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1. Longitudinal analysis of physical function in older adults: The effects of physical inactivity and exercise training.

Author

Manning, Kenneth, Hall, Katherine, Sloane, Richard, Magistro, Daniele, Rabaglietti, Emanuela, Castle, Steven, Kopp, Teresa, Giffuni, Jamie, Katzel, Leslie, McDonald, Michelle, Miyamoto, Miles, Pearson, Megan, Jennings, Stephen, Bettger, Janet, Morey, Miriam, and Lee, Cathy

Subjects
clinical, cohort, physical activity, physical performance, sedentary, Humans, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, Aging
Abstract

Lack of exercise contributes to systemic inflammation and is a major cause of chronic disease. The long-term impact of initiating and sustaining exercise in late life, as opposed to sustaining a sedentary lifestyle, on whole-body health measures such as physical performance is not well known. This is an exploratory study to compare changes in physical performance among older adults initiating exercise late in life versus inactive older adults. Data from two observational cohorts were included in this analysis, representing two activity groups. The Active group cohort comprises older adults (n = 318; age 72.5 ± 7.2 years) enrolled in a supervised exercise program, Gerofit. The inactive group comprises older adults (n = 146; age 74.5 ± 5.5 years) from the Italian study Act on Ageing (AOA) who self-reported being inactive. Participants in both groups completed physical performance battery at baseline and 1-year including: 6-min walk test, 30-s chair stand, and timed up-and-go. Two-sample t-tests measured differences between Gerofit and AOA at baseline and 1-year across all measures. Significant between-group effects were seen for all performance measures (ps = 0.001). The AOA group declined across all measures from baseline to 1 year (range -18% to -24% change). The Gerofit group experienced significant gains in function for all measures (range +10% to +31% change). Older adults who initiated routine, sustained exercise were protected from age-related declines in physical performance, while those who remained sedentary suffered cumulative deficits across strength, aerobic endurance, and mobility. Interventions to reduce sedentary behaviors and increase physical activity are both important to promote multi-system, whole-body health.

Published
2024

2. A Glycemia Risk Index (GRI) of Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Validated by Clinician Ratings

Author

Klonoff, David C, Wang, Jing, Rodbard, David, Kohn, Michael A, Li, Chengdong, Liepmann, Dorian, Kerr, David, Ahn, David, Peters, Anne L, Umpierrez, Guillermo E, Seley, Jane Jeffrie, Xu, Nicole Y, Nguyen, Kevin T, Simonson, Gregg, Agus, Michael SD, Al-Sofiani, Mohammed E, Armaiz-Pena, Gustavo, Bailey, Timothy S, Basu, Ananda, Battelino, Tadej, Bekele, Sewagegn Yeshiwas, Benhamou, Pierre-Yves, Bequette, B Wayne, Blevins, Thomas, Breton, Marc D, Castle, Jessica R, Chase, James Geoffrey, Chen, Kong Y, Choudhary, Pratik, Clements, Mark A, Close, Kelly L, Cook, Curtiss B, Danne, Thomas, Doyle, Francis J, Drincic, Angela, Dungan, Kathleen M, Edelman, Steven V, Ejskjaer, Niels, Espinoza, Juan C, Fleming, G Alexander, Forlenza, Gregory P, Freckmann, Guido, Galindo, Rodolfo J, Gomez, Ana Maria, Gutow, Hanna A, Heinemann, Lutz, Hirsch, Irl B, Hoang, Thanh D, Hovorka, Roman, Jendle, Johan H, Ji, Linong, Joshi, Shashank R, Joubert, Michael, Koliwad, Suneil K, Lal, Rayhan A, Lansang, M Cecilia, Lee, Wei-An, Leelarathna, Lalantha, Leiter, Lawrence A, Lind, Marcus, Litchman, Michelle L, Mader, Julia K, Mahoney, Katherine M, Mankovsky, Boris, Masharani, Umesh, Mathioudakis, Nestoras N, Mayorov, Alexander, Messler, Jordan, Miller, Joshua D, Mohan, Viswanathan, Nichols, James H, Nørgaard, Kirsten, O’Neal, David N, Pasquel, Francisco J, Philis-Tsimikas, Athena, Pieber, Thomas, Phillip, Moshe, Polonsky, William H, Pop-Busui, Rodica, Rayman, Gerry, Rhee, Eun-Jung, Russell, Steven J, Shah, Viral N, Sherr, Jennifer L, Sode, Koji, Spanakis, Elias K, Wake, Deborah J, Waki, Kayo, Wallia, Amisha, Weinberg, Melissa E, Wolpert, Howard, Wright, Eugene E, Zilbermint, Mihail, and Kovatchev, Boris

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Diabetes, Adult, Humans, Blood Glucose, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia, Glucose, ambulatory glucose profile, composite metric, continuous glucose monitor, diabetes, glycemia risk index, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, time in range, Nutrition and dietetics
Abstract

BackgroundA composite metric for the quality of glycemia from continuous glucose monitor (CGM) tracings could be useful for assisting with basic clinical interpretation of CGM data.MethodsWe assembled a data set of 14-day CGM tracings from 225 insulin-treated adults with diabetes. Using a balanced incomplete block design, 330 clinicians who were highly experienced with CGM analysis and interpretation ranked the CGM tracings from best to worst quality of glycemia. We used principal component analysis and multiple regressions to develop a model to predict the clinician ranking based on seven standard metrics in an Ambulatory Glucose Profile: very low-glucose and low-glucose hypoglycemia; very high-glucose and high-glucose hyperglycemia; time in range; mean glucose; and coefficient of variation.ResultsThe analysis showed that clinician rankings depend on two components, one related to hypoglycemia that gives more weight to very low-glucose than to low-glucose and the other related to hyperglycemia that likewise gives greater weight to very high-glucose than to high-glucose. These two components should be calculated and displayed separately, but they can also be combined into a single Glycemia Risk Index (GRI) that corresponds closely to the clinician rankings of the overall quality of glycemia (r = 0.95). The GRI can be displayed graphically on a GRI Grid with the hypoglycemia component on the horizontal axis and the hyperglycemia component on the vertical axis. Diagonal lines divide the graph into five zones (quintiles) corresponding to the best (0th to 20th percentile) to worst (81st to 100th percentile) overall quality of glycemia. The GRI Grid enables users to track sequential changes within an individual over time and compare groups of individuals.ConclusionThe GRI is a single-number summary of the quality of glycemia. Its hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia components provide actionable scores and a graphical display (the GRI Grid) that can be used by clinicians and researchers to determine the glycemic effects of prescribed and investigational treatments.

Published
2023

3. Medication abortion with misoprostol-only: A sample protocol

Author

Raymond, Elizabeth G, Mark, Alice, Grossman, Daniel, Beasley, Anitra, Brandi, Kristyn, Castle, Jen, Creinin, Mitchell D, Gerdts, Caitlin, Gil, Laura, Grant, Melissa, Lockley, April, Perritt, Jamila, Shochet, Tara, Truan, Dominique, and Upadhyay, Ushma D

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Health Services and Systems, Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Reproductive Medicine, Pregnancy, Female, Humans, Misoprostol, Abortion, Induced, Mifepristone, Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal, Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal, Abortion, Protocol, Instructions, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Public Health and Health Services, Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine, Clinical sciences, Reproductive medicine, Health services and systems
Published
2023

4. Adipocyte-Secreted IL-6 Sensitizes Macrophages to IL-4 Signaling.

Author

Luan, Danny, Dadpey, Benyamin, Zaid, Jessica, Bridge-Comer, Pania, DeLuca, Julia, Xia, Wenmin, Castle, Joshua, and Reilly, Shannon

Subjects
Humans, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-4, Adipocytes, Adipose Tissue, Macrophages, Inflammation, Obesity, Insulin Resistance
Abstract

Complex bidirectional cross talk between adipocytes and adipose tissue immune cells plays an important role in regulating adipose function, inflammation, and insulin responsiveness. Adipocytes secrete the pleiotropic cytokine IL-6 in response to both inflammatory and catabolic stimuli. Previous studies have suggested that IL-6 secretion from adipocytes in obesity may promote adipose tissue inflammation. Here, we investigated catabolic stimulation of adipocyte IL-6 secretion and its impact on adipose tissue immune cells. In obesity, catecholamine resistance reduces cAMP-driven adipocyte IL-6 secretion in response to catabolic signals. By restoring adipocyte catecholamine sensitivity in obese adipocytes, amlexanox stimulates adipocyte-specific IL-6 secretion. We report that in this context, adipocyte-secreted IL-6 activates local macrophage STAT3 to promote Il4ra expression, thereby sensitizing them to IL-4 signaling and promoting an anti-inflammatory gene expression pattern. Supporting a paracrine adipocyte to macrophage mechanism, these effects could be recapitulated using adipocyte conditioned media to pretreat bone marrow-derived macrophages prior to polarization with IL-4. The effects of IL-6 signaling in adipose tissue are complex and context specific. These results suggest that cAMP-driven IL-6 secretion from adipocytes sensitizes adipose tissue macrophages to IL-4 signaling.

Published
2023

5. Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 on Pediatric Falls From Windows: A Multicenter Study

Author

Theodorou, Christina M, Brown, Erin G, Jackson, Jordan E, Castle, Shannon L, Chao, Stephanie D, and Beres, Alana L

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, Coronaviruses Disparities and At-Risk Populations, Pediatric, Physical Injury - Accidents and Adverse Effects, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Coronaviruses, Injuries and accidents, Good Health and Well Being, COVID-19, Child, Humans, Injury Severity Score, Pandemics, Retrospective Studies, Trauma Centers, Wounds and Injuries, Pediatrictrauma, Traumaprevention, Falls, Pediatric trauma, Trauma prevention, Surgery, Clinical sciences
Abstract

IntroductionIn attempts to quell the spread of COVID-19, shelter-in-place orders were employed in most states. Increased time at home, in combination with parents potentially balancing childcare and work-from-home duties, may have had unintended consequences on pediatric falls from windows. We aimed to investigate rates of falls from windows among children during the first 6 mo of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsPatients

Published
2022

6. Changes in concentrations of cervicovaginal immune mediators across the menstrual cycle: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.

Author

Hughes, Sean, Levy, Claire, Katz, Ronit, Lokken, Erica, Anahtar, Melis, Hall, Melissa, Bradley, Frideborg, Castle, Philip, Doncel, Gustavo, Fichorova, Raina, Fidel, Paul, Fowke, Keith, Francis, Suzanna, Ghosh, Mimi, Hwang, Loris, Jais, Mariel, Jespers, Vicky, Joag, Vineet, Kaul, Rupert, Kyongo, Jordan, Lahey, Timothy, Li, Huiying, Makinde, Julia, McKinnon, Lyle, Moscicki, Anna-Barbara, Novak, Richard, Patel, Mickey, Sriprasert, Intira, Thurman, Andrea, Yegorov, Sergey, Mugo, Nelly, Roxby, Alison, Micks, Elizabeth, Hladik, Florian, and Cortez, Valerie

Subjects
Cervix, Chemokine, Cytokine, Female genital tract, Menstrual cycle, Meta-analysis, Systematic review, vagina, Elafin, Female, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Immunologic Factors, Interferons, Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein, Interleukin-16, Interleukin-1alpha, Interleukin-6, Interleukins, Lactoferrin, Menstrual Cycle, Muramidase, Progesterone, beta-Defensins
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle play a key role in shaping immunity in the cervicovaginal tract. Cervicovaginal fluid contains cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins, and other immune mediators. Many studies have shown that the concentrations of these immune mediators change throughout the menstrual cycle, but the studies have often shown inconsistent results. Our understanding of immunological correlates of the menstrual cycle remains limited and could be improved by meta-analysis of the available evidence. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of cervicovaginal immune mediator concentrations throughout the menstrual cycle using individual participant data. Study eligibility included strict definitions of the cycle phase (by progesterone or days since the last menstrual period) and no use of hormonal contraception or intrauterine devices. We performed random-effects meta-analyses using inverse-variance pooling to estimate concentration differences between the follicular and luteal phases. In addition, we performed a new laboratory study, measuring select immune mediators in cervicovaginal lavage samples. RESULTS: We screened 1570 abstracts and identified 71 eligible studies. We analyzed data from 31 studies, encompassing 39,589 concentration measurements of 77 immune mediators made on 2112 samples from 871 participants. Meta-analyses were performed on 53 immune mediators. Antibodies, CC-type chemokines, MMPs, IL-6, IL-16, IL-1RA, G-CSF, GNLY, and ICAM1 were lower in the luteal phase than the follicular phase. Only IL-1α, HBD-2, and HBD-3 were elevated in the luteal phase. There was minimal change between the phases for CXCL8, 9, and 10, interferons, TNF, SLPI, elafin, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and interleukins 1β, 2, 10, 12, 13, and 17A. The GRADE strength of evidence was moderate to high for all immune mediators listed here. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the variability of cervicovaginal immune mediator measurements, our meta-analyses show clear and consistent changes during the menstrual cycle. Many immune mediators were lower in the luteal phase, including chemokines, antibodies, matrix metalloproteinases, and several interleukins. Only interleukin-1α and beta-defensins were higher in the luteal phase. These cyclical differences may have consequences for immunity, susceptibility to infection, and fertility. Our study emphasizes the need to control for the effect of the menstrual cycle on immune mediators in future studies.

Published
2022

7. Changes in telepsychiatry regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic: 17 countries and regions' approaches to an evolving healthcare landscape

Author

Kinoshita, Shotaro, Cortright, Kelley, Crawford, Allison, Mizuno, Yuya, Yoshida, Kazunari, Hilty, Donald, Guinart, Daniel, Torous, John, Correll, Christoph U, Castle, David J, Rocha, Deyvis, Yang, Yuan, Xiang, Yu-tao, Kølbæk, Pernille, Dines, David, ElShami, Mohammad, Jain, Prakhar, Kallivayalil, Roy, Solmi, Marco, Favaro, Angela, Veronese, Nicola, Seedat, Soraya, Shin, Sangho, de Pablo, Gonzalo Salazar, Chang, Chun-Hung, Su, Kuan-Pin, Karas, Hakan, Kane, John M, Yellowlees, Peter, and Kishimoto, Taishiro

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research, Health Services, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, COVID-19, Telemedicine, Pandemics, Psychiatry, Referral and Consultation, government regulation, health insurance reimbursement, telemedicine, telepsychiatry, Neurosciences, Public Health and Health Services, Psychology, Clinical sciences, Biological psychology, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of telemedicine as a way to reduce COVID-19 infections was noted and consequently deregulated. However, the degree of telemedicine regulation varies from country to country, which may alter the widespread use of telemedicine. This study aimed to clarify the telepsychiatry regulations for each collaborating country/region before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe used snowball sampling within a global network of international telepsychiatry experts. Thirty collaborators from 17 different countries/regions responded to a questionnaire on barriers to the use and implementation of telepsychiatric care, including policy factors such as regulations and reimbursement at the end of 2019 and as of May 2020.ResultsThirteen of 17 regions reported a relaxation of regulations due to the pandemic; consequently, all regions surveyed stated that telepsychiatry was now possible within their public healthcare systems. In some regions, restrictions on prescription medications allowed via telepsychiatry were eased, but in 11 of the 17 regions, there were still restrictions on prescribing medications via telepsychiatry. Lower insurance reimbursement amounts for telepsychiatry consultations v. in-person consultations were reevaluated in four regions, and consequently, in 15 regions telepsychiatry services were reimbursed at the same rate (or higher) than in-person consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionsOur results confirm that, due to COVID-19, the majority of countries surveyed are altering telemedicine regulations that had previously restricted the spread of telemedicine. These findings provide information that could guide future policy and regulatory decisions, which facilitate greater scale and spread of telepsychiatry globally.

Published
2022

8. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Author

Trubetskoy, Vassily, Pardiñas, Antonio F, Qi, Ting, Panagiotaropoulou, Georgia, Awasthi, Swapnil, Bigdeli, Tim B, Bryois, Julien, Chen, Chia-Yen, Dennison, Charlotte A, Hall, Lynsey S, Lam, Max, Watanabe, Kyoko, Frei, Oleksandr, Ge, Tian, Harwood, Janet C, Koopmans, Frank, Magnusson, Sigurdur, Richards, Alexander L, Sidorenko, Julia, Wu, Yang, Zeng, Jian, Grove, Jakob, Kim, Minsoo, Li, Zhiqiang, Voloudakis, Georgios, Zhang, Wen, Adams, Mark, Agartz, Ingrid, Atkinson, Elizabeth G, Agerbo, Esben, Al Eissa, Mariam, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Alizadeh, Behrooz Z, Alptekin, Köksal, Als, Thomas D, Amin, Farooq, Arolt, Volker, Arrojo, Manuel, Athanasiu, Lavinia, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Bacanu, Silviu A, Bass, Nicholas J, Begemann, Martin, Belliveau, Richard A, Bene, Judit, Benyamin, Beben, Bergen, Sarah E, Blasi, Giuseppe, Bobes, Julio, Bonassi, Stefano, Braun, Alice, Bressan, Rodrigo Affonseca, Bromet, Evelyn J, Bruggeman, Richard, Buckley, Peter F, Buckner, Randy L, Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas, Cahn, Wiepke, Cairns, Murray J, Calkins, Monica E, Carr, Vaughan J, Castle, David, Catts, Stanley V, Chambert, Kimberley D, Chan, Raymond CK, Chaumette, Boris, Cheng, Wei, Cheung, Eric FC, Chong, Siow Ann, Cohen, David, Consoli, Angèle, Cordeiro, Quirino, Costas, Javier, Curtis, Charles, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L, de Haan, Lieuwe, Degenhardt, Franziska, DeLisi, Lynn E, Demontis, Ditte, Dickerson, Faith, Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Duan, Jubao, Ducci, Giuseppe, Dudbridge, Frank, Eriksson, Johan G, Fañanás, Lourdes, Faraone, Stephen V, Fiorentino, Alessia, Forstner, Andreas, Frank, Josef, Freimer, Nelson B, Fromer, Menachem, Frustaci, Alessandra, Gadelha, Ary, Genovese, Giulio, and Gershon, Elliot S

Subjects
Brain Disorders, Human Genome, Mental Health, Schizophrenia, Serious Mental Illness, Biotechnology, Neurosciences, Genetics, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Alleles, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genomics, Humans, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Indonesia Schizophrenia Consortium, PsychENCODE, Psychosis Endophenotypes International Consortium, SynGO Consortium, Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.

