoiesis. We previously showed an association between higher HOPX expression and clinical characteristics related to stemness and quiescence of leukemic cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. To further explore its physiologic functions in hematopoietic system, we generated a mouse model with hematopoietic cell-specific knockout of Hopx (Hopx-/-). In young Hopx-/- mice, the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) showed decreased reconstitution ability after serial transplantation. Further transcriptomic study revealed decreased HSC signatures in long-term HSCs from the Hopx-/- mice. At 18 months of age, half of the Hopx-/- mice developed cytopenia and splenomegaly. Bone marrow (BM) from the sick mice showed myeloid hyperplasia with predominant mature neutrophils, and decreased progenitor cells and lymphocytes. These phenotypes suggested critical functions of Hopx in maintaining HSC quiescence. Transcriptomic study of the Hopx-/- marrow cells showed significant downregulation of the Cxcl12-Cxcr4 axis, which is critical for maintenance of HSC quiescence. We next examined the role of Hopx in AML by using the MN1 overexpression murine leukemia model. Mice transplanted with MN1-overexpressed Hopx-/- BM cells developed AML with more aggressive phenotypes compared with those transplanted with MN1-overexpressed Hopx-wild cells. Hopx-/- MN1-overexpressed leukemia cells showed higher proliferation rate and downregulation of Cxcl12 and Cxcr4. Furthermore, in human AML, BM plasma CXCL12 levels were lower in patients with lower HOPX expression. In conclusion, our study highlights the roles of Hopx in maintenance of quiescence of the hematopoietic stem cells through CXCL12 pathway in vivo and provides implication of this protein in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

We investigated the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on lung fibroblasts and found that the invasiveness of lung cancer cells was facilitated by the conditioned medium from CSE-treated fibroblasts. CSE induced autophagy in fibroblasts and increased the expression of autophagy-related proteins, including optineurin and Ras-related protein Rab1B. Afterward, the fibroblasts produced high levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), which promoted cancer cell invasion. The inhibition of either optineurin or Rab1B abrogated a rise in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β and a decrease in p62 protein, as well as the production of IL-8, in CSE-treated fibroblasts. A three-dimensional invasion assay using cancer cell spheroids revealed that the invasion of cancer cells alone and the fibroblast-led cancer cell invasion were both enhanced by the conditioned media from CSE-treated fibroblasts. These results suggest that cigarette smoke may induce autophagy and IL-8 secretion in lung fibroblasts and modify the microenvironment to favor invasion of lung cancer cells.

Background: Multicolor flow cytometry (MFC) analysis is widely used to identify minimal residual disease (MRD) after treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). However, current manual interpretation suffers from drawbacks of time consuming and interpreter idiosyncrasy. Artificial intelligence (AI), with the expertise in assisting repetitive or complex analysis, represents a potential solution for these drawbacks. Methods: From 2009 to 2016, 5333 MFC data from 1742 AML or MDS patients were collected. The 287 MFC data at post-induction were selected as the outcome set for clinical outcome validation. The rest were 4:1 randomized into the training set (n = 4039) and the validation set (n = 1007). AI algorithm learned a multi-dimensional MFC phenotype from the training set and input it to support vector machine (SVM) classifier after Gaussian mixture model (GMM) modeling, and the performance was evaluated in The validation set. Findings: Promising accuracies (84·6% to 92·4%) and AUCs (0·921–0·950) were achieved by the developed algorithms. Interestingly, the algorithm from even one testing tube achieved similar performance. The clinical significance was validated in the outcome set, and normal MFC interpreted by the AI predicted better progression-free survival (10·9 vs 4·9 months, p

