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1. District-Level Forecast of Achieving Trachoma Elimination as a Public Health Problem By 2030: An Ensemble Modelling Approach.

Author: Srivathsan, Ariktha, Abdou, Amza, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, Apadinuwe, Sue-Chen, Badiane, Mouctar, Bucumi, Victor, Chisenga, Tina, Kabona, George, Kabore, Martin, Kanyi, Sarjo, Bella, Lucienne, Mpo, Nekoua, Masika, Michael, Minnih, Abdellahi, Sitoe, Henis, Mishra, Sailesh, Olobio, Nicholas, Omar, Fatma, Phiri, Isaac, Sanha, Salimato, Seife, Fikre, Sharma, Shekhar, Tekeraoi, Rabebe, Traore, Lamine, Watitu, Titus, Bol, Yak, Borlase, Anna, Deiner, Michael, Renneker, Kristen, Hooper, P, Emerson, Paul, Vasconcelos, Andreia, Arnold, Benjamin, Porco, Travis, Hollingsworth, T, Lietman, Thomas, and Blumberg, Seth
Subjects: Trachoma, Humans, Child, Preschool, Infant, Child, Disease Eradication, Prevalence, Forecasting, Public Health, Models, Statistical, Mass Drug Administration, World Health Organization, Global Health, Male, Female
Abstract: Assessing the feasibility of 2030 as a target date for global elimination of trachoma, and identification of districts that may require enhanced treatment to meet World Health Organization (WHO) elimination criteria by this date are key challenges in operational planning for trachoma programmes. Here we address these challenges by prospectively evaluating forecasting models of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) prevalence, leveraging ensemble-based approaches. Seven candidate probabilistic models were developed to forecast district-wise TF prevalence in 11 760 districts, trained using district-level data on the population prevalence of TF in children aged 1-9 years from 2004 to 2022. Geographical location, history of mass drug administration treatment, and previously measured prevalence data were included in these models as key predictors. The best-performing models were included in an ensemble, using weights derived from their relative likelihood scores. To incorporate the inherent stochasticity of disease transmission and challenges of population-level surveillance, we forecasted probability distributions for the TF prevalence in each geographic district, rather than predicting a single value. Based on our probabilistic forecasts, 1.46% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.43-1.48%) of all districts in trachoma-endemic countries, equivalent to 172 districts, will exceed the 5% TF control threshold in 2030 with the current interventions. Global elimination of trachoma as a public health problem by 2030 may require enhanced intervention and/or surveillance of high-risk districts.
Published: 2024

2. MYTHS AND TRUTHS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF RETINAL VASCULAR OCCLUSION WITH COVID-19.

Author: Sharma, Ashish, Parachuri, Nikulaa, Kumar, Nilesh, Romano, Mario, Parolini, Barbara, Ozdek, Sengul, Tawfik, Mohamed, Marashi, Ameen, Kuppermann, Baruch, and Nguyen, Quan
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, COVID-19, Eye Infections, Viral, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mythology, Retinal Artery Occlusion, Retinal Vein Occlusion, SARS-CoV-2
Abstract: PURPOSE: To critically review data published in the recent past to scrutinize a causal relationship between retinal vascular occlusion and COVID-19. METHOD: A comprehensive literature search was performed on Pubmed with the key words retinal vascular occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion, and COVID-19. RESULTS: A total of 17 case reports were published during this period, and 10 were on retinal vein occlusion and 7 on retinal artery occlusion. Most of the published reports lacked convincing evidences in one or the other aspects, such as insufficient laboratory workup or presence of multiple confounding risk factors. CONCLUSION: In this index article, strength of the data is insufficient to establish a definitive cause-and-effect relationship of retinal vascular occlusive disorders with COVID-19. Hence, clinicians can continue to manage these cases according to the standard guidelines until there are more robust evidences to support this association to alter the diagnostic and treatment modalities.
Published: 2022

3. Progress Towards Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem in Eritrea: Results of a Systematic Review and Nine Population-based Prevalence Surveys Conducted in 2014

Author: Tesfazion, Andeberhan, Zecarias, Alem, Zewengiel, Solomon, Willis, Rebecca, Mebrahtu, Goitom, Capa, Eva, Mpyet, Caleb, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, Courtright, Paul, and Solomon, Anthony W
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Public Health, Health Sciences, Prevention, Aetiology, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Good Health and Well Being, Clean Water and Sanitation, Eritrea, Humans, Prevalence, Sanitation, Trachoma, Trichiasis, Water Supply, trichiasis, prevalence, Global Trachoma Mapping Project, Clinical Sciences, Opthalmology and Optometry, Public Health and Health Services, Epidemiology, Ophthalmology and optometry, Public health
Abstract: PurposeTo assess Eritrea's progress towards elimination of trachoma as a public health problem, we reviewed and compiled current knowledge on the distribution and burden of trachoma in Eritrea, then undertook further population-based surveys where indicated, with support from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP).MethodsFor the systematic review, undertaken in March 2014, we searched (1) PubMed, using the terms ((blind* or trachoma or trichiasis) AND Eritrea); (2) the online database of rapid assessments of avoidable blindness; (3) our own grey literature collections; and (4) the Global Atlas of Trachoma database. In June and July 2014, we conducted nine population-based prevalence surveys, for each of which 30 villages were systematically selected with probability proportional to population size; in each village, 30 households were systematically selected. All consenting residents of selected households aged ≥1 year were examined by GTMP-certified graders for signs of trachoma. Data on household-level access to water and sanitation were also collected.ResultsOne previous rapid assessment of avoidable blindness, three peer-reviewed publications, and two grey literature reports detailing sets of trachoma prevalence surveys conducted in 2006 and 2011, respectively, were located. Post-intervention impact surveys were needed in seven evaluation units (EUs, framed at sub-Zoba-level: population range 40,000-120,000) of Debub and Northern Red Sea, while baseline surveys were needed in two EUs of Anseba. Four of the seven impact survey EUs and both baseline survey EUs returned trachomatous inflammation-follicular prevalences in 1-9-year-olds of ≥5%; six of the seven impact survey EUs and one of the two baseline survey EUs returned trichiasis prevalences in ≥15-year-olds of ≥0.2%. The prevalence of access to water and sanitation varied widely between EUs.ConclusionInterventions are still required in Eritrea to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem. Data from these surveys will guide the Ministry of Health to undertake programme planning using a sound evidence base.
Published: 2018

4. Prevalence of trachoma in Yemen: results of population-based prevalence surveys of 42 evaluation units in nine governorates

Author: Thabit, Adnan Ali, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, Hail, Wagdi Hazaea Mohammed, Al-Soofi, Ahmed, Thabit, Najib Abdulaziz Abdullah, Boather, Jamal, Abdullah, Abdulkgabbar, Flueckiger, Rebecca Mann, Pavluck, Alexandre L, Willis, Rebecca, Courtright, Paul, Macleod, Colin K, Solomon, Anthony W, and Project, for the Global Trachoma Mapping
Subjects: Public Health, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Prevention, Pediatric Research Initiative, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cluster Analysis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Trachoma, Trichiasis, Yemen, Young Adult, Global trachoma mapping project, prevalence, trachoma, trichiasis, Global Trachoma Mapping Project, Opthalmology and Optometry, Public Health and Health Services, Epidemiology, Ophthalmology and optometry, Public health
Abstract: PurposeIn suspected trachoma-endemic areas of Yemen, we sought to determine the prevalence of the sign trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 years, and the potential individual and household risk factors for TF in that age group. We also sought to determine the prevalence of trichiasis in adults aged ≥15 years.MethodsWe conducted a cluster-sampled survey in each of 42 evaluation units (EUs) comprising 166 rural districts of nine Governorates (Adh Dhale'a, Al Hodeihah, Al Jawf, Hadramoot, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahj, Ma'rib, Taiz) using the Global Trachoma Mapping Project systems and methodologies. Fieldwork was undertaken from September 2013 to March 2015. Risk factors for TF in children aged 1-9 years were evaluated using multilevel random effects logistic regression.ResultsThe TF prevalence in children aged 1-9 years was ≥10% in two EUs (7 districts) and 5-9.9% in six EUs (24 districts). In adults aged ≥15 years, trichiasis prevalence was ≥0.2% in five EUs (19 districts). Being older (within the 1-9-year age bracket), being male, living in a household with higher numbers of children, and living in a household that reported the use of open defecation, were each independently associated with higher odds of TF.ConclusionsThese surveys provided baseline data to enable planning for trachoma elimination. The World Health Organization Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020 stands ready to assist Yemen once security considerations permit further surveys and implementation of control activities.
Published: 2018

5. Prevalence of trachoma in four marakez of Elmenia and Bani Suef Governorates, Egypt

Author: Amer, Khaled, Müller, Andreas, Abdelhafiz, Hussein Mohamed, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, Bakhtiari, Ana, Boisson, Sophie, Arab, Gamal Ezz El, Gad, Hema, Gordon, Bruce A, Madian, Ahmad, Fahmi, Ahmed Tarek, Mokhtar, Samir, Safa, Omar H, Samy, Mohamed, Shalaby, Mohammad, Taha, Ziad Atta, Willis, Rebecca, Yacoub, Ashraf, Mamdouh, Abdul Rahman, Younis, Ahmed Kamal, Zoheir, Mohamed Bahaa Eldin, Courtright, Paul, Solomon, Anthony W, and Project, for the Global Trachoma Mapping
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Public Health, Health Sciences, 3.2 Interventions to alter physical and biological environmental risks, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Good Health and Well Being, Clean Water and Sanitation, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Egypt, Female, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Male, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Sanitation, Trachoma, Trichiasis, Young Adult, trichiasis, prevalence, Global Trachoma Mapping Project, Clinical Sciences, Opthalmology and Optometry, Public Health and Health Services, Epidemiology, Ophthalmology and optometry, Public health
Abstract: PurposeIn 2015, to determine where interventions are needed to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem from Egypt, we initiated population-based prevalence surveys using the Global Trachoma Mapping Project platform in four suspected-endemic marakez (districts; singular: markaz) of the governorates of Elmenia and Bani Suef.MethodsIn each markaz, 30 households were selected in each of 25 villages. Certified graders examined a total of 3682 children aged 1-9 years in 2993 households, noting the presence or absence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) in each eye. A total of 5582 adults aged ≥15 years living in the same households were examined for trachomatous trichiasis (TT). Household-level access to water and sanitation was recorded.ResultsThree of four marakez had age-adjusted TF prevalence estimates in 1-9-year olds of >10%; the other markaz had a TF prevalence estimate of 5-9.9%. Estimates of the age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of unmanaged TT in adults ranged from 0.7% to 2.3%. Household-level access to water and sanitation was high. (We did not, however, measure use of water or sanitation facilities.) Conclusions: Each of the four marakez surveyed has trachoma as a public health problem, with a need for implementation of the SAFE (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, environmental improvement) strategy. Further mapping is also required to determine the need for interventions in other areas of Egypt.
Published: 2018

6. Prevalence of trachoma in Yemen: results of population-based prevalence surveys of 42 evaluation units in nine governorates.

Author: Ali Thabit, Adnan, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, Hail, Wagdi Hazaea Mohammed, Al-Soofi, Ahmed, Abdullah Thabit, Najib Abdulaziz, Boather, Jamal, Abdullah, Abdulkgabbar, Flueckiger, Rebecca Mann, Pavluck, Alexandre L, Willis, Rebecca, Courtright, Paul, Macleod, Colin K, Solomon, Anthony W, and Global Trachoma Mapping Project
Subjects: Global Trachoma Mapping Project, Humans, Trachoma, Prevalence, Cluster Analysis, Logistic Models, Risk Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Age Distribution, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Infant, Yemen, Female, Male, Young Adult, Trichiasis, Global trachoma mapping project, prevalence, trachoma, trichiasis, Preschool, Clinical Sciences, Opthalmology and Optometry, Public Health and Health Services, Epidemiology
Abstract: PurposeIn suspected trachoma-endemic areas of Yemen, we sought to determine the prevalence of the sign trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 years, and the potential individual and household risk factors for TF in that age group. We also sought to determine the prevalence of trichiasis in adults aged ≥15 years.MethodsWe conducted a cluster-sampled survey in each of 42 evaluation units (EUs) comprising 166 rural districts of nine Governorates (Adh Dhale'a, Al Hodeihah, Al Jawf, Hadramoot, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahj, Ma'rib, Taiz) using the Global Trachoma Mapping Project systems and methodologies. Fieldwork was undertaken from September 2013 to March 2015. Risk factors for TF in children aged 1-9 years were evaluated using multilevel random effects logistic regression.ResultsThe TF prevalence in children aged 1-9 years was ≥10% in two EUs (7 districts) and 5-9.9% in six EUs (24 districts). In adults aged ≥15 years, trichiasis prevalence was ≥0.2% in five EUs (19 districts). Being older (within the 1-9-year age bracket), being male, living in a household with higher numbers of children, and living in a household that reported the use of open defecation, were each independently associated with higher odds of TF.ConclusionsThese surveys provided baseline data to enable planning for trachoma elimination. The World Health Organization Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020 stands ready to assist Yemen once security considerations permit further surveys and implementation of control activities.
Published: 2018

7. Rescue of conformational dynamics in enzyme catalysis by directed evolution.

Author: Otten, Renee, Liu, Lin, Kenner, Lillian R, Clarkson, Michael W, Mavor, David, Tawfik, Dan S, Kern, Dorothee, and Fraser, James S
Subjects: Catalysis, Catalytic Domain, Crystallography, X-Ray, Cyclophilin A: chemistry, Directed Molecular Evolution, Escherichia coli: metabolism, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Models, Molecular, Monte Carlo Method, Mutation, Proline: chemistry, Substrate Specificity, Temperature
Abstract: Rational design and directed evolution have proved to be successful approaches to increase catalytic efficiencies of both natural and artificial enzymes. Protein dynamics is recognized as important, but due to the inherent flexibility of biological macromolecules it is often difficult to distinguish which conformational changes are directly related to function. Here, we use directed evolution on an impaired mutant of the proline isomerase CypA and identify two second-shell mutations that partially restore its catalytic activity. We show both kinetically, using NMR spectroscopy, and structurally, by room-temperature X-ray crystallography, how local perturbations propagate through a large allosteric network to facilitate conformational dynamics. The increased catalysis selected for in the evolutionary screen is correlated with an accelerated interconversion between the two catalytically essential conformational sub-states, which are both captured in the high-resolution X-ray ensembles. Our data provide a glimpse of an evolutionary trajectory and show how subtle changes can fine-tune enzyme function.
Published: 2018

8. The histone demethylase KDM4B regulates peritoneal seeding of ovarian cancer

Author: Wilson, C, Qiu, L, Hong, Y, Karnik, T, Tadros, G, Mau, B, Ma, T, Mu, Y, New, J, Louie, RJ, Gunewardena, S, Godwin, AK, Tawfik, OW, Chien, J, Roby, KF, and Krieg, AJ
Subjects: Rare Diseases, Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Genetics, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Animals, Biomarkers, Tumor, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Proliferation, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Humans, Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases, Mice, Neoplasm Proteins, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Ovarian Neoplasms, Peritoneal Neoplasms, Peritoneum, Prognosis, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has poor prognosis and rapid recurrence because of widespread dissemination of peritoneal metastases at diagnosis. Multiple pathways contribute to the aggressiveness of ovarian cancer, including hypoxic signaling mechanisms. In this study, we have determined that the hypoxia-inducible histone demethylase KDM4B is expressed in ∼60% of EOC tumors assayed, including primary and matched metastatic tumors. Expression of KDM4B in tumors is positively correlated with expression of the tumor hypoxia marker CA-IX, and is robustly induced in EOC cell lines exposed to hypoxia. KDM4B regulates expression of metastatic genes and pathways, and loss of KDM4B increases H3K9 trimethylation at the promoters of target genes like LOXL2, LCN2 and PDGFB. Suppressing KDM4B inhibits ovarian cancer cell invasion, migration and spheroid formation in vitro. KDM4B also regulates seeding and growth of peritoneal tumors in vivo, where its expression corresponds to hypoxic regions. This is the first demonstration that a Jumonji-domain histone demethylase regulates cellular processes required for peritoneal dissemination of cancer cells, one of the predominant factors affecting prognosis of EOC. The pathways regulated by KDM4B may present novel opportunities to develop combinatorial therapies to improve existing therapies for EOC patients.
Published: 2017

9. Expression profiling of in vivo ductal carcinoma in situ progression models identified B cell lymphoma-9 as a molecular driver of breast cancer invasion

Author: Elsarraj, Hanan S, Hong, Yan, Valdez, Kelli E, Michaels, Whitney, Hook, Marcus, Smith, William P, Chien, Jeremy, Herschkowitz, Jason I, Troester, Melissa A, Beck, Moriah, Inciardi, Marc, Gatewood, Jason, May, Lisa, Cusick, Therese, McGinness, Marilee, Ricci, Lawrence, Fan, Fang, Tawfik, Ossama, Marks, Jeffrey R, Knapp, Jennifer R, Yeh, Hung-Wen, Thomas, Patricia, Carrasco, DR, Fields, Timothy A, Godwin, Andrew K, and Behbod, Fariba
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Breast Cancer, Stem Cell Research, Prevention, Human Genome, Cancer, Estrogen, Genetics, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Animals, Biomarkers, Tumor, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating, Disease Progression, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Female, Humans, Mice, Mice, Inbred NOD, Mice, SCID, Neoplasm Proteins, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Receptor, ErbB-2, Receptors, Estrogen, Receptors, Progesterone, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, Transcriptome, Up-Regulation, Wnt Proteins, beta Catenin, Receptor, erbB-2, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract: IntroductionThere are an estimated 60,000 new cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) each year. A lack of understanding in DCIS pathobiology has led to overtreatment of more than half of patients. We profiled the temporal molecular changes during DCIS transition to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) using in vivo DCIS progression models. These studies identified B cell lymphoma-9 (BCL9) as a potential molecular driver of early invasion. BCL9 is a newly found co-activator of Wnt-stimulated β-catenin-mediated transcription. BCL9 has been shown to promote progression of multiple myeloma and colon carcinoma. However BCL9 role in breast cancer had not been previously recognized.MethodsMicroarray and RNA sequencing were utilized to characterize the sequential changes in mRNA expression during DCIS invasive transition. BCL9-shRNA knockdown was performed to assess the role of BCL9 in in vivo invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and canonical Wnt-signaling. Immunofluorescence of 28 patient samples was used to assess a correlation between the expression of BCL9 and biomarkers of high risk DCIS. The cancer genome atlas data were analyzed to assess the status of BCL9 gene alterations in breast cancers.ResultsAnalysis of BCL9, by RNA and protein showed BCL9 up-regulation to be associated with DCIS transition to IDC. Analysis of patient DCIS revealed a significant correlation between high nuclear BCL9 and pathologic characteristics associated with DCIS recurrence: Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) negative, high nuclear grade, and high human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2). In vivo silencing of BCL9 resulted in the inhibition of DCIS invasion and reversal of EMT. Analysis of the TCGA data showed BCL9 to be altered in 26 % of breast cancers. This is a significant alteration when compared to HER2 (ERBB2) gene (19 %) and estrogen receptor (ESR1) gene (8 %). A significantly higher proportion of basal like invasive breast cancers compared to luminal breast cancers showed BCL9 amplification.ConclusionBCL9 is a molecular driver of DCIS invasive progression and may predispose to the development of basal like invasive breast cancers. As such, BCL9 has the potential to serve as a biomarker of high risk DCIS and as a therapeutic target for prevention of IDC.
Published: 2015

10. Further Evidence for Individual Ear Consideration in Cochlear Implant Candidacy Evaluation

Author: Ankita Patro, Nathan R. Lindquist, Jourdan T. Holder, Kareem O. Tawfik, Matthew R. O'Malley, Marc L. Bennett, David S. Haynes, René Gifford, and Elizabeth L. Perkins
Subjects: Adult, Medicare, Cochlear Implantation, Sensory Systems, United States, Cochlear Implants, Treatment Outcome, Otorhinolaryngology, Speech Perception, Humans, Neurology (clinical), Hearing Loss, Aged, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: To report speech outcomes after cochlear implantation (CI) for asymmetric hearing loss (AHL) and assess the influence of contralateral hearing.Retrospective review.Tertiary referral center.One hundred eighty-eight adults (mean age, 70 yr) undergoing CI for AHL from 2015 to 2020. Candidacy included pure-tone average (PTA) at least 70 dB hearing level and AzBio in quiet 60% or less in the implanted ear and AzBio in quiet greater than 40% in the contralateral ear.PTA; Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant (CNC) word, AzBio sentences scores; Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ).Mean preoperative PTA and AzBio in the implanted and contralateral ears were 85.2 and 68.1 dB hearing level and 24.7% and 69.2%, respectively. Mean CNC in the implanted ear increased from 18.3% preoperatively to 44.4% ( p0.0001) at 6 months and 49.3% ( p0.0001) at 12 months. Mean AzBio in the implanted ear improved from 24.7% preoperatively to 60.3% ( p0.0001) at 6 months and 64.3% ( p0.0001) at 12 months. Patients demonstrated significant improvement in all SSQ domains at 6 and 12 months. When comparing patients with preoperative contralateral AzBio greater than 60% versus 41% to 60%, no significant differences existed in postoperative CNC scores (6-mo: 47% versus 41%, p = 0.276; 12-mo: 51% versus 47%, p = 0.543). There were no significant differences in 6-month ( p = 0.936) or 12-month ( p = 0.792) CNC scores between patients with AHL (contralateral ear AzBio40%) and 169 unilateral CI patients meeting the traditional Medicare criteria (contralateral ear AzBio ≤40%).CI recipients with AHL derive significant speech improvements, supporting individual ear consideration for CI candidacy and patient benefit outside of current Medicare criteria.
Published: 2023