Published
2022

9. Statewide impact of the COVID pandemic on pediatric appendicitis in California: A multicenter study

Author

Theodorou, Christina M, Beres, Alana L, Nguyen, Michelle, Castle, Shannon L, Faltermeier, Claire, Shekherdimian, Shant, Tung, Christine, DeUgarte, Daniel A, and Brown, Erin G

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Pediatric, Patient Safety, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Appendicitis, COVID-19, California, Child, Humans, Pandemics, Appendectomy, Non-operative management, Surgery, Clinical sciences
Abstract

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in delays in presentation for other urgent medical conditions, including pediatric appendicitis. Several single-center studies have reported worse outcomes, but no state-level data is available. We aimed to determine the statewide effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the presentation and management of pediatric appendicitis patients.Materials and methodsPatients < 18 years old with acute appendicitis at four tertiary pediatric hospitals in California between March 19, 2020 to September 19, 2020 (COVID-era) were compared to a pre-COVID cohort (March 19, 2019 to September 19, 2019). The primary outcome was the rate of perforated appendicitis. Secondary outcomes were symptom duration prior to presentation, and rates of non-operative management.ResultsRates of perforated appendicitis were unchanged (40.4% of 592 patients pre-COVID versus 42.1% of 606 patients COVID-era, P = 0.17). The median symptom duration was 2 days in both cohorts (P = 0.90). Computed tomography (CT) use rose from 39.8% pre-COVID to 49.4% during COVID (P = 0.002). Non-operative management increased during the pandemic (8.8% pre-COVID versus 16.2% COVID-era, P < 0.0001). Hospital length of stay (LOS) was longer (2 days pre-COVID versus 3 days during COVID, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsPediatric perforated appendicitis rates did not rise during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic in California in this multicenter study, and there were no delays in presentation noted. There was a higher rate of CT scans, non-operative management, and longer hospital lengths of stay.

Published
2021

10. Diabetes Technology Meeting 2020

Author

Shang, Trisha, Zhang, Jennifer Y, Bequette, B Wayne, Raymond, Jennifer K, Coté, Gerard, Sherr, Jennifer L, Castle, Jessica, Pickup, John, Pavlovic, Yarmela, Espinoza, Juan, Messer, Laurel H, Heise, Tim, Mendez, Carlos E, Kim, Sarah, Ginsberg, Barry H, Masharani, Umesh, Galindo, Rodolfo J, and Klonoff, David C

Subjects
Diabetes, Autoimmune Disease, Bioengineering, Biotechnology, Metabolic and endocrine, Good Health and Well Being, Artificial Intelligence, Blood Glucose, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Humans, Technology, diabetes, glucose, insulin, meeting, software, technology, Nutrition and Dietetics
Abstract

Diabetes Technology Society hosted its annual Diabetes Technology Meeting on November 12 to November 14, 2020. This meeting brought together speakers to cover various perspectives about the field of diabetes technology. The meeting topics included artificial intelligence, digital health, telemedicine, glucose monitoring, regulatory trends, metrics for expressing glycemia, pharmaceuticals, automated insulin delivery systems, novel insulins, metrics for diabetes monitoring, and discriminatory aspects of diabetes technology. A live demonstration was presented.

Published
2021

11. Primary HPV and Molecular Cervical Cancer Screening in US Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Author

Strickler, Howard D, Keller, Marla J, Hessol, Nancy A, Eltoum, Isam-Eldin, Einstein, Mark H, Castle, Philip E, Massad, L Stewart, Flowers, Lisa, Rahangdale, Lisa, Atrio, Jessica M, Ramirez, Catalina, Minkoff, Howard, Adimora, Adaora A, Ofotokun, Igho, Colie, Christine, Huchko, Megan J, Fischl, Margaret, Wright, Rodney, D’Souza, Gypsyamber, Leider, Jason, Diaz, Olga, Sanchez-Keeland, Lorraine, Shrestha, Sadeep, Xie, Xianhong, Xue, Xiaonan, Anastos, Kathryn, Palefsky, Joel M, and Burk, Robert D

Subjects
Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Women's Health, Cervical Cancer, Clinical Research, Cancer, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Alphapapillomavirus, Early Detection of Cancer, Female, HIV, HIV Infections, Human papillomavirus 16, Human papillomavirus 18, Humans, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Papillomaviridae, Papillomavirus Infections, Pregnancy, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Vaginal Smears, Uterine Cervical Dysplasia, human papillomavirus, cervical cancer screening, p16/Ki-67, primary HPV screening, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology, Clinical sciences
Abstract

BackgroundPrimary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening (PHS) utilizes oncogenic human papillomavirus (oncHPV) testing as the initial cervical cancer screening method and typically, if positive, additional reflex-triage (eg, HPV16/18-genotyping, Pap testing). While US guidelines support PHS usage in the general population, PHS has been little studied in women living with HIV (WLWH).MethodsWe enrolled n = 865 WLWH (323 from the Women's Interagency HIV Study [WIHS] and 542 from WIHS-affiliated colposcopy clinics). All participants underwent Pap and oncHPV testing, including HPV16/18-genotyping. WIHS WLWH who tested oncHPV[+] or had cytologic atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or worse (ASC-US+) underwent colposcopy, as did a random 21% of WLWH who were oncHPV[-]/Pap[-] (controls). Most participants additionally underwent p16/Ki-67 immunocytochemistry.ResultsMean age was 46 years, median CD4 was 592 cells/µL, 95% used antiretroviral therapy. Seventy WLWH had histologically-determined cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or greater (CIN-2+), of which 33 were defined as precancer (ie, [i] CIN-3+ or [ii] CIN-2 if concurrent with cytologic high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions [HSILs]). PHS had 87% sensitivity (Se) for precancer, 9% positive predictive value (PPV), and a 35% colposcopy referral rate (Colpo). "PHS with reflex HPV16/18-genotyping and Pap testing" had 84% Se, 16% PPV, 30% Colpo. PHS with only HPV16/18-genotyping had 24% Colpo. "Concurrent oncHPV and Pap Testing" (Co-Testing) had 91% Se, 12% PPV, 40% Colpo. p16/Ki-67 immunochemistry had the highest PPV, 20%, but 13% specimen inadequacy.ConclusionsPHS with reflex HPV16/18-genotyping had fewer unnecessary colposcopies and (if confirmed) could be a potential alternative to Co-Testing in WLWH.

Published
2021

12. PTSD Improvement Associated with Social Connectedness in Gerofit Veterans Exercise Program

Author

Wilkins, Stacy Schantz, Melrose, Rebecca J, Hall, Katherine S, Blanchard, Erin, Castle, Steven C, Kopp, Teresa, Katzel, Leslie I, Holder, Alice, Alexander, Neil, McDonald, Michelle KS, Tayade, Arti, Forman, Daniel E, Abbate, Lauren M, Harris, Rebekah, Valencia, Willy M, Morey, Miriam C, and Lee, Cathy C

Subjects
Clinical and Health Psychology, Health Services and Systems, Health Sciences, Psychology, Brain Disorders, Aging, Clinical Research, Mental Health, Anxiety Disorders, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Mind and Body, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Behavioral and Social Science, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Aged, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Education, Exercise, Female, Humans, Male, Physical Functional Performance, Psychosocial Support Systems, Social Interaction, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Veterans, PTSD, exercise, older adult, social support, Gerofit, Medical and Health Sciences, Geriatrics, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

ObjectivePost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common in Veterans. Symptoms can perpetuate into late life, negatively impacting physical and mental health. Exercise and social support are beneficial in treating anxiety disorders such as PTSD in the general population, although less is known about the impact on Veterans who have lived with PTSD for decades. This study assessed associations between social connectedness, physical function and self-reported change in PTSD symptoms among older Veterans specifically participating in Gerofit.DesignProspective clinical intervention.SettingTwelve sites of Veterans Affairs (VA) Gerofit exercise program across the United States.ParticipantsThree hundred and twenty one older Veteran Gerofit participants (mean age = 74) completed physical assessments and questionnaires regarding physical and emotional symptoms and their experience.MeasurementsMeasures of physical function, including 30-second chair stands, 10-m and 6-min walk were assessed at baseline and 3 months; change in PTSD symptoms based on the Diagnostic Statistical Manual-5 (DSM-5) assessed by a self-report questionnaire; and social connection measured by the Relatedness Subscale of the Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise scale (PNSE) were evaluated after 3 months of participation in Gerofit.ResultsNinety five (29.6%) Veterans reported PTSD. Significant improvement was noted in self-rated PTSD symptoms at 3 months (P

Published
2021

13. Raloxifene prevents stress granule dissolution, impairs translational control and promotes cell death during hypoxia in glioblastoma cells.

Author

Attwood, Kathleen, Robichaud, Aaron, Westhaver, Lauren, Castle, Elizabeth, Brandman, David, Balgi, Aruna, Roberge, Michel, Colp, Patricia, Croul, Sidney, Kim, Inhwa, McCormick, Craig, Corcoran, Jennifer, and Weeks, Adrienne

Subjects
Cell Death, Estrogen Antagonists, Glioblastoma, Humans, Raloxifene Hydrochloride
Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor, and it has a uniformly poor prognosis. Hypoxia is a feature of the GBM microenvironment, and previous work has shown that cancer cells residing in hypoxic regions resist treatment. Hypoxia can trigger the formation of stress granules (SGs), sites of mRNA triage that promote cell survival. A screen of 1120 FDA-approved drugs identified 129 candidates that delayed the dissolution of hypoxia-induced SGs following a return to normoxia. Amongst these candidates, the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene delayed SG dissolution in a dose-dependent manner. SG dissolution typically occurs by 15 min post-hypoxia, however pre-treatment of immortalized U251 and U3024 primary GBM cells with raloxifene prevented SG dissolution for up to 2 h. During this raloxifene-induced delay in SG dissolution, translational silencing was sustained, eIF2α remained phosphorylated and mTOR remained inactive. Despite its well-described role as a SERM, raloxifene-mediated delay in SG dissolution was unaffected by co-administration of β-estradiol, nor did β-estradiol alone have any effect on SGs. Importantly, the combination of raloxifene and hypoxia resulted in increased numbers of late apoptotic/necrotic cells. Raloxifene and hypoxia also demonstrated a block in late autophagy similar to the known autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Genetic disruption of the SG-nucleating proteins G3BP1 and G3BP2 revealed that G3BP1 is required to sustain the raloxifene-mediated delay in SG dissolution. Together, these findings indicate that modulating the stress response can be used to exploit the hypoxic niche of GBM tumors, causing cell death by disrupting pro-survival stress responses and control of protein synthesis.

Published
2020

14. Possibility for reverse zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to free-ranging wildlife: A case study of bats.

Author

Olival, Kevin J, Cryan, Paul M, Amman, Brian R, Baric, Ralph S, Blehert, David S, Brook, Cara E, Calisher, Charles H, Castle, Kevin T, Coleman, Jeremy TH, Daszak, Peter, Epstein, Jonathan H, Field, Hume, Frick, Winifred F, Gilbert, Amy T, Hayman, David TS, Ip, Hon S, Karesh, William B, Johnson, Christine K, Kading, Rebekah C, Kingston, Tigga, Lorch, Jeffrey M, Mendenhall, Ian H, Peel, Alison J, Phelps, Kendra L, Plowright, Raina K, Reeder, DeeAnn M, Reichard, Jonathan D, Sleeman, Jonathan M, Streicker, Daniel G, Towner, Jonathan S, and Wang, Lin-Fa

Subjects
Animals, Animals, Wild, Chiroptera, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Genome, Viral, Host Specificity, Pandemics, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Wild, Genome, Viral, Pneumonia, Virology, Microbiology, Immunology, Medical Microbiology
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the substantial public health, economic, and societal consequences of virus spillover from a wildlife reservoir. Widespread human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also presents a new set of challenges when considering viral spillover from people to naïve wildlife and other animal populations. The establishment of new wildlife reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 would further complicate public health control measures and could lead to wildlife health and conservation impacts. Given the likely bat origin of SARS-CoV-2 and related beta-coronaviruses (β-CoVs), free-ranging bats are a key group of concern for spillover from humans back to wildlife. Here, we review the diversity and natural host range of β-CoVs in bats and examine the risk of humans inadvertently infecting free-ranging bats with SARS-CoV-2. Our review of the global distribution and host range of β-CoV evolutionary lineages suggests that 40+ species of temperate-zone North American bats could be immunologically naïve and susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2. We highlight an urgent need to proactively connect the wellbeing of human and wildlife health during the current pandemic and to implement new tools to continue wildlife research while avoiding potentially severe health and conservation impacts of SARS-CoV-2 "spilling back" into free-ranging bat populations.

Published
2020

15. Anogenital Human Papillomavirus and HIV Infection in Rwandan Men Who Have Sex With Men

Author

Murenzi, Gad, Kim, Hae-Young, Munyaneza, Athanase, Tuyisenge, Patrick, Zawadi, Thierry M, Buteera, Alex M, Adedimeji, Adebola, Mutesa, Leon, Castle, Philip E, Anastos, Kathryn, and Palefsky, Joel M

Subjects
Public Health, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Prevention, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Vaccine Related, Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*), Infectious Diseases, Behavioral and Social Science, Clinical Research, HIV/AIDS, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Anus Diseases, Coinfection, HIV Infections, Homosexuality, Male, Humans, Male, Papillomaviridae, Papillomavirus Infections, Penile Diseases, Penis, Prevalence, Rwanda, Urban Population, Young Adult, MSM, anal HPV, penile HPV, HIV, Public Health and Health Services, Virology, Clinical sciences, Epidemiology, Public health
Abstract

BackgroundMen who have sex with men (MSM) have a high prevalence of anal and penile human papillomavirus (HPV) infections with MSM living with HIV (MSMLH) bearing the highest rates. Data on anogenital high-risk HPV (hrHPV) among MSM in Rwanda and the associated risk factors are scant.MethodsWe recruited 350 self-identified MSM aged 18 years living in Kigali, Rwanda, with 300 recruited from the community and 50 from partner clinics. Anal and penile specimens from all participants were analyzed for hrHPV using the AmpFire platform. Logistic regression was used to calculate crude odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted ORs (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) as a measure of association between various factors and anal and penile hrHPV infection prevalence.ResultsAnal hrHPV prevalence was 20.1%, was positively associated with having receptive anal sex with more partners (aOR: 9.21, 95% CI: 3.66 to 23.14), and was negatively associated with having insertive anal sex with more partners (aOR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.66). Penile hrHPV prevalence was 35.0%, was negatively associated with having receptive anal sex with more partners (aOR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.66), and differed significantly by HIV status, with 55.2% and 29.7% for MSMLH and HIV-negative MSM, respectively (P < 0.01).ConclusionPenile hrHPV prevalence was higher than that of anal hrHPV and it was significantly higher in Rwandan MSMLH than in HIV-negative MSM. The prevalence of anal and penile HPV infections is likely variable at different locations in Africa, according to a number of factors including HIV status and sexual practices.

Published
2020

16. Epidemiological evidence that common HPV types may be common because of their ability to evade immune surveillance: Results from the Women's Interagency HIV study

Author

Castle, Philip E, Burk, Robert D, Massad, Leslie S, Eltoum, Isam‐Eldin, Hall, Charles B, Hessol, Nancy A, Anastos, Kathryn, Xie, Xianhong, Minkoff, Howard, Xue, Xiaonan, D'Souza, Gypsyamber, Flowers, Lisa, Colie, Christine, Rahangdale, Lisa, Fischl, Margaret A, Palefsky, Joel M, and Strickler, Howard D

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cervix Uteri, DNA, Viral, Female, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Immune Evasion, Papanicolaou Test, Papillomaviridae, Papillomavirus Infections, Phylogeny, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Young Adult, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

Infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16, the most oncogenic HPV type, was found to be the least affected by HIV-status and CD4 count of any of the approximately 13 oncogenic HPV types. This relative independence from host immune status has been interpreted as evidence that HPV16 may have an innate ability to avoid the effects of immunosurveillance. However, the impact of immune status on other individual HPV types has not been carefully assessed. We studied type-specific HPV infection in a cohort of 2,470 HIV-positive (HIV[+]) and 895 HIV-negative (HIV[-]) women. Semi-annually collected cervicovaginal lavages were tested for >40 HPV types. HPV type-specific prevalence ratios (PRs), incidence and clearance hazard ratios (HRs), were calculated by contrasting HPV types detected in HIV[+] women with CD4

Published
2020

17. Relationships of p16 Immunohistochemistry and Other Biomarkers With Diagnoses of Cervical Abnormalities: Implications for LAST Terminology

Author

Castle, Philip E, Adcock, Rachael, Cuzick, Jack, Wentzensen, Nicolas, Torrez-Martinez, Norah E, Torres, Salina M, Stoler, Mark H, Ronnett, Brigitte M, Joste, Nancy E, Darragh, Teresa M, Gravitt, Patti E, Schiffman, Mark, Hunt, William C, Kinney, Walter K, Wheeler, Cosette M, Committee, New Mexico HPV Pap Registry Steering, and Panel, p16 IHC Study

Subjects
Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Cervical Cancer, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Cancer, Sexually Transmitted Infections, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, Detection, screening and diagnosis, Adult, Biomarkers, Tumor, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Middle Aged, Papillomavirus Infections, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Uterine Cervical Dysplasia, New Mexico HPV Pap Registry Steering Committee, p16 IHC Study Panel, Clinical Sciences, Pathology, Clinical sciences
Abstract

Context.—Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) standardization recommended p16INK4a immunohistochemistry (p16 IHC) for biopsies diagnosed morphologically as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 (CIN2) to classify them as low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs).Objective.—To describe the relationships of p16 IHC and other biomarkers associated with cervical cancer risk with biopsy diagnoses.Design.—A statewide, stratified sample of cervical biopsies diagnosed by community pathologists (CPs), including 1512 CIN2, underwent a consensus, expert pathologist panel (EP) review (without p16 IHC results), p16 IHC interpretation by a third pathology group, and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping, results of which were grouped hierarchically according to cancer risk. Antecedent cytologic interpretations were also available.Results.—Biopsies were more likely to test p16 IHC positive with increasing severity of CP diagnoses, overall (Ptrend ≤ .001) and within each HPV risk group (Ptrend ≤ .001 except for low-risk HPV [Ptrend < .010]). All abnormal grades of CP-diagnosed biopsies were more likely to test p16 IHC positive with a higher HPV risk group (Ptrend < .001), and testing p16 IHC positive was associated with higher HPV risk group than testing p16 IHC negative for each grade of CP-diagnosed biopsies (P < .001). p16 IHC-positive, CP-diagnosed CIN2 biopsies were less likely than CP-diagnosed CIN3 biopsies to test HPV16 positive, have an antecedent HSIL+ cytology, or to be diagnosed as CIN3+ by the EP (P < .001 for all). p16 IHC-positive, CP-diagnosed CIN1 biopsies had lower HPV risk groups than p16 IHC-negative, CP-diagnosed CIN2 biopsies (P < .001).Conclusions.—p16 IHC-positive, CP-diagnosed CIN2 appears to be lower cancer risk than CP-diagnosed CIN3. LAST classification of "HSIL" diagnosis, which includes p16 IHC-positive CIN2, should annotate the morphologic diagnosis (CIN2 or CIN3) to inform all management decisions, which is especially important for young (

Published
2020

18. Relationships of p16 Immunohistochemistry and Other Biomarkers With Diagnoses of Cervical Abnormalities: Implications for LAST Terminology.