Objective To develop a new risk model for primary myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) that integrates information on mutations, karyotype, and clinical variables. Patients and Methods Patients with World Health Organization–defined primary MDS seen at Mayo Clinic (MC) from December 28, 1994, through December 19, 2017, constituted the core study group. The National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH) provided the validation cohort. Model performance, compared with the revised International Prognostic Scoring System, was assessed by Akaike information criterion and area under the curve estimates. Results The study group consisted of 685 molecularly annotated patients from MC (357) and NTUH (328). Multivariate analysis of the MC cohort identified monosomal karyotype (hazard ratio [HR], 5.2; 95% CI, 3.1-8.6), "non-MK abnormalities other than single/double del(5q)" (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.6), RUNX1 (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.1) and ASXL1 (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3) mutations, absence of SF3B1 mutations (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4), age greater than 70 years (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-3.1), hemoglobin level less than 8 g/dL in women or less than 9 g/dL in men (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.7-3.1), platelet count less than 75 × 109/L (HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1), and 10% or more bone marrow blasts (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8) as predictors of inferior overall survival. Based on HR-weighted risk scores, a 4-tiered Mayo alliance prognostic model for MDS was devised: low (89 patients), intermediate-1 (104), intermediate-2 (95), and high (69); respective median survivals (5-year overall survival rates) were 85 (73%), 42 (34%), 22 (7%), and 9 months (0%). The Mayo alliance model was subsequently validated by using the external NTUH cohort and, compared with the revised International Prognostic Scoring System, displayed favorable Akaike information criterion (1865 vs 1943) and area under the curve (0.87 vs 0.76) values. Conclusion We propose a simple and contemporary risk model for MDS that is based on a limited set of genetic and clinical variables.

Aberrant alternative splicing (AS) is a hallmark of cancer development. However, there are limited data regarding its clinical implications in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of global AS in 176 primary MDS patients with 20 normal marrow transplant donors as reference. We found that 26.9% of the expressed genes genome-wide were aberrantly spliced in MDS patients compared with normal donors. These aberrant AS genes were related to pathways involved in cell proliferation, cell adhesion and protein degradation. A higher degree of global aberrant AS was associated with male gender and U2AF1 mutation, and predicted shorter overall survival and time to leukemic change. Moreover, it was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor irrespective of age, revised international prognostic scoring system (IPSS-R) risk, and mutations in SRSF2, ZRSR2, ASXL1, TP53, and EZH2. With LASSO-Cox regression method, we constructed a simple prognosis prediction model composed of 13 aberrant AS genes, and demonstrated that it could well stratify MDS patients into distinct risk groups. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating significant prognostic impacts of aberrant splicing on MDS patients. Further prospective studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm our observations.

Although the incidence of multiple myeloma (MM) in Asia is lower than in Western countries, it is steadily increasing. However, limited data are available that describe the epidemiology of MM in Asia.We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan National Healthcare Insurance Research database to estimate the disease burden and clinical characteristics of patients with MM in Taiwan. All newly diagnosed confirmed MM patients during 2007-2012 were enrolled. Patients were followed up until death or end of the observation period (December 31, 2013), whichever occurred first.A total of 2723 newly diagnosed MM patients were included in the cohort analysis, of whom 58.0% (1578/2723) were men. The average age of MM patients was 67.6 years. At the time of diagnosis, the mean Charlson Comorbidity Index was 1.8, 35.3% of patients had anemia, 18.0% had bone fracture, 16.4% had renal disease and 17.3% had pneumonia. The crude annual incidence of newly diagnosed MM increased from 1.74 per 100 000 population in 2007 to 2.27 per 100 000 population in 2012 (p 0.0001), and the age-adjusted incidence from 1.41 to 1.59 per 100 000 population (p = 0.01). The use of novel treatments expanded over the study period. The crude and age-adjusted annual MM mortality rate did not change significantly over time. Case fatality decreased from 25.5% in 2007 to 19.4% in 2012 (p 0.0001).The age-adjusted incidence of MM in Taiwan increased by 13% between 2007 and 2012. Despite the introduction of new treatments, MM remains largely incurable with 19.4% mortality.

