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Inspired by the architecture of single-atom catalysts, where the monodispersed metal atoms are widely distributed but stabilized by various coordination circumstances, the biomimetic design and synthesis of metalloporphyrin-containing nanocages have been demonstrated in this study. The nanocages were fabricated through a coordination-driven self-assembly process, and the Mn(III) porphyrin-based one was found to have exclusively peroxidase-like activity at pH 6.0 with neither oxidase nor catalase-like activity under the routine conditions. Benefiting from this, we demonstrated the wide applicability and convenient usage of an Mn(III)-containing supramolecular nanocage (Mn-PC) in the one-step detection of H

The ability to produce folded and functional proteins is a necessity for structural biology and many other biological sciences. This task is particularly challenging for numerous biomedically important targets in human cells, including membrane proteins and large macromolecular assemblies, hampering mechanistic studies and drug development efforts. Here we describe a method combining CRISPR-Cas gene editing and fluorescence-activated cell sorting to rapidly tag and purify endogenous proteins in HEK cells for structural characterization. We applied this approach to study the human proteasome from HEK cells and rapidly determined cryogenic electron microscopy structures of major proteasomal complexes, including a high-resolution structure of intact human PA28αβ–20S. Our structures reveal that PA28 with a subunit stoichiometry of 3α/4β engages tightly with the 20S proteasome. Addition of a hydrophilic peptide shows that polypeptides entering through PA28 are held in the antechamber of 20S prior to degradation in the proteolytic chamber. This study provides critical insights into an important proteasome complex and demonstrates key methodologies for the tagging of proteins from endogenous sources.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell-mediated, chronic inflammatory disease. CD4

Specific and cost-effective methodologies for human papillomavirus (HPV) gene detection are significant for clinical diagnosis and cancer control. Herein, a label-free and fluorimetric/colorimetric dual-mode sensing strategy was developed for the quantitative determination of HPV DNA based on the integration of fluorescent DNA-silver nanoclusters (DNA/AgNCs) and G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme. The fluorimetric sensing strategy was based on the phenomena that the fluorescence enhancement of DNA/AgNCs obtained in proximity of guanine-rich DNA sequences and the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) effect between the electron donor (DNA/AgNCs) and electron receptor (G-quadruplex/hemin). The colorimetric sensing strategy was relied on the peroxidase-like activity of G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme. By integrating DNA/AgNCs and DNAzyme, this dual-mode strategy could produce two independent signals to improve the analytical diversity and accuracy. Under optimized conditions, the fluorimetry and colorimetry of the strategy displayed a linear range of 0.01-4 and 0.02-4 nM, with the low detection limit of 2.3 and 5.2 pM, respectively. Additionally, this dual-mode strategy has been successfully applied to HPV DNA analysis in different real samples with excellent results. Moreover, the sensing platform could be developed for different HPVs DNA assay by only adjusting the recognition sequence, which provided a universal strategy for various kinds of virus analysis.

Iron-cobalt oxide nanosheets (FeCo-ONSs) were proved to have intrinsic peroxidase-like activity. Additionally, the peroxidase-like activity of FeCo-ONSs toward the oxidation of 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was dramatically enhanced after heparin addition due to the stronger affinity toward TMB. Protamine combines with heparin, so the promotion of peroxidase-like activity of FeCo-ONSs with heparin was suppressed. With the addition of trypsin, protamine was hydrolyzed and the enhancement effect of catalytic activity of FeCo-ONSs was recovered. Based on above process, a sensitive colorimetric platform for trypsin activity determination was constructed through measuring the absorbance of produced oxTMB at 652 nm, providing a linear detection range of 5 to 500 ng/mL and a low detection limit of 2.8 ng/mL. The method was applied to trypsin determination in real samples (human urine sample and multienzyme tablet sample) with satisfactory results, illustrating the potential application of this biosensor.

China has achieved universal social health insurance coverage, but it is unclear whether this has alleviated the economic burden of disease for individuals. This was investigated in the present study by analyzing National Health Service Survey (2008–2018) data from Jiangsu province. Ordinary least squares and binary multivariate logistic regression of pooled cross-sectional data were carried out to evaluate the effect of universal health insurance coverage and other socioeconomic factors on the economic burden of disease. Total health expenses (THE) first increased and then decreased during the survey period while out-of-pocket health expenses (OOP) decreased except for urban residents, for whom OOP increased after 2013. Household catastrophic health expenditure (HCHE) was stable between 2008 and 2013 but increased after 2013. Social health insurance had a significant positive effect on the annual THE and OOP and a negative effect on HCHE, however, universal health insurance coverage could alleviated THE and the economic burden of disease on individuals (OOP) while it was insufficient to protect against the economic risk of diseases (HCHE), with greater benefits for urban as compared to rural residents. Other socioeconomic factors including age, marital status, education, income, and health status also influenced the economic burden of disease.

At the beginning of 2020, the global outbreak of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 posed a huge challenge to the governance capabilities of public health in various countries. In this paper, the SEIR model is used to fit the number of confirmed cases in each province in China, and the reduction rate of the basic reproduction number is used to measure the actual score of the control effect of COVID-19. The potential capacity of prevention and control of epidemics, in theory, is constructed, and we use the difference between theoretical ability and actual score to measure the ability of governance of public health. We found that there were significant differences between actual effect and theoretical ability in various regions, and governance capabilities were an important reason leading to this difference, which was not consistent with the level of economic development. The balance of multiple objectives, the guiding ideology of emphasizing medical treatment over prevention, the fragmentation of the public health system, and the insufficiency of prevention and control ability in primary public health systems seriously affected the government’s ability to respond to public health emergencies.