Author

Gravitt, Patti, Schiffman, Mark, Hunt, William, Kinney, Walter, Wheeler, Cosette, Castle, Philip, Adcock, Rachael, Cuzick, Jack, Wentzensen, Nicolas, Torrez-Martinez, Norah, Torres, Salina, Stoler, Mark, Ronnett, Brigitte, Joste, Nancy, and Darragh, Teresa

Subjects
Adult, Biomarkers, Tumor, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Middle Aged, Papillomavirus Infections, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abstract

CONTEXT.—: Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) standardization recommended p16INK4a immunohistochemistry (p16 IHC) for biopsies diagnosed morphologically as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 (CIN2) to classify them as low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). OBJECTIVE.—: To describe the relationships of p16 IHC and other biomarkers associated with cervical cancer risk with biopsy diagnoses. DESIGN.—: A statewide, stratified sample of cervical biopsies diagnosed by community pathologists (CPs), including 1512 CIN2, underwent a consensus, expert pathologist panel (EP) review (without p16 IHC results), p16 IHC interpretation by a third pathology group, and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping, results of which were grouped hierarchically according to cancer risk. Antecedent cytologic interpretations were also available. RESULTS.—: Biopsies were more likely to test p16 IHC positive with increasing severity of CP diagnoses, overall (Ptrend ≤ .001) and within each HPV risk group (Ptrend ≤ .001 except for low-risk HPV [Ptrend < .010]). All abnormal grades of CP-diagnosed biopsies were more likely to test p16 IHC positive with a higher HPV risk group (Ptrend < .001), and testing p16 IHC positive was associated with higher HPV risk group than testing p16 IHC negative for each grade of CP-diagnosed biopsies (P < .001). p16 IHC-positive, CP-diagnosed CIN2 biopsies were less likely than CP-diagnosed CIN3 biopsies to test HPV16 positive, have an antecedent HSIL+ cytology, or to be diagnosed as CIN3+ by the EP (P < .001 for all). p16 IHC-positive, CP-diagnosed CIN1 biopsies had lower HPV risk groups than p16 IHC-negative, CP-diagnosed CIN2 biopsies (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS.—: p16 IHC-positive, CP-diagnosed CIN2 appears to be lower cancer risk than CP-diagnosed CIN3. LAST classification of HSIL diagnosis, which includes p16 IHC-positive CIN2, should annotate the morphologic diagnosis (CIN2 or CIN3) to inform all management decisions, which is especially important for young (

Published
2020

19. Postmortem Analysis in a Clinical Trial of AAV2-NGF Gene Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease Identifies a Need for Improved Vector Delivery

Author

Castle, Michael J, Baltanás, Fernando C, Kovacs, Imre, Nagahara, Alan H, Barba, David, and Tuszynski, Mark H

Subjects
Medical Biotechnology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Aging, Biotechnology, Alzheimer's Disease, Acquired Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegenerative, Alzheimer's Disease including Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD), Genetics, Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Gene Therapy, Dementia, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 5.2 Cellular and gene therapies, Neurological, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Autopsy, Basal Forebrain, Cholinergic Neurons, Dependovirus, Female, Gene Transfer Techniques, Genetic Therapy, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nerve Growth Factor, Neuropsychological Tests, AAV, AAV2-NGF, Alzheimer's disease, clinical trial, gene therapy, NGF, Medical biotechnology
Abstract

Nerve growth factor (NGF) gene therapy rescues and stimulates cholinergic neurons, which degenerate in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a recent clinical trial for AD, intraparenchymal adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2)-NGF delivery was safe but did not improve cognition. Before concluding that NGF gene therapy is ineffective, it must be shown that AAV2-NGF successfully engaged the target cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. In this study, patients with clinically diagnosed early- to middle-stage AD received a total dose of 2 × 1011 vector genomes of AAV2-NGF by stereotactic injection of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. After a mean survival of 4.0 years, AAV2-NGF targeting, spread, and expression were assessed by immunolabeling of NGF and the low-affinity NGF receptor p75 at 15 delivery sites in 3 autopsied patients. NGF gene expression persisted for at least 7 years at sites of AAV2-NGF injection. However, the mean distance of AAV2-NGF spread was only 0.96 ± 0.34 mm. NGF did not directly reach cholinergic neurons at any of the 15 injection sites due to limited spread and inaccurate stereotactic targeting. Because AAV2-NGF did not directly engage the target cholinergic neurons, we cannot conclude that growth factor gene therapy is ineffective for AD. Upcoming clinical trials for AD will utilize real-time magnetic resonance imaging guidance and convection-enhanced delivery to improve the targeting and spread of growth factor gene delivery.

Published
2020

20. Predictors of Recurrence, and Progression-Free and Overall Survival following Open versus Robotic Radical Cystectomy: Analysis from the RAZOR Trial with a 3-Year Followup.

Author

Venkatramani, Vivek, Reis, Isildinha M, Castle, Erik P, Gonzalgo, Mark L, Woods, Michael E, Svatek, Robert S, Weizer, Alon Z, Konety, Badrinath R, Tollefson, Mathew, Krupski, Tracey L, Smith, Norm D, Shabsigh, Ahmad, Barocas, Daniel A, Quek, Marcus L, Dash, Atreya, Kibel, Adam S, Pruthi, Raj S, Montgomery, Jeffrey Scott, Weight, Christopher J, Sharp, David S, Chang, Sam S, Cookson, Michael S, Gupta, Gopal N, Gorbonos, Alex, Uchio, Edward M, Skinner, Eila, Soodana-Prakash, Nachiketh, Becerra, Maria F, Swain, Sanjaya, Kendrick, Kerri, Smith, Joseph A, Thompson, Ian M, and Parekh, Dipen J

Subjects
Prevention, Cancer, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Comparative Effectiveness Research, Clinical Research, Aged, Cystectomy, Disease Progression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Robotic Surgical Procedures, Survival Rate, United States, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, bladder neoplasms, cystectomy, neoplasm recurrence, robotic surgical procedures, mortality
Abstract

PurposeThe RAZOR (Randomized Open versus Robotic Cystectomy) trial revealed noninferior 2-year progression-free survival for robotic radical cystectomy. This update was performed with extended followup for 3 years to determine potential differences between the approaches. We also report 3-year overall survival and sought to identify factors predicting recurrence, and progression-free and overall survival.Materials and methodsWe analyzed the per protocol population of 302 patients from the RAZOR study. Cumulative recurrence was estimated using nonbladder cancer death as the competing risk event and the Gray test was applied to assess significance in differences. Progression-free survival and overall survival were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log rank test. Predictors of outcomes were determined by Cox proportional hazard analysis.ResultsEstimated progression-free survival at 36 months was 68.4% (95% CI 60.1-75.3) and 65.4% (95% CI 56.8-72.7) in the robotic and open groups, respectively (p=0.600). At 36 months overall survival was 73.9% (95% CI 65.5-80.5) and 68.5% (95% CI 59.8-75.7) in the robotic and open groups, respectively (p=0.334). There was no significant difference in the cumulative incidence rates of recurrence (p=0.802). Patient age greater than 70 years, poor performance status and major complications were significant predictors of 36-month progression-free survival. Stage and positive margins were significant predictors of recurrence, and progression-free and overall survival. Surgical approach was not a significant predictor of any outcome.ConclusionsThis analysis showed no difference in recurrence, 3-year progression-free survival or 3-year overall survival for robotic vs open radical cystectomy. It provides important prospective data on the oncologic efficacy of robotic radical cystectomy and high level data for patient counseling.

Published
2020

21. Combined HIV-1 sequence and integration site analysis informs viral dynamics and allows reconstruction of replicating viral ancestors

Author

Patro, Sean C, Brandt, Leah D, Bale, Michael J, Halvas, Elias K, Joseph, Kevin W, Shao, Wei, Wu, Xiaolin, Guo, Shuang, Murrell, Ben, Wiegand, Ann, Spindler, Jonathan, Raley, Castle, Hautman, Christopher, Sobolewski, Michele, Fennessey, Christine M, Hu, Wei-Shau, Luke, Brian, Hasson, Jenna M, Niyongabo, Aurelie, Capoferri, Adam A, Keele, Brandon F, Milush, Jeff, Hoh, Rebecca, Deeks, Steven G, Maldarelli, Frank, Hughes, Stephen H, Coffin, John M, Rausch, Jason W, Mellors, John W, and Kearney, Mary F

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Genetics, Immunology, Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Infection, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Base Sequence, Cell Line, DNA, Viral, Drug Resistance, Viral, HIV Infections, HIV-1, Humans, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Lymph Nodes, Mutation, Proviruses, Virus Integration, Virus Replication, HIV persistence, proviral structure, integration site analysis
Abstract

Understanding HIV-1 persistence despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) is of paramount importance. Both single-genome sequencing (SGS) and integration site analysis (ISA) provide useful information regarding the structure of persistent HIV DNA populations; however, until recently, there was no way to link integration sites to their cognate proviral sequences. Here, we used multiple-displacement amplification (MDA) of cellular DNA diluted to a proviral endpoint to obtain full-length proviral sequences and their corresponding sites of integration. We applied this method to lymph node and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 5 ART-treated donors to determine whether groups of identical subgenomic sequences in the 2 compartments are the result of clonal expansion of infected cells or a viral genetic bottleneck. We found that identical proviral sequences can result from both cellular expansion and viral genetic bottlenecks occurring prior to ART initiation and following ART failure. We identified an expanded T cell clone carrying an intact provirus that matched a variant previously detected by viral outgrowth assays and expanded clones with wild-type and drug-resistant defective proviruses. We also found 2 clones from 1 donor that carried identical proviruses except for nonoverlapping deletions, from which we could infer the sequence of the intact parental virus. Thus, MDA-SGS can be used for "viral reconstruction" to better understand intrapatient HIV-1 evolution and to determine the clonality and structure of proviruses within expanded clones, including those with drug-resistant mutations. Importantly, we demonstrate that identical sequences observed by standard SGS are not always sufficient to establish proviral clonality.

Published
2019

22. Null results of oxytocin and vasopressin administration across a range of social cognitive and behavioral paradigms: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial

Author

Tabak, Benjamin A, Teed, Adam R, Castle, Elizabeth, Dutcher, Janine M, Meyer, Meghan L, Bryan, Ronnie, Irwin, Michael R, Lieberman, Matthew D, and Eisenberger, Naomi I

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Psychology, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Behavioral and Social Science, Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Mental Health, Clinical Research, 1.2 Psychological and socioeconomic processes, Underpinning research, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Administration, Intranasal, Adolescent, Adult, Bayes Theorem, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Negative Results, Oxytocin, Placebo Effect, Reproducibility of Results, Social Behavior, Social Skills, Vasopressins, Young Adult, Vasopressin, Social behavior, Social cognition, Social processes, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Psychiatry, Biomedical and clinical sciences
Abstract

Research examining oxytocin and vasopressin in humans has the potential to elucidate neurobiological mechanisms underlying human sociality that have been previously unknown or not well characterized. A primary goal of this work is to increase our knowledge about neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders characterized by impairments in social cognition. However, years of research highlighting wide-ranging effects of, in particular, intranasal oxytocin administration have been tempered as the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and other disciplines have been addressing concerns over the reproducibility and validity of research findings. We present a series of behavioral tasks that were conducted using a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, between-subjects design, in which our research group found no main effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on a host of social outcomes. In addition to null hypothesis significance testing, we implemented equivalence testing and Bayesian hypothesis testing to examine the sensitivity of our findings. These analyses indicated that 47-83% of our results (depending on the method of post-hoc analysis) had enough sensitivity to detect the absence of a main effect. Our results add to evidence that intranasal oxytocin may have a more limited direct effect on human social processes than initially assumed and suggest that the direct effects of intranasal vasopressin may be similarly limited. Randomized controlled trial registration: NCT01680718.

Published
2019

23. Arrhythmias and Adaptations of the Cardiac Conduction System in Former National Football League Players

Author

Aagaard, Philip, Sharma, Shishir, McNamara, David A, Joshi, Parag, Ayers, Colby R, de Lemos, James A, Lincoln, Andrew E, Baranowski, Bryan, Mandsager, Kyle, Hill, Elizabeth, Castle, Lon, Gentry, James, Lang, Richard, Dunn, Reginald E, Alexander, Kezia, Tucker, Andrew M, and Phelan, Dermot

Subjects
Prevention, Cardiovascular, Heart Disease, Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, African Americans, Aged, Atrial Fibrillation, Cross-Sectional Studies, Football, Heart Conduction System, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, United States, Whites, athlete's heart, atrial fibrillation, conduction disease, National Football League, White People, Black or African American, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology
Abstract

Background Habitual high-intensity endurance exercise is associated with increased atrial fibrillation (AF) risk and impaired cardiac conduction. It is unknown whether these observations extend to prior strength-type sports exposure. The primary aim of this study was to compare AF prevalence in former National Football League (NFL) athletes to population-based controls. The secondary aim was to characterize other conduction system parameters. Methods and Results This cross-sectional study compared former NFL athletes (n=460, age 56±12 years, black 47%) with population-based controls of similar age and racial composition from the cardiovascular cohort Dallas Heart Study-2 (n=925, age 54±9 years, black 53%). AF was present in 28 individuals (n=23 [5%] in the NFL group; n=5 [0.5%] in the control group). After controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors in multivariable regression analysis, former NFL participation remained associated with a 5.7 (95% CI: 2.1-15.9, P

Published
2019

24. 5-Year Prospective Evaluation of Cytology, Human Papillomavirus Testing, and Biomarkers for Detection of Anal Precancer in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men.

Author

Clarke, Megan, Cheung, Li, Lorey, Thomas, Hare, Brad, Landy, Rebecca, Tokugawa, Diane, Gage, Julia, Castle, Philip, Wentzensen, Nicolas, and Darragh, Teresa

Subjects
HPV, anal cancer, biomarkers, prospective, screening, Adult, Aged, Anal Canal, Anus Neoplasms, Biomarkers, Tumor, DNA, Viral, HIV Infections, Homosexuality, Male, Human papillomavirus 16, Human papillomavirus 18, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Papillomavirus Infections, Prospective Studies
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related biomarkers have shown good cross-sectional performance for anal precancer detection in human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) men who have sex with men (MSM). However, the long-term performance and risk stratification of these biomarkers are unknown. Here, we prospectively evaluated high-risk (HR) HPV DNA, HPV16/18 genotyping, HPV E6/E7 messenger RNA (mRNA), and p16/Ki-67 dual stain in a population of HIV+ MSM. METHODS: We enrolled 363 HIV+ MSM between 2009-2010, with passive follow-up through 2015. All had anal cytology and a high-resolution anoscopy at baseline. For each biomarker, we calculated the baseline sensitivity and specificity for a combined endpoint of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and anal intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe diagnoses (HSIL/AIN2+), and we estimated the 2- and 5-year cumulative risks of HSIL/AIN2+ using logistic and Cox regression models. RESULTS: There were 129 men diagnosed with HSIL/AIN2+ during the study. HR-HPV testing had the highest positivity and sensitivity of all assays, but the lowest specificity. HPV16/18 and HPV E6/E7 mRNA had high specificity, but lower sensitivity. The 2- and 5-year risks of HSIL/AIN2+ were highest for those testing HPV16/18- or HPV E6/E7 mRNA-positive, followed by those testing dual stain-positive. Those testing HR-HPV- or dual stain-negative had the lowest 2- and 5-year risks of HSIL/AIN2+. CONCLUSIONS: HPV-related biomarkers provide long-term risk stratification for anal precancers. HR-HPV- and dual stain-negativity indicate a low risk of HSIL/AIN2+ for at least 2 years, compared with negative anal cytology; however, the high positivity of HR-HPV in HIV+ MSM may limit its utility for surveillance and management in this population.