Mutations of the GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) gene in myeloid malignancies usually cluster in the zinc finger 1 (ZF1) and the ZF2 domains. Mutations in different locations of GATA2 may have distinct impact on clinico-biological features and outcomes in AML patients, but little is known in this aspect. In this study, we explored GATA2 mutations in 693 de novo non-M3 AML patients and identified 44 GATA2 mutations in 43 (6.2%) patients, including 31 in ZF1, 10 in ZF2, and three outside the two domains. Different from GATA2 ZF2 mutations, ZF1 mutations were closely associated with French-American-British (FAB) M1 subtype, CEBPA double mutations (CEBPAdouble-mut), but inversely correlated with FAB M4 subtype, NPM1 mutations, and FLT3-ITD. ZF1-mutated AML patients had a significantly longer overall survival (OS) than GATA2-wild patients and ZF2-mutated patients in total cohort as well as in those with intermediate-risk cytogenetics and normal karyotype. ZF1 mutations also predicted better disease-free survival and a trend of better OS in CEBPAdouble-mut patients. Sequential analysis showed GATA2 mutations could be acquired at relapse. In conclusion, GATA2 ZF1 mutations are associated with distinct clinico-biological features and predict better prognosis, different from ZF2 mutations, in AML patients.

OBJECTIVES Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with hyperleukocytosis (HL) is intuitively thought as a unique group with dismal prognosis. However, comprehensive studies regarding the genetic landscape and clinical outcome in this group of patients are limited. METHODS A total of 693 newly diagnosed de novo non-M3 AML patients were consecutively enrolled. We compared relevant mutations in 20 genes between AML patients with or without HL and exposed their prognostic implications. RESULTS Hyperleukocytosis, defined as initial white blood cell counts above 50 000/μL, occurred in 28.9% of AML patients. HL patients had higher incidences of FLT3-ITD, NPM1, DNMT3A, CEBPA, and TET2 mutations. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that HL was an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival and disease-free survival in total patients, those with intermediate-risk cytogenetics and normal karyotype irrespective of genetic alterations. Intriguingly, HL predicted poor survival in CEBPA double mutated, NPM1 + /FLT3-ITD- and NPM1-/FLT3-ITD- patients. Further, HL patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in first complete remission (CR) had a significantly longer overall survival and disease-free survival than those without allo-HSCT. CONCLUSIONS Hyperleukocytosis is an independent poor prognostic factor irrespective of cytogenetics and mutation status. Allo-HSCT in first CR seems to ameliorate the poor prognostic impact of HL.

Background DNMT3A gene mutation has been associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia, but its clinical implications in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and dynamic changes during disease progression remain controversial. Results In this study, DNMT3A mutation was identified in 7.9% of 469 de novo MDS patients. DNMT3A-mutated patients had higher platelet counts at diagnosis, and patients with ring sideroblasts had the highest incidence of DNMT3A mutations, whereas those with multilineage dysplasia had the lowest incidence. Thirty-one (83.8%) of 37 DNMT3A-mutated patients had additional molecular abnormalities at diagnosis, and DNMT3A mutation was highly associated with mutations of IDH2 and SF3B1. Patients with DNMT3A mutations had a higher risk of leukemia transformation and shorter overall survival. Further, DNMT3A mutation was an independent poor prognostic factor irrespective of age, IPSS-R, and genetic alterations. The sequential study demonstrated that the original DNMT3A mutations were retained during follow-ups unless allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was performed, while DNMT3A mutation was rarely acquired during disease progression. Conclusions DNMT3A mutation predicts unfavorable outcomes in MDS and was stable during disease evolutions. It may thus be a potential biomarker to predict prognosis and monitor the treatment response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0476-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nagase and Inoue et al. generated a novel Asxl1 mutant mouse model to mimic clonal hematopoiesis and myelodysplastic syndromes caused by ASXL1 mutations and elucidated the effects of mutant versus wild-type ASXL1 on hematopoiesis, gene expression, and chromatin state., Additional sex combs like 1 (ASXL1) is frequently mutated in myeloid malignancies and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Although loss of ASXL1 promotes hematopoietic transformation, there is growing evidence that ASXL1 mutations might confer an alteration of function. In this study, we identify that physiological expression of a C-terminal truncated Asxl1 mutant in vivo using conditional knock-in (KI) results in myeloid skewing, age-dependent anemia, thrombocytosis, and morphological dysplasia. Although expression of mutant Asxl1 altered the functions of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), it maintained their survival in competitive transplantation assays and increased susceptibility to leukemic transformation by co-occurring RUNX1 mutation or viral insertional mutagenesis. KI mice displayed substantial reductions in H3K4me3 and H2AK119Ub without significant reductions in H3K27me3, distinct from the effects of Asxl1 loss. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing analysis demonstrated opposing effects of wild-type and mutant Asxl1 on H3K4me3. These findings reveal that ASXL1 mutations confer HSCs with an altered epigenome and increase susceptibility for leukemic transformation, presenting a novel model for CHIP.