11. Evaluation of Two Computerized Methods for Presurgical Volumetric Analysis in Secondary Alveolar Cleft Bone Grafting: A Prospective Study

Author: Mohammad Abdelhamid, Hamdy Abdelmegeed Marzook, Eman Abdel Salam Yousef, and Mohamed Abdel-Monem Tawfik
Subjects: Cleft Palate, Bone Transplantation, Alveolar Bone Grafting, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Prospective Studies, General Dentistry
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate presurgical computerized volumetric analysis in secondary alveolar cleft bone grafting (SABG) and the time taken for calculation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) via two different software programs.Twelve patients with unilateral alveolar clefts were investigated using CBCT. Two independent investigators did presurgical volumetric analysis for each patient's CBCT data using two different methods. Method A involved On-Demand 3D software (Cybermed Inc., Korea), while method B involved InVesalius 3 software (CTI, Brazil). The volume outcomes and time spent for measurements were compared between both software programs. Interobserver reliability and descriptive andThere was not a statistically significant difference between clefts' volumetric measurements by the two methods via both investigators (Both software programs used in this study had comparable volumetric computation. Method B took much less calculating time than method A. The interobserver reliability was high for both methods.These both investigated software programs may show a clinical implication for presurgical alveolar cleft volume measurement, thus reducing the surgical operating time and adequately selecting a donor site with a congruent sufficient amount of bone grafts.
Published: 2022

12. Speech Recognition Performance Differences Between Precurved and Straight Electrode Arrays From a Single Manufacturer

Author: Rahul K. Sharma, Miriam R. Smetak, Ankita Patro, Nathan R. Lindquist, Elizabeth L. Perkins, Jourdan T. Holder, David S. Haynes, and Kareem O. Tawfik
Subjects: Adult, Cochlear Implants, Treatment Outcome, Otorhinolaryngology, Speech Perception, Humans, Neurology (clinical), Cochlear Implantation, Sensory Systems, Aged, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Precurved cochlear implant (CI) electrode arrays have demonstrated superior audiometric outcomes compared with straight electrodes in a handful of studies. However, previous comparisons have often failed to account for preoperative hearing and age. This study compares hearing outcomes for precurved and straight electrodes by a single manufacturer while controlling for these and other factors in a large cohort.Retrospective cohort study.Tertiary academic medical center.Two hundred thirty-one adult CI recipients between 2015 and 2021 with cochlear (Sydney, Australia) 522/622 (straight) or 532/632 (precurved) electrode arrays.Postactivation speech recognition and audiometric testing.Speech recognition testing (consonant-nucleus-consonant word [CNCw] and AzBio) was collected at 6 and 12 months postactivation. Hearing preservation was characterized by a low-frequency pure-tone average shift, or the change between preoperative and postoperative low-frequency pure-tone average.Two hundred thirty-one patients (253 ears) with 6-month and/or 12-month CNCw or AzBio testing were included. One hundred forty-nine (59%) and 104 (41%) ears were implanted with straight and precurved electrode arrays, respectively. Average age at implantation was 70 years (interquartile range [IQR], 58-77 y). There was no significant difference in mean age between groups. CNCw scores were significantly different ( p = 0.001) between straight (51%; IQR, 36-67%) and precurved arrays (64%; IQR, 48-72%). AzBio scores were not significantly different ( p = 0.081) between straight (72%; IQR, 51-87%) and precurved arrays (81%; IQR, 57-90%). Controlling for age, race, sex, preoperative hearing, and follow-up time, precurved electrode arrays performed significantly better on CNCw (b = 10.0; 95% confidence interval, 4.2-16.0; p0.001) and AzBio (b = 8.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-16.0;, p = 0.014) testing. Hearing preservation was not different between electrodes on adjusted models.During the study period, patients undergoing placement of precurved electrode arrays had significantly higher CNC and AzBio scores than patients receiving straight electrodes, even after controlling for age, preoperative hearing, and follow-up time.Understanding the difference in audiometric outcomes between precurved and straight electrode arrays will help to guide electrode selection.To understand differences in speech recognition scores postoperatively by electrode array type (precurved versus straight).To demonstrate a difference in hearing performance postoperatively by electrode type.III.Approved by the Institutional IRB (090155).
Published: 2022

