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Sociocultural issues play a key role in children needing kidney replacement therapy (KRT).Data of incident patients 18 years treated with chronic dialysis or preemptive kidney transplantation (pTx) between 2007 and 2016 were retrospectively collected from the Italian Pediatric Dialysis Registry; KRT modality and outcome were compared between patients with at least one non-Italian parent ("resident foreign patients," RFPs) and those from native parents ("domestic patients," DPs) and between the quinquennium 2007-2011 (period 1) and 2012-2016 (period 2).We included 448 children (26.8% RFPs). The percentage of RFPs increased from 23 to 30.3% (p = 0.08) from periods 1 to 2. They were younger (6.7 vs. 9.4 years, p = 0.025) and less often treated with pTx (3.3 vs. 13.4%, p = 0.009) than DPs. The percentage of pTx increased from period 1 to 2 in RFPs only (8.4-18.6%, p = 0.006). Independent predictors of a lower probability of pTx were lower age, belonging to RFPs group, starting KRT in period 1 and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or glomerulopathy as primary kidney disease. Peritoneal dialysis was the preferred dialysis modality in both groups. Age, primary kidney disease, and center size were independently associated with dialysis modality choice. Patient survival, waiting time to Tx, and dialysis modality survival were not different between the two groups.The proportion of patients receiving KRT born from immigrant families increased in recent years in Italy. They were younger and less often treated with pTx than domestic patients. In case of dialysis, the outcome was not different between the two groups. Graphical abstract.

Data concerning outcomes of children on hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are scarce and frequently derived from single-center experiences. We sought to compare survival and transplantation rates in a large cohort of PD and HD patients. We extracted all patients initiating dialysis under 16 years of age between 2004 and 2013 from the Italian Registry of Pediatric Chronic Dialysis. Patients on PD were propensity-matched to those on HD based on gender, age, primary cause of ESRD, and the number of co-morbidities. Stratified Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare outcomes by dialysis modality. Three hundred ten patients were matched from 452 incident patients. In the unmatched cohort, PD patients were younger, more likely to be diagnosed with CAKUT, and had a higher urine output than HD patients. In the propensity-matched cohort, covariates were balanced between the two groups. At 2 years, the cumulative hazard ratio for death was similar (CHR 0.95, 95% CI 0.17–5.20) for HD relative to PD patients; and at 5 years, the CHR was lower for HD patients (0.22 95% CI 0.16–0.29). The cumulative incidence of transplantation at 3 years after dialysis initiation was 60.9% in HD patients and 59.7% in PD patients, with a CHR of 1.03 (95% CI 0.73–1.45). Conclusions: Pediatric PD and HD patients have distinct characteristics. After controlling for treatment-selection biases, children selected to start on PD or HD exhibit a similar mortality risk during the first 2 years on treatment, after which this risk increases in PD children.What is Known:• Few studies have compared hard outcomes in children on maintenance dialysis.• Children started on different dialysis modalities have distinct characteristics that impact on survival.What is New:• After controlling for treatment-selection biases, children selected to start dialysis on PD or HD exhibit a similar mortality risk during the first 2 years on treatment, after which this risk appears to be increased in PD children.• An “integrative care” approach should be used in children on PD, switching them to HD when PD-related morbidity tends to increase.

Background. Studies in the last 15 years have shown a high prevalence of sleep disorders in maintenance haemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods. To investigate whether the new technical and therapeutic advances of the last decade have had a positive impact on sleep disturbances in HD patients: 694 patients (384 males. 310 females) were surveyed using a specific questionnaire; their clinical, lifestyle and dialysis data were also recorded. Results. Forty-five per cent of patients (n = 311; 156 males, 155 females) complained of insomnia, defined either by delayed sleep onset and or night-time waking. and were included in the insomnia group; the remainder were used as controls (control group). There was a significantly higher risk of insomnia in patients with > 12 months on dialysis, in patients dialysed in the morning (P < 0.003), and in patients with higher parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (P < 0.05). Body mass index, body weight gain and blood pressure did not differ between the groups, and neither did the dialysis parameters. Creatinine and urea plasma levels were higher in the control group vs the insomnia group (P < 0.001), but there was no difference in haemoglobin concentrations or use of erythropoietin. calcitriol and antihypertensive drugs. Cigarette smoking, caffeine or alcohol intake were comparable in the two groups. The most frequently recorded sleep disorders were night-time waking (92%), trouble falling asleep (67%) and early morning waking (62%). Restless leg symptoms were described in 52% of patients with insomnia. Conclusions. The prevalence of insomnia in HD patients is still very high; elderly patients, and those with longer time on dialysis and high levels of PTH are at major risk of insomnia, whereas type of dialysis, haemoglobin levels and behavioural factors do not seem to play a critical role in determining this sleep disorder.