Homeodomain-only protein homeobox (HOPX) is the smallest homeodomain protein. It was regarded as a stem cell marker in several non-hematopoietic systems. While the prototypic homeobox genes such as the HOX family have been well characterized in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the clinical and biological implications of HOPX in the disease remain unknown. Thus we analyzed HOPX and global gene expression patterns in 347 newly diagnosed de novo AML patients in our institute. We found that higher HOPX expression was closely associated with older age, higher platelet counts, lower white blood cell counts, lower lactate dehydrogenase levels, and mutations in RUNX1, IDH2, ASXL1, and DNMT3A, but negatively associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia, favorable karyotypes, CEBPA double mutations and NPM1 mutation. Patients with higher HOPX expression had a lower complete remission rate and shorter survival. The finding was validated in two independent cohorts. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher HOPX expression was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor irrespective of other known prognostic parameters and gene signatures derived from multiple cohorts. Gene set enrichment analysis showed higher HOPX expression was associated with both hematopoietic and leukemia stem cell signatures. While HOPX and HOX family genes showed concordant expression patterns in normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, their expression patterns and associated clinical and biological features were distinctive in AML settings, demonstrating HOPX to be a unique homeobox gene. Therefore, HOPX is a distinctive homeobox gene with characteristic clinical and biological implications and its expression is a powerful predictor of prognosis in AML patients.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hematopoietic stem cell malignancies. Known predisposing factors to adult MDS include rare germline mutations, cytotoxic therapy, age-related clonal hematopoiesis, and autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disorders. To date, no published studies characterizing MDS-associated germline susceptibility polymorphisms exist. We performed a genome-wide association study of 2 sample sets (555 MDS cases vs 2964 control subjects; 352 MDS cases vs 2640 control subjects) in non-del(5q) MDS cases of European genomic ancestry. Meta-analysis identified 8 MDS-associated loci at 1q31.1 (PLA2G4A), 3p14.1 (FAM19A4), 5q21.3 (EFNA5), 6p21.33, 10q23.1 (GRID1), 12q24.32, 15q26.1, and 20q13.12 (EYA2) that approached genome-wide significance. Gene expression for 5 loci that mapped within or near genes was significantly upregulated in MDS bone marrow cells compared with those of control subjects (P < .01). Higher PLA2G4A expression and lower EYA2 expression were associated with poorer overall survival (P = .039 and P = .037, respectively). Higher PLA2G4A expression is associated with mutations in NRAS (P < .001), RUNX1 (P = .012), ASXL1 (P = .007), and EZH2 (P = .038), all of which are known to contribute to MDS development. EYA2 expression was an independently favorable risk factor irrespective of age, sex, and Revised International Scoring System score (relative risk, 0.67; P = .048). Notably, these genes have regulatory roles in innate immunity, a critical driver of MDS pathogenesis. EYA2 overexpression induced innate immune activation, whereas EYA2 inhibition restored colony-forming potential in primary MDS cells indicative of hematopoietic restoration and possible clinical relevance. In conclusion, among 8 suggestive MDS-associated loci, 5 map to genes upregulated in MDS with functional roles in innate immunity and potential biological relevance to MDS.