13. Characteristics and outcomes of an international cohort of 600 000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Author: Kartsonaki, Christiana, Baillie, J Kenneth, Barrio, Noelia García, Baruch, Joaquín, Beane, Abigail, Blumberg, Lucille, Bozza, Fernando, Broadley, Tessa, Burrell, Aidan, Carson, Gail, Citarella, Barbara Wanjiru, Dagens, Andrew, Dankwa, Emmanuelle A, Donnelly, Christl A, Dunning, Jake, Elotmani, Loubna, Escher, Martina, Farshait, Nataly, Goffard, Jean-Christophe, Gonçalves, Bronner P, Hall, Matthew, Hashmi, Madiha, Sim Lim Heng, Benedict, Ho, Antonia, Jassat, Waasila, Pedrera Jiménez, Miguel, Laouenan, Cedric, Lissauer, Samantha, Martin-Loeches, Ignacio, Mentré, France, Merson, Laura, Morton, Ben, Munblit, Daniel, Nekliudov, Nikita A, Nichol, Alistair D, Singh Oinam, Budha Charan, Ong, David, Panda, Prasan Kumar, Petrovic, Michele, Pritchard, Mark G, Ramakrishnan, Nagarajan, Ramos, Grazielle Viana, Roger, Claire, Sandulescu, Oana, Semple, Malcolm G, Sharma, Pratima, Sigfrid, Louise, Somers, Emily C, Streinu-Cercel, Anca, Taccone, Fabio, Vecham, Pavan Kumar, Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan, Bharath, Wei, Jia, Wils, Evert-Jan, Ci Wong, Xin, Horby, Peter, Rojek, Amanda, Olliaro, Piero L, ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Group: Ali Abbas, Sheryl Ann Abdukahil, Nurul Najmee Abdulkadir, Ryuzo Abe, Laurent Abel, Lara Absil, Subhash Acharya, Andrew Acker, Elisabeth Adam, Diana Adrião, Saleh Al Ageel, Shakeel Ahmed, Kate Ainscough, Eka Airlangga, Tharwat Aisa, Ali Ait Hssain, Younes Ait Tamlihat, Takako Akimoto, Ernita Akmal, Eman Al Qasim, Razi Alalqam, Angela Alberti, Tala Al-Dabbous, Senthilkumar Alegesan, Cynthia Alegre, Marta Alessi, Beatrice Alex, Kévin Alexandre, Abdulrahman Al-Fares, Huda Alfoudri, Imran Ali, Adam Ali, Naseem Ali Shah, Kazali Enagnon Alidjnou, Jeffrey Aliudin, Qabas Alkhafajee, Clotilde Allavena, Nathalie Allou, Aneela Altaf, João Alves, Rita Alves, João Melo Alves, Maria Amaral, Nur Amira, Phoebe Ampaw, Roberto Andini, Claire Andréjak, Andrea Angheben, François Angoulvant, Séverine Ansart, Sivanesen Anthonidass, Massimo Antonelli, Carlos Alexandre Antunes de Brito, Ardiyan Apriyana, Yaseen Arabi, Irene Aragao, Francisco Arancibia, Carolline Araujo, Antonio Arcadipane, Patrick Archambault, Lukas Arenz, Jean-Benoît Arlet, Christel Arnold-Day, Lovkesh Arora, Rakesh Arora, Elise Artaud-Macari, Diptesh Aryal, Angel Asensio, Muhammad Ashraf, Namra Asif, Mohammad Asim, Jean Baptiste Assie, Amirul Asyraf, Anika Atique, A M Udara Lakshan Attanyake, Johann Auchabie, Hugues Aumaitre, Adrien Auvet, Laurène Azemar, Cecile Azoulay, Benjamin Bach, Delphine Bachelet, Claudine Badr, Nadia Baig, J Kevin Baird, Erica Bak, Agamemnon Bakakos, Nazreen Abu Bakar, Andriy Bal, Mohanaprasanth Balakrishnan, Valeria Balan, Firouzé Bani-Sadr, Renata Barbalho, Nicholas Yuri Barbosa, Wendy S Barclay, Saef Umar Barnett, Michaela Barnikel, Helena Barrasa, Audrey Barrelet, Cleide Barrigoto, Marie Bartoli, Mustehan Bashir, Romain Basmaci, Muhammad Fadhli Hassin Basri, Denise Battaglini, Jules Bauer, Diego Fernando Bautista Rincon, Denisse Bazan Dow, Alexandra Bedossa, Ker Hong Bee, Husna Begum, Sylvie Behilill, Albertus Beishuizen, Aleksandr Beljantsev, David Bellemare, Anna Beltrame, Beatriz Amorim Beltrão, Marine Beluze, Nicolas Benech, Lionel Eric Benjiman, Dehbia Benkerrou, Suzanne Bennett, Luís Bento, Jan-Erik Berdal, Delphine Bergeaud, Hazel Bergin, José Luis Bernal Sobrino, Giulia Bertoli, Lorenzo Bertolino, Simon Bessis, Sybille Bevilcaqua, Karine Bezulier, Amar Bhatt, Krishna Bhavsar, Claudia Bianco, Farah Nadiah Bidin, Moirangthem Bikram Singh, Felwa Bin Humaid, Mohd Nazlin Bin Kamarudin, François Bissuel, Patrick Biston, Laurent Bitker, Jonathan Bitton, Pablo Blanco-Schweizer, Catherine Blier, Frank Bloos, Mathieu Blot, Filomena Boccia, Laetitia Bodenes, Alice Bogaarts, Debby Bogaert, Anne-Hélène Boivin, Pierre-Adrien Bolze, François Bompart, Aurelius Bonfasius, Diogo Borges, Raphaël Borie, Hans Martin Bosse, Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers, Lila Bouadma, Olivier Bouchaud, Sabelline Bouchez, Dounia Bouhmani, Damien Bouhour, Kévin Bouiller, Laurence Bouillet, Camile Bouisse, Anne-Sophie Boureau, John Bourke, Maude Bouscambert, Aurore Bousquet, Jason Bouziotis, Bianca Boxma, Marielle Boyer-Besseyre, Maria Boylan, Axelle Braconnier, Cynthia Braga, Timo Brandenburger, Filipa Brás Monteiro, Luca Brazzi, Patrick Breen, Dorothy Breen, Kathy Brickell, Shaunagh Browne, Alex Browne, Nicolas Brozzi, Marjolein Brusse-Keizer, Nina Buchtele, Christian Buesaquillo, Polina Bugaeva, Marielle Buisson, Danilo Buonsenso, Erlina Burhan, Ingrid G Bustos, Denis Butnaru, André Cabie, Susana Cabral, Eder Caceres, Cyril Cadoz, Mia Callahan, Kate Calligy, Jose Andres Calvache, João Camões, Valentine Campana, Paul Campbell, Josie Campisi, Cecilia Canepa, Mireia Cantero, Pauline Caraux-Paz, Sheila Cárcel, Chiara Simona Cardellino, Sofia Cardoso, Filipe Cardoso, Filipa Cardoso, Nelson Cardoso, Simone Carelli, Nicolas Carlier, Thierry Carmoi, Gayle Carney, Inês Carqueja, Marie-Christine Carret, François Martin Carrier, Ida Carroll, Maire-Laure Casanova, Mariana Cascão, Siobhan Casey, José Casimiro, Bailey Cassandra, Silvia Castañeda, Nidyanara Castanheira, Guylaine Castor-Alexandre, Henry Castrillón, Ivo Castro, Ana Catarino, François-Xavier Catherine, Paolo Cattaneo, Roberta Cavalin, Giulio Giovanni Cavalli, Alexandros Cavayas, Adrian Ceccato, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Anissa Chair, Catherine Chakveatze, Adrienne Chan, Meera Chand, Christelle Chantalat Auger, Jean-Marc Chapplain, Julie Chas, Allegra Chatterjee, Mobin Chaudry, Jonathan Samuel Chávez Iñiguez, Anjellica Chen, Yih-Sharng Chen, Matthew Pellan Cheng, Antoine Cheret, Thibault Chiarabini, Julian Chica, Suresh Kumar Chidambaram, Leong Chin Tho, Catherine Chirouze, Davide Chiumello, Sung-Min Cho, Bernard Cholley, Marie-Charlotte Chopin, Ting Soo Chow, Yock Ping Chow, Hiu Jian Chua, Jonathan Chua, Jose Pedro Cidade, José Miguel Cisneros Herreros, Anna Ciullo, Jennifer Clarke, Emma Clarke, Rolando Claure-Del Granado, Sara Clohisey, Perren J Cobb, Cassidy Codan, Caitriona Cody, Alexandra Coelho, Megan Coles, Gwenhaël Colin, Michael Collins, Sebastiano Maria Colombo, Pamela Combs, Marie Connor, Anne Conrad, Sofía Contreras, Elaine Conway, Graham S Cooke, Mary Copland, Hugues Cordel, Amanda Corley, Sabine Cornelis, Alexander Daniel Cornet, Arianne Joy Corpuz, Andrea Cortegiani, Grégory Corvaisier, Emma Costigan, Camille Couffignal, Sandrine Couffin-Cadiergues, Roxane Courtois, Stéphanie Cousse, Rachel Cregan, Charles Crepy D'Orleans, Cosimo Cristella, Sabine Croonen, Gloria Crowl, Jonathan Crump, Claudina Cruz, Juan Luis Cruz Berm, Jaime Cruz Rojo, Marc Csete, Ailbhe Cullen, Matthew Cummings, Gerard Curley, Elodie Curlier, Colleen Curran, Paula Custodio, Ana da Silva Filipe, Charlene Da Silveira, Al-Awwab Dabaliz, Darren Dahly, Heidi Dalton, Jo Dalton, Seamus Daly, Nick Daneman, Corinne Daniel, Jorge Dantas, Frédérick D'Aragon, Menno de Jong, Gillian de Loughry, Diego de Mendoza, Etienne De Montmollin, Rafael Freitas de Oliveira França, Ana Isabel de Pinho Oliveira, Rosanna De Rosa, Cristina De Rose, Thushan de Silva, Peter de Vries, Jillian Deacon, David Dean, Alexa Debard, Marie-Pierre Debray, Nathalie DeCastro, William Dechert, Lauren Deconninck, Romain Decours, Eve Defous, Isabelle Delacroix, Eric Delaveuve, Karen Delavigne, Nathalie M Delfos, Ionna Deligiannis, Andrea Dell'Amore, Christelle Delmas, Pierre Delobel, Corine Delsing, Elisa Demonchy, Emmanuelle Denis, Dominique Deplanque, Pieter Depuydt, Mehul Desai, Diane Descamps, Mathilde Desvallées, Santi Dewayanti, Pathik Dhanger, Alpha Diallo, Sylvain Diamantis, André Dias, Juan Jose Diaz, Priscila Diaz, Rodrigo Diaz, Kévin Didier, Jean-Luc Diehl, Wim Dieperink, Jérôme Dimet, Vincent Dinot, Fara Diop, Alphonsine Diouf, Yael Dishon, Félix Djossou, Annemarie B Docherty, Helen Doherty, Arjen M Dondorp, Andy Dong, Maria Donnelly, Sean Donohue, Yoann Donohue, Chloe Donohue, Peter Doran, Céline Dorival, Eric D'Ortenzio, James Joshua Douglas, Renee Douma, Nathalie Dournon, Triona Downer, Joanne Downey, Mark Downing, Tom Drake, Aoife Driscoll, Murray Dryden, Claudio Duarte Fonseca, Vincent Dubee, François Dubos, Alexandre Ducancelle, Toni Duculan, Susanne Dudman, Abhijit Duggal, Paul Dunand, Mathilde Duplaix, Emanuele Durante-Mangoni, Lucian Durham, Bertrand Dussol, Juliette Duthoit, Xavier Duval, Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise, Sim Choon Ean, Marco Echeverria-Villalobos, Siobhan Egan, Carla Eira, Mohammed El Sanharawi, Subbarao Elapavaluru, Brigitte Elharrar, Jacobien Ellerbroek, Philippine Eloy, Tarek Elshazly, Iqbal Elyazar, Isabelle Enderle, Tomoyuki Endo, Chan Chee Eng, Ilka Engelmann, Vincent Enouf, Olivier Epaulard, Mariano Esperatti, Hélène Esperou, Marina Esposito-Farese, João Estevão, Manuel Etienne, Nadia Ettalhaoui, Anna Greti Everding, Mirjam Evers, Marc Fabre, Isabelle Fabre, Amna Faheem, Arabella Fahy, Cameron J Fairfield, Zul Fakar, Komal Fareed, Pedro Faria, Ahmed Farooq, Hanan Fateena, Arie Zainul Fatoni, Karine Faure, Raphaël Favory, Mohamed Fayed, Niamh Feely, Laura Feeney, Jorge Fernandes, Marília Andreia Fernandes, Susana Fernandes, François-Xavier Ferrand, Eglantine Ferrand Devouge, Joana Ferrão, Mário Ferraz, Sílvia Ferreira, Isabel Ferreira, Benigno Ferreira, Ricard Ferrer-Roca, Nicolas Ferriere, Céline Ficko, Claudia Figueiredo-Mello, William Finlayson, Juan Fiorda, Thomas Flament, Clara Flateau, Tom Fletcher, Letizia Lucia Florio, Deirdre Flynn, Claire Foley, Jean Foley, Victor Fomin, Tatiana Fonseca, Patricia Fontela, Simon Forsyth, Denise Foster, Giuseppe Foti, Erwan Fourn, Robert A Fowler, Marianne Fraher, Diego Franch-Llasat, John F Fraser, Christophe Fraser, Marcela Vieira Freire, Ana Freitas Ribeiro, Caren Friedrich, Ricardo Fritz, Stéphanie Fry, Nora Fuentes, Masahiro Fukuda, G Argin, Valérie Gaborieau, Rostane Gaci, Massimo Gagliardi, Jean-Charles Gagnard, Amandine Gagneux-Brunon, Sérgio Gaião, Linda Gail Skeie, Phil Gallagher, Carrol Gamble, Yasmin Gani, Arthur Garan, Rebekha Garcia, Julia Garcia-Diaz, Esteban Garcia-Gallo, Navya Garimella, Denis Garot, Valérie Garrait, Basanta Gauli, Nathalie Gault, Aisling Gavin, Anatoliy Gavrylov, Alexandre Gaymard, Johannes Gebauer, Eva Geraud, Louis Gerbaud Morlaes, Nuno Germano, Praveen Kumar Ghisulal, Jade Ghosn, Marco Giani, Jess Gibson, Tristan Gigante, Morgane Gilg, Elaine Gilroy, Guillermo Giordano, Michelle Girvan, Valérie Gissot, Daniel Glikman, Petr Glybochko, Eric Gnall, Geraldine Goco, François Goehringer, Siri Goepel, Jin Yi Goh, Jonathan Golob, Rui Gomes, Kyle Gomez, Joan Gómez-Junyent, Marie Gominet, Alicia Gonzalez, Patricia Gordon, Isabelle Gorenne, Laure Goubert, Cécile Goujard, Tiphaine Goulenok, Margarite Grable, Jeronimo Graf, Edward Wilson Grandin, Pascal Granier, Giacomo Grasselli, Christopher A Green, Courtney Greene, William Greenhalf, Segolène Greffe, Domenico Luca Grieco, Matthew Griffee, Fiona Griffiths, Ioana Grigoras, Albert Groenendijk, Anja Grosse Lordemann, Heidi Gruner, Yusing Gu, Jérémie Guedj, Martin Guego, Dewi Guellec, Anne-Marie Guerguerian, Daniela Guerreiro, Romain Guery, Anne Guillaumot, Laurent Guilleminault, Maisa Guimarães de Castro, Thomas Guimard, Marieke Haalboom, Daniel Haber, Hannah Habraken, Ali Hachemi, Amy Hackmann, Nadir Hadri, Fakhir Haidri, Sheeba Hakak, Adam Hall, Sophie Halpin, Jawad Hameed, Ansley Hamer, Raph L Hamers, Rebecca Hamidfar, Terese Hammond, Lim Yuen Han, Rashan Haniffa, Kok Wei Hao, Hayley Hardwick, Ewen M Harrison, Janet Harrison, Samuel Bernard Ekow Harrison, Alan Hartman, Mohd Shahnaz Hasan, Junaid Hashmi, Muhammad Hayat, Ailbhe Hayes, Leanne Hays, Jan Heerman, Lars Heggelund, Ross Hendry, Martina Hennessy, Aquiles Henriquez-Trujillo, Maxime Hentzien, Jaime Hernandez-Montfort, Andrew Hershey, Liv Hesstvedt, Astarini Hidayah, Eibhilin Higgins, Dawn Higgins, Rupert Higgins, Rita Hinchion, Samuel Hinton, Hiroaki Hiraiwa, Haider Hirkani, Hikombo Hitoto, Yi Bin Ho, Alexandre Hoctin, Isabelle Hoffmann, Wei Han Hoh, Oscar Hoiting, Rebecca Holt, Jan Cato Holter, Juan Pablo Horcajada, Koji Hoshino, Ikram Houas, Catherine L Hough, Stuart Houltham, Jimmy Ming-Yang Hsu, Jean-Sébastien Hulot, Stella Huo, Abby Hurd, Iqbal Hussain, Samreen Ijaz, Hajnal-Gabriela Illes, Patrick Imbert, Mohammad Imran, Rana Imran Sikander, Aftab Imtiaz, Hugo Inácio, Carmen Infante Dominguez, Yun Sii Ing, Elias Iosifidis, Mariachiara Ippolito, Sarah Isgett, Tiago Isidoro, Nadiah Ismail, Margaux Isnard, Junji Itai, Daniel Ivulich, Danielle Jaafar, Salma Jaafoura, Julien Jabot, Clare Jackson, Nina Jamieson, Victoria Janes, Pierre Jaquet, Coline Jaud-Fischer, Stéphane Jaureguiberry, Jeffrey Javidfar, Denise Jaworsky, Florence Jego, Anilawati Mat Jelani, Synne Jenum, Ruth Jimbo-Sotomayor, Ong Yiaw Joe, Ruth N Jorge García, Cédric Joseph, Mark Joseph, Swosti Joshi, Mercé Jourdain, Philippe Jouvet, Hanna Jung, Anna Jung, Dafsah Juzar, Ouifiya Kafif, Florentia Kaguelidou, Neerusha Kaisbain, Thavamany Kaleesvran, Sabina Kali, Alina Kalicinska, Smaragdi Kalomoiri, Muhammad Aisar Ayadi Kamaluddin, Zul Amali Che Kamaruddin, Nadiah Kamarudin, Paul Kambiya, Kavita Kamineni, Darshana Hewa Kandamby, Chris Kandel, Kong Yeow Kang, Darakhshan Kanwal, Pratap Karpayah, Todd Karsies, Daisuke Kasugai, Anant Kataria, Kevin Katz, Aasmine Kaur, Christy Kay, Hannah Keane, Seán Keating, Pulak Kedia, Claire Kelly, Yvelynne Kelly, Andrea Kelly, Niamh Kelly, Aoife Kelly, Sadie Kelly, Maeve Kelsey, Ryan Kennedy, Kalynn Kennon, Maeve Kernan, Younes Kerroumi, Sharma Keshav, Imrana Khalid, Osama Khalid, Antoine Khalil, Coralie Khan, Irfan Khan, Quratul Ain Khan, Sushil Khanal, Abid Khatak, Amin Khawaja, Krish Kherajani, Michelle E Kho, Saye Khoo, Ryan Khoo, Denisa Khoo, Nasir Khoso, Khor How Kiat, Yuri Kida, Peter Kiiza, Beathe Kiland Granerud, Anders Benjamin Kildal, Jae Burm Kim, Antoine Kimmoun, Detlef Kindgen-Milles, Alexander King, Nobuya Kitamura, Paul Klenerman, Rob Klont, Gry Kloumann Bekken, Stephen R Knight, Robin Kobbe, Chamira Kodippily, Malte Kohns Vasconcelos, Sabin Koirala, Mamoru Komatsu, Caroline Kosgei, Arsène Kpangon, Karolina Krawczyk, Vinothini Krishnan, Sudhir Krishnan, Oksana Kruglova, Deepali Kumar, Ganesh Kumar, Mukesh Kumar, Dinesh Kuriakose, Ethan Kurtzman, Demetrios Kutsogiannis, Galyna Kutsyna, Konstantinos Kyriakoulis, Marie Lachatre, Marie Lacoste, John G Laffey, Marie Lagrange, Fabrice Laine, Olivier Lairez, Sanjay Lakhey, Antonio Lalueza, Marc Lambert, François Lamontagne, Marie Langelot-Richard, Vincent Langlois, Eka Yudha Lantang, Marina Lanza, Cédric Laouénan, Samira Laribi, Delphine Lariviere, Stéphane Lasry, Sakshi Lath, Naveed Latif, Odile Launay, Didier Laureillard, Yoan Lavie-Badie, Andy Law, Teresa Lawrence, Cassie Lawrence, Minh Le, Clément Le Bihan, Cyril Le Bris, Georges Le Falher, Lucie Le Fevre, Quentin Le Hingrat, Marion Le Maréchal, Soizic Le Mestre, Gwenaël Le Moal, Vincent Le Moing, Hervé Le Nagard, Paul Le Turnier, Ema Leal, Marta Leal Santos, Todd C Lee, James Lee, Jennifer Lee, Heng Gee Lee, Biing Horng Lee, Yi Lin Lee, Su Hwan Lee, Gary Leeming, Laurent Lefebvre, Bénédicte Lefebvre, Benjamin Lefevre, Sylvie LeGac, Jean-Daniel Lelievre, François Lellouche, Adrien Lemaignen, Véronique Lemee, Anthony Lemeur, Gretchen Lemmink, Ha Sha Lene, Jenny Lennon, Rafael León, Marc Leone, Michela Leone, Quentin Lepiller, François-Xavier Lescure, Olivier Lesens, Mathieu Lesouhaitier, Amy Lester-Grant, Bruno Levy, Yves Levy, Claire Levy-Marchal, Katarzyna Lewandowska, Erwan L'Her, Gianluigi Li Bassi, Janet Liang, Ali Liaquat, Geoffrey Liegeon, Wei Shen Lim, Kah Chuan Lim, Chantre Lima, Lim Lina, Bruno Lina, Andreas Lind, Maja Katherine Lingad, Guillaume Lingas, Sylvie Lion-Daolio, Keibun Liu, Marine Livrozet, Patricia Lizotte, Antonio Loforte, Navy Lolong, Leong Chee Loon, Diogo Lopes, Dalia Lopez-Colon, Jose W Lopez-Revilla, Anthony L Loschner, Paul Loubet, Bouchra