Published
2019

25. Heterozygous Variants in KMT2E Cause a Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy

Author

O’Donnell-Luria, Anne H, Pais, Lynn S, Faundes, Víctor, Wood, Jordan C, Sveden, Abigail, Luria, Victor, Jamra, Rami Abou, Accogli, Andrea, Amburgey, Kimberly, Anderlid, Britt Marie, Azzarello-Burri, Silvia, Basinger, Alice A, Bianchini, Claudia, Bird, Lynne M, Buchert, Rebecca, Carre, Wilfrid, Ceulemans, Sophia, Charles, Perrine, Cox, Helen, Culliton, Lisa, Currò, Aurora, Study, Deciphering Developmental Disorders, McRae, Jeremy F, Clayton, Stephen, Fitzgerald, Tomas W, Kaplanis, Joanna, Prigmore, Elena, Rajan, Diana, Sifrim, Alejandro, Aitken, Stuart, Akawi, Nadia, Alvi, Mohsan, Ambridge, Kirsty, Barrett, Daniel M, Bayzetinova, Tanya, Jones, Philip, Jones, Wendy D, King, Daniel, Krishnappa, Netravathi, Mason, Laura E, Singh, Tarjinder, Tivey, Adrian R, Ahmed, Munaza, Anjum, Uruj, Archer, Hayley, Armstrong, Ruth, Awada, Jana, Balasubramanian, Meena, Banka, Siddharth, Baralle, Diana, Barnicoat, Angela, Batstone, Paul, Baty, David, Bennett, Chris, Berg, Jonathan, Bernhard, Birgitta, Bevan, A Paul, Bitner-Glindzicz, Maria, Blair, Edward, Blyth, Moira, Bohanna, David, Bourdon, Louise, Bourn, David, Bradley, Lisa, Brady, Angela, Brent, Simon, Brewer, Carole, Brunstrom, Kate, Bunyan, David J, Burn, John, Canham, Natalie, Castle, Bruce, Chandler, Kate, Chatzimichali, Elena, Cilliers, Deirdre, Clarke, Angus, Clasper, Susan, Clayton-Smith, Jill, Clowes, Virginia, Coates, Andrea, Cole, Trevor, Colgiu, Irina, Collins, Amanda, Collinson, Morag N, Connell, Fiona, Cooper, Nicola, Cresswell, Lara, Cross, Gareth, Crow, Yanick, D’Alessandro, Mariella, Dabir, Tabib, Davidson, Rosemarie, Davies, Sally, de Vries, Dylan, Dean, John, Deshpande, Charu, Devlin, Gemma, Dixit, Abhijit, and Dobbie, Angus

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Autism, Neurosciences, Brain Disorders, Neurodegenerative, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Pediatric, Clinical Research, Epilepsy, Mental Health, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Neurological, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, DNA-Binding Proteins, Female, Genetic Variation, Haploinsufficiency, Heterozygote, Humans, Infant, Male, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Pedigree, Phenotype, Young Adult, Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) Study, H3K4 methylation, KMT2E, autism, epilepsy, epileptic encephalopathy, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, neurodevelopmental disorder, Medical and Health Sciences, Genetics & Heredity, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

We delineate a KMT2E-related neurodevelopmental disorder on the basis of 38 individuals in 36 families. This study includes 31 distinct heterozygous variants in KMT2E (28 ascertained from Matchmaker Exchange and three previously reported), and four individuals with chromosome 7q22.2-22.23 microdeletions encompassing KMT2E (one previously reported). Almost all variants occurred de novo, and most were truncating. Most affected individuals with protein-truncating variants presented with mild intellectual disability. One-quarter of individuals met criteria for autism. Additional common features include macrocephaly, hypotonia, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities, and a subtle facial gestalt. Epilepsy was present in about one-fifth of individuals with truncating variants and was responsive to treatment with anti-epileptic medications in almost all. More than 70% of the individuals were male, and expressivity was variable by sex; epilepsy was more common in females and autism more common in males. The four individuals with microdeletions encompassing KMT2E generally presented similarly to those with truncating variants, but the degree of developmental delay was greater. The group of four individuals with missense variants in KMT2E presented with the most severe developmental delays. Epilepsy was present in all individuals with missense variants, often manifesting as treatment-resistant infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Microcephaly was also common in this group. Haploinsufficiency versus gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects specific to these missense variants in KMT2E might explain this divergence in phenotype, but requires independent validation. Disruptive variants in KMT2E are an under-recognized cause of neurodevelopmental abnormalities.

Published
2019

26. Identification of Tumor Antigens Among the HLA Peptidomes of Glioblastoma Tumors and Plasma* [S]

Author

Shraibman, Bracha, Barnea, Eilon, Kadosh, Dganit Melamed, Haimovich, Yael, Slobodin, Gleb, Rosner, Itzhak, López-Larrea, Carlos, Hilf, Norbert, Kuttruff, Sabrina, Song, Colette, Britten, Cedrik, Castle, John, Kreiter, Sebastian, Frenzel, Katrin, Tatagiba, Marcos, Tabatabai, Ghazaleh, Dietrich, Pierre-Yves, Dutoit, Valérie, Wick, Wolfgang, Platten, Michael, Winkler, Frank, von Deimling, Andreas, Kroep, Judith, Sahuquillo, Juan, Martinez-Ricarte, Francisco, Rodon, Jordi, Lassen, Ulrik, Ottensmeier, Christian, van der Burg, Sjoerd H, Thor Straten, Per, Poulsen, Hans Skovgaard, Ponsati, Berta, Okada, Hideho, Rammensee, Hans-Georg, Sahin, Ugur, Singh, Harpreet, and Admon, Arie

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Immunology, Clinical Research, Rare Diseases, Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Brain Cancer, Cancer, Good Health and Well Being, Alleles, Antigens, Neoplasm, Biomarkers, Tumor, Brain Neoplasms, Glioblastoma, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I, Humans, Peptides, Proteome, CTA, Cancer Biomarker(s), Cancer Therapeutics, HLA, Immunoaffinity, Immunotherapy, MHC, Peptidomics, Plasma or Serum Analysis, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis to most patients. Immunotherapy of GBM is a potentially beneficial treatment option, whose optimal implementation may depend on familiarity with tumor specific antigens, presented as HLA peptides by the GBM cells. Further, early detection of GBM, such as by a routine blood test, may improve survival, even with the current treatment modalities. This study includes large-scale analyses of the HLA peptidome (immunopeptidome) of the plasma-soluble HLA molecules (sHLA) of 142 plasma samples, and the membranal HLA of GBM tumors of 10 of these patients' tumor samples. Tumor samples were fresh-frozen immediately after surgery and the plasma samples were collected before, and at multiple visits after surgery. In total, this HLA peptidome analysis involved 52 different HLA allotypes and resulted in the identification of more than 35,000 different HLA peptides. Strong correlations were observed in the signal intensities and in the repertoires of identified peptides between the tumors and plasma-soluble HLA peptidomes of the individual patients, whereas low correlations were observed between these HLA peptidomes and the tumors' proteomes. HLA peptides derived from Cancer/Testis Antigens (CTAs) were selected based on their presence among the HLA peptidomes of the patients and absence of expression of their source genes from any healthy and essential human tissues, except from immune-privileged sites. Additionally, peptides were selected as potential biomarkers if their levels in the plasma-sHLA peptidome were significantly reduced after the removal of tumor mass. The CTAs identified among the analyzed HLA peptidomes provide new opportunities for personalized immunotherapy and for early diagnosis of GBM.

Published
2019

27. Social contexts as mediator of risk behaviors in Rwandan men who have sex with men (MSM): Implications for HIV and STI transmission.

Author

Adedimeji, Adebola, Sinayobye, Jean d'Amour, Asiimwe-Kateera, Brenda, Chaudhry, Junaid, Buzinge, Lydia, Gitembagara, Andre, Murenzi, Gad, Mugenzi, Pacifique, Patel, Viraj V, Castle, Philip E, Mutesa, Leon, Palefsky, Joel, and Anastos, Kathryn M

Subjects
Humans, HIV-1, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Prevalence, Homosexuality, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Adolescent, Adult, Rwanda, Male, Sexual and Gender Minorities, Health Risk Behaviors, Homosexuality, General Science & Technology
Abstract

IntroductionMen who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately impacted by HIV/AIDS resulting from risky sexual behaviors. Social and contextual factors are known to mediate risk behaviors, but there is limited information about the prevalence of risky sexual practices of Rwandan MSM and the concomitant socio-contextual determinants making it difficult to assess implications for preventing HIV/STI transmission in this key population.MethodsUsing exploratory qualitative design, we obtained socio-contextual information regarding prevalence of risky sexual behavior and assessed implications for HIV/ STIs transmission and preventive measures taken by MSM to improve sexual health and wellbeing. Thirty MSM were recruited to participate in in-depth interviews using respondent-driven sampling from LGBT associations in Kigali. Data were analyzed using standard qualitative data analysis procedures.ResultsRespondents' were between 18-40 years old; all completed primary education and are mostly low-socioeconomic status. Risky sexual practices were common, but differed by peculiar individual and contextual factors. Older MSM often reported occasional sexual relations with women to avoid suspicion and social stigma. Younger MSM's risky sexual practices are mostly transactional and mediated by the need for social acceptance and support. Knowledge of STIs was poor, but prevalence, especially of HPV was high. The options for improving sexual wellbeing are limited and mostly clandestine.ConclusionRisky sexual behavior of Rwandan MSM has major implications for HIV/STI transmission. An environment of intense social stigma and social isolation makes it difficult to obtain information or services to improve sexual health. Effective interventions that address individual and contextual determinants of risk and access to health services are urgently needed to limit the consequence of MSM as a bridge for HIV transmission to the general population.

Published
2019

28. Gerofit Prehabilitation Pilot Program: Preparing Frail Older Veterans for Surgery.

Author

Dworsky, Jill, Castle, Steven, Lee, Cathy, Singh, Sumit, and Russell, Marcia

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Frail Elderly, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Postoperative Complications, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Preoperative Care, Quality Improvement, Veterans, Veterans Health
Abstract

Older Veterans are increasingly undergoing surgery and are at particularly high risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Prehabilitation has emerged as a method to improve postoperative outcomes by enhancing the patients preoperative condition. We present data from our prehabilitation pilot project and plans for expansion and dissemination of a nationwide quality improvement effort. The infrastructure of the existing Veterans Affairs (VA) Gerofit health and exercise program was used to create our pilot. Pilot patients were screened for risk of postoperative functional decline, assessed for baseline physical function, enrolled in a personalized exercise program, and prepared to transition into the hospital for surgery. Patients (n = 9) completed an average of 17.7 prehabilitation sessions. After completing the program, 55.6% improved in ≥2 of the 5 fitness assessments completed. Postoperative outcomes including complications, 30-day mortality, and 30-day readmissions were better than predicted by the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Surgical Risk Calculator. We have obtained institutional support for implementing similar prehabilitation programs at VA hospitals nationally through our designation as a VA Patient Safety Center for Inquiry. This is the first multi-institutional prehabilitation program for frail, older Veterans and represents an essential step toward optimizing surgical care for this vulnerable population.

Published
2019

29. Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Author

Robertson, A Gordon, Kim, Jaegil, Al-Ahmadie, Hikmat, Bellmunt, Joaquim, Guo, Guangwu, Cherniack, Andrew D, Hinoue, Toshinori, Laird, Peter W, Hoadley, Katherine A, Akbani, Rehan, Castro, Mauro AA, Gibb, Ewan A, Kanchi, Rupa S, Gordenin, Dmitry A, Shukla, Sachet A, Sanchez-Vega, Francisco, Hansel, Donna E, Czerniak, Bogdan A, Reuter, Victor E, Su, Xiaoping, Carvalho, Benilton de Sa, Chagas, Vinicius S, Mungall, Karen L, Sadeghi, Sara, Pedamallu, Chandra Sekhar, Lu, Yiling, Klimczak, Leszek J, Zhang, Jiexin, Choo, Caleb, Ojesina, Akinyemi I, Bullman, Susan, Leraas, Kristen M, Lichtenberg, Tara M, Wu, Catherine J, Schultz, Nicholaus, Getz, Gad, Meyerson, Matthew, Mills, Gordon B, McConkey, David J, Network, TCGA Research, Albert, Monique, Alexopoulou, Iakovina, Ally, Adrian, Antic, Tatjana, Aron, Manju, Balasundaram, Miruna, Bartlett, John, Baylin, Stephen B, Beaver, Allison, Birol, Inanc, Boice, Lori, Bootwalla, Moiz S, Bowen, Jay, Bowlby, Reanne, Brooks, Denise, Broom, Bradley M, Bshara, Wiam, Burks, Eric, Cárcano, Flavio M, Carlsen, Rebecca, Carvalho, Benilton S, Carvalho, Andre L, Castle, Eric P, Castro, Patricia, Catto, James W, Chesla, David W, Chuah, Eric, Chudamani, Sudha, Cortessis, Victoria K, Cottingham, Sandra L, Crain, Daniel, Curley, Erin, Daneshmand, Siamak, Demchok, John A, Dhalla, Noreen, Djaladat, Hooman, Eckman, John, Egea, Sophie C, Engel, Jay, Felau, Ina, Ferguson, Martin L, Gardner, Johanna, Gastier-Foster, Julie M, Gerken, Mark, Gomez-Fernandez, Carmen R, and Harr, Jodi

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer, Genetics, Cancer Genomics, Urologic Diseases, Human Genome, Biotechnology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Aged, Cluster Analysis, DNA Methylation, Humans, MicroRNAs, Middle Aged, Muscle, Smooth, RNA, Long Noncoding, Survival Analysis, Urinary Bladder, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, TCGA Research Network, APOBEC mutation, DNA methylation, basal mRNA subtype, lncRNA transcriptome, luminal mRNA subtype, microRNA, muscle-invasive bladder cancer, neoantigen, neuronal subtype, regulon, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Developmental Biology, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences
Abstract

We report a comprehensive analysis of 412 muscle-invasive bladder cancers characterized by multiple TCGA analytical platforms. Fifty-eight genes were significantly mutated, and the overall mutational load was associated with APOBEC-signature mutagenesis. Clustering by mutation signature identified a high-mutation subset with 75% 5-year survival. mRNA expression clustering refined prior clustering analyses and identified a poor-survival "neuronal" subtype in which the majority of tumors lacked small cell or neuroendocrine histology. Clustering by mRNA, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and miRNA expression converged to identify subsets with differential epithelial-mesenchymal transition status, carcinoma in situ scores, histologic features, and survival. Our analyses identified 5 expression subtypes that may stratify response to different treatments.

Published
2017

30. Glycemic Control and Urinary Tract Infections in Women with Type 1 Diabetes: Results from the DCCT/EDIC

Author

Lenherr, Sara M, Clemens, J Quentin, Braffett, Barbara H, Cleary, Patricia A, Dunn, Rodney L, Hotaling, James M, Jacobson, Alan M, Kim, Catherine, Herman, William, Brown, Jeanette S, Wessells, Hunter, Sarma, Aruna V, Nathan, DM, Zinman, B, Crofford, O, Genuth, S, Brown-Friday, J, Crandall, J, Engel, H, Engel, S, Martinez, H, Phillips, M, Reid, M, Shamoon, H, Sheindlin, J, Gubitosi-Klug, R, Mayer, L, Pendegast, S, Zegarra, H, Miller, D, Singerman, L, Smith-Brewer, S, Novak, M, Quin, J, Genuth, Saul, Palmert, M, Brown, E, McConnell, J, Pugsley, P, Crawford, P, Dahms, W, Brillon, D, Lackaye, ME, Kiss, S, Chan, R, Orlin, A, Rubin, M, Reppucci, V, Lee, T, Heinemann, M, Chang, S, Levy, B, Jovanovic, L, Richardson, M, Bosco, B, Dwoskin, A, Hanna, R, Barron, S, Campbell, R, Bhan, A, Kruger, D, Jones, JK, Edwards, PA, Carey, JD, Angus, E, Thomas, A, Galprin, A, McLellan, M, Whitehouse, F, Bergenstal, R, Johnson, M, Gunyou, K, Thomas, L, Laechelt, J, Hollander, P, Spencer, M, Kendall, D, Cuddihy, R, Callahan, P, List, S, Gott, J, Rude, N, Olson, B, Franz, M, Castle, G, Birk, R, Nelson, J, Freking, D, Gill, L, Mestrezat, W, Etzwiler, D, Morgan, K, Aiello, LP, Golden, E, Arrigg, P, Asuquo, V, Beaser, R, Bestourous, L, and Cavallerano, J

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Urologic Diseases, Diabetes, Prevention, Reproductive health and childbirth, Renal and urogenital, Infection, Metabolic and endocrine, Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Body Mass Index, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Urinary Incontinence, Urinary Tract Infections, Young Adult, DCCT/EDIC Research Group, diabetes mellitus, risk factors, urinary tract infections, Clinical Sciences, Urology & Nephrology, Clinical sciences
Abstract

PurposeWe examined the relationship between glycemic control and urinary tract infections in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Materials and methodsWomen enrolled in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study, the observational followup of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, were surveyed to assess the rate of physician diagnosed urinary tract infections in the preceding 12 months. The relationship between glycated hemoglobin levels and number of urinary tract infections in the previous 12 months was assessed using a multivariable Poisson regression model.ResultsA total of 572 women were evaluated at year 17. Mean age was 50.7 ± 7.2 years, mean body mass index was 28.6 ± 5.9 kg/m(2), mean type 1 diabetes duration was 29.8 ± 5.0 years and mean glycated hemoglobin was 8.0% ± 0.9%. Of these women 86 (15.0%) reported at least 1 physician diagnosed urinary tract infection during the last 12 months. Higher glycated hemoglobin levels were significantly associated with number of urinary tract infections such that for every unit increase (1%) in recent glycated hemoglobin level, there was a 21% (p=0.02) increase in urinary tract infection frequency in the previous 12 months after adjusting for race, hysterectomy status, urinary incontinence, sexual activity in the last 12 months, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, and nephropathy.ConclusionsThe frequency of urinary tract infections increases with poor glycemic control in women with type 1 diabetes. This relationship is independent of other well described predictors of urinary tract infections and suggests that factors directly related to glycemic control may influence the risk of lower urinary tract infections.