Venetoclax, a selective B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (BCL2) inhibitor, has recently shown activity in relapsed or refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Effective biomarkers for identifying patients most likely to respond to venetoclax-based treatment are of clinical utility. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of venetoclax-based therapy in a total 40 R/R AML patients and identify the potentially predictive factors for response. Overall response rate was 50%, including 9 (22.5%) complete response (CR) or CR with incomplete hematologic recovery of either neutrophil or platelet counts (CRi). Median time to best response was 1.4 months and the median overall survival (OS) was 6.6 months. Presence of intermediate-risk cytogenetics predicted better OS compared to unfavorable-risk cytogenetics. Patients harboring NPM1, RUNX1, or SRSF2 mutations seemed to have higher CR/CRi rates and median OS was significantly longer in RUNX1-mutated patients. On the contrary, patients with FLT3-ITD, TP53, or DNMT3A mutations did not reach any objective response and had worse OS. No laboratory or clinical tumor lysis syndrome was observed and the most common adverse events were prolonged cytopenias which resulted in 67.5% of febrile neutropenia. Patients with concurrent use of azole antifungals had similar incidence of cytopenias compared with those without azole antifungals. In summary, we demonstrate that venetoclax is an effective and well-tolerated salvage option for R/R AML patients. Survival benefits were particularly remarkable in patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics or RUNX1 mutations. In contrast, TP53, NRAS, and DNMT3A mutations as well as FLT3-ITD conferred negative impact on survival.

Ouabain, a cardiotonic steroid and specific Na+ /K+ -ATPase inhibitor, has a potential to induce cancer cell apoptosis but the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by ouabain are not fully understand. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of ouabain on human prostate cancer DU 145 cells in vitro. Cell morphological changes were examined by phase contrast microscopy. Cell viability, cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis, DNA damage, the production of ROS and Ca2+ , and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) were measured by flow cytometry assay. Results indicated that ouabain induced cell morphological changes, decreased total cell viability, induced G0/G1 phase arrest, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis, increased ROS and Ca2+ production, but decreased the levels of ΔΨm in DU 145 cells. Ouabain also increased the activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9. Western blotting was used for measuring the alterations of apoptosis-associated protein expressions in DU 145 cells and results indicated that ouabain increased the expression of DNA damage associated proteins (pATMSer1981 , p-H2A.XSer139 , and p-p53Ser15 ) and ER-stress-associated proteins (Grp78, ATF6β, p-PERKThr981 , PERK, eIF2A, GADD153, CaMKIIβ, and caspase-4) in time-dependently. Furthermore, ouabain increased apoptosis-associated proteins (DR4, DR5, Fas, Fas Ligand, and FADD), TRAIL pathway, which related to extrinsic pathway, promoted the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, increased apoptotic-associated proteins, such as cytochrome c, AIF, Endo G, caspase-3, -8, and -9, but reduced anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and Bcl-x in DU 145 cells. In conclusion, we may suggest that ouabain decreased cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death may via caspase-dependent and mitochondria-dependent pathways in human prostate cancer DU 145 cells.

Partial tandem duplication of MLL (MLL-PTD) characterizes acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients often with a poor prognosis. To understand the order of occurrence of MLL-PTD in relation to other major AML mutations and to identify novel mutations that may be present in this unique AML molecular subtype, exome and targeted sequencing was performed on 85 MLL-PTD AML samples using HiSeq-2000. Genes involved in the cohesin complex (STAG2), a splicing factor (U2AF1) and a poorly studied gene, MGA were recurrently mutated, whereas NPM1, one of the most frequently mutated AML gene, was not mutated in MLL-PTD patients. Interestingly, clonality analysis suggests that IDH2/1, DNMT3A, U2AF1 and TET2 mutations are clonal and occur early, and MLL-PTD likely arises after these initial mutations. Conversely, proliferative mutations (FLT3, RAS), typically appear later, are largely subclonal and tend to be unstable. This study provides important insights for understanding the relative importance of different mutations for defining a targeted therapeutic strategy for MLL-PTD AML patients.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of myeloid leukemia characterized by differentiation block at the promyelocyte stage. Besides the presence of chromosomal rearrangement t(15;17), leading to the formation of PML-RARA (promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha) fusion, other genetic alterations have also been implicated in APL. Here, we performed comprehensive mutational analysis of primary and relapse APL to identify somatic alterations, which cooperate with PML-RARA in the pathogenesis of APL. We explored the mutational landscape using whole-exome (n=12) and subsequent targeted sequencing of 398 genes in 153 primary and 69 relapse APL. Both primary and relapse APL harbored an average of eight non-silent somatic mutations per exome. We observed recurrent alterations of FLT3, WT1, NRAS and KRAS in the newly diagnosed APL, whereas mutations in other genes commonly mutated in myeloid leukemia were rarely detected. The molecular signature of APL relapse was characterized by emergence of frequent mutations in PML and RARA genes. Our sequencing data also demonstrates incidence of loss-of-function mutations in previously unidentified genes, ARID1B and ARID1A, both of which encode for key components of the SWI/SNF complex. We show that knockdown of ARID1B in APL cell line, NB4, results in large-scale activation of gene expression and reduced in vitro differentiation potential.