Loufti, Guillame Louis, Silvia Lourenco, Lara Lovelace-Macon, Lee Lee Low, Marije Lowik, Jia Shyi Loy, Jean Christophe Lucet, Carlos Lumbreras Bermejo, Carlos M Luna, Olguta Lungu, Liem Luong, Nestor Luque, Dominique Luton, Nilar Lwin, Ruth Lyons, Olavi Maasikas, Oryane Mabiala, Moïse Machado, Gabriel Macheda, Hashmi Madiha, Guillermo Maestro de la Calle, Rafael Mahieu, Sophie Mahy, Ana Raquel Maia, Lars S Maier, Mylène Maillet, Thomas Maitre, Maximilian Malfertheiner, Nadia Malik, Paddy Mallon, Fernando Maltez, Denis Malvy, Victoria Manda, Laurent Mandelbrot, Frank Manetta, Julie Mankikian, Edmund Manning, Aldric Manuel, Ceila Maria Sant Ana Malaque, Flávio Marino, Daniel Marino, Samuel Markowicz, Charbel Maroun Eid, Ana Marques, Catherine Marquis, Brian Marsh, Laura Marsh, Megan Marshal, John Marshall, Celina Turchi Martelli, Dori-Ann Martin, Emily Martin, Guillaume Martin-Blondel, Martin Martinot, Alejandro Martin-Quiros, João Martins, Ana Martins, Nuno Martins, Caroline Martins Rego, Gennaro Martucci, Olga Martynenko, Eva Miranda Marwali, Marsilla Marzukie, David Maslove, Sabina Mason, Sobia Masood, Basri Mat Nor, Moshe Matan, Meghena Mathew, Daniel Mathieu, Mathieu Mattei, Romans Matulevics, Laurence Maulin, Michael Maxwell, Javier Maynar, Thierry Mazzoni, Natalie Mc Evoy, Lisa Mc Sweeney, Colin McArthur, Anne McCarthy, Aine McCarthy, Colin McCloskey, Rachael McConnochie, Sherry McDermott, Sarah E McDonald, Aine McElroy, Samuel McElwee, Victoria McEneany, Allison McGeer, Chris McKay, Johnny McKeown, Kenneth A McLean, Paul McNally, Bairbre McNicholas, Elaine McPartlan, Edel Meaney, Cécile Mear-Passard, Maggie Mechlin, Maqsood Meher, Omar Mehkri, Ferruccio Mele, Luis Melo, Kashif Memon, Joao Joao Mendes, Ogechukwu Menkiti, Kusum Menon, Alexander J Mentzer, Emmanuelle Mercier, Noémie Mercier, Antoine Merckx, Mayka Mergeay-Fabre, Blake Mergler, António Mesquita, Roberta Meta, Osama Metwally, Agnès Meybeck, Dan Meyer, Alison M Meynert, Vanina Meysonnier, Amina Meziane, Mehdi Mezidi, Céline Michelanglei, Isabelle Michelet, Efstathia Mihelis, Vladislav Mihnovit, Hugo Miranda-Maldonado, Nor Arisah Misnan, Tahira Jamal Mohamed, Nik Nur Eliza Mohamed, Asma Moin, David Molina, Elena Molinos, Brenda Molloy, Mary Mone, Agostinho Monteiro, Claudia Montes, Giorgia Montrucchio, Shona C Moore, Sarah Moore, Lina Morales Cely, Lucia Moro, Catherine Motherway, Ana Motos, Hugo Mouquet, Clara Mouton Perrot, Julien Moyet, Caroline Mudara, Aisha Kalsoom Mufti, Ng Yong Muh, Dzawani Muhamad, Jimmy Mullaert, Fredrik Müller, Karl Erik Müller, Syed Muneeb, Nadeem Munir, Laveena Munshi, Aisling Murphy, Lorna Murphy, Marlène Murris, Srinivas Murthy, Himed Musaab, Himasha Muvindi, Gugapriyaa Muyandy, Dimitra Melia Myrodia, Farah Nadia Mohd-Hanafiah, Dave Nagpal, Alex Nagrebetsky, Mangala Narasimhan, Nageswaran Narayanan, Rashid Nasim Khan, Alasdair Nazerali-Maitland, Nadège Neant, Holger Neb, Erni Nelwan, Raul Neto, Emily Neumann, Pauline Yeung Ng, Wing Yiu Ng, Anthony Nghi, Duc Nguyen, Orna Ni Choileain, Niamh Ni Leathlobhair, Prompak Nitayavardhana, Stephanie Nonas, Nurul Amani Mohd Noordin, Marion Noret, Nurul Faten Izzati Norharizam, Lisa Norman, Alessandra Notari, Mahdad Noursadeghi, Karolina Nowicka, Adam Nowinski, Saad Nseir, Jose I Nunez, Nurnaningsih Nurnaningsih, Dwi Utomo Nusantara, Elsa Nyamankolly, Fionnuala O Brien, Annmarie O Callaghan, Annmarie O'Callaghan, Giovanna Occhipinti, Derbrenn OConnor, Max O'Donnell, Tawnya Ogston, Takayuki Ogura, Tak-Hyuk Oh, Sophie O'Halloran, Katie O'Hearn, Shinichiro Ohshimo, Agnieszka Oldakowska, João Oliveira, Larissa Oliveira, Jee Yan Ong, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Anne Opavsky, Peter Openshaw, Saijad Orakzai, Claudia Milena Orozco-Chamorro, Jamel Ortoleva, Javier Osatnik, Linda O'Shea, Miriam O'Sullivan, Siti Zubaidah Othman, Nadia Ouamara, Rachida Ouissa, Eric Oziol, Maïder Pagadoy, Justine Pages, Mario Palacios, Amanda Palacios, Massimo Palmarini, Giovanna Panarello, Hem Paneru, Lai Hui Pang, Mauro Panigada, Nathalie Pansu, Aurélie Papadopoulos, Rachael Parke, Melissa Parker, Briseida Parra, Taha Pasha, Jérémie Pasquier, Bruno Pastene, Fabian Patauner, Drashti Patel, Mohan Dass Pathmanathan, Luís Patrão, Patricia Patricio, Juliette Patrier, Lisa Patterson, Rajyabardhan Pattnaik, Mical Paul, Christelle Paul, Jorge Paulos, William A Paxton, Jean-François Payen, Kalaiarasu Peariasamy, Giles J Peek, Florent Peelman, Nathan Peiffer-Smadja, Vincent Peigne, Mare Pejkovska, Paolo Pelosi, Ithan D Peltan, Rui Pereira, Daniel Perez, Luis Periel, Thomas Perpoint, Antonio Pesenti, Vincent Pestre, Lenka Petrou, Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez, Frank Olav Pettersen, Gilles Peytavin, Scott Pharand, Michael Piagnerelli, Walter Picard, Olivier Picone, Maria de Piero, Carola Pierobon, Djura Piersma, Carlos Pimentel, Raquel Pinto, Catarina Pires, Isabelle Pironneau, Lionel Piroth, Ayodhia Pitaloka, Riinu Pius, Laurent Plantier, Hon Shen Png, Julien Poissy, Ryadh Pokeerbux, Maria Pokorska-Spiewak, Sergio Poli, Georgios Pollakis, Diane Ponscarme, Jolanta Popielska, Diego Bastos Porto, Andra-Maris Post, Douwe F Postma, Pedro Povoa, Diana Póvoas, Jeff Powis, Sofia Prapa, Sébastien Preau, Christian Prebensen, Jean-Charles Preiser, Anton Prinssen, Gamage Dona Dilanthi Priyadarshani, Lucia Proença, Sravya Pudota, Oriane Puéchal, Bambang Pujo Semedi, Mathew Pulicken, Gregory Purcell, Luisa Quesada, Vilmaris Quinones-Cardona, Víctor Quirós González, Else Quist-Paulsen, Mohammed Quraishi, Maia Rabaa, Christian Rabaud, Ebenezer Rabindrarajan, Aldo Rafael, Marie Rafiq, Gabrielle Ragazzo, Mutia Rahardjani, Rozanah Abd Rahman, Ahmad Kashfi Haji Ab Rahman, Arsalan Rahutullah, Fernando Rainieri, Giri Shan Rajahram, Pratheema Ramachandran, Ahmad Afiq Ramli, Blandine Rammaert, Asim Rana, Rajavardhan Rangappa, Ritika Ranjan, Christophe Rapp, Aasiyah Rashan, Thalha Rashan, Ghulam Rasheed, Menaldi Rasmin, Indrek Rätsep, Cornelius Rau, Tharmini Ravi, Ali Raza, Andre Real, Stanislas Rebaudet, Sarah Redl, Brenda Reeve, Attaur Rehman, Liadain Reid, Dag Henrik Reikvam, Renato Reis, Jordi Rello, Jonathan Remppis, Martine Remy, Hongru Ren, Hanna Renk, Anne-Sophie Resseguier, Matthieu Revest, Oleksa Rewa, Luis Felipe Reyes, Tiago Reyes, Maria Ines Ribeiro, Antonia Ricchiuto, David Richardson, Denise Richardson, Laurent Richier, Siti Nurul Atikah Ahmad Ridzuan, Jordi Riera, Ana L Rios, Asgar Rishu, Patrick Rispal, Karine Risso, Maria Angelica Rivera Nuñez, Nicholas Rizer, Chiara Robba, André Roberto, Stephanie Roberts, David L Robertson, Olivier Robineau, Ferran Roche-Campo, Paola Rodari, Simão Rodeia, Bernhard Roessler, Pierre-Marie Roger, Emmanuel Roilides, Juliette Romaru, Roberto Roncon-Albuquerque, Mélanie Roriz, Manuel Rosa-Calatrava, Michael Rose, Dorothea Rosenberger, Nurul Hidayah Mohammad Roslan, Andrea Rossanese, Matteo Rossetti, Bénédicte Rossignol, Patrick Rossignol, Stella Rousset, Carine Roy, Benoît Roze, Desy Rusmawatiningtyas, Clark D Russell, Maria Ryan, Maeve Ryan, Steffi Ryckaert, Aleksander Rygh Holten, Isabela Saba, Sairah Sadaf, Musharaf Sadat, Valla Sahraei, Maximilien Saint-Gilles, Pranya Sakiyalak, Nawal Salahuddin, Leonardo Salazar, Jodat Saleem, Gabriele Sales, Stéphane Sallaberry, Charlotte Salmon Gandonniere, Hélène Salvator, Olivier Sanchez, Angel Sanchez-Miralles, Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu, Gyan Sandhu, Zulfiqar Sandhu, Pierre-François Sandrine, Marlene Santos, Shirley Sarfo-Mensah, Bruno Sarmento Banheiro, Iam Claire E Sarmiento, Benjamine Sarton, Ankana Satya, Sree Satyapriya, Rumaisah Satyawati, Egle Saviciute, Parthena Savvidou, Yen Tsen Saw, Justin Schaffer, Tjard Schermer, Arnaud Scherpereel, Marion Schneider, Stephan Schroll, Michael Schwameis, Gary Schwartz, Brendan Scicluna, Janet T Scott, James Scott-Brown, Nicholas Sedillot, Tamara Seitz, Jaganathan Selvanayagam, Mageswari Selvarajoo, Caroline Semaille, Rasidah Bt Senian, Eric Senneville, Claudia Sepulveda, Filipa Sequeira, Tânia Sequeira, Ary Serpa Neto, Pablo Serrano Balazote, Ellen Shadowitz, Syamin Asyraf Shahidan, Mohammad Shamsah, Anuraj Shankar, Shaikh Sharjeel, Catherine A Shaw, Victoria Shaw, Ashraf Sheharyar, Rohan Shetty, Rajesh Mohan Shetty, Haixia Shi, Nisreen Shiban, Mohiuddin Shiekh, Nobuaki Shime, Hiroaki Shimizu, Keiki Shimizu, Sally Shrapnel, Pramesh Sundar Shrestha, Shubha Kalyan Shrestha, Hoi Ping Shum, Nassima Si Mohammed, Ng Yong Siang, Jeanne Sibiude, Atif Siddiqui, Piret Sillaots, Catarina Silva, Rogério Silva, Maria Joao Silva, Wai Ching Sin, Dario Sinatti, Punam Singh, Budha Charan Singh, Pompini Agustina Sitompul, Karisha Sivam, Vegard Skogen, Sue Smith, Benjamin Smood, Coilin Smyth, Michelle Smyth, Morgane Snacken, Dominic So, Tze Vee Soh, Joshua Solomon, Tom Solomon, Agnès Sommet, Rima Song, Tae Song, Jack Song Chia, Michael Sonntagbauer, Azlan Mat Soom, Alberto Sotto, Edouard Soum, Marta Sousa, Ana Chora Sousa, Maria Sousa Uva, Vicente Souza-Dantas, Alexandra Sperry, Elisabetta Spinuzza, B P Sanka Ruwan Sri Darshana, Shiranee Sriskandan, Sarah Stabler, Thomas Staudinger, Stephanie-Susanne Stecher, Trude Steinsvik, Ymkje Stienstra, Birgitte Stiksrud, Eva Stolz, Amy Stone, Adrian Streinu-Cercel, David Stuart, Ami Stuart, Decy Subekti, Gabriel Suen, Jacky Y Suen, Asfia Sultana, Charlotte Summers, Dubravka Supic, Deepashankari Suppiah, Magdalena Surovcová, Suwarti Suwarti, Andrey Svistunov, Sarah Syahrin, Konstantinos Syrigos, Jaques Sztajnbok, Konstanty Szuldrzynski, Shirin Tabrizi, Lysa Tagherset, Shahdattul Mawarni Taib, Ewa Talarek, Sara Taleb, Jelmer Talsma, Renaud Tamisier, Maria Lawrensia Tampubolon, Kim Keat Tan, Yan Chyi Tan, Taku Tanaka, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Hayato Taniguchi, Huda Taqdees, Arshad Taqi, Coralie Tardivon, Pierre Tattevin, M Azhari Taufik, Hassan Tawfik, Richard S Tedder, Tze Yuan Tee, João Teixeira, Sofia Tejada, Marie-Capucine Tellier, Sze Kye Teoh, Vanessa Teotonio, François Téoulé, Pleun Terpstra, Olivier Terrier, Nicolas Terzi, Hubert Tessier-Grenier, Adrian Tey, Alif Adlan Mohd Thabit, Anand Thakur, Zhang Duan Tham, Suvintheran Thangavelu, Vincent Thibault, Simon-Djamel Thiberville, Benoît Thill, Jananee Thirumanickam, Shaun Thompson, Emma C Thomson, David Thomson, Surain Raaj Thanga Thurai, Ryan S Thwaites, Paul Tierney, Vadim Tieroshyn, Peter S Timashev, Jean-François Timsit, Noémie Tissot, Jordan Zhien Yang Toh, Maria Toki, Kristian Tonby, Sia Loong Tonnii, Margarida Torres, Antoni Torres, Rosario Maria Torres Santos-Olmo, Hernando Torres-Zevallos, Michael Towers, Tony Trapani, Théo Treoux, Cécile Tromeur, Ioannis Trontzas, Tiffany Trouillon, Jeanne Truong, Christelle Tual, Sarah Tubiana, Helen Tuite, Jean-Marie Turmel, Lance C W Turtle, Anders Tveita, Pawel Twardowski, Makoto Uchiyama, P G Ishara Udayanga, Andrew Udy, Roman Ullrich, Alberto Uribe, Asad Usman, Timothy M Uyeki, Cristinava Vajdovics, Piero Valentini, Luís Val-Flores, Amélie Valran, Stijn Van de Velde, Marcel van den Berge, Machteld Van der Feltz, Job van der Palen, Paul van der Valk, Nicky Van Der Vekens, Peter Van der Voort, Sylvie Van Der Werf, Laura van Gulik, Jarne Van Hattem, Carolien van Netten, 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Munblit, Daniel, Nekliudov, Nikita A, Nichol, Alistair D, Singh Oinam, Budha Charan, Ong, David, Panda, Prasan Kumar, Petrovic, Michele, Pritchard, Mark G, Ramakrishnan, Nagarajan, Ramos, Grazielle Viana, Roger, Claire, Sandulescu, Oana, Semple, Malcolm G, Sharma, Pratima, Sigfrid, Louise, Somers, Emily C, Streinu-Cercel, Anca, Taccone, Fabio, Vecham, Pavan Kumar, Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan, Bharath, Wei, Jia, Wils, Evert-Jan, Ci Wong, Xin, Horby, Peter, Rojek, Amanda, Olliaro, Piero L, ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Group: Ali Abbas, Sheryl Ann Abdukahil, Nurul Najmee Abdulkadir, Ryuzo Abe, Laurent Abel, Lara Absil, Subhash Acharya, Andrew Acker, Elisabeth Adam, Diana Adrião, Saleh Al Ageel, Shakeel Ahmed, Kate Ainscough, Eka Airlangga, Tharwat Aisa, Ali Ait Hssain, Younes Ait Tamlihat, Takako Akimoto, Ernita Akmal, Eman Al Qasim, Razi Alalqam, Angela Alberti, Tala Al-Dabbous, Senthilkumar Alegesan, Cynthia Alegre, Marta Alessi, Beatrice Alex, Kévin Alexandre, Abdulrahman 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Bakar, Andriy Bal, Mohanaprasanth Balakrishnan, Valeria Balan, Firouzé Bani-Sadr, Renata Barbalho, Nicholas Yuri Barbosa, Wendy S Barclay, Saef Umar Barnett, Michaela Barnikel, Helena Barrasa, Audrey Barrelet, Cleide Barrigoto, Marie Bartoli, Mustehan Bashir, Romain Basmaci, Muhammad Fadhli Hassin Basri, Denise Battaglini, Jules Bauer, Diego Fernando Bautista Rincon, Denisse Bazan Dow, Alexandra Bedossa, Ker Hong Bee, Husna Begum, Sylvie Behilill, Albertus Beishuizen, Aleksandr Beljantsev, David Bellemare, Anna Beltrame, Beatriz Amorim Beltrão, Marine Beluze, Nicolas Benech, Lionel Eric Benjiman, Dehbia Benkerrou, Suzanne Bennett, Luís Bento, Jan-Erik Berdal, Delphine Bergeaud, Hazel Bergin, José Luis Bernal Sobrino, Giulia Bertoli, Lorenzo Bertolino, Simon Bessis, Sybille Bevilcaqua, Karine Bezulier, Amar Bhatt, Krishna Bhavsar, Claudia Bianco, Farah Nadiah Bidin, Moirangthem Bikram Singh, Felwa Bin Humaid, Mohd Nazlin Bin Kamarudin, François Bissuel, Patrick Biston, Laurent Bitker, 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Antoine Cheret, Thibault Chiarabini, Julian Chica, Suresh Kumar Chidambaram, Leong Chin Tho, Catherine Chirouze, Davide Chiumello, Sung-Min Cho, Bernard Cholley, Marie-Charlotte Chopin, Ting Soo Chow, Yock Ping Chow, Hiu Jian Chua, Jonathan Chua, Jose Pedro Cidade, José Miguel Cisneros Herreros, Anna Ciullo, Jennifer Clarke, Emma Clarke, Rolando Claure-Del Granado, Sara Clohisey, Perren J Cobb, Cassidy Codan, Caitriona Cody, Alexandra Coelho, Megan Coles, Gwenhaël Colin, Michael Collins, Sebastiano Maria Colombo, Pamela Combs, Marie Connor, Anne Conrad, Sofía Contreras, Elaine Conway, Graham S Cooke, Mary Copland, Hugues Cordel, Amanda Corley, Sabine Cornelis, Alexander Daniel Cornet, Arianne Joy Corpuz, Andrea Cortegiani, Grégory Corvaisier, Emma Costigan, Camille Couffignal, Sandrine Couffin-Cadiergues, Roxane Courtois, Stéphanie Cousse, Rachel Cregan, Charles Crepy D'Orleans, Cosimo Cristella, Sabine Croonen, Gloria Crowl, Jonathan Crump, Claudina Cruz, Juan Luis Cruz Berm, Jaime Cruz Rojo, Marc Csete, Ailbhe Cullen, Matthew Cummings, Gerard Curley, Elodie Curlier, Colleen Curran, Paula Custodio, Ana da Silva Filipe, Charlene Da Silveira, Al-Awwab Dabaliz, Darren Dahly, Heidi Dalton, Jo Dalton, Seamus Daly, Nick Daneman, Corinne Daniel, Jorge Dantas, Frédérick D'Aragon, Menno de Jong, Gillian de Loughry, Diego de Mendoza, Etienne De Montmollin, Rafael Freitas de Oliveira França, Ana Isabel de Pinho Oliveira, Rosanna De Rosa, Cristina De Rose, Thushan de Silva, Peter de Vries, Jillian Deacon, David Dean, Alexa Debard, Marie-Pierre Debray, Nathalie DeCastro, William Dechert, Lauren Deconninck, Romain Decours, Eve Defous, Isabelle Delacroix, Eric Delaveuve, Karen Delavigne, Nathalie M Delfos, Ionna Deligiannis, Andrea Dell'Amore, Christelle Delmas, Pierre Delobel, Corine Delsing, Elisa Demonchy, Emmanuelle Denis, Dominique Deplanque, Pieter Depuydt, Mehul Desai, Diane Descamps, Mathilde Desvallées, Santi Dewayanti, Pathik Dhanger, Alpha Diallo, Sylvain Diamantis, André Dias, Juan Jose Diaz, Priscila Diaz, Rodrigo Diaz, Kévin Didier, Jean-Luc Diehl, Wim Dieperink, Jérôme Dimet, Vincent Dinot, Fara Diop, Alphonsine Diouf, Yael Dishon, Félix Djossou, Annemarie B Docherty, Helen Doherty, Arjen M Dondorp, Andy Dong, Maria Donnelly, Sean Donohue, Yoann Donohue, Chloe Donohue, Peter Doran, Céline Dorival, Eric D'Ortenzio, James Joshua Douglas, Renee Douma, Nathalie Dournon, Triona Downer, Joanne Downey, Mark Downing, Tom Drake, Aoife Driscoll, Murray Dryden, Murray Dryden, Claudio Duarte Fonseca, Vincent Dubee, François Dubos, Alexandre Ducancelle, Toni Duculan, Susanne Dudman, Abhijit Duggal, Paul Dunand, Mathilde Duplaix, Emanuele