Published
2016

31. Oxytocin, but not vasopressin, impairs social cognitive ability among individuals with higher levels of social anxiety: a randomized controlled trial

Author

Tabak, Benjamin A, Meyer, Meghan L, Dutcher, Janine M, Castle, Elizabeth, Irwin, Michael R, Lieberman, Matthew D, and Eisenberger, Naomi I

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Psychology, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Neurosciences, Mental Health, Clinical Research, Behavioral and Social Science, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, 1.2 Psychological and socioeconomic processes, Underpinning research, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Mental health, Adolescent, Adult, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Oxytocin, Phobia, Social, Social Perception, Vasopressins, Young Adult, oxytocin, vasopressin, social anxiety, social cognition, social working memory, Cognitive Sciences, Experimental Psychology, Biological psychology, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

Individuals with social anxiety are characterized by a high degree of social sensitivity, which can coincide with impairments in social cognitive functioning (e.g. theory of mind). Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) have been shown to improve social cognition, and OT has been theorized as a potential therapeutic agent for individuals with social anxiety disorder. However, no study has investigated whether these neuropeptides improve social cognitive ability among socially anxious individuals. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, between-subjects design we investigated whether social anxiety moderated the effects of OT or AVP (vs placebo) on social working memory (i.e. working memory that involves manipulating social information) and non-social working memory. OT vs placebo impaired social working memory accuracy in participants with higher levels of social anxiety. No differences were found for non-social working memory or for AVP vs placebo. Results suggest that OT administration in individuals with higher levels of social anxiety may impair social cognitive functioning. Randomized-controlled trial registration: NCT01680718.

Published
2016

32. Antidepressant Use and Recurrent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Author

Marcum, Zachary A, Perera, Subashan, Thorpe, Joshua M, Switzer, Galen E, Castle, Nicholas G, Strotmeyer, Elsa S, Simonsick, Eleanor M, Ayonayon, Hilsa N, Phillips, Caroline L, Rubin, Susan, Zucker-Levin, Audrey R, Bauer, Douglas C, Shorr, Ronald I, Kang, Yihuang, Gray, Shelly L, Hanlon, Joseph T, and Study, Health ABC

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Aging, Depression, Mental Health, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Injuries and accidents, Accidental Falls, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antidepressive Agents, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Utilization, Female, Fractures, Bone, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Recurrence, Risk, Self Report, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, United States, antidepressants, aging, drug-related problems, epidemiology, geriatrics, outcomes research/analysis, pharmacoepidemiology, Health ABC Study, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Clinical sciences, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Abstract

BackgroundFew studies have compared the risk of recurrent falls across various antidepressant agents-using detailed dosage and duration data-among community-dwelling older adults, including those who have a history of a fall/fracture.ObjectiveTo examine the association of antidepressant use with recurrent falls, including among those with a history of falls/fractures, in community-dwelling elders.MethodsThis was a longitudinal analysis of 2948 participants with data collected via interview at year 1 from the Health, Aging and Body Composition study and followed through year 7 (1997-2004). Any antidepressant medication use was self-reported at years 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 and further categorized as (1) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), (2) tricyclic antidepressants, and (3) others. Dosage and duration were examined. The outcome was recurrent falls (≥2) in the ensuing 12-month period following each medication data collection.ResultsUsing multivariable generalized estimating equations models, we observed a 48% greater likelihood of recurrent falls in antidepressant users compared with nonusers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.12-1.96). Increased likelihood was also found among those taking SSRIs (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.15-2.28), with short duration of use (AOR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.04-2.00), and taking moderate dosages (AOR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.15-2.18), all compared with no antidepressant use. Stratified analysis revealed an increased likelihood among users with a baseline history of falls/fractures compared with nonusers (AOR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.28-2.63).ConclusionAntidepressant use overall, SSRI use, short duration of use, and moderate dosage were associated with recurrent falls. Those with a history of falls/fractures also had an increased likelihood of recurrent falls.

Published
2016

33. Epigenomic profiling reveals an association between persistence of DNA methylation and metabolic memory in the DCCT/EDIC type 1 diabetes cohort

Author

Chen, Zhuo, Miao, Feng, Paterson, Andrew D, Lachin, John M, Zhang, Lingxiao, Schones, Dustin E, Wu, Xiwei, Wang, Jinhui, Tompkins, Joshua D, Genuth, Saul, Braffett, Barbara H, Riggs, Arthur D, Natarajan, Rama, Nathan, DM, Zinman, B, Crofford, O, Genuth, S, Brown-Friday, J, Crandall, J, Engel, H, Engel, S, Martinez, H, Phillips, M, Reid, M, Shamoon, H, Sheindlin, J, Gubitosi-Klug, R, Mayer, L, Pendegast, S, Zegarra, H, Miller, D, Singerman, L, Smith-Brewer, S, Novak, M, Quin, J, Palmert, M, Brown, E, McConnell, J, Pugsley, P, Crawford, P, Dahms, W, Brillon, D, Lackaye, ME, Kiss, S, Chan, R, Orlin, A, Rubin, M, Reppucci, V, Lee, T, Heinemann, M, Chang, S, Levy, B, Jovanovic, L, Richardson, M, Bosco, B, Dwoskin, A, Hanna, R, Barron, S, Campbell, R, Bhan, A, Kruger, D, Jones, JK, Edwards, PA, Carey, JD, Angus, E, Thomas, A, Galprin, A, McLellan, M, Whitehouse, F, Bergenstal, R, Johnson, M, Gunyou, K, Thomas, L, Laechelt, J, Hollander, P, Spencer, M, Kendall, D, Cuddihy, R, Callahan, P, List, S, Gott, J, Rude, N, Olson, B, Franz, M, Castle, G, Birk, R, Nelson, J, Freking, D, Gill, L, Mestrezat, W, Etzwiler, D, Morgan, K, Aiello, LP, Golden, E, Arrigg, P, Asuquo, V, Beaser, R, and Bestourous, L

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Genetics, Clinical Research, Diabetes, Human Genome, Nutrition, Autoimmune Disease, Prevention, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Metabolic and endocrine, Adolescent, Adult, Carrier Proteins, Cell Line, Tumor, Cohort Studies, DNA Methylation, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Epigenomics, Female, Genetic Loci, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Male, DCCT/EDIC Research Group, DNA methylation, TXNIP, diabetic complications, epigenetics, metabolic memory
Abstract

We examined whether persistence of epigenetic DNA methylation (DNA-me) alterations at specific loci over two different time points in people with diabetes are associated with metabolic memory, the prolonged beneficial effects of intensive vs. conventional therapy during the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) on the progression of microvascular outcomes in the long-term follow-up Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study. We compared DNA-me profiles in genomic DNA of whole blood (WB) isolated at EDIC Study baseline from 32 cases (DCCT conventional therapy group subjects showing retinopathy or albuminuria progression by EDIC Study year 10) vs. 31 controls (DCCT intensive therapy group subjects without complication progression by EDIC year 10). DNA-me was also profiled in blood monocytes (Monos) of the same patients obtained during EDIC Study years 16-17. In WB, 153 loci depicted hypomethylation, and 225 depicted hypermethylation, whereas in Monos, 155 hypomethylated loci and 247 hypermethylated loci were found (fold change ≥1.3; P < 0.005; cases vs. controls). Twelve annotated differentially methylated loci were common in both WB and Monos, including thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), known to be associated with hyperglycemia and related complications. A set of differentially methylated loci depicted similar trends of associations with prior HbA1c in both WB and Monos. In vitro, high glucose induced similar persistent hypomethylation at TXNIP in cultured THP1 Monos. These results show that DNA-me differences during the DCCT persist at certain loci associated with glycemia for several years during the EDIC Study and support an epigenetic explanation for metabolic memory.

Published
2016

34. A common clinical dilemma: Management of abnormal vaginal cytology and human papillomavirus test results

Author

Khan, Michelle J, Massad, L Stewart, Kinney, Walter, Gold, Michael A, Mayeaux, EJ, Darragh, Teresa M, Castle, Philip E, Chelmow, David, Lawson, Herschel W, and Huh, Warner K

Subjects
Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cervical Cancer, Prevention, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Clinical Research, Health Services, Cancer, Detection, screening and diagnosis, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, Female, Humans, Papillomavirus Infections, Precancerous Conditions, Vagina, Vaginal Neoplasms, Vaginal Smears, Vaginal cytology, HPV, Vaginal cancer, VaIN, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Clinical sciences, Oncology and carcinogenesis, Reproductive medicine
Abstract

ObjectiveVaginal cancer is an uncommon cancer of the lower genital tract, and standardized screening is not recommended. Risk factors for vaginal cancer include a history of other lower genital tract neoplasia or cancer, smoking, immunosuppression, and exposure to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Although cervical cancer screening after total hysterectomy for benign disease is not recommended, many women inappropriately undergo vaginal cytology and/or human papillomavirus (hrHPV) tests, and clinicians are faced with managing their abnormal results. Our objective is to review the literature on vaginal cytology and hrHPV testing and to develop guidance for the management of abnormal vaginal screening tests.MethodsAn electronic search of the PubMed database through 2015 was performed. Articles describing vaginal cytology or vaginal hrHPV testing were reviewed, and diagnostic accuracy of these tests when available was noted.ResultsThe available literature was too limited to develop evidence-based recommendations for managing abnormal vaginal cytology and hrHPV screening tests. However, the data did show that 1) the risk of vaginal cancer in women after hysterectomy is extremely low, justifying the recommendation against routine screening, and 2) in women for whom surveillance is recommended, e.g. women post-treatment for cervical precancer or cancer, hrHPV testing may be useful in identification of vaginal cancer precursors.ConclusionVaginal cancer is rare, and asymptomatic low-risk women should not be screened. An algorithm based on expert opinion is proposed for managing women with abnormal vaginal test results.

Published
2016

35. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Prostate Cancer Early Detection, Version 2.2016.

Author

Carroll, Peter R, Parsons, J Kellogg, Andriole, Gerald, Bahnson, Robert R, Castle, Erik P, Catalona, William J, Dahl, Douglas M, Davis, John W, Epstein, Jonathan I, Etzioni, Ruth B, Farrington, Thomas, Hemstreet, George P, Kawachi, Mark H, Kim, Simon, Lange, Paul H, Loughlin, Kevin R, Lowrance, William, Maroni, Paul, Mohler, James, Morgan, Todd M, Moses, Kelvin A, Nadler, Robert B, Poch, Michael, Scales, Chuck, Shaneyfelt, Terrence M, Smaldone, Marc C, Sonn, Geoffrey, Sprenkle, Preston, Vickers, Andrew J, Wake, Robert, Shead, Dorothy A, and Freedman-Cass, Deborah A

Subjects
Prostate Cancer, Cancer, Aging, Urologic Diseases, Prevention, Clinical Research, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, Detection, screening and diagnosis, Good Health and Well Being, Early Detection of Cancer, Humans, Male, Prostatic Neoplasms, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract

The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Prostate Cancer Early Detection provide recommendations for prostate cancer screening in healthy men who have elected to participate in an early detection program. The NCCN Guidelines focus on minimizing unnecessary procedures and limiting the detection of indolent disease. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarize the NCCN Prostate Cancer Early Detection Panel's most significant discussions for the 2016 guideline update, which included issues surrounding screening in high-risk populations (ie, African Americans, BRCA1/2 mutation carriers), approaches to refine patient selection for initial and repeat biopsies, and approaches to improve biopsy specificity.

Published
2016

36. A Common Clinical Dilemma

Author

Khan, Michelle J, Massad, L Stewart, Kinney, Walter, Gold, Michael A, Mayeaux, EJ, Darragh, Teresa M, Castle, Philip E, Chelmow, David, Lawson, Herschel W, and Huh, Warner K

Subjects
Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Prevention, Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, Health Services, Cervical Cancer, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Cancer, Detection, screening and diagnosis, 4.4 Population screening, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, Algorithms, Case Management, Female, Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests, Humans, Papanicolaou Test, Papillomavirus Infections, Vaginal Neoplasms, HPV, vaginal cancer, vaginal cytology, VaIN, Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine, Clinical sciences
Abstract

ObjectiveVaginal cancer is an uncommon cancer of the lower genital tract, and standardized screening is not recommended. Risk factors for vaginal cancer include a history of other lower genital tract neoplasia or cancer, smoking, immunosuppression, and exposure to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Although cervical cancer screening after total hysterectomy for benign disease is not recommended, many women inappropriately undergo vaginal cytology and/or human papillomavirus (HPV) tests, and clinicians are faced with managing their abnormal results. Our objectives were to review the literature on vaginal cytology and high-risk HPV (hrHPV) testing and to develop guidance for the management of abnormal vaginal screening tests.Materials and methodsAn electronic search of the PubMed database through 2015 was performed. Articles describing vaginal cytology or vaginal hrHPV testing were reviewed, and diagnostic accuracy of these tests when available was noted.ResultsThe available literature was too limited to develop evidence-based recommendations for managing abnormal vaginal cytology and hrHPV screening tests. However, the data did show that (1) the risk of vaginal cancer in women after hysterectomy is extremely low, justifying the recommendation against routine screening, and (2) in women for whom surveillance is recommended, e.g., women posttreatment for cervical precancer or cancer, hrHPV testing may be useful in identification of vaginal cancer precursors.ConclusionsVaginal cancer is rare, and asymptomatic low-risk women should not be screened. An algorithm based on expert opinion is proposed for managing women with abnormal vaginal test results.

Published
2016

37. Antihypertensive Use and Recurrent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings From the Health ABC Study

Author

Marcum, Zachary A, Perera, Subashan, Newman, Anne B, Thorpe, Joshua M, Switzer, Galen E, Gray, Shelly L, Simonsick, Eleanor M, Shorr, Ronald I, Bauer, Douglas C, Castle, Nicholas G, Studenski, Stephanie A, and Hanlon, Joseph T

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Public Health, Health Sciences, Prevention, Clinical Research, Aging, Accidental Falls, Aged, Antihypertensive Agents, Female, Humans, Independent Living, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prospective Studies, Falls, Medication, Epidemiology, Drug related, Health ABC Study, Clinical Sciences, Gerontology, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

BackgroundDespite wide-spread use of antihypertensives in older adults, the literature is unclear about their association with incident recurrent falls over time.MethodsHealth, Aging and Body Composition study participants (n = 2,948) who were well functioning at baseline (1997) were followed to Year 7 (2004). The main outcome was recurrent falls (≥2) in the ensuing 12 months. Antihypertensive use was examined as: (a) any versus none, (b) long- versus short-term (≥2 vs

Published
2015

38. Cervical Precancer Risk in HIV-Infected Women Who Test Positive for Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Despite a Normal Pap Test

Author

Keller, Marla J, Burk, Robert D, Massad, L Stewart, Eltoum, Isam-Eldin, Hessol, Nancy A, Castle, Philip E, Anastos, Kathryn, Xie, Xianhong, Minkoff, Howard, Xue, Xiaonan, D'Souza, Gypsyamber, Flowers, Lisa, Levine, Alexandra M, Colie, Christine, Rahangdale, Lisa, Fischl, Margaret A, Palefsky, Joel M, and Strickler, Howard D

Subjects
Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Cancer, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Cervical Cancer, HIV/AIDS, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Infection, Adult, Female, Genotype, HIV Infections, Human papillomavirus 16, Humans, Papanicolaou Test, Papillomavirus Infections, Precancerous Conditions, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Uterine Cervical Dysplasia, HIV, human papillomavirus, cervical cancer screening, Pap test, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology, Clinical sciences
Abstract

BackgroundDetermining cervical precancer risk among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women who despite a normal Pap test are positive for oncogenic human papillomavirus (oncHPV) types is important for setting screening practices.MethodsA total of 2791 HIV-infected and 975 HIV-uninfected women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study were followed semiannually with Pap tests and colposcopy. Cumulative risks of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or greater (CIN-2+; threshold used for CIN treatment) and grade 3 or greater (CIN-3+; threshold to set screening practices) were measured in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women with normal Pap tests, stratified by baseline HPV results, and also in HIV-infected women with a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL; benchmark indication for colposcopy).ResultsAt baseline, 1021 HIV-infected and 518 HIV-uninfected women had normal Pap tests, of whom 154 (15%) and 27 (5%), respectively, tested oncHPV positive. The 5-year CIN-2+ cumulative risk in the HIV-infected oncHPV-positive women was 22% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9%-34%), 12% (95% CI, 0%-22%), and 14% (95% CI, 2%-25%) among those with CD4 counts

Published
2015

39. Anticholinergic Use and Recurrent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Author

Marcum, Zachary A, Perera, Subashan, Thorpe, Joshua M, Switzer, Galen E, Gray, Shelly L, Castle, Nicholas G, Strotmeyer, Elsa S, Simonsick, Eleanor M, Bauer, Douglas C, Shorr, Ronald I, Studenski, Stephanie A, Hanlon, Joseph T, and Study, USA Health ABC

Subjects
Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Prevention, Aging, Behavioral and Social Science, Accidental Falls, Aged, Cholinergic Antagonists, Female, Humans, Male, Odds Ratio, Prospective Studies, Recurrence, Self Report, cholinergic antagonist, accidental falls, older adults, pharmacoepidemiology, Health ABC Study, USA, Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Clinical sciences, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Abstract

BackgroundAlthough it is generally accepted that anticholinergic use may lead to a fall, results from studies assessing the association between anticholinergic use and falls are mixed. In addition, direct evidence of an association between use of anticholinergic medications and recurrent falls among community-dwelling elders is not available.ObjectiveTo assess the association between anticholinergic use across multiple anticholinergic subclasses, including over-the-counter medications, and recurrent falls.MethodsThis was a longitudinal analysis of 2948 participants, with data collected via interview at year 1 from the Health, Aging and Body Composition study and followed through year 7 (1997-2004). Self-reported use of anticholinergic medication was identified at years 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 as defined by the list from the 2015 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria. Dosage and duration were also examined. The main outcome was recurrent falls (≥2) in an ensuing 12-month period from each medication data collection.ResultsUsing multivariable generalized estimating equation models, controlling for demographic, health status/behaviors, and access-to-care factors, a 34% increase in likelihood of recurrent falls in anticholinergic users (adjusted odds ratio = 1.34; 95% CI = 0.93-1.93) was observed, but the results were not statistically significant; similar results were found with higher doses and longer duration of use.ConclusionIncreased point estimates suggest an association of anticholinergic use with recurrent falls, but the associations did not reach statistical significance. Future studies are needed for more definitive evidence and to examine other measures of anticholinergic burden and associations with more intermediate adverse effects such as cognitive function.