Recent studies have identified recurrent mutations in genes that encode proteins crucial in the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription in hematologic malignancies. Somatic mutations in epigenetic modifiers, including IDH1, IDH2, TET2, DNAMT3A, ASXL1, MLL and EZH2 are enriched in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), especially those with intermediate-risk cytogenetics. Here we describe the clinic-biologic features of AML patients with these mutations, their prognostic relevance and potential as therapeutic targets. The epigenetic alterations are present as the early pre-leukemic events and usually remain stable during disease evolution, implying the potential to be biomarkers for minimal residual disease monitoring. The high frequency of mutations in epigenetic modifiers and their prognostic implications shed light on the development of epigenetic therapy.

A standard treatment for patients with primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) remains unclear. This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical features and outcomes of 19 patients with PIOL who were treated with a first-line therapy comprising combined intravenous high-dose methotrexate and intravitreal methotrexate between January 2003 and December 2013. Thirteen (68.4 %) patients were female, and the median age at diagnosis was 57 (39-77 years). Diagnoses were based on the identification of abnormal lymphoid cells in vitreous fluid. Ten (52.6 %) patients had bilateral eye involvement, and six had concurrent central nervous system (CNS) involvement. All 19 patients achieved complete remission (CR) as confirmed by cytological examination of vitreous and cerebrospinal fluid and brain imaging if CNS was involved. Patients with concurrent brain involvement required a longer time to achieve CR. However, the duration of complete remission did not differ between patients with and without CNS involvement. The 5-year overall survival rate was 55.8 % for the total cohort and was higher (68.8 %) in patients with isolated PIOL than in those with concurrent CNS involvement. In all patients, methotrexate treatment was well tolerated, with manageable side effects. We conclude that combined intravitreal methotrexate and systemic high-dose methotrexate treatment is effective in patients with PIOL.

Background Aberrant fucosylation plays a critical role in lung cancer progression. Nevertheless, the key fucosyltransferase with prognostic significance in lung cancer patients, the enzyme's intracellular targets, and complex molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer metastasis remain incompletely understood. Methods We performed a large-scale transcriptome-clinical correlation to identify major fucosyltransferases with significant prognostic values. Invasion, migration, cell adhesion assays were performed using lung cancer cells subject to genetic manipulation of FUT4 levels. Genome-wide RNA-seq and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry were used to characterize major cellular processes driven by FUT4, as well as profiling its intracellular protein targets. We also performed lung homing and metastasis assays in mouse xenograft models to determine in vivo phenotypes of high FUT4-expressing cancer cells. Findings We show that FUT4 is associated with poor overall survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients. High FUT4 expression promotes lung cancer invasion, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and cell adhesion. FUT4-mediated aberrant fucosylation markedly activates multiple cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, cell cycle, and major oncogenic signaling pathways. The effects are independent of receptor tyrosine kinase mutations. Notably, genetic depletion of FUT4 or targeting FUT4-driven pathways diminishes lung colonization and distant metastases of lung cancer cells in mouse xenograft models. Interpretation We propose that FUT4 can be a prognostic predictor and therapeutic target in lung cancer metastasis. Our data provide a scientific basis for a potential therapeutic strategy using targeted therapy in a subset of patients with high FUT4-expressing tumors with no targetable mutations.