Durante-Mangoni, Lucian Durham, Bertrand Dussol, Juliette Duthoit, Xavier Duval, Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise, Sim Choon Ean, Marco Echeverria-Villalobos, Siobhan Egan, Carla Eira, Mohammed El Sanharawi, Subbarao Elapavaluru, Brigitte Elharrar, Jacobien Ellerbroek, Philippine Eloy, Tarek Elshazly, Iqbal Elyazar, Isabelle Enderle, Tomoyuki Endo, Chan Chee Eng, Ilka Engelmann, Vincent Enouf, Olivier Epaulard, Mariano Esperatti, Hélène Esperou, Marina Esposito-Farese, João Estevão, Manuel Etienne, Nadia Ettalhaoui, Anna Greti Everding, Mirjam Evers, Marc Fabre, Isabelle Fabre, Amna Faheem, Arabella Fahy, Cameron J Fairfield, Zul Fakar, Komal Fareed, Pedro Faria, Ahmed Farooq, Hanan Fateena, Arie Zainul Fatoni, Karine Faure, Raphaël Favory, Mohamed Fayed, Niamh Feely, Laura Feeney, Jorge Fernandes, Marília Andreia Fernandes, Susana Fernandes, François-Xavier Ferrand, Eglantine Ferrand Devouge, Joana Ferrão, Mário Ferraz, Sílvia Ferreira, Isabel Ferreira, Benigno Ferreira, Ricard Ferrer-Roca, Nicolas Ferriere, Céline Ficko, Claudia Figueiredo-Mello, William Finlayson, Juan Fiorda, Thomas Flament, Clara Flateau, Tom Fletcher, Letizia Lucia Florio, Deirdre Flynn, Claire Foley, Jean Foley, Victor Fomin, Tatiana Fonseca, Patricia Fontela, Simon Forsyth, Denise Foster, Giuseppe Foti, Erwan Fourn, Robert A Fowler, Marianne Fraher, Diego Franch-Llasat, John F Fraser, Christophe Fraser, Marcela Vieira Freire, Ana Freitas Ribeiro, Caren Friedrich, Ricardo Fritz, Stéphanie Fry, Nora Fuentes, Masahiro Fukuda, G Argin, Valérie Gaborieau, Rostane Gaci, Massimo Gagliardi, Jean-Charles Gagnard, Amandine Gagneux-Brunon, Sérgio Gaião, Linda Gail Skeie, Phil Gallagher, Carrol Gamble, Yasmin Gani, Arthur Garan, Rebekha Garcia, Julia Garcia-Diaz, Esteban Garcia-Gallo, Navya Garimella, Denis Garot, Valérie Garrait, Basanta Gauli, Nathalie Gault, Aisling Gavin, Anatoliy Gavrylov, Alexandre Gaymard, Johannes Gebauer, Eva Geraud, Louis Gerbaud Morlaes, Nuno Germano, Praveen Kumar Ghisulal, Jade Ghosn, Marco Giani, Jess Gibson, Tristan Gigante, Morgane Gilg, Elaine Gilroy, Guillermo Giordano, Michelle Girvan, Valérie Gissot, Daniel Glikman, Petr Glybochko, Eric Gnall, Geraldine Goco, François Goehringer, Siri Goepel, Jin Yi Goh, Jonathan Golob, Rui Gomes, Kyle Gomez, Joan Gómez-Junyent, Marie Gominet, Alicia Gonzalez, Patricia Gordon, Isabelle Gorenne, Laure Goubert, Cécile Goujard, Tiphaine Goulenok, Margarite Grable, Jeronimo Graf, Edward Wilson Grandin, Pascal Granier, Giacomo Grasselli, Christopher A Green, Courtney Greene, William Greenhalf, Segolène Greffe, Domenico Luca Grieco, Matthew Griffee, Fiona Griffiths, Ioana Grigoras, Albert Groenendijk, Anja Grosse Lordemann, Heidi Gruner, Yusing Gu, Jérémie Guedj, Martin Guego, Dewi Guellec, Anne-Marie Guerguerian, Daniela Guerreiro, Romain Guery, Anne Guillaumot, Laurent Guilleminault, Maisa Guimarães de Castro, Thomas Guimard, Marieke Haalboom, Daniel Haber, Hannah Habraken, Ali Hachemi, Amy Hackmann, Nadir Hadri, Fakhir Haidri, Sheeba Hakak, Adam Hall, Sophie Halpin, Jawad Hameed, Ansley Hamer, Raph L Hamers, Rebecca Hamidfar, Terese Hammond, Lim Yuen Han, Rashan Haniffa, Kok Wei Hao, Hayley Hardwick, Ewen M Harrison, Janet Harrison, Samuel Bernard Ekow Harrison, Alan Hartman, Mohd Shahnaz Hasan, Junaid Hashmi, Muhammad Hayat, Ailbhe Hayes, Leanne Hays, Jan Heerman, Lars Heggelund, Ross Hendry, Martina Hennessy, Aquiles Henriquez-Trujillo, Maxime Hentzien, Jaime Hernandez-Montfort, Andrew Hershey, Liv Hesstvedt, Astarini Hidayah, Eibhilin Higgins, Dawn Higgins, Rupert Higgins, Rita Hinchion, Samuel Hinton, Hiroaki Hiraiwa, Haider Hirkani, Hikombo Hitoto, Yi Bin Ho, Alexandre Hoctin, Isabelle Hoffmann, Wei Han Hoh, Oscar Hoiting, Rebecca Holt, Jan Cato Holter, Juan Pablo Horcajada, Koji Hoshino, Ikram Houas, Catherine L Hough, Stuart Houltham, Jimmy Ming-Yang Hsu, Jean-Sébastien Hulot, Stella Huo, Abby Hurd, Iqbal Hussain, Samreen Ijaz, Hajnal-Gabriela Illes, Patrick Imbert, Mohammad Imran, Rana Imran Sikander, Aftab Imtiaz, Hugo Inácio, Carmen Infante Dominguez, Yun Sii Ing, Elias Iosifidis, Mariachiara Ippolito, Sarah Isgett, Tiago Isidoro, Nadiah Ismail, Margaux Isnard, Junji Itai, Daniel Ivulich, Danielle Jaafar, Salma Jaafoura, Julien Jabot, Clare Jackson, Nina Jamieson, Victoria Janes, Pierre Jaquet, Coline Jaud-Fischer, Stéphane Jaureguiberry, Jeffrey Javidfar, Denise Jaworsky, Florence Jego, Anilawati Mat Jelani, Synne Jenum, Ruth Jimbo-Sotomayor, Ong Yiaw Joe, Ruth N Jorge García, Cédric Joseph, Mark Joseph, Swosti Joshi, Mercé Jourdain, Philippe Jouvet, Hanna Jung, Anna Jung, Dafsah Juzar, Ouifiya Kafif, Florentia Kaguelidou, Neerusha Kaisbain, Thavamany Kaleesvran, Sabina Kali, Alina Kalicinska, Smaragdi Kalomoiri, Muhammad Aisar Ayadi Kamaluddin, Zul Amali Che Kamaruddin, Nadiah Kamarudin, Paul Kambiya, Kavita Kamineni, Darshana Hewa Kandamby, Chris Kandel, Kong Yeow Kang, Darakhshan Kanwal, Pratap Karpayah, Todd Karsies, Daisuke Kasugai, Anant Kataria, Kevin Katz, Aasmine Kaur, Christy Kay, Hannah Keane, Seán Keating, Pulak Kedia, Claire Kelly, Yvelynne Kelly, Andrea Kelly, Niamh Kelly, Aoife Kelly, Sadie Kelly, Maeve Kelsey, Ryan Kennedy, Kalynn Kennon, Maeve Kernan, Younes Kerroumi, Sharma Keshav, Imrana Khalid, Osama Khalid, Antoine Khalil, Coralie Khan, Irfan Khan, Quratul Ain Khan, Sushil Khanal, Abid Khatak, Amin Khawaja, Krish Kherajani, Michelle E Kho, Saye Khoo, Ryan Khoo, Denisa Khoo, Nasir Khoso, Khor How Kiat, Yuri Kida, Peter Kiiza, Beathe Kiland Granerud, Anders Benjamin Kildal, Jae Burm Kim, Antoine Kimmoun, Detlef Kindgen-Milles, Alexander King, Nobuya Kitamura, Paul Klenerman, Rob Klont, Gry Kloumann Bekken, Stephen R Knight, Robin Kobbe, Chamira Kodippily, Malte Kohns Vasconcelos, Sabin Koirala, Mamoru Komatsu, Caroline Kosgei, Arsène Kpangon, Karolina Krawczyk, Vinothini Krishnan, Sudhir Krishnan, Oksana Kruglova, Deepali Kumar, Ganesh Kumar, Mukesh Kumar, Dinesh Kuriakose, Ethan Kurtzman, Demetrios Kutsogiannis, Galyna Kutsyna, Konstantinos Kyriakoulis, Marie Lachatre, Marie Lacoste, John G Laffey, Marie Lagrange, Fabrice Laine, Olivier Lairez, Sanjay Lakhey, Antonio Lalueza, Marc Lambert, François Lamontagne, Marie Langelot-Richard, Vincent Langlois, Eka Yudha Lantang, Marina Lanza, Cédric Laouénan, Samira Laribi, Delphine Lariviere, Stéphane Lasry, Sakshi Lath, Naveed Latif, Odile Launay, Didier Laureillard, Yoan Lavie-Badie, Andy Law, Teresa Lawrence, Cassie Lawrence, Minh Le, Clément Le Bihan, Cyril Le Bris, Georges Le Falher, Lucie Le Fevre, Quentin Le Hingrat, Marion Le Maréchal, Soizic Le Mestre, Gwenaël Le Moal, Vincent Le Moing, Hervé Le Nagard, Paul Le Turnier, Ema Leal, Marta Leal Santos, Todd C Lee, James Lee, Jennifer Lee, Heng Gee Lee, Biing Horng Lee, Yi Lin Lee, Su Hwan Lee, Gary Leeming, Laurent Lefebvre, Bénédicte Lefebvre, Benjamin Lefevre, Sylvie LeGac, Jean-Daniel Lelievre, François Lellouche, Adrien Lemaignen, Véronique Lemee, Anthony Lemeur, Gretchen Lemmink, Ha Sha Lene, Jenny Lennon, Rafael León, Marc Leone, Michela Leone, Quentin Lepiller, François-Xavier Lescure, Olivier Lesens, Mathieu Lesouhaitier, Amy Lester-Grant, Bruno Levy, Yves Levy, Claire Levy-Marchal, Katarzyna Lewandowska, Erwan L'Her, Gianluigi Li Bassi, Janet Liang, Ali Liaquat, Geoffrey Liegeon, Wei Shen Lim, Kah 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Helen Tuite, Jean-Marie Turmel, Lance C W Turtle, Anders Tveita, Pawel Twardowski, Makoto Uchiyama, P G Ishara Udayanga, Andrew Udy, Roman Ullrich, Alberto Uribe, Asad Usman, Timothy M Uyeki, Cristinava Vajdovics, Piero Valentini, Luís Val-Flores, Amélie Valran, Stijn Van de Velde, Marcel van den Berge, Machteld Van der Feltz, Job van der Palen, Paul van der Valk, Nicky Van Der Vekens, Peter Van der Voort, Sylvie Van Der Werf, Laura van Gulik, Jarne Van Hattem, Carolien van Netten, Frank van Someren Greve, Ilonka van Veen, Hugo Van Willigen, Noémie Vanel, Henk Vanoverschelde, Pooja Varghese, Michael Varrone, Shoban Raj Vasudayan, Charline Vauchy, Shaminee Veeran, Aurélie Veislinger, Sebastian Vencken, Sara Ventura, Annelies Verbon, James Vickers, José Ernesto Vidal, César Vieira, Deepak Vijayan, Joy Ann Villanueva, Judit Villar, Pierre-Marc Villeneuve, Andrea Villoldo, Gayatri Vishwanathan, Benoit Visseaux, Hannah Visser, Chiara Vitiello, Harald Vonkeman, Fanny Vuotto, Suhaila Abdul Wahab, Noor Hidayu Wahab, Nadirah Abdul Wahid, Marina Wainstein, Wan Fadzlina Wan Muhd Shukeri, Chih-Hsien Wang, Steve Webb, Katharina Weil, Tan Pei Wen, Sanne Wesselius, T Eoin West, Murray Wham, Bryan Whelan, Nicole White, Paul Henri Wicky, Aurélie Wiedemann, Surya Otto Wijaya, Keith Wille, Suzette Willems, Virginie Williams, Calvin Wong, Yew Sing Wong, Teck Fung Wong, Natalie Wright, Gan Ee Xian, Lim Saio Xian, Kuan Pei Xuan, Ioannis Xynogalas, Siti Rohani Binti Mohd Yakop, Masaki Yamazaki, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Nicholas Yee Liang Hing, Cécile Yelnik, Chian Hui Yeoh, Stephanie Yerkovich, Toshiki Yokoyama, Hodane Yonis, Obada Yousif, Saptadi Yuliarto, Akram Zaaqoq, Marion Zabbe, Kai Zacharowski, Masliza Zahid, Maram Zahran, Nor Zaila Binti Zaidan, Maria Zambon, Miguel Zambrano, Alberto Zanella, Konrad Zawadka, Nurul Zaynah, Hiba Zayyad, Alexander Zoufaly, David Zucman, University of Oxford, Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], ARN régulateurs bactériens et médecine (BRM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), This work was made possible by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Wellcome (215091/Z/18/Z, 205228/Z/16/Z, 220757/Z/20/Z), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1209135), UK Medical Research Council Clinical Research Training Fellowship (MR/V001671/1), the philanthropic support of the donors to the University of Oxford’s COVID-19 Research Response Fund, CIHR Coronavirus Rapid Research Funding Opportunity (OV2170359) and the co-ordination in Canada by Sunnybrook Research Institute, endorsement of the Irish Critical Care—Clinical Trials Group, co-ordination in Ireland by the Irish Critical Care—Clinical Trials Network at University College Dublin and funding by the Health Research Board of Ireland (CTN-2014–12), the Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research (RECOVER) (H2020 project 101003589) and European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (ECRAID) (965313), the COVID clinical management team, AIIMS, Rishikesh, India, the COVID-19 Clinical Management team, Manipal Hospital Whitefield, Bengaluru, India, Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, the dedication and hard work of the Groote Schuur Hospital Covid ICU Team, support by the Groote Schuur nursing and University of Cape Town registrar bodies co-ordinated by the Division of Critical Care at the University of Cape Town, the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford, the dedication and hard work of the Norwegian SARS-CoV-2 study team, the Research Council of Norway (grant no. 312780) and a philanthropic donation from Vivaldi Invest A/S owned by Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner, Imperial NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, the Comprehensive Local Research Networks of which PJMO is an NIHR Senior Investigator (NIHR201385), Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115523 COMBACTE, resources of which are composed of financial contribution from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007– 2013) and EFPIA companies, in-kind contribution, the French COVID cohort (NCT04262921) is sponsored by INSERM and is funded by the REACTing (REsearch & ACtion emergING infectious diseases) consortium and by a grant of the French Ministry of Health (PHRC n 20–0424), Stiftungsfonds zur Förderung der Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose und anderer Lungenkrankheiten of the City of Vienna (project no. APCOV22BGM), Italian Ministry of Health ‘Fondi Ricerca corrente–L1P6’ to IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore–Don Calabria, Australian Department of Health grant (3273191), Gender Equity Strategic Fund at University of Queensland, Artificial Intelligence for Pandemics (A14PAN) at University of Queensland, the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQUS, CE170100009), the Prince Charles Hospital Foundation, Australia, grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia, Spain, Brazil, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (scholarship no. 303953/2018–7), the Firland Foundation, Shoreline, Washington, USA, a grant from foundation Bevordering Onderzoek Franciscus, the South Eastern Norway Health Authority and the Research Council of Norway, and preparedness work conducted by the Short PeRiod IncideNce sTudy of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection. Data and Material provision was supported by grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR, award CO-CIN-01), the Medical Research Council (MRC, and grant MC_PC_19059) and by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool in partnership with PHE (award no. 200907), NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections at Imperial College London with PHE (award no. 200927), Liverpool Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (grant no. C18616/A25153), NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Imperial College London (award no. IS-BRC-1215–20013) and NIHR Clinical Research Network providing infrastructure support.
Subjects: Male, Epidemiology, MESH: Hospitalization, MESH: Proportional Hazards Models, MESH: Risk Factors, Risk Factors, MESH: Child, cohort study, MESH: COVID-19, Humans, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, Child, Proportional Hazards Models, MESH: Humans, MESH: Middle Aged, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, risk of death, General Medicine, Middle Aged, co-morbidities, symptoms, treatments, MESH: Male, Hospitalization, Intensive Care Units, MESH: Intensive Care Units, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, COVID-19/therapy
Abstract: Background We describe demographic features, treatments and clinical outcomes in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) COVID-19 cohort, one of the world's largest international, standardized data sets concerning hospitalized patients. Methods The data set analysed includes COVID-19 patients hospitalized between January 2020 and January 2022 in 52 countries. We investigated how symptoms on admission, co-morbidities, risk factors and treatments varied by age, sex and other characteristics. We used Cox regression models to investigate associations between demographics, symptoms, co-morbidities and other factors with risk of death, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Results Data were available for 689 572 patients with laboratory-confirmed (91.1%) or clinically diagnosed (8.9%) SARS-CoV-2 infection from 52 countries. Age [adjusted hazard ratio per 10 years 1.49 (95% CI 1.48, 1.49)] and male sex [1.23 (1.21, 1.24)] were associated with a higher risk of death. Rates of admission to an ICU and use of IMV increased with age up to age 60 years then dropped. Symptoms, co-morbidities and treatments varied by age and had varied associations with clinical outcomes. The case-fatality ratio varied by country partly due to differences in the clinical characteristics of recruited patients and was on average 21.5%. Conclusions Age was the strongest determinant of risk of death, with a ∼30-fold difference between the oldest and youngest groups; each of the co-morbidities included was associated with up to an almost 2-fold increase in risk. Smoking and obesity were also associated with a higher risk of death. The size of our international database and the standardized data collection method make this study a comprehensive international description of COVID-19 clinical features. Our findings may inform strategies that involve prioritization of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who have a higher risk of death.
Published: 2023

14. Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Author: Reuter, Anna, Rogge, Lisa, Monahan, Mark, Kachapila, Mwayi, Morton, Dion G, Davies, Justine, Vollmer, Sebastian, A A Essam, Abd Elkhalek Sallam, Abd Elrahman Elshafay, Abd El-Rahman Hegazy Khedr, Abdalla Gamal Saad, Abdalla Gharib, Abdalla Kenibar, Abdallah Salah Elsherbiny, Abdalrahman Adel, Abdelaziz Abdelaal, Abdelaziz Osman Abdelaziz Elhendawy, Abdelfatah Hussein, Abdelkader Belkouchi, Abdelmalek Hrora, Abdelrahman Adelshone, Abdelrahman Alkammash, Abdelrahman Assal, Abdelrahman Geuoshy, Abdelrahman Haroun, Abdelrahman Mohammed, Abdelrahman Sayed, Abdelrahman Soliman, Abdelrhman Essam Elnemr, Abdelrhman Kz Darwish, Abdelrhman Osama Elsebaaye, Abdul Khalique, Abdul Rehman Alvi, Abdul Wahid Anwar, Abdulaziz Altwijri, Abdullah Al-Mallah, Abdullah Almoflihi, Abdullah Altamimi, Abdullah Daqeeq, Abdullah Dwydar, Abdullah Gouda, Abdullah Hashim, Abdulmalik Altaf, Abdulmalik Huwait, Abdulrahman Abdel-Aty, Abdulrahman M Altwigry, Abdulrahman Sheshe, Abdulrasheed A Nasir, AbdulRazzaq Oluwagbemiga Lawal, Abdulshafi Khaled Abdrabou, Abdurrahaman Sheshe, Abdussemiu Abdurrazzaaq, Abebe Bekele Zerihun, Abeer Al-Shammari, Abeer El Gendy, Abeer Esam, Abeer Marey, Abhishek Mittal, Abiboye Yifieyeh, Abid Bin Mahamood, Abidemi Adesuyi, Abouelatta Khairy Aly, Abrar Nawawi, Adam Gyedu, Ade Waterman, Adedapo Osinowo, Adedeji Fatuga, Adel Albiety, Adel B Hassanein, Adel Denewar, Adeleke Adekoya, Ademola Adebanjo, Ademola Adeyeye, Ademola Popoola, Adesina Adedeji, Adesoji O Ademuyiwa, Adesoji Tade, Adewale Adeniyi, Adewale O Adisa, Adham Tarek, Adomas Ladukas, Adrian F Palma, Afifatun Hasanah, Afizah Salleh, Afnan Abdelfatah, Afnan Altamimi, Afnan Altamini, Agazi Fitsum, Agboola Taiwo, Ahamed Hassan, Ahed Ghaben, Ahmad Abdel Fattah, Ahmad Abdel Razaq Al Rafati, Ahmad Aboelkassem Ibrahem, Ahmad Aldalaq, Ahmad Ali, Ahmad Almallah, Ahmad Alrifaie, Ahmad Ashour, Ahmad Bakr, Ahmad Bani-Sadar, Ahmad Bin Adnan, Ahmad Elbatahgy, Ahmad Faraz, Ahmad Gudal, Ahmad Hasan, Ahmad Khaled Sabe, Ahmad Khoja, Ahmad Nashaat, Ahmad Qaissieh, Ahmad Sabe, Ahmad Saber Sleem, Ahmad Sakr, Ahmad Shalabi, Ahmad Uzair Qureshi, Ahmed Aamer, Ahmed Abd El Galeel, Ahmed Abd Elmoen Elhusseiny, Ahmed Abd Elsameea, Ahmed Abdelkareem, Ahmed Abdelmotaleb Ghazy, Ahmed Abo El Magd, Ahmed Abo Elazayem, Ahmed Adamu, Ahmed Adel, Ahmed Afandy, Ahmed Ahmed, Ahmed Alghamdi, Ahmed Ali, Ahmed Al-Khatib, Ahmed Altibi, Ahmed Alzahrani, Ahmed Ata, Ahmed Badr, Ahmed Dahy, Ahmed Diab, Ahmed El Kashash, Ahmed El Kholy, Ahmed Elgaili Khalid Musa, Ahmed Elgebaly, Ahmed Elkelany, Ahmed Elkholy, Ahmed El-Sehily, Ahmed Essam, Ahmed Fahiem, Ahmed Farag, Ahmed Fawzy, Ahmed Fouad, Ahmed Gad, Ahmed Ghanem, Ahmed Gheith, Ahmed Gomaa, Ahmed Hafez El-Badri Kotb, Ahmed Hammad, Ahmed Hassan, Ahmed Hossam Eldin Fouad Rida, Ahmed Ismail, Ahmed Karim, Ahmed Khyrallh, Ahmed Lasheen, Ahmed M Rashed, Ahmed Magdy, Ahmed Mahmoud Abdelraouf, Ahmed Menshawy, Ahmed Meshref, Ahmed Mohamed Afifi, Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim, Ahmed Mohameden, Ahmed Mohammed, Ahmed Mokhtar, Ahmed Mosad, Ahmed Moustafa, Ahmed Moustafa Saeed, Ahmed Negida, Ahmed Rabeih Mohammed, Ahmed Rabie Mohamed, Ahmed Ragab Nayel, Ahmed Ragab Soliman, Ahmed Raslan, Ahmed Raza, Ahmed Refaat, Ahmed Rslan, Ahmed Sabry, Ahmed Sabry El-Hamouly, Ahmed Safwan Marey, Ahmed Saidbadr, Ahmed Sakr, Ahmed Samir, Ahmed Shahine, Ahmed Sheta, Ahmed Soliman, Ahmed Tammam, Ahmed Tarek Abdelbaset Hassan, Ahmed W Shamsedine, Ahmed Zaki, Ahmed Zaki Eldeeb, Ahmed Zohair, Ahmedali M Kandil, Ahmedglal Elnagar, Ahsan Zil-E-Ali, Aijaz Jabbar, Ailsa Claire Snaith, Ainhoa Costas-Chavarri, Aiste Austraite, Ajayesh Mistry, Akin Olaolorun, Akinlabi E Ajao, Al Faifi Jubran, Ala Shamasneh, Alaa Abouelnasr, Alaa Al-Buhaisi, Alaa Bowabsak, Alaa El Jamassi, Alaa Elazab, Alaa Elhadad, Alaa Fergany, Alaa Habeebullah, Alaa Hassan, Alaa Shabkah, Alaa Shaheen, Alaba Adesina, Alan Baird, Alan Grant, Alasdair Ball, Alban Cacurri, Albert Mohale Mphatsoe, Alberto Realis Luc, Alejandro Matheu, Alejandro Munera, Alemayehu Ginbo Bedada, Alessandro Favero, Alessio Maniscalco, Alexander Canta Calua, Alexander J Fowler, Alexandra Gerosa, Alexandre Horobjowsky, Alexandre Venancio De Sousa, Alexia Farrugia, Alexis Pierre Arnaud, Alfio Alessandro Russo, Alfredo Gulielmi, Ali Ababneh, Ali Abo El Dahab, Ali Amin Ahmed Ata, Ali Khan Niazi, Ali Kiasat, Ali Mohamed Hammad, Ali Zardab, Ali Zeynel Abidin Balkan, Aliaa Gamal Toeema, Aliaa Sadek, Aliaksandr Filatau, Aliang Latif, Alibeth Andres Baquero Suarez, Alice Faure, Alice Niragire, Alina Robledo-Rabanal, Aline Broch, Alireza Hasheminia, Alisdair Macdonald, Aliyu Ndajiwo, Allan Novak, Alphonse Zeta Mutabazi, Alvaro Enrique Mendoza Beleño, Alvin Ee Zhiun Cheah, Aly Abd Elrazek, Aly Nasr, Aly Sanad, Alyaa Halim Elgendy, Alyne Daltri Lazzarini Cury, Amal Ibrahim, Amandine Martin, Amani Althwainy, Amany Abouzahra, Amany Eldosouky Mohammed, Amar Kourdouli, Amel Hashish, Amerdip Birring, Amgad Al Meligy, Amina Abdelhamid, Aminah Hanum Haji Abdul Majid, Aminu Mohammad, Amir Ait Kaci, Amira Atef Omar, Amira Elsawy, Amira Hassan Bekhet, Amira Reda, Amjad Abu Qumbos, Amjad Elmashala, Ammar Gado, Amna Mamdouh Mohamed, Amna Mohamed, Amoudtha Rasendran, Amr Ahmed Saleh, Amr Fadel, Amr Hasan, Amr Hassaan, Amr Hossameldin, Amr Muhammad Elkorashy, Amr Tarek Hafez, Amreen Faruq, Amro Aglan, Ana Cecilia Manchego Bautista, Ana Lucia Contreras-Vergara, Ana Maria Sandoval Barrantes, Ana Vega Carreiro De Freitas, Ana Vega Freitas, Anam Rashid, Anan Rady Abdelazeam, Anand Kirishnan, Anass Majbar, Anastasia Bamicha, Anastasios Stefanopoulos, Anders Thorell, Andre Das, Andre Dubois, Andre L Mihaljevic, Andre Navarro, Andrea Allegri, Andrea Armellini, Andrea Belli, Andrea Bondurri, Andrea Echevarria Rosas Moran, Andrea Natili, Andrea Ruzzenente, Andrea Simioni, Andreass Haloho, Andrei Tanase, Andrej Kolosov, Andrejus Subocius, Andrew G N Robertson, Andrew Kirby, Andrew Mcguigan, Andrew Spina, Andrey Litvin, Andrius Burmistrovas, Andrius Strazdas, Andy Arenas, Aneel Bhangu, Anele Rudzenskaite, Angel David Pérez Rojas, Angela Dell, Angelica Genoveva Vergara Mejia, Angeline Charles, Angelo Antoniozzi, Angelo Benevento, Angelos Tselos, Angham Solaiman El-Ma'doul, Anjana Sreedharan, Ankur Bhatnagar, Ann Kjellin, Anna Lasek, Anna Maffioli, Anna Powell, Anna Rinaldi, Anna Watts, Annalisa Lo Conte, Annamaria Bigaran, Annelisse Ashton, Annisa Dewi Fitriana Mukin, Antanas Gulbinas, Antanas Zadoroznas, Anthonius Santoso Rulie, Anthony Ajiboye, Anthony Avoka, Anthony Chuk-Him Lai, Anthony Davor, Anthony Sander, Antje Oosterkamp, Antoinette Bediako-Bowan, Antonella La Brocca, Antônio Leal, Antonio Nocito, Antonio Ramos-De La Medina, Antonio Taddei, Anwar Atiyeh, Anyomih Theophilus Teddy Kojo, Aoife Driscoll, Apar Shah, Apostolos Vlachogiorgos, April Camilla Roslani, Aram Abdelhaq, Arazzelly Del Pilar Paucar, Arcangelo Picciariello, Areej Tarek, Arezo Kanani, Ari Leppäniemi, Arianna Birindelli, Arij Ibrahim, Arjun Nesaratnam, Arlindawati Suyadi, Armando José Román Velásquez, Arnaud Bonnard, Arnav Agarwal, Aroub Alkaaki, Arturas Vaicius, Arvin Khamajeet, Arvo Reinsoo, Arwa Abouzaid, Arwa Elfarargy, Arwa Ibrahim, Arwa Mohamed, Asaf Kedar, Asdaq Ahmed, Ased Ali, Aseel Alnusairat, Aseel Hamarshi, Aseel Musleh, Ash Prabhudesai, Ashraf A Maghrabi, Ashraf Morsi, Ashrarur Rahman Mitul, Asmaa Abdelgelil, Asmaa Abdel-Rahman Al-Aarag, Asmaa Rezq, Asmaa Salah, Aspasia Papailia, Assmaa Badwy, Astrid Leusink, Ata Khan, Ataa Ahmed, Athanasia Bamicha, Athar Eysa, Athirah Zulkifli, Atif Mahdi, Attia Attia, Attia Mohamed Attia, Audrey Clarissa, Audrius Dulskas, Audrius Parseliunas, Augusto Zani, Aung Kyaw Tun, Aurel Mironescu, Aurel Sandu Mironescu, Aurelien Scalabre, Aurora Mariani, Aurore Haffreingue, Aurore Thollot, Ausrine Usaityte, Austė Skardžiukaitė, Awais Raza, Aya Abdel Fatah Ibraheem, Aya Aboarab, Aya Adel Elsharkawy, Aya El-Sawy, Aya Elwaey, Aya Firwana, Aya Hagar, Aya Hammad, Aya Mohamed Fathy, Aya Reda, Aya Yehia Ata, Ayah Hamdan, Ayat Hassaan, Ayman And Taher, Ayman Elwan, Ayman Nabawi, Ayman Salman, Ayman Shwky, Ayokunle Ogunyemi, Azher Herebat, Azmina Verjee, Babajide Adenekan, Babatunde Odeyemi, Badr Eldin Adel, Badreldin Adel Tawfik, Bahar Busra Ozkan, Bakeer Mohamed, Bakhtiar Nighat, Bandar Albeladi, Bárbara Málaga, Barbara Mijuskovic, Barbara Pereira Silvestre, Basant Kumar, Basem Sieda, Bashir Bello, Basim Alghamdi, Basma Magdy, Basma Mahmoud, Basmah Alhassan, Bassant Mowafy, Beatrice Brunoni, Beatrix Weber, Belen Sanchez, Ben Thompson, Benoît Parmentier, Bernard Limoges, Bernard Van Duren, Bernhard Wolf, Bertrand Dousset, Besmir Grizhja, Bettina Lieske, Betty Maillot, Billal Mansour, Bjorn Frisk, Bogdan Diaconescu, Bogdan-Valeriu Martian, Boris Marinkovic, Brendan Skelly, Brian Cameron, Britta Dedekind, Bruno Noukpozounkou, Bryon Frankie Hon Khi Chong, Bylapudi Seshu Kumar, Caio Vinícius Barroso de Lima, Calogero Iacono, Cameron Fairfield, Camila Sanchez Samaniego, Camilla Cona, Camilo Lopez-Arevalo, Caoimhe Normile, Caranj Venugopal, Carla Cecilia Ramã Rez Cabrera, Carla Pierina García Torres, Carlo Corbellini, Carlos Alejandro Arroyo Basto, Carlos Iván Pérez Velásquez, Carlos Morales, Carlos Nsengiyumva, Carlos Paz Galvez, Carmen Capito, Carmen Fernández, Carmina Diaz-Zorrilla, Carolina Guzmán Dueñas, Carolina Oliveira Felipe, Caroline Clifford, Caroluce K Musyoka, Catherine A Shaw, Cathy Magee, Cecile Muller, Cecilia Costa, Cecilia Tolg, Cecilia Wredberg, Celeste Del Basso, Céline Grosos, Cesar Augusto Azmitia Mendizabal, Cesar Miranda, Cesar Razuri, Cezar Ciubotaru, Chali Chibuye, Challine Alexandre, Charing Cheuk Ling Szeto, Charles Dally, Charlotte Jane Mcintyre, Chaymae Benyaiche, Chean Leung Chong, Chee Siong Wong, Cheewei Gan, Chelise Currow, Chelsea Deane, Cheng Chun Goh, Cherry Koh, Cheryl Ou Yong, Chetan Khatri, Chi Chung Foo, Chi Ying Jacquelyn Fok, Chia Kong, Chiara Ceriani, Chimwemwe Kwatiwani, Chingwan Yip, Chintya Tedjaatmadja, Choon Seng Chong, Chouikh Taieb, Choy Ling Tan, Chris Bode, Chris Lee, Christel Leanne Almanon, Christian Hinojosa, Christian Lari Coompson, Christin Schoewe, Christina Neophytou, Christina P Major, Christina Panteli, Christine Mizzi, Christoforos Ferousis, Christopher Bode, Christos Agalianos, Christos Anthoulakis, Christos Barkolias, Christos Dervenis, Chu-Ann Chai, Chui Yee Wong, Ciara Fahy, Cicilia Viany Evajelista, Cirugia De Emergencia, Ciskje Zarb, Citra Dewi Mohd Ali, Claire Sharpin, Clara Milagros Herrera Puma, Clare M Rees, Clare Morgan, Claudia Reali, Claudio Arcudi, Claudio Fermani, Claudio Gabriel Fermani, Clemens Nawara, Clement Onuoha, Clodagh Mangan, Colleen Sampson, Collins Nwokoro, Colombani Jean-Francois, Constantinos Marinos, Cornelius Mukuzunga, Corrado Bottini, Craig Gouldthorpe, Crislee Elizabeth Lopez, Cristina Fernandes, Crystal Yern Nee Chow, Cutting Edge Manipal, Dale Vimalachandran, Dalia Alkhabbaz, Dalia Hemeda, Damien Brown, Damir Ljuhar, Dan L Deckelbaum, Dana Jaradat, Danelo Du Plessis, Daniel Ardian Soeselo, Daniel Cox, Daniel Dabessa, Daniel Estuardo Marroquín Rodríguez, Daniel Hamill, Daniel Nel, Daniel Youssef, Daniela Magri, Daniele Angelieri, Daniele Gui, Danilo Herrera Cruz, Danjuma Sale, Dansou Gaspard Gbessi, Dario Andreotti, Darius Kazanavicius, Darragh McCullagh, David Mcnish, David Merlini, David Monterroso Cohen, Davide De Boni, Davide Rossi, Dayang Nita Abdul Aziz, D C Grobler, Debora Schivo, Deborah Chiesa, Deimante Mikuckyte, Deividas Dragatas, Demi Gray, Diaa Eldin Abdelazeem Amin Elsorogy, Diaa Moustafa Elbendary Elsawahly, Diaaaldin Zahran, Diana Duarte Cadogan, Diana Sanchez, Dickson Bandoh, Diego Alonso Romani Pozo, Diego Antezana, Diego Coletta, Diego Romani, Diego Sasia, Dietmar Öfner, Dieudonne Duhoranenayo, Dimitri Aristotle Raptis, Dimitrios Balalis, Dimitrios K Manatakis, Dimitrios Karousos, Dimitrios Korkolis, Dimitrios Kyziridis, Dimitrios Lytras, Dimitrios Papageorgiou, Dimitrios Sfougaris, Dimitris-Christos Zachariades, Dina Al-Marakby, Dina Faizatur Rahmah, Dina Gamal, Dina Tarek, Dineshwary Periasammy, Diogo Vinicius Dos Santos, Dion Morton, Diya Mirghani, Djifid Morel Seto, D M Cocker, Dmitri A Raptis, Dmitri Nepogodiev, Dmitri Raptis, Doaa Emadeldin, Doaa Gamil, Doaa Hasan, Doaa Hasanain, Doaa Maher Abdelrouf, Domenica Pata, Domingos Mapasse, Dominic Charles Marshall, Donal B O'Connor, Donatas Danys, Donatas Venskutonis, Dorota Radkowiak, Doug Bowley, Dovilè Majauskyté, Dulan Irusha Samaraweera, Durvesh Lacthman Jethwani, Dush Iyer, Dushyant Iyer, Dzianis Khokha, Dzmitry Paulouski, Ebenezer Takyi Atkins, Echaieb Anis, Edgar Domini, Edilberto Temoche, Eduardo Huaman, Edvard Grisin, Edvinas Dainius, Efeson Thomas, Egle Preckailaite, Ehab Alnawam, Ehab Mamdouh, Eirik Kjus Aahlin, Eirini Kefalidi, Ekow Mensah, Elaine Borg, Eldaa Prisca Refianti Sutanto, Eleanor Marks, Elena Goldin, Elena Muzio, Elena Vendramin, Elena Zdanyte Sruogiene, Eleonora Ciccioli, Elio Jovine, Elisa Francone, Elisabeth Jensen, Elissa Rifhan Mohd Basir, Elizabeth Snyder, Ella Teasdale, Elliot Akoto, Elodie Gaignard, Elodie Haraux, Elsa Robert, Elsayed Ali, Elsayed Gamaly, Emad Abdallah, Emad Al-Dakka, Emad Ali Ahmed, Emad Aljohani, Emad Mohamed Saeed Taha, Eman Abd Al Raouf, Eman Abdelmageed, Eman Abuqwaider, Eman Adel Sayma, Eman Elwy, Eman Emara, Eman Hashad, Eman Ibrahim, Eman Magdy, Eman Magdy Hegazy, Eman Mahmoud Abdulhakeem, Eman Mohamed Ibrahim, Eman Mohamed Morshedy, Eman Nofal, Eman Rashad, Eman Yahya Mansor, Emanuel Barrios, Emanuele Rausa, Emeka Nwabuoku, Emilia De Luca, Emilie Eyssartier, Emilio Dijan, Emma Blower, Emma Jurdell, Emma Upchurch, Emmanuel Acquah, Emmanuel Akatibo, Emmanuel Barrios, Emmy Runigamugabo, Enas Alaloul, Enas Alqahtani, Enoch Dagoe, Enoch Tackie, Eriberto Farinella, Eric Ackom, Eric Kofi Appiah, Erick Samuel Florez Farfan, Erik Hervieux, Erik Schadde, Erika Vicario, Erikas Laugzemys, Ernest Yemalin Stephane Ahounou, Eslam Elbanby, Eslam Ezzat, Esraa Abd Elkhalek, Esraa Abdalmageed Kasem, Esraa Alm Eldeen, Esraa El-Gizawy, Esraa Elhalawany, Esraa El-Taher, Esraa Gamal, Esraa Ghanem, Esraa Kasem, Esraa Samir Elbanby, Esraay Zakaria, Ethar Hany, Etienne Courboin, Eu Xian Lee, Euan Macdonald, Eugene Niyirera, Eugenio Grasset, Eugenio Morandi, Eugenio Panieri, Eva Borin, Evangelos Voulgaris, Evelina Slapelyte, Evelina Woin, Ewan Macdermid, Ewen M Harrison, Eyad Khalifah, Ezio Veronese, Fabian Deichsel, Fabrizio Aquilino, Fahd Abdel Sabour, Faisal Idris, Faith Qi Hui Leong, Fanjandrainy Rasoaherinomenjanahary, Farah Mahmoud Ali, Farhana Iftekhar, Farrag Sayed, Fatai Balogun, Fatema Al Bastawis, Fatema Asi, Fathee Nada, Fathi Elzowawi, Fathia Abd El-Salam, Fathy Sroor, Fatima Baluch, Fatimah I Elgendy, Fatma Elkady, Faustin Ntirenganya, Fawzia Abdellatif Elsherif, Fawzy Mohamed, Fayez Elian Al Barrawi, Fazlin Noor, Federica Bianco, Federica Falaschi, Federico Coccolini, Fei Zheng, Felipe Zapata, Felix Alakaloko, Felix Lee, Feng Yih Chai, Ferdy Iskandar, Fernanda Altoe, Fernanda Frade, Fernande Djivoh, Fernando Espinoza, Fernando Fernandez-Bueno, Fernando Tale, Ferry Fitriya Ayu Andika, Fidelis Jacklyn Adella, Filippo Di Franco, Finaritra Casimir Fleur Prudence Rahantasoa, Fitjerald Henry, Fitriana Nur Rahmawati, Florence Dedey, Florian Primavesi, Florin-Mihail Iordache, Fong Yee Lam, Foteini Koumpa, Francesca Steccanella, Francesco Pata, Francesco Riente, Francesco Ruben Giardino, Francesco Selvaggi, Francis Abantanga, Francis Dossou, Francisco Fujii, Francisco Regalado, Francois-Coridon Helene, Françoise Schmitt, Frank Enoch Gyamfi, Frank Owusu, Fred Alexander Naranjo Aristizã Bal, Fred Hodonou, Frederick Du Toit, Frederique Sauvat, Fredrik Wogensen, Frehun Ayele Asele, Fridiz Saravia, Gabriel Pardo, Gabriela Elisa Nita, Gaetano Gallo, Gaetano Luglio, Gaetano Tessera, Galaleldin Abdelazim, Gamal Shimy, Gandau Naa Barnabas, Garba Samson, Gareth Irwin, Gehad El Ashal, Gehad Samir El Sayed, Gehad Tawfik, Gemma Humm, Genoveffa Balducci, George Christian Manrique Sila, George Ihediwa, George Manrique Sila, Georges Azzie, Georgette Marie Camilleri, Georgios Gemenetzis, Georgios Gkiokas, Georgios Karabelias, Georgios Kyrou, Georgios Tzikos, Gerardo Perrotta, Gerfried Teufelberger, Germain Ahlonsou, German Minguez, Geta Maharaj, Gezim Galiqi, Ghada Elhoseny, Ghada Saied Nagy, Ghiath Al Saied, Ghina Shamim Shamsi, Giacomo Nastri, Giacomo Pata, Gianfranco Cocorullo, Gianluca Curletti, Gianluca Pagano, Gianluca Pellino, Gianmaria Confalonieri, Gianpiero Gravante, Giedrius Lauzikas, Giles Dawnay, Gintaras Simutis, Giorgio Vasquez, Giovanni Landolfo, Giovanni Lazzari, Giovanni Luca Lamanna, Giovanni Pascale, Giovanni Pesenti, Giovanni Sgroi, Giridhar H Devadasar, Gisele Moreira, Giuliano Borda-Luque, Giuseppe Clerico, Giuseppe Rotunno, Giuseppe Salamone, Giuseppe Sammarco, Gokhan Lap, Greg Padmore, Gregorio Tugnoli, Gregory Kouraklis, Greta Mclachlan, Greta Wood, Greta Žiubrytė, Guillaume Podevin, Guillermo Sanchez Rosenberg, Guo Liang Yong, Gurdeep Singh Mannu, Gurpreet Singh Banipal, Gustavo Miguel Machain Vega, Gustavo Peixoto Soares Miguel, Gustavo Pereira Fraga, Gustavo Recinos, Gustavo Rodolfo Pertersen Servin, Haaris A Shiwani, Hadeel Al-Farram, Hafiz Hakim, Hagar Zidan, Hager Abdul Aziz Amin, Hager Abdulaziz, Hager Ahmed El-Badawy, Hager Elwakil, Hager Tolba, Hagir Zain Elabdin, Haidar Hajeh, Hala Ahmed, Hala Saad, Halima Aliyu, Hamdi Ebdewi, Hamza Asumah, Hamza Waleed, Hanan Adel Saad, Haney Youssef, Hani Natalie, Hanna Royson, Hannah Anderson-Knight, Hannah Burns, Hannah S Thomas, Hans-Ivar Pahlsson, Harish Neelamraju Lakshmi, Harriet Jordan, Hasan Ismael Ibraheem, Hasan Ismael Ibraheem Al-Hameedi, Hasbi Maulana Arsyad, Hasnain Abbas Dharamshi, Hassan Ali Mostafa, Hatem El-Sheemy, Haya Tahboub, Hayam Ahmed, Hayden Kretzmann, Hayssam Rashwan, Haytham Abudeeb, Hazem Khaled, Hazmi Dwinanda Nurqistan, Heather Bougard, Heba Baraka, Heba Gamal, Heba Shaker, Hector Shibao Miyasato, Helen Mohan, Helen Woodward, Helena Franco, Helene Francois-Coridon, Helmut Alfredo Segovia Lohse, Hend Adel Gawad Shakshouk, Hend Kandil, Hend Mahmoud, Henri Kotobi, Henry Mendel, Henry Nnaj, Herlin Karismaningtyas, Herman Cruz, Hesham Magdy, Hesham Mohammed Bakry, Hian Ee Heng, Hildur Thorarinsdottir, Hisham Safa, Hisham Samih, Hogea Mircea, Hong Kong Sar, Hong Yee Wong, Hoong-Yin Chong, Hope Edem Kofi Kordorwu, Hope Glover-Addy, Horacio Paredes Decoud, Hosni Khairy Salem, Hossam Dawoud, Hossam Elfeki, Hossam Emadeldin, Houda Bachri, Hunain