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BACKGROUND: Cognitive functions are altered in patients with CKD. However, it is suggested that cognitive functions improve after kidney transplantation, at least partially. A possible cause for this improvement could be the reduction of uremic retention solutes after transplantation. This study assessed the association between the changes in uremic toxin concentration with the changes in cognitive function in patients after kidney transplantation. METHODS: Ten recipients of kidney transplants were compared with 18 controls (nine patients on hemodialysis, and nine patients with CKD stage 4 or 5 [eGFR

1.1. During the past seven years, approximately 700 cases of functional bleeding have been seen in the gynecologic out-patient department of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. During this same period, 104 young women with severe symptoms have been selected from the general dispensary for referral to the special functional bleeding clinic. Thus, only about one case in seven was severe enough symptomatically or in the proper age group to require conservative therapy other than curettage. 2.2. When 104 cases of functional uterine bleeding were classified according to the endometrial diagnosis of the original curettings, 66 per cent were hyperplastic, 16 per cent interval nonsecretory, 12 per cent secretory, and the remaining 6 per cent were chronic endometritis and atrophic types. 3.3. A total of 234 curettements was done on these 104 patients. Sixty-three per cent of the repeated curettages performed for a recurrence of symptoms showed no change in the endometrial pattern. Of the remaining 36 per cent of patients who showed a variation in pattern, none of the untreated varied from the nonsecretory type to secretory.The patients showing endometrial hyperplasia and other types of nonsecretory endometrium were clinically similar and on subsequent curettages showed the endometrial patterns to be mutually interchangeable. For this reason, no differentiation has been made between these groups in the evaluation of therapy. 4.4. Seventy-four of the 91 patients showing nonsecretory endometrium were considered suitable for cyclic progesterogen therapy in that they constituted a group of young women with severe symptoms which did not respond to other forms of treatment. In 72 cases, the bleeding symptoms were satisfactorily controlled. A patient with an ovarian neoplasm and another with gonorrheal cervicitis and an associated pelvic inflammatory disease failed to respond to therapy. Thirty-one patients had no recurrence of symptoms following the initial three-month cyclic course of medication. Sixteen of these thirty-one patients had no adjunctive therapy. Recurrences which occurred in forty patients were successfully treated again with progesterone. 5.5. Oral progeninolone has been as satisfactory as intramuscular progesterone in the present series, in approximately 90 per cent of the patients. 6.6. Estrogen has been used in conjunction with progesterone only in the two cases of bleeding associated with an atrophic type of endometrium. 7.7. There were thirteen cases showing secretory endometrium and originally considered to be truly functional in type. Of these, however, only four proved to have uncomplicated functional bleeding. These cases had a disturbance in the menstrual interval. In the other nine cases there were prolonged, profuse, but regular menses, although some of these had spotting during the menstrual interval. Six patients in this group showing secretory endometrium were treated with progesterone and none responded to therapy. It has been assumed, therefore, that although progesterogen therapy is excellent in functional bleeding associated with nonsecretory endometrium, it is unsatisfactory in those patients who have abnormal bleeding associated with secretory endometrial patterns.

YOU HAVE ASKED me to write the story of the discovery of carcinoma in situ of the cervix, and I am glad to do so, for I believe it represents an important link in our chain of knowledge concerning cervical malignancy. Twenty-five years ago, cervical cancer had a mortality rate of approximately 75 per cent. Today, with cytology and the correct interpretation of biopsies, the disease is almost 100 per cent curable. In 1900, Cullenl published his classic book on cancer of the uterus. In that volume is an excellent picture of what is today recognized as carcinoma in situ (Fig. 41, p. 57). This picture was taken at the margin of an extensive cervical cancer, The legend to the figure is: “Suspicious changes in the epithelium along the outer margin of a squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.” I knew Cullen very well, and he had no conception of carcinoma in situ. Schauensteir? in 1908, Pronai3 in 1909, and Schottlaender and Krrmauner” in 1912 pictured similar lesions on the periphery of gross invasive cervical cancers. They called the lesions “Zuckerguss” (sugar icing) carcinoma, believing it to be a method of spread of invasive cancer in some instances. In 1910, Isador Rubin, while studying gynecologic pathology in Vienna, reported 3 cases of “incipient” cervical cancer. His pictures are typical of those recognized as cancer in situ today. I am sure Dr.

Three experiments examined the processing of pictures and words in two tasks of semantic decision--judgments of conceptual size and judgments of associative relatedness--in order to test the prediction from single-coding models of memory that different semantic decisions produce comparable picture-word latency differences. In Experiment 1 an interaction in decision latency was found such that picture-picture (P-P) pairs were significantly faster than word-word (W-W) pairs in decisions of size but not in decisions of associative relatedness. In Experiment 2 no latency differences were found in decisions of association for pairs presented in P-P, W-W, or mixed (P-W or W-P) forms. Decisions of size, however, were fastest for P-P pairs, intermediate for mixed pairs, and slowest for W-W pairs. In a third experiment, using a speeded inference task, the interaction obtained in the first two experiments was reproduced. In light of these results possible revisions to common-coding assumptions about the processing of pictures and words in semantic decisions are discussed.

Symbolic comparisons of object brightness and color were investigated in two experiments using words and outline drawings as stimuli. Both experiments yielded orderly symbolic distance effects. Contrary to prediction, no reliable picture advantages emerged. For color comparison, individual differences in word fluency and color memory predicted decision time with word stimuli. These results contrast sharply with those of previous comparison studies involving concrete dimensions. The results are discussed in terms of dual-coding theory and the role of verbal mechanisms in memory for object color.

This study investigated symbolic comparison of color similarity using a triplet paradigm. Results showed that the time to choose which of two color samples is more similar to a color name was a function of several measures of distance between the samples relative to the focal color for the category name. Since colors appear to be represented in memory only as names and images and not as abstract entities such as features or propositions, these results provide support for models of symbolic comparison that assume that items are stored and compared as mental analogs.

Intra-abdominal rupture of a pelvic abscess is a serious complication of pelvic inflammatory disease but not so frequent as to indicate operative treatment of all cases of pelvic inflammatory disease. A modern method of treatment has been presented that has lowered the mortality from 90 to 12 per cent at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Vigorous treatment of shock, antibiotic therapy, deflation of the distended stomach and bowel by the Cantor or Miller-Abbott tube are important preoperative measures. Removal of the pelvic source of infection by subtotal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is usually the operation of choice. This should be done promptly and followed by continued therapy of the type instituted preoperatively.