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Rationale: Despite direct immediate intervention and therapy, ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) victims remain at risk for infarct expansion, heart failure, reinfarction, repeat revascularization, and death. Objective: To evaluate the safety and bioactivity of autologous CD34+ cell (CLBS10) intracoronary infusion in patients with left ventricular dysfunction post STEMI. Methods and Results: Patients who underwent successful stenting for STEMI and had left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction≤48%) ≥4 days poststent were eligible for enrollment. Subjects (N=161) underwent mini bone marrow harvest and were randomized 1:1 to receive (1) autologous CD34+ cells (minimum 10 mol/L±20% cells; N=78) or (2) diluent alone (N=83), via intracoronary infusion. The primary safety end point was adverse events, serious adverse events, and major adverse cardiac event. The primary efficacy end point was change in resting myocardial perfusion over 6 months. No differences in myocardial perfusion or adverse events were observed between the control and treatment groups, although increased perfusion was observed within each group from baseline to 6 months ( P P =0.05). At 1 year, 3.6% (N=3) and 0% deaths were observed in the control and treatment group, respectively. Conclusions: This PreSERVE-AMI (Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial) represents the largest study of cell-based therapy for STEMI completed in the United States and provides evidence supporting safety and potential efficacy in patients with left ventricular dysfunction post STEMI who are at risk for death and major morbidity. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01495364.

An increasing number of patients have refractory angina despite optimal medical therapy and are without further revascularization options. Preclinical studies indicate that human CD34

This study tested whether intramyocardial (IM) administration of mobilized, purified autologous CD34(+) cells would improve total exercise time (TET) and angina frequency in patients with refractory angina.IM administration of autologous CD34(+) cells has been associated consistently with improvements in functional capacity and angina symptoms in early phase clinical trials.RENEW (Efficacy and Safety of Targeted Intramyocardial Delivery of Auto CD34+ Stem Cells for Improving Exercise Capacity in Subjects With Refractory Angina) was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing IM CD34(+) administration with no intervention (open-label standard of care) or IM placebo injections (active control). The primary efficacy endpoint was change in TET at 12 months. Key secondary endpoints include changes in angina frequency at 3, 6, and 12 months, and TET at 3 and 6 months. The key safety analysis was the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events through 24 months.The sponsor terminated the study for strategic considerations after enrollment of 112 of planned 444 patients. The difference in TET between patients treated with cell therapy versus placebo was 61.0 s at 3 months (95% confidence interval (CI): -2.9 to 124.8; p = 0.06), 46.2 s at 6 months (95% CI: -28.0 to 120.4; p = 0.22), and 36.6 s at 12 months (95% CI: -56.1 to 129.2; p = 0.43); angina frequency was improved at 6 months (relative risk: 0.63; p = 0.05). Autologous CD34(+) cell therapy seemed to be safe compared with both open-label standard of care and active control (major adverse cardiovascular events 67.9% [standard of care], 42.9% (active control), 46.0% [CD34(+)]).Due to early termination, RENEW was an incomplete experiment; however, the results were consistent with observations from earlier phase studies. These findings underscore the need for a definitive trial. (Efficacy and Safety of Targeted Intramyocardial Delivery of Auto CD34(+) Stem Cells for Improving Exercise Capacity in Subjects With Refractory Angina [RENEW]: NCT01508910).