Shiwani, Hussein Ali, Hussein El-Kashef, Hussein Mohammed, Hussien Ahmed, Iason-Antonios Papaskarlatos, Ibrahem Abdelmotaleb, Ibrahim AbdelFattah, Ibrahim Alhabli, Ibrahim Al-Slaibi, Ibrahim AlYoussef, Ibrahim Elzayat, Ibrahim Elzayyat, Ibrahim N Alomar, Ibrahim Rakha, Ibrahim Raza, Ida Björklund, Idelso Vasquez, Ignas Rakita, Ihab Hassan, Ihdaa Adawi, Iloba Njokanma, Iman Elkadsh, Immacolata Iannone, Ingemar Havemann, Ioannis Kyriazanos, Ioannis Patoulias, Ioannis Valioulis, Ionasc Dan, Ionut Negoi, Ionut-Bogdan Diaconescu, Irene Montes, Irene Ortega-Vazquez, Isaac Amole, Isaac Bertuello, Isaac Hanley, Isam Bsisu, Islam Magdy El Sayed, Ismael Isaac Zelada Alvarez, Ismail Lawani, Israa Abdullah Aziz Al-Azraqi, Israa Adel, Israa Awad, Israa Qawasmi, Ivan Mendoza Restrepo, J Edward Fitzgerald, Jack Almy, Jacqueline Sheehan, Jaime Andres Montoya Botero, Jaime Herrera-Matta, Jakeline Restrepo, Jakov Mihanovic, James Adeniran, James Brown, James Davies, James Giles, James Glasbey, James Olivier, James Pape, James Richards, James Wheeler, James Yang, Jamie Shah, Janet Pagnozzi, Jannin Salcedo, Jasim Amin, Jason Brown, Javier Pastora, Javier Rosales, Jazmin Coronel, Jean Bréaud, Jean De La Croix Allen Ingabire, Jean-Baptiste Marret, Jean-Francois Colombani, Jean-François Lecompte, Jeffrey Dalli, Jehad Hassan Youssif, Jehad Meqbil, Jemina Onimowo, Jen Cornick, Jenifa Jeyakumar, Jennifer Nowers, Jennifer Rickard, Jennifer Skehan, Jerry Makama, Jesse Ron Swire Ting, Jessica Juliana Tan, Jessica Patricia Gonzales Stuva, Jessica Roth, Jessica Souza Luiz, Jia Hao Law, Jia Yng Siaw, Jian Er Saw, Jibran Abbasy, Jiheon Song, Jimy Harold Jara Quezada, Joachim Amoako, Joachim Wiborg, Joanna Swann, Jo-Anne Carreira, Joanne Edwards, Joe Vincent, Joel Kin Tan, Joe-Nat Clegg-Lamptey, Johanna Joosten, Johanna Nyberg, Johannes Kurt Schultz, Johannes Wiik Larsen, John Bondin, John F Camilleri-Brennan, John Jemuel V Mora, John Lee Y Allen, John Whitaker, Jolanta Gribauskaite, Jon Arne Søreide, Jon Kristian Narvestad, Jonathan Ajah, Jonathan Dakubo, Jonathan Heath, Jonathan R L Wild, Jonny Setiawan, Jorge Armando Chungui Bravo, Jorge Torres Cardozo, Jose Aguilar-Jimenez, Jose Andres Garcia-Marin, Jose Antonio Cabala Chiong, Jose Costa-Maia, José Hamasaki, José Luis Hamasaki Hamaguchi, Jose Luis Rodicio, Jose María Vergara Celis, José René Arévalo Azmitia, Joselyn Ye, Joseph Awuku-Asabre, Josephine Psaila, Joshua Luck, Joshua Michael Clements, Joyeta Razzaque, Juan Camilo Correa, Juan Carpio, Juan Gouws, Juan Jaime Herrera Matta, Juan Manuel Carmona, Juan Marcelo Delgado, Juana Kabba, Jubran J Al-Faifi, Julia Guasti Pinto Vianna, Julian Camilleri-Brennan, Juliana Menegussi, Julien Leroux, Julien Rod, Juliette Hascoet, Julio Jimenez, Junyeong Oh, Juozas Kutkevicius, Justas Kuliavas, Justas Žilinskas, Justin Chak Yiu Lam, Justus Lando, Ka Hin Gabriel Li, Ka Wai Leung, Kai Yin Lee, Kalangu Kabongo, Kalitha Pinnagoda, Kalon Hewage, Kamau Kinandu, Kamran Faisal Bhopal, Kandasami Palayan, Kareem Dabbour, Kareem Elshaer, Karen Bailey, Karim Hilal, Karl Bonavia, Karolis Lagunavicius, Karolis Varkalys, Kate Cross, Kate Yu-Ching Chang, Katharina Beate Reinisch, Katharine Whitehurst, Katherine Gash, Kathryn Chu, Kathryn Lee, Katie Connor, Katrin Gudlaugsdottir, Kaustuv Das, Kazeem Atobatele, K C Janardha, Kean Leong Koay, Keat-Seong Poh, Keiran David Clement, Keith Sammut, Keith Say Kwang Tan, Kenneth Aaniana, Kenneth Johnson, Kenneth Mealy, Kenneth Thorsen, Kenny Turpo Espinoza, Kent Pluke, Kestutis Strupas, Kevin C Conlon, Kevin Turpo Espinoza, Khaled Abozeid, Khaled Alhady, Khaled Aljboor, Khaled Dawood, Khaled Hesham Elbisomy, Khaled Ibrahim, Khaled Khattab, Khaled Naser El Deen, Khalid Mahmud, Khalid Qurie, Khalid Salah El-Dien, Khalil Abdul Bassit, Khaoula Boukhal, Khlood Ashour, Kholod Tarek Lasheen, Kholoud Abdelbadeai, Khurram Khan, Khuzaimah Zahid Syibrah, Kieran Atkinson, Kieran Ka Kei Li, Kirsten Lafferty, Kjetil Søreide, Knut Magne Augestad, Kolonia Konstantina, Konstantinos Farmakis, Konstantinos Gasteratos, Kornelija Maceviciute, Kpèmahouton René Keke, Kresimir Zamarin, Kristian Styles, Kristijonas Jasaitis, Kristijonas Jokubonis, Kristina Cassar, Kuet Jun Chung, Kuhaendran Gunaseelan, Kuok Chung Lee, Kurt Carabott, Kwabena Agbedinu, Kwaku Boakye-Yiadom, Kwame Maison, Kwasi Asare-Bediako, Kwasi Kusi, Kyaw Phyo Aung, Kylie Joan-Yi Szeto, Kyriakos Psarianos, Laimonas Uščinas, Lalith Asanka Jayasooriya Jayasooriya Arachchige, Lana Abusalem, Larissa Ines Páez Lopez, Lau Wen Liang Joel, Laura Gavagna, Laura Koskenvuo, Laura Lorenzon, Laura Luque, Laurent Fourcade, Lawal Abdullahi, Lawani Ismaïl, Lawrence Bongani Khulu, Layza-Alejandra Mercado Rodriguez, Lee Shi Yeo, Leif Israelsson, Lemuel Davies Bray, Lenin Peña, Leo Licari, Leonardo Solaini, Li Jing Yeang, Liam Henderson, Liam Richardson, Liana Roodt, Lillian Reza, Linas Urbanavicius, Linas Venclauskas, Linda Alvi Madrid Barrientos, Linda Andersson, Ling Wilson, Linn Nymo, Linnea Mauro, Liviu Iuliu Muntean, Liviu Muntean, Ljiljana Jeremic, Lofty-John Anyanwu, Lopna Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed, Lorena Fuentes-Rivera, Lorena Rodriguez, Lorena Solar García, Lorraine Sproule, Lotfy Eldamaty, Luai Jamal, Luana Ayres Da Silva, Lubna Sabeeh, Luc Hervé Samison, Luca Ansaloni, Luca Bortolasi, Luca Turati, Lucia Duinhouwer, Lucian Corneliu Vida, Lucile Fievet, Lucio Selvaggi, Ludwing Alexander Zeta Solis, Luen Shaun Chew, Luigi Bonavina, Luigi Bucci, Luigi Maria Cloro, Luis Alberto Valente Laufer, Luis Barneo, Luis Joaquín García Florez, Luis M Helguero-Santin, Luis Miguel Alvarez Barreda, Luis Tale, Luisa Giavarini, Luiz Carlos Barros De Castro Segundo, Luiza Sarmento Tatagiba, Lukas Eisner, Lusi Padma Sulistianingsih Mata, Maarten Vermaas, Mabel Amoako-Boateng, Maciej Walędziak, Madan Jha, Madelaine Gimzewska, Mads Gran, Maeve O'neill, Magdalini Mitroudi, Magnus Boijsen, Maha Al-Faqawi, Maha Elmasry, Maha Gamal Mohamad Hamad, Maha Nasr, Mahadevan Deva Tata, Mahitab Essam, Mahitab Morsy Farahat, Mahmoud A Elnajjar, Mahmoud Abdelshafy, Mahmoud Abdelshakour, Mahmoud Abdulgawad, Mahmoud Ahmed Fathi Abozyed, Mahmoud Alrahawy, Mahmoud Amreia, Mahmoud Badawy, Mahmoud Eldafrawy, Mahmoud Elfiky, Mahmoud Elkhadragy Maher, Mahmoud Elkhadrawi, Mahmoud Elsayed Moghazy, Mahmoud Gomah, Mahmoud M Saad, Mahmoud Mohamed Metwally, Mahmoud Morsi, Mahmoud Saad, Mahmoud Saami, Mahmoud Salama, Mahmoud Salma, Mahmoud Shalaby, Mahmoud Warda, Mahmoud Zakaria, Mahmut Arif Yuksek, Mahnoor Javaid, Mahnuma Mahfuz Estee, Mai Ebidy, Mai Mohamed Ebidy, Mai Salama, Maíra Cassa Careta, Maja Marcus, Majd Dabboor, Majed Aboelella, Makafui Dayie, Makki Elsayed, Malcolm Falzon, Maleeha Hassan, Malin Sund, Man Fung Leung, Man Hon Andrew Yeung, Manar Abd-Elmawla, Manar Saeed, Mantas Drungilas, Mantas Jokubauskas, Mantas Vilčinskas, Manuel Francisco Roxas, Manuel Hache-Marliere, Manuel Lopez, Manuel Rodriguez Castro, Manuela Mendez, Manzoor Dar, Maram Abu-Toyour, Maram Salah, Marcelo O Higgins Roche, Marco Catani, Marco Maria Pascale, Marco Migliore, Mardelangel Zapata Ponze De Leon, Margaret O'Shea, Margarita Montrimaite, Margherita Notarnicola, Margub Hussain, Maria Clara Mendoza Arango, Maria Giovanna Grella, Maria Hjertberg, Maria Isabel Villegas Lanau, Maria Jesusa B Maño, Maria Lorena Aguilera, Maria Marta Modolo, Maria Mayasari, Maria Novella Ringressi, Maria Soledad Gonzales Montejo, Maria Soledad Merlo, Maria Utter, María Valcarcel-Saldaña, Maria-Lorena Aguilera-Arevalo, Mariam Darweesh, Mariam O Gad, Mariam Saad Aboul-Naga, Mariano Cesare Giglio, Mariastella Malavenda, Marie Carmela Lapitan, Marie Dione Parreno-Sacdalan, Marie Paul, Mariette Renaux-Petel, Marija Agius, Marilia Del Carmen Escalante Salas, Marilla Dickfos, Marina Luiza Pimenta, Mario Contreras Urquizu, Mario Corbellino, Mário Jacobe, Mario Lopez, Mario Pasini, Mario Trompetto, Marisa Leal, Marisol Manriquez-Reyes, Mariuca Popa, Mark Ian Hampton, Mark Sykes, Mark Wagener, Markus Zuber, Marte Bliksøen, Martha Glynn, Martin Jarmin, Martin Kyereh, Martina Perino, Martina Yusuf Shawky, Martinique Vella-Baldacchino, Marvin Vargas, Marwa Altarayra, Marwa Elashmawy, Marwa Elshobary, Marwa Hamdan, Marwa Sayed, Marwan Abubakr, Marwan Fahim, Marwan Shawki, Maryam Ali Khan, Maryna Shubianok, Mashael Al-Mousa, Masood Alghamdi, Masood Jawaid, Massiell Machaca, Massimiliano Dal Canto, Massimo Coletti, Matas Pažuskis, Matei Bratu, Matei Razvan Bratu, Mateusz Rubinkiewicz, Matteo Papandrea, Matteo Ripa, Mattew Ekow, Matthew Baldacchino, Matthew Billy, Matthew Young-Han Kim, Matthieu Peycelon, Matti Tolonen, Maureen Bezzina, Maurizio Foco, Mawaddah Alrajraji, Max Dénakpo, Max Rath, Mayaba Maimbo, Mazed Mohamed, Mazen Hassanain, Megan Turner, Mehmet Ali Yavuz, Mehmet Gumar, Mehmet Uluşahin, Melanie Castro Mollo, Melanie Zapata Ponze De Leon, Menatalla Salem, Mengistu Worku, Menna Tallah Ramadan, Mennaallah Hafez, Mennat-Allah Mustafa, Menold Archee P Redota, Meran Allam, Meric Mericliler, Merna Mostafa, Meryem Abbouch, Metwally Aboraya, Michael Amoah, Michael Cox, Michael Edye, Michael Gillespie, Michael Hanrahan, Michael Livingston, Michael Puttick, Michael Stoddart, Michael Van Niekerk, Michael Walsh, Michael Wilson, Michail Kontos, Michail Margaritis, Michał Janik, Micheal Ohene-Yeboah, Michela Monteleone, Michele Carlucci, Michele Sacco, Michelle Mccarthy, Midhun Mohan, Miguel Angel Paludi, Miguel Siguantay, Mihael Radic, Mihaela Vartic, Miklosh Bala, Milaksh Kumar Nirumal, Milan Radojkovic, Milica Nestorovic, Millika Ghetia, Mindaugas Kiudelis, Mircea Beuran, Mircea Hogea, Mirko Mangiapane, Mitchelle Solange De Fã Tima Linares Delgado, Moayad Othman, Mobolaji Oludara, Modise Zacharia Koto, Mohamad Baheeg, Mohamad Bakhaidar, Mohamad Jeffrey Bin Ismail, Mohamed A Abdelaziz, Mohamed A Amer, Mohamed A Baky Fahmy, Mohamed Abbas, Mohamed Abd El Slam, Mohamed Abdelaty, Mohamed Abdelaty Mohamed, Mohamed Abdelkhalek, Mohamed Abdelraheim, Mohamed Abozaid, Mohamed Abozed Abdullah, Mohamed Abuseif, Mohamed Adel Badenjki, Mohamed Ali Ghonaim, Mohamed Ali Mahmoud, Mohamed Ameen, Mohamed Ammar, Mohamed Asal, Mohamed Awad Elkarim Hamad Mohamed, Mohamed Dablouk, Mohamed El Halawany, Mohamed Elazoul, Mohamed Elbermawy, Mohamed Elfil, Mohamed Elsehimy, Mohamed Elzayat, Mohamed Etman, Mohamed F Zalabia, Mohamed Fares, Mohamed Fawzy Mahrous Badr, Mohamed Fouad Hamed, Mohamed Gadelkarim, Mohamed Ghoneem, Mohamed Gulamhussein, Mohamed Hafez, Mohamed Hashish, Mohamed Hassab Alnaby, Mohamed Husseini, Mohamed Ibrahim, Mohamed Ismail, Mohamed Karkeet, Mohamed Kelany, Mohamed Mabrouk, Mohamed Magdy, Mohamed Mahmoud, Mohamed Moamen Mohamed, Mohamed Moaty, Mohamed Mostafa, Mohamed Mustafa, Mohamed Nashat, Mohamed Nazir, Mohamed Reda Loaloa, Mohamed Rezal Abdul Aziz, Mohamed Sabry Ammar, Mohamed Salah, Mohamed Salah Elhelbawy, Mohamed Seisa, Mohamed Shaalan, Mohamed Sleem, Mohamed Sobhi Jabal, Mohamed Youssef, Mohamed Zidan, Mohamedraed Elshami, Mohammad Abdulkhalek Habeeb, Mohammad Aboraya, Mohammad Adawi, Mohammad Alherz, Mohammad Aliyu, Mohammad Elsayed Omar, Mohammad Ghannam, Mohammad Ghassan Alwafai, Mohammad Mohsin Arshad, Mohammad Rashid, Mohammadasim Amjad, Mohammed Alamoudi, Mohammed Alhendy, Mohammed AlRowais, Mohammed Alsaggaf, Mohammed Alzahrani, Mohammed Bukari, Mohammed Deputy, Mohammed Elgheriany, Mohammed Elsayed, Mohammed Elshaar, Mohammed Elsiddig, Mohammed Firdouse, Mohammed G Azizeldine, Mohammed Hanafy, Mohammed Ismail, Mohammed Kamal Ismail, Mohammed Mousa, Mohammed Mousa Salem, Mohammed Mustafa Hassan Mohammed, Mohammed Mustafa Mohammed, Mohammed Najjar, Mohammed Nasr, Mohammed Osman, Mohammed Osman Dablouk, Mohammed Saeed, Mohammed Saleh A Alghamdi, Mohammed Ubaid Alsaggaf, Mohammed Yahia Mohamed Aly, Mohannad Aledrisy, Mojolaoluwa Olugbemi, Mona Hamdy Madkor, Mona Hosh, Mona Rashad, Monica Bassem, Monique Moron Munhoz, Monty Khajanchi, Morgan Haines, Morvarid Ashtari, Mostada Samy, Mostafa Abdelkader, Mostafa Ahmed Bahaa Eldin, Mostafa Allam, Mostafa Gemeah, Mostafa Mahmoud Eid, Mostafa Qenawy, Mostafa Samy, Mostafa Seif, Mostafa Shalaby, Mousa Mustafa, Moustafa Ibrahim Mahmoud, Moustafa R Aboelsoud, Msafiri Kimaro, Muayad Ahmed Alfarsi, Muhamed M H Farhan-Alanie, Muhammad Adil, Muhammad Alkelani, Muhammad Amsyar Auni Lokman, Muhammad Bin Hasnan, Muhammad Daniyan, Muhammad El-Saied Ahmad Muhammad Gohar, Muhammad Fathi Waleed Omar, Muhammad Habib Ibrahim, Muhammad Mohsin Furqan, Muhammad Rashid Minhas Qadir, Muhammad Saqlain, Muhammad Shawqi, Muhammad Talha Butt, Muhammad Taqiyuddin Yahaya, Muhammad Waqar, Muhammed Masood Riaz, Muhammed Talaat, Muhtarima Haque, Muna Rommaneh, Murad Aljiffry, Murat Karakahya, Musah Yakubu, Muslimat Alada, Mustafa Farhad, Mustafa Mohammed Taher, Muthukumaran Rangarajan, Muwaffaq Mezeil Telfah, Myint Tun, Myranda Attard, Nada Ahmed Reda Elsayed, Nada El-Sagheer, Nada Elzahed, Nada Mohamed Bekhet, Nader Abd El Hamid, Nadia Khalid Abd El-Latif, Nadia Ortiz, Nadin Elsayed, Nadya Johanna, Nahilia Carrasco, Najwa Nadeem, Naomi J Wright, Napoleon Mendez, Narimantas E Samalavicius, Nashat Ghandora, Nasir Bustangi, Natale Di Martino, Natalie Blencowe, Natalie Redgrave, Nathalie Botto, Nathania Sutandi, Nawal Sadig, Nazmie Kariem, Nebil Behar, Nebiyou Seyoum Abebe, Nebyou Seyoum, Nebyou Seyoum Abebe, Neel Gobin, Neel Limaye, Neerav Aruldas, Nehal Yosri Elsayed Abdel-Wahab, Neil Smart, Nelson Manuel Urbina Rojas, Nelson Msiska, Nerijus Kaselis, Nermeen Soubhy El-Shahat, Nermin M Badwi, Nermin Mohamed Badwi, Nesma Elfouly, Nicholas Phillips, Nichole Starr, Nicola Chetta, Nicola Zanini, Nicolas Henric, Nicole D'aguzan, Nicole Grech, Nicoleta Panait, Nicoletta Leone, Nicolò Falco, Nidhi Gyanchandani, Nigel J Hall, Nihaal Shaikh, Niiarmah Adu-Aryee, Nik Azim Nik Abdullah, Nik Ritza Kosai, Nikica Pezelj, Nikki Green, Nikolaos Gouvas, Nikolaos Ivros, Nikolaos Mitroudis, Nikolaos Nikoloudis, Nikolaos Zampitis, Nithya Niranjan, Niveshni Maistry, Noha Abdullah, Noha Abdullah Soliman, Noha Maraie, Noha Wael, Nohad Osman, Noman Shahzad, Nora Abdul Aziz, Norah Al Subaie, Noran Abdel-Hameed, Noran Halim El Gendy, Norbert Uzabumwana, Norberto Herrera, Norma Depalma, Nosisa Sishuba, Nouf Akeel, Noura A Attallah, Nourhan Adam, Nourhan Anwar, Nourhan Elsabbagh, Nourhan Medhat Elhadary, Nourhan Mesbah, Nourhan Semeda, Nourhan Soliman, Novia Adhitama, Nowrin F Aman, Nuno Muralha, Nur Zulaika Riswan, Nurlaila Ayu Purwaningsih, Nyawira Ngayu, Octavio Garaycochea, Oday Halhouli, Ogechukwu Taiwo, Ola Sherief Abd El Hameed, Olabisi Osagie, Olabode Oshodi, Olajide Abiola, Olalekan Ajai, Oliver Warren, Oliver Ziff, Olivier Abbo, Olivier Azzis, Olivier Rosello, Olubukola Faturoti, Olufemi Habeeb, Olumide Elebute, Oluseyi Ogunsua, Oluwaseyi Adebola, Oluwatomi Odutola, Omar Abdelkader, Omar Abdulbagi, Omar Aguilera, Omar Alahmady, Omar Arafa, Omar Ghoneim, Omar Hesham, Omar Mattar, Omar Moussa, Omar Osman, Omar Salah, Omar Saleh, Omnia Aboelmagd, Omnia Mosalum, Omobolaji O Ayandipo, Omolara Faboya, Omolara Williams, Opeoluwa Adesanya, Orestis Ioannidis, Osaid H Alser, Osama Algohary, Osama Mohamed, Osama Mohamed Salah, Osama Mokhtar Mohamed Hassan, Osama Saadeldeen Ebrahim, Osama Seifelnasr, Osman Imoro, Ossama Al-Obaedi, Otto Coyoy-Gaitan, Ourdia Bouali, Owusu Emmanuel Abem, Oyediran Kehinde Timothy, Oyindamola Oshati, Pablo Ramazzini, Pål Aksel Næss, Pamphile A Assouto, Panchali Sarmah, Pandi Eduard, Panu Mentula, Paola Salusso, Paola Violi, Paolino De Marco, Paolo Aonzo, Paolo Silvani, Paolo Ubiali, Patrizio Mao, Paul Kielty, Paul Sutton, Paul Ugalde, Paul Witherspoon, Paul Wondoh, Pauline Gastaldi, Paulius Karumnas, Paulius Kondrotas, Paulo Alves Bezerra Morais, Pedro Angel Toribio Orbegozo, Peep Talving, Pei Ying Koh, Per Weber, Per-Olof Lundgren, Peter Deutschmann, Peter Labib, Peter Wiel Monrad-Hansen, Petras Višinskas, Phebe Anggita Gultom, Philip Alexander, Philip Choi, Philip Mshelbwala, Philip Taah Amoako, Philippe Buisson, Phoebe De Bono, Phumudzo Ndwambi, Pier Paolo Grandinetti, Piergiorgio Danelli, Pierpaolo Sileri, Pietra Ligure, Pietro Mingrone, Pigeneswaren Yoganathan, Piotr Major, Poddevin Francois, Povilas Ignatavicius, Povilas Mazrimas, Prasad Pitigala Arachchi, Pratik Jain, Prince Kwakyeafriyie, Prisca A L Har, Pui Xin Chin, Puneet Malik, Puyearashid Nashidengo, Qinyang Liu, Quentin Alimi, Quentin Ballouhey, Quinn Ellison, R Goh Ern Tze, Rachel King, Rachel Moore, Radhian Amandito, Radin Mohd Nurrahman Radin Dorani, Rafael Araujo, Rafael Soley, Rafał Roszkowski, Raffaele Galleano, Ragavan Narayanan, Ragnar Herikstad, Rahma Kamil, Rajeev Satoskar, Rakan Kabariti, Ralph F Staerkle, Ram Nataraja, Ramadan Oumer, Ramadan Shaker, Ramdan Shaker, Ramesh Jonnalagadda, Ramon Alvarado Jaramillo, Ramón Augusto Melo Cardozo, Rana Mamdouh, Rana Saadeh, Raquel Rodríguez-Uría, Raquillet Claire, Rasha Abdelhamed, Razvan-Matei Bratu, Reda Žilinskienė, Redouane Mammar Bennai, Reem Alyahya, Reem Fakher, Reem Husseiny, Reem Khreishi, Reem Mohammed Hassan Balila, Rehab Elashry, Reham Alaa El-Din, Reham Alshareef, Reham Saad, Renato Melo, Reuban D'cruz, Reuben Goh Ern Tze, Reynu Rajan, Rezaul Karim, Ricardo Velasquez, Richard Gilbert, Richard Lilford, Richard Opoku-Agyeman, Richard Spence, Richard William Gilbert, Richmond Hagan, Rifan Alyami, Riinu Ots, Ritauras Rakauskas, Roaa Khan, Robert George, Robert Karlo, Robert Kerley, Robert Mcintyre, Robert Morton, Robert Parker, Robert Tyler, Roberta Bugeja, Roberta Tutino, Roberta Villa, Robertas Baltrunas, Robertas Pranevicius, Roberto Cautiero, Roberto Cirocchi, Roberto Faccincani, Roberto Klappenbach, Roberto Macchiavello, Roberto Peltrini, Roberto Schiavone, Robinson Mas, Roel Matos-Puig, Rofida Elsemelawy, Roger Lawther, Roger Schmid, Rohan Ardley, Rohi Shah, Rokas Rackauskas, Rokayah Julaihi, Rokia Sakr, Roland Osuoji, Romeo Guevara, Romeo Lages Simoes, Romualdas Riauka, Ronald Coasaca Huaraya, Ronald Renato Barrionuevo Ojeda, Ronan Cahill, Rony Camacho, Rory Callan, Rosario Sacco, Rose Khreishi, Rosie Mcdonald, Ross Bowe, Ross Coomber, Rowida Elmelegy, Roxanne Chenn, Roy Quek, Rubén Balmaceda, Rubén Darío Arias Pacheco, Ruben Rivas, Ruben Santiago Restrepo Giraldo, Rudy Gunawan, Rula Zaa'treh, Ruqaya Kadhim Mohammed Jawad Al-Hasani, Ruta Mazelyte, Ruth Blanco, Ruth Gratton, Ruth Scicluna, Ryan Adams, Ryan Choon Kiat Tan, Ryan Mcintosh, S V Kinnera, Saad Al Awwad, Sabbir 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Banipal, Gurpreet, Miguel Machain Vega, Gustavo, Peixoto Soares Miguel, Gustavo, Pereira Fraga, Gustavo, Recinos, Gustavo, Rodolfo Pertersen Servin, Gustavo, A Shiwani, Haari, Al-Farram, Hadeel, Hakim, Hafiz, Zidan, Hagar, Abdul Aziz Amin, Hager, Abdulaziz, Hager, Ahmed El-Badawy, Hager, Elwakil, Hager, Tolba, Hager, Zain Elabdin, Hagir, Hajeh, Haidar, Ahmed, Hala, Saad, Hala, Aliyu, Halima, Ebdewi, Hamdi, Asumah, Hamza, Waleed, Hamza, Adel Saad, Hanan, Youssef, Haney, Natalie, Hani, Royson, Hanna, Anderson-Knight, Hannah, Burns, Hannah, S Thomas, Hannah, Pahlsson, Hans-Ivar, Neelamraju Lakshmi, Harish, Jordan, Harriet, Ismael Ibraheem, Hasan, Ismael Ibraheem Al-Hameedi, Hasan, Maulana Arsyad, Hasbi, Abbas Dharamshi, Hasnain, Ali Mostafa, Hassan, El-Sheemy, Hatem, Tahboub, Haya, Ahmed, Hayam, Kretzmann, Hayden, Rashwan, Hayssam, Abudeeb, Haytham, Khaled, Hazem, Dwinanda Nurqistan, Hazmi, Bougard, Heather, Baraka, Heba, Gamal, Heba, Shaker, Heba, Shibao Miyasato, Hector, Mohan, Helen, 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Contreras-Vergara A.L., Barrantes A.M.S., De Freitas A.V.C., Freitas A.V., Rashid A., Abdelazeam A.R., Kirishnan A., Majbar A., Bamicha A., Stefanopoulos A., Thorell A., Das A., Dubois A., Mihaljevic A.L., Navarro A., Allegri A., Armellini A., Belli A., Bondurri A., Moran A.E.R., Natili A., Ruzzenente A., Simioni A., Haloho A., Tanase A., Kolosov A., Subocius A., Robertson A.G.N., Kirby A., McGuigan A., Spina A., Litvin A., Burmistrovas A., Strazdas A., Arenas A., Bhangu A., Rudzenskaite A., Rojas A.D.P., Dell A., Mejia A.G.V., Charles A., Antoniozzi A., Benevento A., Tselos A., El-Ma'doul A.S., Sreedharan A., Bhatnagar A., Kjellin A., Lasek A., Maffioli A., Powell A., Rinaldi A., Watts A., lo Conte A., Bigaran A., Ashton A., Mukin A.D.F., Gulbinas A., Zadoroznas A., Rulie A.S., Ajiboye A., Avoka A., Lai A.C.