Background/Aim: Ursolic acid (UA), a triterpene compound present in natural plants, has been shown to induce cytotoxic effects on many human cancer cells through induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. This study investigated the effects of UA on human lung cancer NCI-H292 cells in vitro. Materials and Methods: Flow cytometric assay was used to measure the percentage of cell viability, apoptotic cell death by double staining of annexin V and propidium iodide (PI), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca(2+), and mitochondriaI membrane potential (Ψ(m)). UA-induced chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation were examined by 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining and DNA gel electrophoresis, respectively. Western blotting was used to examine the changes of apoptosis-associated protein expression in NCI-H292 cells. Results: UA reduced cell viability and induced apoptotic cell death. UA increased Ca(2+) production, reduced Ψ(m), but did not affect ROS production in NCI-H292 cells. UA increased apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G in NCI-H292 cells. Conclusion: Based on these observations, we suggest UA induces apoptotic cell death via AIF and Endo G release through a mitochondria-dependent pathway in NCI-H292 cells.

Background: Expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has recently been recognized as a potential prognostic marker in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, it remains unclear whether incorporation of the lncRNAs expression in the 2017 European LeukemiaNet (ELN) risk classification can further improve the prognostic prediction. Methods: We enrolled 275 newly diagnosed non-M3 AML patients and randomly assigned them into the training (n=183) and validation cohorts (n=92). In the training cohort, we formulated a prognostic lncRNA scoring system composed of five lncRNAs with significant prognostic impact from the lncRNA expression profiling. Findings: Higher lncRNA scores were significantly associated with older age and adverse gene mutations. Further, the higher-score patients had shorter overall and disease-free survival than lower-score patients, which were also confirmed in both internal and external validation cohorts (TCGA database). The multivariate analyses revealed the lncRNA score was an independent prognosticator in AML, irrespective of the risk based on the 2017 ELN classification. Moreover, in the 2017 ELN intermediate-risk subgroup, lncRNA scoring system could well dichotomize the patients into two groups with distinct prognosis. Within the ELN intermediate-risk subgroup, we found that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation could provide better outcome on patients with higher lncRNA scores. Through bioinformatics approach, we identified high lncRNA scores were correlated with leukemia/hematopoietic stem cell signatures. Interpretation: Incorporation of lncRNA scoring system in 2017 ELN classification can improve risk-stratification of AML patients and help clinical decision-making. Funding Statement: This work was supported Ministry of Science and Technology, and Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the NTUH in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21)(q22;q22) is characterized by considerable clinical and biological heterogeneity leading to relapse in up to 40% of patients. We sequenced coding regions or hotspot areas of 66 recurrently mutated genes in a cohort of 331 t(8;21) patients. At least 1 mutation, in addition to t(8;21), was identified in 95%, with a mean of 2.2 driver mutations per patient. Recurrent mutations occurred in genes related to RAS/RTK signaling (63.4%), epigenetic regulators (45%), cohesin complex (13.6%), MYC signaling (10.3%), and the spliceosome (7.9%). Our study identified mutations in previously unappreciated genes: GIGYF2, DHX15, and G2E3. Based on high mutant levels, pairwise precedence, and stability at relapse, epigenetic regulator mutations were likely to occur before signaling mutations. In 34% of RAS/RTKmutated patients, we identified multiple mutations in the same pathway. Deep sequencing (∼42 000×) of 126 mutations in 62 complete remission samples from 56 patients identified 16 persisting mutations in 12 patients, of whom 5 lacked RUNX1-RUNX1T1 in quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. KIThigh mutations defined by a mutant level ≥25% were associated with inferior relapse-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.15; P = .005). Together with age and white blood cell counts, JAK2, FLT3-internal tandem duplicationhigh, and KIThigh mutations were identified as significant prognostic factors for overall survival in multivariate analysis. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on 19 paired diagnosis, remission, and relapse trios. Exome-wide analysis showed an average of 16 mutations with signs of substantial clonal evolution. Based on the resemblance of diagnosis and relapse pairs, genetically stable (n = 13) and unstable (n = 6) subgroups could be identified.