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The reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament has been an increasingly popular approach for patellar instability over the last ten years. It is a conglomeration of symptoms with varying degree of severity. For pinpointed surgery planning, magnetic resonance imaging is now the obligate diagnosic tool. Therefore, in the preoperative stage, collateral pathology can be observed.

Prehospital assessment of injury type and severity by emergency medical services physicians impacts treatment including appropriate destination hospital selection, especially in (potentially) life-threatening cases. Injuries which are underestimated or overlooked by the emergency physician can delay adequate therapy and thus significantly influence the overall outcome. The current study used data from the TraumaRegister DGU® to evaluate the reliability of prehospital injury assessments made by emergency physicians.Data of 30,777 patients from the TraumaRegister DGU® between 1993 and 2009 were retrospectively evaluated. Using the abbreviated injury scale (AIS), subjective prehospital assessments of injury severity by emergency physicians were correlated with objectively identified injuries diagnosed after admission to hospital. For this evaluation, prehospital injury assessments rated moderate or severe by the emergency physician as well as injuries diagnosed in hospital with an AIS score ≥3 points were deemed relevant.The 30,777 patients with an injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 9 suffered a total of 202,496 injuries and of these 26 % (51,839 out of 202,496) were considered relevant with an AIS ≥3 points. The most frequent relevant injuries were to the head (47 %) and chest (46 %). Of the 51,839 relevant injuries, the prehospital assessment by the emergency physician was accurate for 71 % and in 29 % of the cases relevant injuries were underestimated. Relevant injuries were unrecognized or underestimated in prehospital assessments for almost 1 out of every 7 cases of head trauma, almost 1 out of every 3 thoracic trauma and almost 1 out of every 2 abdominal and pelvic trauma.The assessment of injury severity by emergency medical services physicians based on physical examination at the scene of the trauma is not very reliable. Thus, mechanisms of injury and overall presentation as well as identifiable injuries and vital parameters should be recognized by the emergency physician when considering treatment strategies and choice of appropriate destination hospital. The patient should be re-evaluated in a priority-oriented manner at the latest on arrival in the trauma room to avoid the consequences of unrecognized or underestimated injuries.

In the treatment of complex pelvic fractures hemorrhage control is of primary importance; however, studies regarding the localization of bleeding are contradictory so that various treatment approaches are recommended. The primary aim of external pelvic compression applied in the trauma room is to reduce the pelvic volume and counteract blood loss through self-induced tamponade. This study examined the influence of external pelvic compression on mortality and outcome in cases of hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures in a larger number of cases.The current study used the TraumaRegister DGU® (TR-DGU) to retrospectively evaluate the records of 104 patients treated between 2002 and 2011. All patients suffered severe injury with an injury severity score (ISS) of at least 16 points. In addition, the patients were hemodynamically unstable with confirmed relevant isolated pelvic injuries. To evaluate the effectiveness of external pelvic compression, patients with and without external pelvic stabilization were compared.Of the investigated patients 26.9 % died of their injuries and of these the mortality was 78.6 % within the first 6 h of admission to the trauma room. External pelvic stabilization was performed in 45.2 % of patients. The mortality was 19.1 % in patients with external pelvic stabilization and in contrast, the mortality in the group of patients without external pelvic stabilization was 33.3 %. During the course of hospitalization, surviving patients with external pelvic stabilization were significantly more likely to develop sepsis or multiple organ failure and required longer periods of intensive care.External pelvic stabilization seems to be an important instrument for the initial treatment of hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures and showed a positive effect on patient mortality.

In a 66-year-old obese woman (WHO stage III, BMI 51 kg/m2) pronounced osteoarthritis of the right knee was diagnosed. Because of progressive chronic pain of the right knee joint her walking distance was limited to a few meters. Conservative therapy was exhausted.Clinical examination showed a restricted and painful range of motion of the right knee and distinctive obeseness on the trunk and the extremities including a lipedema/lymphedema.After a complicated course of treatment lasting for 220 days the total knee replacement ended in an arthrodesis combined with a gastrocnemius muscle flap.With respect to this case the high complication-rates in obese patients should be taken into account: Total knee replacement can even lead to loss of the limb in the worst case. In addition to extended preoperative examination this indication should be critically scrutinized.

Playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMD) in professional musicians are common. Existing literature demonstrates that up to 86 % of musicians are affected. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of musculoskeletal pain in professional orchestral musicians with regard to their instrument affiliation. Of special interest were pain intensity and its association with predictors such as gender, instrument group, age or stage fright. Professional orchestra players completed a self-report questionnaire to assess playing-related musculoskeletal pain and its frequency and intensity in various body regions on a numeric rating scale (NRS). Relative frequencies and prevalence ratios for different instrument groups were estimated. Out of 720 approached musicians, 408 were included in the sample (response rate 57 %); overall, 89.5 % had been affected by current or past playing-related musculoskeletal pain, 62.7 % reported pain in the previous 3 months, and 8.6 % reported current pain. Pain distribution and frequency varied between instrument groups. For all instrument groups, the neck was the most common pain region. About 43 % of musicians presented more than five pain regions, in particular violin players. Approximately 40 % of musicians indicated frequent or permanent pain. Average pain intensities increased from NRS 3.8 up to a range of 5.9 and 7.4 for frequent and permanent pain, respectively. Female gender and stage fright were proven to be predictors for musculoskeletal pain. Professional orchestral musicians are greatly affected by PRMD, often experiencing frequent or permanent pain, high pain levels and pain in various body regions. As PRMD might contribute considerably to performance disability, sick leave and the possibility of premature termination of a musicians' career, this study highlights the necessity for tailored therapeutic and preventive strategies in performing arts medicine.

A 70-year-old deaf-mute women suffered from progressive chronic pain of the right hip joint caused by destructive osteoarthritis of the hip.In addition to painfully restricted range of motion of the right hip joint the clinical examination showed a bluish-black pigmentation of the ear-cartilage and the sclera.A total endoprosthetic replacement of the right hip joint was performed. During surgery, blackening of the hip joint capsule and cartilage was found. Histological, the diagnosis of an ochronosis was confirmed. Discoloration after exposure of urine to air supported the diagnosis. Based on extensive internal medical examination relevant cardiac changes were excluded.Ochronosis (arthropathia ochronotica) is a rare entity which can be identified by a visual diagnosis. Early diagnosis can provide crucial information for the prognosis. Additionally, an interdisciplinary treatment concept should be established because of the early onset of degenerative changes at the skeletal system and pathological changes at internal organs. With suspicion on an ochronosis extended internal examinations are recommended in order to avoid complications.

Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are being increasingly used in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral body fractures. Shortening the duration of operative time and radiation exposure as well as reduction of cannulation-related risks and costs are advantages of the unipedicular technique in contrast to less homogeneous cement distribution as a possible disadvantage. Biomechanical investigations have shown similar results with respect to strength and stiffness both for uni- and bipedicular vertebroplasty. Studies evaluating cement distribution with CT scans using a unipedicular approach have not been published yet.We present a prospective study on 92 vertebral body fractures (Th8-L5) in 60 patients, aged 76.8 (60-95) years, which were treated by unipedicular vertebroplasty using a para-/transpedicular approach. We evaluated needle position, injected cement volume, and cement deposition based on CT scans. The vertebral body was divided into nine segments in a frontal plane view. The needle was placed in the middle third in 85.9% (79/92), in the right in 11.9% (11/92), and in the left third in 2.2% (2/92). Complications associated with cannulation were not observed. The injectable cement volume was 4.5 (1.5-9.0) ml.With respect to superior, middle, and inferior parts, filling of the middle third was achieved in 94.9%, of the right third in 76.1%, and of the left third in 80.4%. Only the right- and left-sided inferior segments showed a filling rate below 75%. Positioning the needle into the right or left third resulted in comparably high filling rates of the middle third (100/83.3%) but only 50.0/54.5% of the contralateral third of the vertebral body.Unipedicular vertebroplasty using a modified approach permits a reliable placement of the needle into the middle third of the vertebral body, which is the optimal position regarding cement distribution. Unipedicular vertebroplasty allows homogeneous filling and augmentation of vertebral bodies without need for a second cannulation.

Glomangiomas are perivascular tumours which, on the whole, are rare. They are most frequently located subungually on the fingers and toes. Diagnosis is difficult when they are atypically located at the knee joint. This may frequently result in a course of disease extending over many years.The case of a 75-year-old male patient with a tumour which had existed for two years, located at the knee joint, is reported.Symptomatology, diagnostics, histology and therapy are presented and discussed in the context of the currently available literature relevant to this disease. In the case presented here, following removal of the tumour, the patient remained free of complaints and did not suffer a relapse.Glomangiomas exhibit local, invasive growth, metastases have not been reported. The clinical picture is characterised by the classical trilogy of sensitivity to pain, pressure and temperature. In cases associated with the knee joint, misdiagnoses such as meniscus lesions or degenerative changes, are frequently made. Diagnostic procedures include sonography and magnetic resonance investigations. A resection of the tumour should be carried out well into the healthy tissue, as local relapse is a frequent occurrence in this disease.

We describe a method of removing a posteriorly dislocated lens involving the use of a Machemer lens to visualize displaced lens remnants. Following core vitrectomy, the lens remnants are brought anteriorly and then removed by phacoemulsification. Lens implantation may then be performed with sulcus fixation. Eight of 10 patients in which this technique was used achieved 20/40 or better visual acuity.