Published
2015

40. Vasopressin, but not oxytocin, increases empathic concern among individuals who received higher levels of paternal warmth: A randomized controlled trial.

Author

Tabak, Benjamin A, Meyer, Meghan L, Castle, Elizabeth, Dutcher, Janine M, Irwin, Michael R, Han, Jung H, Lieberman, Matthew D, and Eisenberger, Naomi I

Subjects
Humans, Oxytocin, Vasopressins, Double-Blind Method, Social Behavior, Empathy, Father-Child Relations, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Male, Young Adult, Empathic concern, Intranasal administration, Paternal warmth, Vasopressin, Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Psychiatry, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Abstract

BackgroundEmpathy improves our ability to communicate in social interactions and motivates prosocial behavior. The neuropeptides arginine vasopressin and oxytocin play key roles in socioemotional processes such as pair bonding and parental care, which suggests that they may be involved in empathic processing.MethodsWe investigated how vasopressin and oxytocin affect empathic responding in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, between-subjects study design. We also examined the moderating role of parental warmth, as reported in the early family environment, on empathic responding following vasopressin, oxytocin, or placebo administration.ResultsAmong participants who reported higher levels of paternal warmth (but not maternal warmth), vasopressin (vs. placebo and oxytocin) increased ratings of empathic concern after viewing distressing and uplifting videos. No main or interaction effects were found for individuals who received oxytocin.ConclusionsVasopressin has a role in enhancing empathy among individuals who received higher levels of paternal warmth.Trial registrationNCT01680718.

Published
2015

41. The ErbB4 Ligand Neuregulin-4 Protects against Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Author

McElroy, Steven J, Castle, Shannon L, Bernard, Jessica K, Almohazey, Dana, Hunter, Catherine J, Bell, Brandon A, Alam, Denise Al, Wang, Larry, Ford, Henri R, and Frey, Mark R

Subjects
Pediatric, Prevention, Preterm, Low Birth Weight and Health of the Newborn, Digestive Diseases, Perinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal Period, Infant Mortality, Rare Diseases, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Good Health and Well Being, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Cytokines, Disease Models, Animal, Enterocolitis, Necrotizing, Epithelial Cells, Female, Humans, Ileum, Intestines, Mice, Milk, Human, Neuregulins, Paneth Cells, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Receptor, ErbB-4, Signal Transduction, Medical and Health Sciences, Pathology
Abstract

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) affects up to 10% of premature infants, has a mortality of 30%, and can leave surviving patients with significant morbidity. Neuregulin-4 (NRG4) is an ErbB4-specific ligand that promotes epithelial cell survival. Thus, this pathway could be protective in diseases such as NEC, in which epithelial cell death is a major pathologic feature. We sought to determine whether NRG4-ErbB4 signaling is protective in experimental NEC. NRG4 was used i) in the newborn rat formula feeding/hypoxia model; ii) in a recently developed model in which 14- to 16-day-old mice are injected with dithizone to induce Paneth cell loss, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae infection to induce intestinal injury; and iii) in bacterially infected IEC-6 cells in vitro. NRG4 reduced NEC incidence and severity in the formula feed/hypoxia rat model. It also reduced Paneth cell ablation-induced NEC and prevented dithizone-induced Paneth cell loss in mice. In vitro, cultured ErbB4(-/-) ileal epithelial enteroids had reduced Paneth cell markers and were highly sensitive to inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, NRG4 blocked, through a Src-dependent pathway, Cronobacter muytjensii-induced IEC-6 cell apoptosis. The potential clinical relevance of these findings was demonstrated by the observation that NRG4 and its receptor ErbB4 are present in human breast milk and developing human intestine, respectively. Thus, NRG4-ErbB4 signaling may be a novel pathway for therapeutic intervention or prevention in NEC.

Published
2014

42. Analytic and Clinical Performance of cobas HPV Testing in Anal Specimens from HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men

Author

Wentzensen, Nicolas, Follansbee, Stephen, Borgonovo, Sylvia, Tokugawa, Diane, Sahasrabuddhe, Vikrant V, Chen, Jie, Lorey, Thomas S, Gage, Julia C, Fetterman, Barbara, Boyle, Sean, Sadorra, Mark, Tang, Scott Dahai, Darragh, Teresa M, and Castle, Philip E

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Digestive Diseases, Clinical Research, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*), Infectious Diseases, Cancer, Prevention, HIV/AIDS, Infection, Adolescent, Adult, Anus Diseases, Cytological Techniques, Genotyping Techniques, Homosexuality, Male, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Papillomaviridae, Papillomavirus Infections, Sensitivity and Specificity, Young Adult, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology, Clinical sciences, Medical microbiology
Abstract

Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are common, and the incidence of anal cancer is high in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). To evaluate the performance of HPV assays in anal samples, we compared the cobas HPV test (cobas) to the Roche Linear Array HPV genotyping assay (LA) and cytology in HIV-infected MSM. Cytology and cobas and LA HPV testing were conducted for 342 subjects. We calculated agreement between the HPV assays and the clinical performance of HPV testing and HPV genotyping alone and in combination with anal cytology. We observed high agreement between cobas and LA, with cobas more likely than LA to show positive results for HPV16, HPV18, and other carcinogenic types. Specimens testing positive in cobas but not in LA were more likely to be positive for other markers of HPV-related disease compared to those testing negative in both assays, suggesting that at least some of these were true positives for HPV. cobas and LA showed high sensitivities but low specificities for the detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 (AIN2/3) in this population (100% sensitivity and 26% specificity for cobas versus 98.4% sensitivity and 28.9% specificity for LA). A combination of anal cytology and HPV genotyping provided the highest accuracy for detecting anal precancer. A higher HPV load was associated with a higher risk of AIN2/3 with HPV16 (P(trend) < 0.001), HPV18 (P(trend) = 0.07), and other carcinogenic types (P(trend) < 0.001). We demonstrate that cobas can be used for HPV detection in anal cytology specimens. Additional tests are necessary to identify men at the highest risk of anal cancer among those infected with high-risk HPV.

Published
2014

43. The Association Between Diet Quality and Glycemic Outcomes Among People with Type 1 Diabetes.

Author

Gillingham, Melanie B., Marak, Martin Chase, Riddell, Michael C., Calhoun, Peter, Gal, Robin L., Patton, Susana R., Jacobs, Peter G., Castle, Jessica R., Clements, Mark A., Doyle, Francis J., Rickels, Michael R., and Martin, Corby K.

Subjects
TYPE 1 diabetes, CONTINUOUS glucose monitoring, DIET, INSULIN therapy, GLYCEMIC control
Abstract

Background: The amount and type of food consumed impacts the glycemic response and insulin needs of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Daily variability in consumption, reflected in diet quality, may acutely impact glycemic levels and insulin needs. Objective: Type 1 Diabetes Exercise Initiative (T1DEXI) data were examined to evaluate the impact of daily diet quality on near-term glycemic control and interaction with exercise. Methods: Using the Remote Food Photography Method, <8 d of dietary intake data were analyzed per participant. Diet quality was quantified with the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI), where a score of 100 indicates the highest-quality diet. Each participant day was classified as low HEI (<57) or high HEI (>57) based on the mean of nationally reported HEI data. Within participants, the relationship between diet quality and subsequent glycemia measured by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and total insulin dose usage was evaluated using a paired t-test and robust regression models. Results: Two hundred twenty-three adults (76% female) with mean ± SD age, HbA1c, and body mass index (BMI) of 37 ± 14 y, 6.6% ± 0.7%, and 25.1 ± 3.6 kg/m², respectively, were included in these analyses. The mean HEI score was 56 across all participant days. On high HEI days (mean, 66 ± 4) compared with low HEI days (mean, 47 ± 5), total time in range (70-180 mg/dL) was greater (77.2% ± 14% compared with 75.7% ± 14%, respectively, P = 0.01), whereas time above 180 mg/dL (19% ± 14% compared with 21% ± 15%, respectively, P = 0.004), mean glucose (143 ± 22 compared with 145 ± 22 mg/dL, respectively, P = 0.02), and total daily insulin dose (0.52 ± 0.18 compared with 0.54 ± 0.18 U/kg/d, respectively, P = 0.009) were lower. The interaction between diet quality and exercise on glycemia was not significant. Conclusions: Higher HEI scores correlated with improved glycemia and lower insulin needs, although the impact of diet quality was modest and smaller than the previously reported impact of exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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44. Higher dose corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 who are hypoxic but not requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY)