Fracture is one of the most common clinical diseases that reduce the quality of patients' lives significantly. In this study, we prepared gold nanorods modified by endogenous proteins which collected from the autologous blood of individual mice for enhanced photothermal therapy (PTT) to treat fracture. Due to the outermost layer being endogenous proteins, we find that GNRs neither activate the immune cells in vitro nor cause any rejection immune responses after entering the body as compared with PEG modification. In addition, the internal bleeding and edema of the fracture site result in a rapid enrichment of GNRs after intravenous injection. Under near infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the mild photothermal effect of the accumulated GNRs can effectively promote healing of fracture in mice. The molecular mechanism of osteogenic capability is revealed by transcriptome sequencing and subsequent confirmatory experiments, indicating enhanced two key osteogenic signal transduction (MAPK, PI3K-Akt) and multiple key osteogenesis related factors expression following the treatment. Our strategy offers an alternative way to promote bone regeneration following a fracture.

Objectives To explore the potential components of hospital workplace violence (HWPV) from the perspectives of hospital administrators and patients, and put forward corresponding strategies for its prevention and control. Setting Using convenience sampling methods, 116 hospitals in 14 provinces of China were surveyed using a self-designed questionnaire. Methods A cross-sectional study was used. Participants Hospital administrators and patients from 116 hospitals in 14 provinces of China. Results First, hospital administrators point of workplace factors included six factors, with the following weighting coefficients: hospital administrator factors (29.40%), patient-related factors (20.08%), hospital environmental factors (19.45%), policy and institutional factors (11.92%), social psychological factors (10.26%), objective events factors (8.89%). Second, patients from the hospital workplace predisposing factors included three common factors. The weight coefficients of these were hospital-related factors (60.27%), social and governmental factors (23.64%) and patient-related factors (16.09%). Conclusions A wide range of factors according to hospital administrators, patients and in the hospital environment play important roles in HWPV. From the perspectives of hospital administrators, communication skills and attitude to the service are important factors for inducing HWPV. From the perspective of patients, the characteristics of staff personalities and medical cognition are more important inducing factors. As far as social factors are concerned, economic compensation of medical malpractice is an important inducing factor for HWPV. In terms of environmental factors, management of Chinese medical hospitals, medical procedures and the layout of departments are all potential factors for the occurrence of violence. Corresponding defects were exposed in the health legal system and the supervision system for influencing public opinion.

Numerous previous studies have investigated the mental health status of medical staff in China and explored its associated determinate factors; however, scope and methods associated with these have introduced uncertainty regarding the results. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive examination of the mental health status of Chinese medical staff and its relative risk factors based on a cross-sectional survey. We conducted a broad area, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey of Chinese medical workers. Participants were randomly selected from 27 hospitals in the Heilongjiang province. The questionnaire that was distributed consisted of 5 parts: the demographic characteristics of the participant; questions related to the relative risk factors of psychological health; the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C); the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS); and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). The last 3 components were used to evaluate the mental health status of the target population. Logistic and linear regression were used to analyze the determinate factors of the mental health status of Chinese medical staff. Of the 1679 questionnaires distributed, 1557 medical workers responded (response rate: 92.73%; male: 24.1%; female 75.9%). The results of mental health status self-assessments indicated that 32.3% of participants were considered to have some degree of PTSD (based on the PCL-C). The SDS index was 0.67 and the mean score from SAS was 55.26; a result higher than found in the general population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that being female, dissatisfaction or average satisfaction with income, and good or very good self-perceived psychological endurance when faced with an emergency were associated with a reduction of PTSD symptoms. A frequency of verbal abuse incidents greater than 4 was associated with an increase in PTSD symptoms. The mental health status of Chinese medical staff is poor. While the determinate factors based on different measurement standards were not completely consistent, the overlapping major risk factors identified that influenced psychological health were the amount of education, the perceived level of respect, and psychological endurance.

Objectives The purpose of the present study was to explore the characteristics of workplace violence that Chinese nurses at tertiary and county–level hospitals encountered in the 12 months from December 2014 to January 2016, to identify and analyse risk factors for workplace violence, and to establish the basis for future preventive strategies. Design A cross–sectional study. Setting A total of 44 tertiary hospitals and 90 county–level hospitals in 16 provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions) in China. Methods We used stratified random sampling to collect data from December 2014 to January 2016. We distributed 21 360 questionnaires, and 15 970 participants provided valid data (effective response rate=74.77%). We conducted binary logistic regression analyses on the risk factors for workplace violence among the nurses in our sample and analysed the reasons for aggression. Results The prevalence of workplace violence was 65.8%; of this, 64.9% was verbal violence, and physical violence and sexual harassment accounted for 11.8% and 3.9%, respectively. Frequent workplace violence occurred primarily in emergency and paediatric departments. Respondents reported that patients’ relatives were the main perpetrators in tertiary and county–level hospitals. Logistic regression analysis showed that respondents’ age, department, years of experience and direct contact with patients were common risk factors at different levels of hospitals. Conclusions Workplace violence is frequent in China’s tertiary and county–level hospitals; its occurrence is especially frequent in the emergency and paediatric departments. It is necessary to cope with workplace violence by developing effective control strategies at individual, hospital and national levels.