Background Cell therapy is a promising therapeutic for a variety of cardiovascular conditions including refractory angina. Elevation of cardiac biomarkers during cell delivery has been frequently described, but the clinical implications have never been studied. Methods ACT34-CMI was a randomized double-blind study assessing the use of intramyocardial delivery of autologous CD34 + cells for the treatment of refractory angina. Patients (n = 167) underwent G-CSF–mediated (5 μg/[kg day] × 5 days) stem cell mobilization, apheresis, and intramyocardial injection of 1 × 10 5 /kg or 5 × 10 5 /kg CD34 + cells or placebo. Troponin and creatinine kinase MB were assessed at baseline (n = 161), after cell mobilization and apheresis (n = 153 and 143, respectively), and post-intramyocardial injection (n = 155 and 141, respectively). Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) included death, myocardial infarction, acute congestive heart failure, urgent revascularization, or sustained ventricular arrhythmia. Results Seven (4.3%) subjects had troponin above the upper limits of normal (ULN) at baseline. Thirty-four (22.2%) and 11 (7.2%) subjects had troponin levels > ULN or >3× ULN after cell mobilization and apheresis, whereas 72 (46.1%) and 39 (25.2%) subjects had troponin elevations > ULN or >3× ULN, respectively, after intramyocardial injections. Age, but no other preprocedural factors, was predictive of troponin elevation. Periprocedural troponin elevation was not associated with an increased risk of MACE during 1 year, especially in cell therapy–treated patients. Conclusions Troponin elevation is common during stem cell harvesting and intramyocardial administration, is usually asymptomatic, and does not appear to be associated with long-term MACE in subjects undergoing stem cell mobilization and intramyocardial injection.

Background— Critical limb ischemia portends a risk of major amputation of 25% to 35% within 1 year of diagnosis. Preclinical studies provide evidence that intramuscular injection of autologous CD34+ cells improves limb perfusion and reduces amputation risk. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of intramuscular injections of autologous CD34+ cells in subjects with moderate or high-risk critical limb ischemia, who were poor or noncandidates for surgical or percutaneous revascularization (ACT34-CLI). Methods and Results— Twenty-eight critical limb ischemia subjects were randomized and treated: 7 to 1×10 5 (low-dose) and 9 to 1×10 6 (high-dose) autologous CD34+ cells/kg; and 12 to placebo (control). Intramuscular injections were distributed into 8 sites within the ischemic lower extremity. At 6 months postinjection, 67% of control subjects experienced a major or minor amputation versus 43% of low-dose and 22% of high-dose cell-treated subjects ( P =0.137). This trend continued at 12 months, with 75% of control subjects experiencing any amputation versus 43% of low-dose and 22% of high-dose cell-treated subjects ( P =0.058). Amputation incidence was lower in the combined cell-treated groups compared with control group (6 months: P =0.125; 12 months: P =0.054), with the low-dose and high-dose groups individually showing trends toward improved amputation-free survival at 6 months and 12 months. No adverse safety signal was associated with cell administration. Conclusions— This study provides evidence that intramuscular administration of autologous CD34+ cells was safe in this patient population. Favorable trends toward reduced amputation rates in cell-treated versus control subjects were observed. These findings warrant further exploration in later-phase clinical trials. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00616980

Preclinical trials indicate that CD34+ cells represent an effective angiogenic stem cell component. Early-phase clinical trials suggest that intramyocardial administration of autologous CD34+ cells may improve functional capacity and symptoms of angina. RENEW is a pivotal phase 3 trial designed to determine the efficacy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized CD34+ stem cells for the treatment for patients with refractory angina and chronic myocardial ischemia. Patients (n = 444) receiving maximally tolerated antianginal therapies and lacking conventional revascularization options with Canadian Cardiovascular Society class III or IV angina and ischemia on stress testing will be randomized 2:1:1 to cell therapy (G-CSF-mediated stem cell mobilization, apheresis, and intramyocardial injection of 1 × 10(5) autologous CD34(+) cells/kg), active control (G-CSF-mediated stem cell mobilization, apheresis, and intramyocardial placebo injection), or open-label standard of care. The primary efficacy end point is change in exercise treadmill time in the treated vs active control patients, with 90% power to detect a 60-second difference in exercise time between cell-treated (n = 200) and active control (n = 100) patients. Key secondary end points include total number of anginal episodes per week and the incidence of independently adjudicated major adverse cardiac events and serious adverse events. RENEW will be the first adequately powered study aimed at definitively determining the efficacy of a cell therapy (intramyocardially delivered autologous CD34+ cells) for improvement of functional capacity in patients with refractory angina.