Author

Obbina Abani, Ali Abbas, Fatima Abbas, Joshua Abbas, Kasim Abbas, Mustafa Abbas, Sadia Abbasi, Hakam Abbass, Alfie Abbott, Alison Abbott, Nabeel Abdallah, Ammar Abdelaziz, Ashraf Abdelaziz, Mohamed Abdelfattah, Bushra Abdelqader, Audrey Abdul, Basir Abdul, Siddiqui Abdul, Althaf Abdul Rasheed, Ajibode Abdulakeem, Rezan Abdul-Kadir, Abdullah Abdullah, Abdulfatahi Abdulmumeen, Rasheed Abdul-Raheem, Niyaz Abdulshukkoor, Kula Abdusamad, Yazeed Abed El Khaleq, Mai Abedalla, Abeer Abeer Ul Amna, Lynn Abel, Katrina Abernethy, Movin Abeywickrema, Chandra Abhinaya, Affyarsyah Abidin, Adebanke Aboaba, Abigail Aboagye-Odei, Christopher Aboah, Heba Aboelela, Hani Abo-Leyah, Karim Abouelela, Ahmed Abou-Haggar, Mahmoud Abouibrahim, Ahmed Abousamra, Mona Abouzaid, Miriam Abraham, Tizzy Abraham, Abraheem Abraheem, Judith Abrams, Rebecca Abrams, Hyacinth-John Abu, Ahmed Abu-Arafeh, Syed M Abubacker, Akata Abung, Yousuf Abusamra, Yaa Aceampong, Amaka Achara, Devikumar Acharya, Faustina Acheampong, Prince Acheampong, Sarah Acheampong, Janet Acheson, Shiella Achieng, Andres Acosta, Rebecca Acquah, Catherine Acton, Jacqueline Adabie-Ankrah, Paul Adair, Fiona Adam, Matthew Adam, Huzaifa Adamali, Marta Adamczyk, Carol Adams, Charlotte Adams, Daniel Adams, Kate Adams, Laura Adams, Nikkita Adams, Richard Adams, Tim Adams, Laura Adamu-Ikeme, Krishma Adatia, Kirsty Adcock, Lawrence Addai-Boampong, Afua Addo, Oluwatobi Adeagbo, Ade Adebiyi, Ogunlana Adedeji, Yewande Adegeye, Ken Adegoke, Vicki Adell, Sherna Adenwalla, Femi W Adeoye, Oluwasegun A Adesemoye, Emmanuel O Adewunmi, Adedamola Adeyanju, Joyce Adeyemi, Tenifayo Adeyemo, Binay Adhikari, Shanti A Adhikari, Rina Adhikary, Adhikarla Aditya, Patience Adjepong, Gabrielle Adkins, Adnan Adnan, Marguerite Adriaanse, John Aeron-Thomas, Debbie Affleck, Carmel Afnan, Muhammad Afridi, Patricia Afrim, Felicia Akua Afriyie, Zainab A Aftab, Meenakshi Agarwal, Rachel Agbeko, Chris Agbo, Sunil Aggarwal, Arameh Aghababaie, Laura Aguilar Jimenez, Jacqueline Afrakomah Agyekum, Kwame Agyen, Shafana Ahamed Sadiq, Mohamed H Ahammed Nazeer, Mohammad Ahmad, Syed Ahmad, Afshan Ahmed, Ashar Ahmed, Asim Ahmed, Basheer A R Ahmed, Bilal Ahmed, Forizuddin Ahmed, Hamze Ahmed, Hanad Ahmed, Irshad Ahmed, Khaled Ahmed, Khalil Ahmed, Liban Ahmed, Mahin Ahmed, Maria C Ahmed, Muhammad S Ahmed, Naseer Ahmed, Nausheen Ahmed, Osama Ahmed, Rajia A Ahmed, Rawya Ahmed, Rizwan Ahmed, Saif Ahmed, Sammiya Ahmed, Sana G Ahmed, Syed Ahmed, Syed H Ahmed, Roa Ahmed Ali, Bilal Ahmed Mohamud, Sana Ahmed, Sana Ahmer, Augustine Ahonia, Christine Aiken, Dhiraj Ail, Mark Ainsworth, Myriam Aissa, Lindianne Aitken, Bini Ajay, Abdulakeem Ajibode, Ayesha Ajmi, Nasim Akhtar, Nauman Akhtar, Suha Akili, Bolutito Akinbiyi, Oludoyinsola Akindolie, Yinka Akinfenwa, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Ibrahim Akinpelu, Mohammad Akram, Olugbenro Aktinade, Uzayr Akudi, Ahmad S A R Al Aaraj, Asma Al Balushi, Majd Al Dakhola, Aladdin Al Swaifi, Eslam Al-Abadi, Adegoke Alabi, Narendra Aladangady, Mohamed Alafifi, Ayaz Alam, Sajid Alam, Abbas Al-Asadi, Kyriaki Alatzoglou, Paul Albert, Albertus Albertus, Lorraine Albon, Angela Alcala, Gemma Alcorn, Stephen Alcorn, Aggie Aldana, David Alderdice, Abdullah Aldesouki, Rayan Aldouri, Jonathan Aldridge, Nicolas Aldridge, Ram Maya Ale, Ana Alegria, Alison Alexander, Courtney Alexander, John Alexander, Peter D G Alexander, Julyan Al-fori, Laith Alghazawi, Osama Alhabsha, Bahij Al-Hakim, Rafil Alhameed, Mohammed Al-Hayali, Shams Al-Hity, Ali Ali, Amanda Ali, Asad Ali, Fawzia R Ali, Jawad Ali, Mariam Ali, Mohamed Ali, Mohammad Ali, Muhammad S Ali, Nayab Ali, Oudai Ali, Ramla Ali, Sakina Ali, Syed Ali, Emilio Aliberti, Jade Alin, Abid Alina, Analyn Alipustain, Bachti Alisjahbana, Fine Aliyuda, Katrin Alizadeh, Maithem Al-Jibury, Saba Al-Juboori, Majid Al-Khalil, Abdullah Alkhudhayri, Moutaz Alkhusheh, Fiona Allan, Nataliya Allan, Alison Allanson, Robert Allcock, Eireann Allen, Jade Allen, Kerry Allen, Louise Allen, Poppy Allen, Rebecca Allen, Sam Allen, Sharon Allen, Simon Allen, Tania Allen, Abiola Alli, Kathryn Allison, Bethan Allman, Helen K Allsop, Lynne Allsop, David Allsup, Amal F T Almahroos, Hassan Al-Moasseb, Magda Al-Obaidi, Lina Alomari, Akram Al-Rabahi, Bahar Al-Ramadhani, Zayneb Al-Saadi, Riyam Al-Sammarraie, Inji Alshaer, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Warkaq Al-Shamkhani, Fadia Alsheikh, Bashar Al-Sheklly, Sara Altaf, Amanda Alty, Mary Alvarez, Maria Alvarez Corral, Edward Alveyn, Maysaa Alzetani, Susan Amamou, Noor Amar, Sakkarai Ambalavanan, Robert Ambrogetti, Chris Ambrose, Amir Ameen, Amel Amelia Ganefianty, Katharine Ames, Maria R Amezaga, Allison Amin, Amina Amin, Kanish Amin, Syed Amin, Tara Amin, Badshah Amit, Amjad Amjad, Neelma Amjad, James Amoah-Dankwa, Victoria Amosun, Muhammad Amsal, Khaled Amsha, John Amuasi, Noelia Amutio Martin, Pugh Amy, Ann Anada, Atul Anand, Samantha Anandappa, Satya D Anantapatnaikuni, Ellen Anderson, Julie Anderson, Laura Anderson, Marina Anderson, Michelle Anderson, Nicola Anderson, Rachel Anderson, Rebecca Anderson, Rory Anderson, Samantha Anderson, Wendy Anderson, Prematie Andreou, Angela Andrews, Antonette Andrews, Jill Andrews, Joyann Andrews, Kanayochukwu Aneke, Andrew Ang, Wan Wei Ang, Tammy Angel, Aramburo Angela, Paola Angelini, Lazarus Anguvaa, Oleg Anichtchik, Millicent Anim-Somuah, Krishnan Aniruddhan, Jessica Annett, Louise Anning, Maldwyn Ansah, Patrick J Anstey, Rebekah Anstey, Alpha Anthony, Aaron Anthony-Pillai, Philip Antill, Zhelyazkova Antonina, Varghese Anu, Muhammad Anwar, Elena Apetri, Aristeidis Apostolopoulos, Sarah Appleby, Diane Appleyard, Maia F Aquino, Bianca Araba, Samuel Aransiola, Mariana Araujo, Ann Archer, Denise Archer, Samuel Archer, Simon Archer, Daniele Arcoria, Christian Ardley, Ana-Maria Arias, Oluwatoyin Aribike, Ryoki Arimoto, Charlotte Arkley, Charlotte Armah, Ilianna Armata, Jennifer Armistead, Adam Armitage, Ceri Armstrong, Maureen Armstrong, Sonia Armstrong, Wendy Armstrong, Philippa Armtrong, Heike Arndt, Clare Arnison-Newgass, David Arnold, Rachael Arnold, Andrew Arnott, Dhawal Arora, Kavan Arora, Pardeep Arora, Rishi Arora, Arslam Arter, Armena Arumaithurai, Ayush Arya, Rita Arya, Diptesh Aryal, Denisa Asandei, Adeeba Asghar, Malik Asghar, Arif Ashab, Catherine Ashbrook-Raby, Helen Ashby, Jan Ashcroft, John Ashcroft, Samuel Ashcroft, Georgia Asher, Zakariya Ashfak, Ayesha Ashfaq, Abdul Ashish, Dawn Ashley, Sally Ashman-Flavell, Sundar Ashok, Abd-El-Aziz Ashour, Muhammad Z Ashraf, Saima Ashraf, Mohammad B Ashraq, Deborah Ashton, Susan Ashton, Andrew Ashworth, Fiona J Ashworth, Rebecca Ashworth, Arshia Aslam, I Aslam, Suhail Aslam, Laura Aslett, Harshini Asogan, Atif Asrar, Omar Assaf, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Deborah Athorne, Billie Atkins, Christopher Atkins, Stacey Atkins, John Atkinson, Vicki Atkinson, Abolaji Atomode, Brygitta Atraskiewicz, Abdul A Attia, Eva Attubato, Marie Attwood, Paula Aubrey, Zoltan Auer, Avinash Aujayeb, Aye Chan Thar Aung, Hnin Aung, Hnin Wint Wint Aung, Ko Ko Aung, Kyaw Thu Aung, Nwe Aung, Yin Aung, Zaw Myo Aung, Emily Austin, Karen Austin, Abdusshakur Auwal, Malcolm Avari, Miriam Avery, Nicholas Aveyard, Joanne Avis, Georgina Aviss, Cristina Avram, Paula Avram, Abuzar Awadelkareem, Gabriel Awadzi, Mahmoud Awaly, Atia Awan, Aszad Aya, Eman Ayaz, John Maximilian Ayerh, Amanda Ayers, Jawwad Azam, Ahmed Azeem, Mohammed Azharuddin, Ammar Aziz, Ghazala Aziz, Imran Aziz, N Aziz, Ali Azkoul, Ashaari Azman Shah, Giada Azzopardi, Hocine Azzoug, Fiyinfoluwa Babatunde, Melvin Babi, Babiker Babiker, Gayna Babington, Matthew Babirecki, Marta Babores, Adetona O Babs-Osibodu, Sammy Bacciarelli, Roudi Bachar, Michel-Elie Bachour, Alisjahbana Bachti, Gina Bacon, Jenny Bacon, Bibi Badal, Aysha Badat, Maryuma Bader, Gurpreet R Badhan, Shreya Badhrinarayanan, Joseph P Bae, Alice Baggaley, Amy Baggott, Graham Bagley, Dinesh Bagmane, Lynsey Bagshaw, Kasra Bahadori, Angela Bailey, James Bailey, Katie Bailey, Lindsey Bailey, Liz Bailey, Lucy Bailey, Maria A Bailey, Morgan Bailey, Pippa Bailey, Sarah Bailey, Hamish Baillie, J Kenneth Baillie, Jennifer Bain, Vikram Bains, David Baird, Eilidh Baird, Kevin Baird, Susan Baird, Tracy Baird, Yolanda Baird, Aiysha Bajandouh, Danielle C Baker, Evelyn Baker, Johanne Baker, Josephine Baker, Kenneth Baker, Mark Baker, Rebecca Baker, Terri-Anne Baker, Victoria Baker, Hugh Bakere, Nawar Bakerly, Michelle Baker-Moffatt, Ameet Bakhai, Nauman Bakhtiar, Panos Bakoulas, Dhanalakshmi Bakthavatsalam, Niranjan Balachandran, Andrea Balan, Prasath Balasingam, Theodosios Balaskas, Madhu Balasubramaniam, Nicola Balatoni, Alison Balcombe, Alexander Baldwin, Ashley Baldwin, Caron Baldwin, Danielle Baldwin, Fiona Baldwin, Rebekah Baldwin-Jones, Nichola Bale, James Balfour, Matthew Ball, Robert Ball, K Ballard, Ismael Balluz, Craig Balmforth, Emese Balogh, Abeir Baltmr, Amir Baluwala, Gabby Bambridge, Alasdair Bamford, Amy Bamford, Peter Bamford, Adefunke Bamgboye, Elizabeth Bancroft, Hollie Bancroft, Joyce Banda, Krishna Bandaru, Srini Bandi, Nageswar Bandla, Somaditya Bandyopadhyam, Amit Banerjee, Ritwik Banerjee, Santosh Baniya, Omar Bani-Saad, Harrison Banks, Luke Banks, Paul Banks, Claudia Bann, Helen Bannister, Oliver Bannister, Laura Banton, Tran Bao, Mariamma Baptist, Tanya Baqai, Ananya M Baral, Sharad Chandra Baral, Desislava Baramova, Russel Barber, Emma Barbon, Monica Barbosa, Jamie Barbour, Alexander Barclay, Amanda Barclay, Claire Barclay, George Bardsley, Stephanie Bareford, Shahedal Bari, Morris Barimbing, Amy Barker, Debbie Barker, Erandi Barker, Helen Barker, Joseph Barker, Leon Barker, Lesley Barker, Oliver Barker, Kerry Barker-Williams, Sinha Barkha, Juliana Barla, Gavin Barlow, Richard Barlow, Valerie Barlow, James Barnacle, Alex Barnard, Debi Barnes, Nicky Barnes, Rory Barnes, Theresa Barnes, Calum Barnetson, Amy Barnett, Ashton Barnett-Vanes, Prince Gyenti Barning, William Barnsley, Andrew Barr, David Barr, James Barr, Charlotte Barr, Nina Barratt, Shaney Barratt, Manuella Barrera, Amy Barrett, Fiona Barrett, Jessica Barrett, Sue Barrett, Esther Barrow, Jazz Bartholomew, Claire Bartlett, Georgina Bartlett, James Bartlett, Louise Bartlett, Shauna Bartley, Sandra Bartolmeu-Pires, Anna Barton, Greg Barton, Jill Barton, Lorna Barton, Rachael Barton, Rosaleen Baruah, Sonia Baryschpolec, Hannah Bashir, Archana Bashyal, Betsy Basker, Sudha Basnet, Buddha Basnyat, Ayten Basoglu, Alexander Basran, John Bassett, G Bassett, Chris Bassford, Bengisu Bassoy, Victoria Bastion, Anup Bastola, Anupam Basumatary, Precious Basvi, Jireh A Batac, Vipula R Bataduwaarachchi, Tristan Bate, Harry J Bateman, Kathryn Bateman, Vhairi Bateman, Eleanor Bates, Hayley Bates, Michelle Bates, Simon Bates, Sally Batham, Ana Batista, Amit Batla, Dushyant Batra, Harry Batty, Thomas Batty, Alice Batty, Miranda Baum, Rachel Baumber, Carina Bautista, Fareha Bawa, Tanveer Bawa, Fatima S Bawani, Simon Bax, Matt Baxter, Nicola Baxter, Zachary Baxter, Hannah Bayes, Lee-Ann Bayo, Farid Bazari, Rohit Bazaz, Ahmad Bazli, Laura Beacham, Wendy Beadles, Kirsten Beadon, Philip Beak, Andy Beale, Kathy Beard, Jack Bearpark, Alanna Beasley, Sandee Beattie, Karen Beaumont, Dawn Beaumont-Jewell, Theresa Beaver, Sarah Beavis, Christy Beazley, Sarah Beck, Virginia Beckett, Rosie Beckitt, Sarah Beckley, Heidi Beddall, Seonaid Beddows, Deborah Beeby, Sophia Beeby, Gail Beech, Michelle Beecroft, Nigel Beer, Sally Beer, Jane Beety, Gabriela Bega, Alison Begg, Susan Begg, Sara Beghini, Ayesha Begum, Salman Begum, Selina Begum, Teresa Behan, Roya Behrouzi, Jon Beishon, Claire Beith, James Belcher, Holly Belfield, Katherine Belfield, Ajay Belgaumkar, Dina Bell, Gareth Bell, Gillian Bell, Jessica Bell, Lauren Bell, Louise Bell, Nicholas Bell, Pippa Bell, Stephanie Bell, Jennifer Bellamu, Mary Bellamy, Tammy Bellamy, Arianna Bellini, Amanda Bellis, Fionn Bellis, Lesley Bendall, Naveena Benesh, Nicola Benetti, Leonie Benham, Guy Benison-Horner, Sarah Benkenstein, Tracey Benn, Ann Bennett, Caroline Bennett, Denise Bennett, Gillian Bennett, Kaytie Bennett, Kristopher Bennett, Lorraine Bennett, Miriam R Bennett, Sara Bennett, Karen Bennion, Gautham Benoy, Vivienne Benson, Andrew Bentley, James Bentley, Ian Benton, Eva Beranova, Matthew Beresford, Colin Bergin, Malin Bergstrom, Jolanta Bernatoniene, Thomas Berriman, Zoe Berry, Frida Best, Kimberley Best, Ans-Mari Bester, Yvonne Beuvink, Emily Bevan, Sarah Bevins, Tom Bewick, Andrew Bexley, Sonay Beyatli, Fenella Beynon, Arjun Bhadi, Sanjay Bhagani, Shiv Bhakta, Rekha Bhalla, Khushpreet Bhandal, Kulbinder Bhandal, Ashwin Bhandari, Lila Nath Bhandari, Sangam Bhandari, Jennifer Bhanich Supapol, Aashutosh Bhanot, Ravina Bhanot, Swati Bhasin, Abdul Bhat, Prashanth Bhat, Rahul Bhatnagar, Karan Bhatt, Janki Bhayani, Deepika Bhojwani, Parminder Bhuie, M S Bhuiyan, Salimuzzaman Bhuiyan, Anna Bibby, Fatima Bibi, Naheeda Bibi, Salma Bibi, Tihana Bicanic, Sarah Bidgood, Julie Bigg, Sarah Biggs, Alphonsa Biju, Andras Bikov, Sophie Billingham, Jessica Billings, Prof Binh, Alice Binns, Muhammad BinRofaie, Oliver Bintcliffe, Catherine Birch, Janine Birch, Jenny Birch, Katherine Birchall, Sam Bird, Sumedha Bird, Sarah Bird, Mark Birt, Claire Bishop, Kilanalei Bishop, Linda Bishop, Lisa Bishop, Karen Bisnauthsing, Nibedan Biswas, Mustapha Bittaye, Sahar Biuk, Karen Blachford, Ethel Black, Helen Black, Karen Black, Mairead Black, Polly Black, Virginia Black, Hayley Blackgrove, Bethan Blackledge, Joanne Blackler, Samantha Blackley, Helen Blackman, Caroline Blackstock, Cameron Blair, Francesca Blakemore, Helen Blamey, Alison Bland, Sujata Blane, Simon Blankley, Parry Blaxill, Katie Blaylock, Jane Blazeby, Natalie Blencowe, Ben Bloom, Jack Bloomfield, Angela Bloss, Alex Blowers, Samuel Blows, Hannah Bloxham, Susan Blrd, Louise Blundell, Andrew Blunsum, Mark Blunt, Tadhg Blunt, Ian Blyth, Kevin Blyth, Andrew Blythe, Karen Blythe, Kwabena Appiah Boahen, Marilyn Boampoaa, Sarah Board, Boniface Bobie, Karen Bobruk, 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Sarah Haysom, James Hayward, Patrick Haywood, Hazel Haywood Hasford, Tracy Hazelton, Phoebe Hazenberg, Zhengmai He, Elizabeth Headon, Carrie Heal, Brendan Healy, Jessica L Healy, Amy Hearn, David Heasman, Angela Heath, Debbie Heath, Rowan Heath, Diane Heaton, Adam Heavens, Kerry Hebbron, Catherine Heckman, Gemma Hector, Sadie Heddon, Andy Hedges, Katrine Hedges, Cheryl Heeley, Elaine Heeney, Richard Heinink, Rajdeep Heire, Ingvild Helgesen, Joanne Hemingway, Ulla Hemmila, Beth Hemmings, Scott Hemphill, Deborah Hemsley, Abigail Henderson, Eilidh Henderson, Jennifer Henderson, Steven Henderson, Joanne Henry, Karol Henry, Lavinia Henry, Margo Henry, Natalie Henry, David Henshall, Gillian Herdman, Rosaleen Herdman-Grant, Morag Herkes, Lucas E Hermans, Fe Marie Hernandez, Emma Heron, Lisa Heron, William Herrington, Emilia Heselden, Peta Heslop, Tracey Heslop, Simon Hester, Emily Hetherington, Joseph Hetherington, Chamila Hettiarachchi, Pramodh Hettiarachchi, Hayley Hewer, John Hewertson, 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Elizabeth Horsley, Sarah Horton, Jane Hosea, Toby Hoskins, Muhammad S Hossain, Rashed Hossain, Maxine Hough, Sarah Hough, Catherine Houghton, Kathryn Houghton, Rebecca Houlihan, Kay Housely, Hamish Houston, Roseanna Hovvels, Lee How, Laura Howaniec, Joanne Howard, Kate Howard, Laura Howard, Linda Howard, Lucy Howard, Megan Howard, Sarah Howard, Stuart Howard, Richard Howard-Griffin, Louise Howard-Sandy, Serena Howe, Alice Howell, Mark Howells, Lyn Howie, Kerry Howlett, Sophie Howlett, Ruth Howman, Josh Hrycaiczuk, Hein Htet, Naing Z Htoon, Su Htwe, Ying Hu, Chiang O H Huah, Sylvia Huang, Kelly Hubbard, Abby Huckle, Shahzya Huda, Alison Hudak, Lisa Hudig, Heather Hudson, Suzanne Hudson, Oli Hudson, Alison Hufton, Connor Huggins, Alistair Hughes, Caitlin Hughes, Emma Hughes, Gareth Hughes, Heather Hughes, Luke Hughes, Martin Hughes, Rachel Hughes, Rebecca Hughes, Samantha Hughes, Stephen Hughes, Vikki Hughes, Wesley Hughes, Lukas Huhn, Ching Hui, Ruth Hulbert, Diana Hull, Grace Hull, 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Julie Jones, Kate E Jones, Kimberly Jones, Laura Jones, Laura M Jones, Louise Jones, Mathew Jones, Nancy Jones, Nicola Jones, Olivia Jones, Paul Jones, Philip H Jones, Rhianna Jones, Ruth E Jones, Samantha Jones, Sophie Jones, Stefanie Jones, Steve Jones, Susan Jones, Taya Jones, Thomas Jones, Tim Jones, Tracey Jones, Ramya Jonnalagadda, Rebecca Jordache, Michele Jordan, Sarah Jordan, Abi Jose, Litty Jose, Louise Jose, Sanal Jose, Anna Joseph, Gigee Joseph, P Aiden Joseph, Rosane Joseph, Sibet Joseph, Dhaara Joshi, Mehul Joshi, Pratichi Joshi, Tushar Joshi, Benz Josiah, Lijo Joy, Tiffany Joyce, Hong Ju, Adriel Ju Wen Kwek, Andrew Judd, Edward Jude, Parminder Judge, Jessica Juhl, Sirisha Jujjavarapu, Mark Juniper, Edmund Juszczak, Deepthi Jyothish, Kasamu Kabiru Dawa, Mark Kacar, Nikhil Kadam, Nicole Kader, Ajai Kailey, Matthew Kain, Gail Kakoullis, Azad Kala Bhushan, Richard J K Kalayi, Roobala Kaliannan Periyasami, Efthymia Kallistrou, Thomas Kalmus Eliasz, Seika Kalsoom, Elisa Kam, 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Robert Laing, Inez Laing-Faiers, Emily Laity, Katharine Lake, Nicki Lakeman, David Lalloo, Fiona Lalloo, Alison Lam, Classy Lam, Fiona Lamb, Lucy Lamb, Thomas Lamb, Oscar Lambert, Pauline Lambert, Claudia Lameirinhas, Mohammed K G Lami, Holly Lamont, Michal Lamparski, Djillali Lamrani, Christine Lanaghan, Ivone Lancona-Malcolm, Geraldine Landers, Martin J Landray, Matthew Lane, Nicholas Lane, Alidih Lang, Stephen Lang, Daniel Langer, Margaret Langley, Charles Langoya, Emma Langridge, Emily Langthorne, Helen Langton, Beatriz Lara, Taiya Large, Lawrencia Naadu Lartey, Samuel Lassa, Anna Last, Scott Latham, Victoria Latham, Afzal Latheef, Larissa Latif, Nang Latt, Carmen Lau, Dawn Lau, Eva Lau, Gonzalez G Laura, Myra Laurenson, Eloise Lavington, Hou Law, Jessica Law, June Law, Kar Y Law, Penny Law, Richard Law, Laura Lawless, Chris Lawrence, Emma Lawrence, Geoffrey Lawrence, Holly M Lawrence, Neil Lawrence, Ryan Lawrie, Louise Lawson, Natalie Lawson, Rod Lawson, Michael Lay, Stephen Laybourne, Christine Laycock, Reina Layug, Maria Lazo, Thi Thao Le, Vietland Le, Amelia Lea, William Lea, Louisa E Leach, Ian Leadbitter, Thomas Leahy, Richard Lean, Lorna Leandro, Darren Leaning, Ruth Leary, Sandra Leason, Marie A Ledingham, Caroline Lee, Emma Lee, Hannah Lee, Irish Lee, Joshua Lee, Judith Lee, Sam Lee, Shannon Lee, Shi Han Lee, Simon Lee, Sindy Lee, Stephanie Lee, Tracey Lee, Xiang Lee, Robyn Lee, Diana Lees, Jennifer Lees, Helen Legge, Julian Leggett, Katie Leigh-Ellis, David Leitch, Nicky Leitch, Eleni Lekoudis, Petula Lemessy, Nicholas Lemoine, Rebecca Lenagh, Katy Leng, Katrina Lennon, Liz Lennon, Beth Leonard, Kelly Leonard, Wen Leong, Nicky Leopold, Oskar Lepiarczyk, Isla Leslie, Eva Noviani Lestari, Eleni Lester, Emma Levell, Chris Levett, Anastasia Levynska, Alice Lewin, Alison Lewis, Christopher Lewis, David Lewis, Dee Lewis, Heather Lewis, Joanne Lewis, Joseph Lewis, Kathryn Lewis, Keir Lewis, Leon Lewis, Mandy Lewis, Marissa Lewis, Nicolas Lewis, Robert Lewis, Catherine Lewis-Clarke, Adam Lewszuk, Penny Lewthwaite, Samantha Ley, Angela Liao, Victoria Licence, David Lieberman, Susan Liebeschuetz, Teresa Light, Nicky Lightfoot, Patrick Lillie, Ashling Lillis, Ben Lim, Carys Lim, Ee T Lim, Ivy Lim, Terence Lim, Wei Shen Lim, Wilson Lim, James Limb, Dipraj Limbu, Usha Limbu, Christian Linares, Dermot Linden, Gabriella Lindergard, Kate Lindley, Charlotte Lindsay, Emily Lindsay, Max Lindsay, Helen Lindsay- Clarke, Mirella Ling, Claire Lingam, Linette Linkson, Thinzar Linn, Mike Linney, Conrad Lippold, George Lipscomb, Karen Lipscomb, Laura Lipskis, Ana Lisboa, Evangeline Lister, Jeff Little, Sam Little, Lucy Littlejohn, Sky Liu, Xuedi Liu, Daniel K Llanera, Rhiannon Llewellyn, Martin Llewelyn, Adam Lloyd, Aimee Lloyd, Arwel Lloyd, Oliver Lloyd, Richard Lloyd, Su Lo, David Loader, Caroline Loan, Livia Lobosco, Lydianne Lock, Sara Lock, Stephen Lock, Angela Locke, Jacqueline Locke, Thomas Locke, Teresa Lockett, Jeorghino Lodge, Krishan 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Younes Ibrahim, Eoin Young, Gail Young, Louise Young, Asfand Yousafzar, Sajeda Youssouf, Ahmed Yousuf, Hartantri Yovita, Chrissie Yu, Jack S J Yuan, Nindya Yufaniaputri, Bernard Yung, Daniel Yusef, Said Yusef, Intekhab Yusuf, Anna-Sophia Zafar, Silvia Zagalo, Su Zaher, Aqsa Zahoor, Mahrukh Zainab, Thornton Zak, Kareem Zaki, Nabhan Zakir, Kasia Zalewska, Ane Zamalloa, Mohsin Zaman, Shakir Zaman, Julie Zamikula, Louise Zammit, Marie Zammit-Mangion, Marcelina Zawadzka, Mohammed Zayed, Esther Zebracki, Daniel Zehnder, Lisa Zeidan, Darius Zeinali, Jing Zhang, Xiaobei Zhao, Dongling Zheng, Doreen Zhu, Madiha Zia, Omar Zibdeh, Rabia Zill-E-Huma, Ei Thankt Zin, Eva Zincone, Garikai Zindoga, Eleanor Zinkin, Vivian Zinyemba, Christos Zipitis, Letizia Zitter, Arkadiusz Zmierczak, Garazi Zubikarai, Azam Zubir, Naz Zuhra, Rasha Zulaikha, Sabrina Zulfikar, Carol Zullo, Ana Zuriaga-Alvaro, University of St Andrews. Infection and Global Health Division, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and Group, RECOVERY Collaborative

Subjects
Adult, Male, Hypoxia/etiology, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use, AC, Dexamethasone/therapeutic use, Hospitals, Oxygen, Treatment Outcome, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, MCP, Humans, Female
Abstract

Background Low-dose corticosteroids have been shown to reduce mortality for patients with COVID-19 requiring oxygen or ventilatory support (non-invasive mechanical ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). We evaluated the use of a higher dose of corticosteroids in this patient group. Methods This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]) is assessing multiple possible treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19. Eligible and consenting adult patients with clinical evidence of hypoxia (ie, receiving oxygen or with oxygen saturation Findings Between May 25, 2021, and May 13, 2022, 1272 patients with COVID-19 and hypoxia receiving no oxygen (eight [1%]) or simple oxygen only (1264 [99%]) were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus higher dose corticosteroids (659 patients) versus usual care alone (613 patients, of whom 87% received low-dose corticosteroids during the follow-up period). Of those randomly assigned, 745 (59%) were in Asia, 512 (40%) in the UK, and 15 (1%) in Africa. 248 (19%) had diabetes and 769 (60%) were male. Overall, 123 (19%) of 659 patients allocated to higher dose corticosteroids versus 75 (12%) of 613 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 1·59 [95% CI 1·20–2·10]; p=0·0012). There was also an excess of pneumonia reported to be due to non-COVID infection (64 cases [10%] vs 37 cases [6%]; absolute difference 3·7% [95% CI 0·7–6·6]) and an increase in hyperglycaemia requiring increased insulin dose (142 [22%] vs 87 [14%]; absolute difference 7·4% [95% CI 3·2–11·5]). Interpretation In patients hospitalised for COVID-19 with clinical hypoxia who required either no oxygen or simple oxygen only, higher dose corticosteroids significantly increased the risk of death compared with usual care, which included low-dose corticosteroids. The RECOVERY trial continues to assess the effects of higher dose corticosteroids in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 who require non-invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Funding UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council), National Institute of Health and Care Research, and Wellcome Trust.

Published
2023
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45. Risk Factors for Anal HPV Infection and Anal Precancer in HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men

Author

Schwartz, Lauren M, Castle, Philip E, Follansbee, Stephen, Borgonovo, Sylvia, Fetterman, Barbara, Tokugawa, Diane, Lorey, Thomas S, Sahasrabuddhe, Vikrant V, Luhn, Patricia, Gage, Julia C, Darragh, Teresa M, and Wentzensen, Nicolas

Subjects
Public Health, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Digestive Diseases, HIV/AIDS, Cancer, Prevention, Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*), Sexually Transmitted Infections, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Anal Canal, Anus Neoplasms, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, California, Chlamydia Infections, Confidence Intervals, Demography, HIV Infections, HIV Seropositivity, Homosexuality, Male, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Papillomaviridae, Papillomavirus Infections, Precancerous Conditions, Risk Factors, Sexual Behavior, Smoking, Young Adult, anal cancer, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, men who have sex with men, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

BackgroundCarcinogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a large proportion of anal cancers. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of HPV infection and anal cancer compared with HIV-negative men. We evaluated risk factors for HPV infection and anal precancer in a population of HIV-infected MSM.MethodsOur study included 305 MSM at an HIV/AIDS clinic in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Health Maintenance Organization. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations of risk factors comparing men without anal HPV infection; men with anal HPV infection, but no precancer; and men with anal precancer.ResultsLow CD4 count (

Published
2013

46. Comprehensive Control of Human Papillomavirus Infections and Related Diseases

Author

Bosch, F Xavier, Broker, Thomas R, Forman, David, Moscicki, Anna-Barbara, Gillison, Maura L, Doorbar, John, Stern, Peter L, Stanley, Margaret, Arbyn, Marc, Poljak, Mario, Cuzick, Jack, Castle, Philip E, Schiller, John T, Markowitz, Lauri E, Fisher, William A, Canfell, Karen, Denny, Lynette A, Franco, Eduardo L, Steben, Marc, Kane, Mark A, Schiffman, Mark, Meijer, Chris JLM, Sankaranarayanan, Rengaswamy, Castellsagué, Xavier, Kim, Jane J, Brotons, Maria, Alemany, Laia, Albero, Ginesa, Diaz, Mireia, de Sanjosé, Silvia, and on behalf of the authors of the ICO Monograph ‘Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases’ Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5

Subjects
Clinical Research, Prevention, Immunization, Cancer, Vaccine Related, HPV and/or Cervical Cancer Vaccines, Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS, Cervical Cancer, Sexually Transmitted Infections, 3.4 Vaccines, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Anus Neoplasms, Early Detection of Cancer, Female, Global Health, Humans, Male, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms, Papillomavirus Infections, Papillomavirus Vaccines, Penile Neoplasms, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Vulvar Neoplasms, HPV, Cervical cancer, Anal cancer, Penile cancer, Vaginal cancer, Vulvar cancer, Oropharyngeal cancer, Screening, HPV vaccination, HPV testing, Authors of the ICO Monograph ‘Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases’ Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Virology
Abstract

Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as one of the major causes of infection-related cancer worldwide, as well as the causal factor in other diseases. Strong evidence for a causal etiology with HPV has been stated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for cancers of the cervix uteri, penis, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx (including base of the tongue and tonsils). Of the estimated 12.7 million new cancers occurring in 2008 worldwide, 4.8% were attributable to HPV infection, with substantially higher incidence and mortality rates seen in developing versus developed countries. In recent years, we have gained tremendous knowledge about HPVs and their interactions with host cells, tissues and the immune system; have validated and implemented strategies for safe and efficacious prophylactic vaccination against HPV infections; have developed increasingly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostic tools for HPV detection for use in cervical cancer screening; and have substantially increased global awareness of HPV and its many associated diseases in women, men, and children. While these achievements exemplify the success of biomedical research in generating important public health interventions, they also generate new and daunting challenges: costs of HPV prevention and medical care, the implementation of what is technically possible, socio-political resistance to prevention opportunities, and the very wide ranges of national economic capabilities and health care systems. Gains and challenges faced in the quest for comprehensive control of HPV infection and HPV-related cancers and other disease are summarized in this review. The information presented may be viewed in terms of a reframed paradigm of prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases that will include strategic combinations of at least four major components: 1) routine introduction of HPV vaccines to women in all countries, 2) extension and simplification of existing screening programs using HPV-based technology, 3) extension of adapted screening programs to developing populations, and 4) consideration of the broader spectrum of cancers and other diseases preventable by HPV vaccination in women, as well as in men. Despite the huge advances already achieved, there must be ongoing efforts including international advocacy to achieve widespread-optimally universal-implementation of HPV prevention strategies in both developed and developing countries. This article summarizes information from the chapters presented in a special ICO Monograph 'Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases' Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012. Additional details on each subtopic and full information regarding the supporting literature references may be found in the original chapters.

Published
2013

47. Human Papillomavirus Genotype Attribution and Estimation of Preventable Fraction of Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia Cases Among HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men

Author

Sahasrabuddhe, Vikrant V, Castle, Philip E, Follansbee, Stephen, Borgonovo, Sylvia, Tokugawa, Diane, Schwartz, Lauren M, Lorey, Thomas S, LaMere, Brandon J, Gage, Julia C, Fetterman, Barbara, Boyle, Sean, Sadorra, Mark, Tang, Scott Dahai, Darragh, Teresa M, and Wentzensen, Nicolas

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Immunization, Infectious Diseases, Cancer, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Digestive Diseases, HIV/AIDS, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Aged, Anus Neoplasms, Carcinoma in Situ, Coinfection, Cross-Sectional Studies, Genotype, HIV Infections, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Grading, Papillomaviridae, Papillomavirus Infections, Papillomavirus Vaccines, Prevalence, Sexual Behavior, Anal cancer, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, men who have sex with men, genotypes, attribution, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

BackgroundThe prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced anal cancer in high-risk populations such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) remains an urgent priority, given rising incidence rates despite widespread antiretroviral therapy use.MethodsHPV genotypes and anal disease prevalence, by cytology and histopathologic findings, were evaluated among 363 HIV-infected MSM. We modeled fractions of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN) attributable to individual carcinogenic HPV genotypes and estimated the range of the proportion of HGAIN cases potentially preventable by prophylactic HPV vaccines.ResultsHPV16 was the most common genotype overall (26.4% of cases) and among HGAIN cases (55%). Prevalence of multiple (≥ 2) carcinogenic HPV genotypes increased from 30.9% in cases of AIN grade

Published
2013

48. Interrater agreement of anal cytology

Author

Darragh, Teresa M, Tokugawa, Diane, Castle, Philip E, Follansbee, Stephen, Borgonovo, Sylvia, LaMere, Brandon J, Schwartz, Lauren, Gage, Julia C, Fetterman, Barbara, Lorey, Thomas, and Wentzensen, Nicolas

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Cervical Cancer, Cancer, Prevention, Digestive Diseases, HIV/AIDS, Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Aged, Anus Neoplasms, Biomarkers, Tumor, Biopsy, Needle, Cohort Studies, Cytodiagnosis, Early Detection of Cancer, HIV Infections, HIV Seropositivity, Homosexuality, Male, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Observer Variation, Papillomaviridae, Papillomavirus Infections, Precancerous Conditions, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Factors, United States, anal cancer screening, cytology, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, men who have sex with men, biomarkers, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Microbiology, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

BackgroundThe majority of anal cancers are caused by persistent infections with carcinogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV). Similar to cervical carcinogenesis, the progression from HPV infection to anal cancer occurs through precancerous lesions that can be treated to prevent invasion. In analogy to cervical cytology, anal cytology has been proposed as a screening tool for anal cancer precursors in high-risk populations.MethodsThe authors analyzed the interobserver reproducibility of anal cytology in a population of 363 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Liquid-based cytology (LBC) specimens were collected in the anal dysplasia clinic before the performance of high-resolution anoscopy on all patients. Papanicolaou-stained LBC slides were evaluated by 2 cytopathologists, each of whom was blinded to the clinical outcome and the other pathologist's results, using the revised Bethesda terminology.ResultsOverall agreement between the 2 observers was 66% (kappa, 0.54; linear-weighted kappa, 0.69). Using dichotomizing cytology results (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASC-US] or worse vs less than ASC-US), the agreement increased to 86% (kappa, 0.69). An increasing likelihood of testing positive for markers associated with HPV-related transformation, p16/Ki-67, and HPV oncogene messenger RNA was observed, with increasing severity of cytology results noted both for individual cytologists and for consensus cytology interpretation (P value for trend [p(trend)] < .0001 for all).ConclusionsModerate to good agreement was observed between 2 cytopathologists evaluating anal cytology samples collected from HIV-positive MSM. A higher severity of anal cytology was associated with biomarkers of anal precancerous lesions. Anal cytology may be used for anal cancer screening in high-risk populations, and biomarkers of HPV-related transformation can serve as quality control for anal cytology.

Published
2013

49. A comparison of human papillomavirus genotype-specific DNA and E6/E7 mRNA detection to identify anal precancer among HIV-infected men who have sex with men.

Author

Castle, Philip, Follansbee, Stephen, Borgonovo, Sylvia, Tokugawa, Diane, Schwartz, Lauren, Lorey, Thomas, LaMere, Brandon, Gage, Julia, Fetterman, Barbara, Rodriguez, Ana, Wentzensen, Nicolas, and Darragh, Teresa

Subjects
Adult, Age Distribution, Anus Neoplasms, Biomarkers, Tumor, Cross-Sectional Studies, DNA, Viral, Genotype, HIV Infections, Homosexuality, Male, Human papillomavirus 16, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Papillomavirus Infections, Precancerous Conditions, Prevalence, Prognosis, RNA, Messenger, Risk Assessment, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sexual Behavior
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) RNA detection is reportedly more specific for the detection of anogenital precancer than HPV DNA but it is unknown whether this is due to detection of RNA or due to HPV genotype restriction. METHODS: A total of 363 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men who have sex with men had two anal cytology samples taken and were evaluated using high-resolution anoscopy and biopsies of visible lesions. Anal specimens were tested for E6/E7 RNA for five carcinogenic HPV genotypes (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, and 45) and tested for the DNA of 13 carcinogenic HPV genotypes. RESULTS: DNA testing was more likely to be positive than RNA testing (53% vs. 48%; P = 0.02) for the same five HPV genotypes in aggregate. When restricted to five HPV genotypes targeted by the RNA test, the sensitivity to detect anal precancer was the same for DNA and RNA (81%), whereas RNA was more specific than DNA (65% vs. 58%; P = 0.007). In comparison, DNA detection of all 13 carcinogenic HPV genotypes was more sensitive (96% vs. 81%; P = 0.001) but much less specific (65% vs. 33%; P < 0.001) as compared with RNA detection of the five HPV genotypes. CONCLUSION: After controlling for HPV genotypes, RNA was only slightly more specific than DNA detection for anal precancer. IMPACT: DNA or RNA testing for a subset of the most carcinogenic HPV genotypes may be useful for distinguishing between those HPV-positive men at higher and lower risk of anal precancer and cancer.

Published
2013

50. Assessment of a Decision Support System for Adults with Type 1 Diabetes on Multiple Daily Insulin Injections

Author

Jessica R. Castle, Leah M. Wilson, Nichole S. Tyler, Alejandro Z. Espinoza, Clara M. Mosquera-Lopez, Taisa Kushner, Gavin M. Young, Joseph Pinsonault, Robert H. Dodier, Wade W. Hilts, Sos M. Oganessian, Deborah L. Branigan, Virginia B. Gabo, Jae H. Eom, Katrina Ramsey, Joseph El Youssef, Joseph A. Cafazzo, Kerri Winters-Stone, and Peter G. Jacobs

Subjects
Adult, Blood Glucose, Glycated Hemoglobin, Medical Laboratory Technology, Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Humans, Insulin, Hypoglycemic Agents
Published
2023

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