-H., Davor A., Sander A., Oosterkamp A., Bediako-Bowan A., Brocca A.L., Leal A., Nocito A., La Medina A.R.-D., Taddei A., Atiyeh A., Kojo A.T.T., Driscoll A., Shah A., Vlachogiorgos A., Roslani A.C., Abdelhaq A., del Pilar Paucar A., Picciariello A., Kanani A., Leppaniemi A., Birindelli A., Nesaratnam A., Suyadi A., Velasquez A.J.R., Bonnard A., Agarwal A., Alkaaki A., Vaicius A., Khamajeet A., Reinsoo A., Abouzaid A., Elfarargy A., Kedar A., Alnusairat A., Hamarshi A., Musleh A., Prabhudesai A., Maghrabi A.A., Morsi A., Mitul A.R., Abdelgelil A., Al-Aarag A.A.-R., Rezq A., Salah A., Papailia A., Badwy A., Leusink A., Khan A., Eysa A., Zulkifli A., Mahdi A., Attia A., Attia A.M., Clarissa A., Dulskas A., Parseliunas A., Zani A., Tun A.K., Mironescu A., Mironescu A.S., Scalabre A., Mariani A., Haffreingue A., Thollot A., Usaityte A., Skardziukaite A., Ibraheem A.A.F., Aboarab A., Elsharkawy A.A., El-Sawy A., Elwaey A., Firwana A., Hagar A., Fathy A.M., Ata A.Y., Hamdan A., Taher A.A., Elwan A., Nabawi A., Salman A., Shwky A., Ogunyemi A., Herebat A., Verjee A., Adenekan B., Odeyemi B., Adel B.E., Tawfik B.A., Ozkan B.B., Mohamed B., Nighat B., 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Wong C.S., Gan C., Currow C., Deane C., Goh C.C., Koh C., Yong C.O., Khatri C., Foo C.C., Fok C.Y.J., Kong C., Ceriani C., Kwatiwani C., Yip C., Tedjaatmadja C., Chong C.S., Taieb C., Tan C.L., Bode C., Lee C., Almanon C.L., Hinojosa C., Coompson C.L., Schoewe C., Neophytou C., Major C.P., Panteli C., Mizzi C., Ferousis C., Agalianos C., Anthoulakis C., Barkolias C., Dervenis C., Chai C.-A., Wong C.Y., Fahy C., Evajelista C.V., De Emergencia C., Zarb C., Ali C.D.M., Sharpin C., Puma C.M.H., Rees C.M., Morgan C., Reali C., Arcudi C., Fermani C., Fermani C.G., Nawara C., Onuoha C., Mangan C., Sampson C., Nwokoro C., Jean-Francois C., Marinos C., Mukuzunga C., Bottini C., Gouldthorpe C., Lopez C.E., Fernandes C., Chow C.Y.N., Manipal C.E., Vimalachandran D., Alkhabbaz D., Hemeda D., Brown D., Ljuhar D., Deckelbaum D.L., Jaradat D., Du Plessis D., Soeselo D.A., Cox D., Dabessa D., Rodriguez D.E.M., Hamill D., Nel D., Youssef D., Magri D., Angelieri D., Gui D., Cruz D.H., Sale D., Gbessi D.G., Andreotti D., Kazanavicius D., McCullagh D., McNish D., Merlini D., Cohen D.M., De Boni D., Rossi D., Aziz D.N.A., Grobler D.C., Schivo D., Chiesa D., Mikuckyte D., Dragatas D., Gray D., Elsorogy D.E.A.A., Elsawahly D.M.E., Zahran D., Cadogan D.D., Sanchez D., Bandoh D., Pozo D.A.R., Antezana D., Coletta D., Romani D., Sasia D., Ofner D., Duhoranenayo D., Raptis D.A., Balalis D., Manatakis D.K., Karousos D., Korkolis D., Kyziridis D., Lytras D., Papageorgiou D., Sfougaris D., Zachariades D.-C., Al-Marakby D., Rahmah D.F., Gamal D., Tarek D., Periasammy D., dos Santos D.V., Morton D., Mirghani D., Seto D.M., Cocker D.M., Nepogodiev D., Raptis D., Emadeldin D., Gamil D., Hasan D., Hasanain D., Abdelrouf D.M., Pata D., Mapasse D., Marshall D.C., O'Connor D.B., Danys D., Venskutonis D., Radkowiak D., Bowley D., Majauskyte D., Samaraweera D.I., Jethwani D.L., Iyer D., Khokha D., Paulouski D., Atkins E.T., Anis E., Domini E., Temoche E., Huaman E., Grisin E., Dainius E., Thomas E., Preckailaite E., Alnawam E., Mamdouh E., Aahlin E.K., Kefalidi E., Mensah E., Borg E., Sutanto E.P.R., Marks E., Goldin E., Muzio E., Vendramin E., Sruogiene E.Z., Ciccioli E., Jovine E., Francone E., Jensen E., Basir E.R.M., Snyder E., Teasdale E., Akoto E., Gaignard E., Haraux E., Robert E., Ali E., Gamaly E., Abdallah E., Al-Dakka E., Ahmed E.A., Aljohani E., Taha E.M.S., Al Raouf E.A., Abdelmageed E., Abuqwaider E., Sayma E.A., Elwy E., Emara E., Hashad E., Ibrahim E., Magdy E., Hegazy E.M., Abdulhakeem E.M., Ibrahim E.M., Morshedy E.M., Nofal E., Rashad E., Mansor E.Y., Barrios E., Rausa E., Nwabuoku E., De Luca E., Eyssartier E., Dijan E., Blower E., Jurdell E., Upchurch E., Acquah E., Akatibo E., Runigamugabo E., Alaloul E., Alqahtani E., Dagoe E., Tackie E., Farinella E., Ackom E., Appiah E.K., Farfan E.S.F., Hervieux E., Schadde E., Vicario E., Laugzemys E., Ahounou E.Y.S., Elbanby E., Ezzat E., Elkhalek E.A., Kasem E.A., Eldeen E.A., El-Gizawy E., Elhalawany E., El-Taher E., Gamal E., Ghanem E., Kasem E., Elbanby E.S., Zakaria E., Hany E., Courboin E., Lee E.X., Macdonald E., Niyirera E., Grasset E., Morandi E., Panieri E., Borin E., Voulgaris E., Slapelyte E., Woin E., Macdermid E., Harrison E.M., Khalifah E., Veronese E., Deichsel F., Aquilino F., Sabour F.A., Idris F., Leong F.Q.H., Rasoaherinomenjanahary F., Ali F.M., Iftekhar F., Sayed F., Balogun F., Al Bastawis F., Asi F., Nada F., Elzowawi F., El-Salam F.A., Sroor F., Baluch F., Elgendy F.I., Elkady F., Ntirenganya F., Elsherif F.A., Mohamed F., Al Barrawi F.E., Noor F., Bianco F., Falaschi F., Coccolini F., Zheng F., Zapata F., Alakaloko F., Lee F., Chai F.Y., Iskandar F., Altoe F., Frade F., Djivoh F., Espinoza F., Fernandez-Bueno F., Tale F., Andika F.F.A., Adella F.J., Di Franco F., Rahantasoa F.C.F.P., Henry F., Rahmawati F.N., Dedey F., Primavesi F., Iordache F.-M., Lam F.Y., Koumpa F., Steccanella F., Pata F., Riente F., Giardino F.R., Selvaggi F., Abantanga F., Dossou F., Fujii F., Regalado F., Helene F.-C., Schmitt F., Gyamfi F.E., Owusu F., Aristizabal F.A.N., Hodonou F., Du Toit F., Sauvat F., Wogensen F., Asele F.A., Saravia F., Pardo G., Nita G.E., Gallo G., Luglio G., Tessera G., Abdelazim G., Shimy G., Barnabas G.N., Samson G., Irwin G., El Ashal G., El Sayed G.S., Tawfik G., Humm G., Balducci G., Sila G.C.M., Ihediwa G., Sila G.M., Azzie G., Camilleri G.M., Gemenetzis G., Gkiokas G., Karabelias G., Kyrou G., Tzikos G., Perrotta G., Teufelberger G., Ahlonsou G., Minguez G., Maharaj G., Galiqi G., Elhoseny G., Nagy G.S., Al Saied G., Shamsi G.S., Nastri G., Pata G., Cocorullo G., Curletti G., Pagano G., Pellino G., Confalonieri G., Gravante G., Lauzikas G., Dawnay G., Simutis G., Vasquez G., Landolfo G., Lazzari G., Lamanna G.L., Pascale G., Pesenti G., Sgroi G., Devadasar G.H., Moreira G., Borda-Luque G., Clerico G., Rotunno G., Salamone G., Sammarco G., Lap G., Padmore G., Tugnoli G., Kouraklis G., McLachlan G., Wood G., Ziubryte G., Podevin G., Rosenberg G.S., Yong G.L., Mannu G.S., Banipal G.S., Vega G.M.M., Miguel G.P.S., Fraga G.P., Recinos G., Servin G.R.P., Shiwani H.A., Al-Farram H., Hakim H., Zidan H., Amin H.A.A., Abdulaziz H., El-Badawy H.A., Elwakil H., Tolba H., Elabdin H.Z., Hajeh H., Ahmed H., Saad H., Aliyu H., Ebdewi H., Asumah H., Waleed H., Saad H.A., Youssef H., Natalie H., Royson H., Anderson-Knight H., Burns H., Thomas H.S., Pahlsson H.-I., Lakshmi H.N., Jordan H., Ibraheem H.I., Al-Hameedi H.I.I., Arsyad H.M., Dharamshi H.A., Mostafa H.A., El-Sheemy H., Tahboub H., Kretzmann H., Rashwan H., Abudeeb H., Khaled H., Nurqistan H.D., Bougard H., Baraka H., Gamal H., Shaker H., Miyasato H.S., Mohan H., Woodward H., Franco H., Francois-Coridon H., Lohse H.A.S., Shakshouk H.A.G., Kandil H., Mahmoud H., Kotobi H., Mendel H., Nnaj H., Karismaningtyas H., Cruz H., Magdy H., Bakry H.M., Heng H.E., Thorarinsdottir H., Safa H., Samih H., Mircea H., Sar H.K., Wong H.Y., Chong H.-Y., Kordorwu H.E.K., Glover-Addy H., Decoud H.P., Salem H.K., Dawoud H., Elfeki H., Emadeldin H., Bachri H., Shiwani H., Ali H., El-Kashef H., Mohammed H., Papaskarlatos I.-A., Abdelmotaleb I., AbdelFattah I., Alhabli I., Al-Slaibi I., AlYoussef I., Elzayat I., Elzayyat I., Alomar I.N., Rakha I., Raza I., Bjorklund I., Vasquez I., Rakita I., Hassan I., Adawi I., Njokanma I., Elkadsh I., Iannone I., Havemann I., Kyriazanos I., Patoulias I., Valioulis I., Dan I., Negoi I., Diaconescu I.-B., Montes I., Ortega-Vazquez I., Amole I., Bertuello I., Hanley I., Bsisu I., El Sayed I.M., Alvarez I.I.Z., Lawani I., Al-Azraqi I.A.A., Adel I., Awad I., Qawasmi I., Restrepo I.M., Fitzgerald J.E., Almy J., Sheehan J., Botero J.A.M., Herrera-Matta J., Restrepo J., Mihanovic J., Adeniran J., Brown J., Giles J., Glasbey J., Olivier J., Pape J., Richards J., Wheeler J., Yang J., Shah J., Pagnozzi J., Salcedo J., Amin J., Pastora J., Rosales J., Coronel J., Breaud J., De La Croix Allen Ingabire J., Marret J.-B., Colombani J.-F., Lecompte J.-F., Dalli J., Youssif J.H., Meqbil J., Onimowo J., Cornick J., Jeyakumar J., Nowers J., Rickard J., Skehan J., Makama J., Ting J.R.S., Tan J.J., Stuva J.P.G., Roth J., Luiz J.S., Law J.H., Siaw J.Y., Saw J.E., Abbasy J., Song J., Quezada J.H.J., Amoako J., Wiborg J., Swann J., Carreira J.-A., Edwards J., Vincent J., Tan J.K., Clegg-Lamptey J.-N., Joosten J., Nyberg J., Schultz J.K., Larsen J.W., Bondin J., Camilleri-Brennan J.F., Mora J.J.V., Allen J.L.Y., Whitaker J., Gribauskaite J., Soreide J.A., Narvestad J.K., Ajah J., Dakubo J., Heath J., Wild J.R.L., Setiawan J., Bravo J.A.C., Cardozo J.T., Aguilar-Jimenez J., Garcia-Marin J.A., Chiong J.A.C., Costa-Maia J., Hamasaki J., Hamaguchi J.L.H., Rodicio J.L., Celis J.M.V., Azmitia J.R.A., Ye J., Awuku-Asabre J., Psaila J., Luck J., Clements J.M., Razzaque J., Correa J.C., Carpio J., Gouws J., Matta J.J.H., Carmona J.M., Delgado J.M., Kabba J., Al-Faifi J.J., Vianna J.G.P., Camilleri-Brennan J., Menegussi J., Leroux J., Rod J., Hascoet J., Jimenez J., Oh J., Kutkevicius J., Kuliavas J., Zilinskas J., Lam J.C.Y., Lando J., Li K.H.G., Leung K.W., Lee K.Y., Kabongo K., Pinnagoda K., Hewage K., Kinandu K., Bhopal K.F., Palayan K., Dabbour K., Elshaer K., Bailey K., Hilal K., Bonavia K., Lagunavicius K., Varkalys K., Cross K., Chang K.Y.-C., Reinisch K.B., Whitehurst K., Gash K., Chu K., Lee K., Connor K., Gudlaugsdottir K., Das K., Atobatele K., Janardha K.C., Koay K.L., Poh K.-S., Clement K.D., Sammut K., Tan K.S.K., Aaniana K., Johnson K., Mealy K., Thorsen K., Espinoza K.T., Pluke K., Strupas K., Conlon K.C., Abozeid K., Alhady K., Aljboor K., Dawood K., Elbisomy K.H., Ibrahim K., Khattab K., El Deen K.N., Mahmud K., Qurie K., El-Dien K.S., Bassit K.A., Boukhal K., Ashour K., Lasheen K.T., Abdelbadeai K., Khan K., Syibrah K.Z., Atkinson K., Li K.K.K., Lafferty K., Soreide K., Augestad K.M., Konstantina K., Farmakis K., Gasteratos K., Maceviciute K., Keke K.R., Zamarin K., Styles K., Jasaitis K., Jokubonis K., Cassar K., Chung K.J., Gunaseelan K., Lee K.C., Carabott K., Agbedinu K., Boakye-Yiadom K., Maison K., Asare-Bediako K., Kusi K., Aung K.P., Szeto K.J.-Y., Psarianos K., Uscinas L., Arachchige L.A.J.J., Abusalem L., Lopez L.I.P., Joel L.W.L., Gavagna L., Koskenvuo L., Lorenzon L., Luque L., Fourcade L., Abdullahi L., Ismail L., Khulu L.B., Rodriguez L.-A.M., Yeo L.S., Israelsson L., Bray L.D., Pena L., Licari L., Solaini L., Yeang L.J., Henderson L., Richardson L., Roodt L., Reza L., Urbanavicius L., Venclauskas L., Barrientos L.A.M., Andersson L., Wilson L., Nymo L., Mauro L., Muntean L.I., Muntean L., Jeremic L., Anyanwu L.-J., Ahmed L.A.M., Fuentes-Rivera L., Rodriguez L., Garcia L.S., Sproule L., Eldamaty L., Jamal L., Da Silva L.A., Sabeeh L., Samison L.H., Ansaloni L., Bortolasi L., Turati L., Duinhouwer L., Vida L.C., Fievet L., Selvaggi L., Solis L.A.Z., Chew L.S., Bonavina L., Bucci L., Cloro L.M., Laufer L.A.V., Barneo L., Florez L.J.G., Helguero-Santin L.M., Barreda L.M.A., Tale L., Giavarini L., De Castro Segundo L.C.B., Tatagiba L.S., Eisner L., Mata L.P.S., Vermaas M., Amoako-Boateng M., Dziak M.W., Jha M., Gimzewska M., Gran M., O'neill M., Mitroudi M., Boijsen M., Al-Faqawi M., Elmasry M., Hamad M.G.M., Nasr M., Tata M.D., Essam M., Farahat M.M., Elnajjar M.A., Abdelshafy M., Abdelshakour M., Abdulgawad M., Abozyed M.A.F., Alrahawy M., Amreia M., Badawy M., Eldafrawy M., Elfiky M., Maher M.E., Elkhadrawi M., Moghazy M.E., Gomah M., Saad M.M., Metwally M.M., Morsi M., Saad M., Saami M., Salama M., Salma M., Shalaby M., Warda M., Zakaria M., Yuksek M.A., Javaid M., Estee M.M., Ebidy M., Ebidy M.M., Careta M.C., Marcus M., Dabboor M., Aboelella M., Dayie M., Elsayed M., Falzon M., Hassan M., Sund M., Leung M.F., Yeung M.H.A., Abd-Elmawla M., Saeed M., Drungilas M., Jokubauskas M., Vilcinskas M., Roxas M.F., Hache-Marliere M., Lopez M., Castro M.R., Mendez M., Dar M., Abu-Toyour M., Salah M., Higgins Roche M.O., Catani M., Pascale M.M., Migliore M., De Leon M.Z.P., O'Shea M., Montrimaite M., Notarnicola M., Hussain M., Arango M.C.M., Grella M.G., Hjertberg M., Lanau M.I.V., Mano M.J.B., Aguilera M.L., Modolo M.M., Mayasari M., Ringressi M.N., Montejo M.S.G., Merlo M.S., Utter M., Valcarcel-Saldana M., Aguilera-Arevalo M.-L., Darweesh M., Gad M.O., Aboul-Naga M.S., Giglio M.C., Malavenda M., Lapitan M.C., Parreno-Sacdalan M.D., Paul M., Renaux-Petel M., Agius M., Del Carmen Escalante Salas M., Dickfos M., Pimenta M.L., Urquizu M.C., Corbellino M., Jacobe M., Pasini M., Trompetto M., Leal M., Manriquez-Reyes M., Popa M., Hampton M.I., Sykes M., Wagener M., Zuber M., Bliksoen M., Glynn M., Jarmin M., Kyereh M., Perino M., Shawky M.Y., Vella-Baldacchino M., Vargas M., Altarayra M., Elashmawy M., Elshobary M., Hamdan M., Sayed M., Abubakr M., Fahim M., Shawki M., Khan M.A., Shubianok M., Al-Mousa M., Alghamdi M., Jawaid M., Machaca M., Dal Canto M., Coletti M., Pazuskis M., Bratu M., Bratu M.R., Rubinkiewicz M., Papandrea M., Ripa M., Ekow M., Baldacchino M., Billy M., Kim M.Y.-H., Peycelon M., Tolonen M., Bezzina M., Foco M., Alrajraji M., Denakpo M., Rath M., Maimbo M., Mohamed M., Hassanain M., Turner M., Yavuz M.A., Gumar M., Ulusahin M., Mollo M.C., Salem M., Worku M., Ramadan M.T., Hafez M., Mustafa M.-A., Redota M.A.P., Allam M., Mericliler M., Mostafa M., Abbouch M., Aboraya M., Amoah M., Cox M., Edye M., Gillespie M., Hanrahan M., Livingston M., Puttick M., Stoddart M., Van Niekerk M., Walsh M., Wilson M., Kontos M., Margaritis M., Janik M., Ohene-Yeboah M., Monteleone M., Carlucci M., Sacco M., McCarthy M., Mohan M., Paludi M.A., Siguantay M., Radic M., Vartic M., Bala M., Nirumal M.K., Radojkovic M., Nestorovic M., Ghetia M., Kiudelis M., Beuran M., Hogea M., Mangiapane M., De Fa Tima Linares Delgado M.S., Othman M., Oludara M., Koto M.Z., Baheeg M., Bakhaidar M., Bin Ismail M.J., Abdelaziz M.A., Amer M.A., Baky Fahmy M.A., Abbas M., El Slam M.A., Abdelaty M., Mohamed M.A., Abdelkhalek M., Abdelraheim M., Abozaid M., Abdullah M.A., Abuseif M., Badenjki M.A., Ghonaim M.A., Mahmoud M.A., Ameen M., Ammar M., Asal M., Mohamed M.A.E.H., Dablouk M., El Halawany M., Elazoul M., Elbermawy M., Elfil M., Elsehimy M., Elzayat M., Etman M., Zalabia M.F., Fares M., Badr M.F.M., Hamed M.F., Gadelkarim M., Ghoneem M., Gulamhussein M., Hashish M., Alnaby M.H., Husseini M., Ibrahim M., Ismail M., Karkeet M., Kelany M., Mabrouk M., Magdy M., Mahmoud M., Mohamed M.M., Moaty M., Mustafa M., Nashat M., Nazir M., Loaloa M.R., Aziz M.R.A., Ammar M.S., Elhelbawy M.S., Seisa M., Shaalan M., Sleem M., Jabal M.S., Youssef M., Zidan M., Elshami M., Habeeb M.A., Adawi M., Alherz M., Aliyu M., Omar M.E., Ghannam M., Alwafai M.G., Arshad M.M., Rashid M., Amjad M., Alamoudi M., Alhendy M., AlRowais M., Alsaggaf M., Alzahrani M., Bukari M., Deputy M., Elgheriany M., Elshaar M., Elsiddig M., Firdouse M., Azizeldine M.G., Hanafy M., Ismail M.K., Mousa M., Salem M.M., Mohammed M.M.H., Mohammed M.M., Najjar M., Osman M., Dablouk M.O., Alghamdi M.S.A., Alsaggaf M.U., Aly M.Y.M., Aledrisy M., Olugbemi M., Madkor M.H., Hosh M., Rashad M., Bassem M., Munhoz M.M., Khajanchi M., Haines M., Ashtari M., Samy M., Abdelkader M., Eldin M.A.B., Gemeah M., Eid M.M., Qenawy M., Seif M., Mahmoud M.I., Aboelsoud M.R., Kimaro M., Alfarsi M.A., Farhan-Alanie M.M.H., Adil M., Alkelani M., Lokman M.A.A., Bin Hasnan M., Daniyan M., Gohar M.E.-S.A.M., Omar M.F.W., Ibrahim M.H., Furqan M.M., Qadir M.R.M., Saqlain M., Shawqi M., Butt M.T., Yahaya M.T., Waqar M., Riaz M.M., Talaat M., Haque M., Rommaneh M., Aljiffry M., Karakahya M., Yakubu M., Alada M., Farhad M., Taher M.M., Rangarajan M., Telfah M.M., Tun M., Attard M., Elsayed N.A.R., El-Sagheer N., Elzahed N., Bekhet N.M., El Hamid N.A., El-Latif N.K.A., Ortiz N., Elsayed N., Johanna N., Carrasco N., Nadeem N., Wright N.J., Mendez N., Samalavicius N.E., Ghandora N., Bustangi N., Di Martino N., Blencowe N., Redgrave N., Botto N., Sutandi N., Sadig N., Kariem N., Behar N., Abebe N.S., Seyoum N., Gobin N., Limaye N., Aruldas N., Abdel-Wahab N.Y.E., Smart N., Rojas N.M.U., Msiska N., Kaselis N., El-Shahat N.S., Badwi N.M., Elfouly N., Phillips N., Starr N., Chetta N., Zanini N., Henric N., D'aguzan N., Grech N., Panait N., Leone N., Falco N., Gyanchandani N., Hall N.J., Shaikh N., Adu-Aryee N., Abdullah N.A.N., Kosai N.R., Pezelj N., Green N., Gouvas N., Ivros N., Mitroudis N., Nikoloudis N., Zampitis N., Niranjan N., Maistry N., Abdullah N., Soliman N.A., Maraie N., Wael N., Osman N., Shahzad N., Aziz N.A., Al Subaie N., Abdel-Hameed N., El Gendy N.H., Uzabumwana N., Herrera N., Depalma N., Sishuba N., Akeel N., Attallah N.A., Adam N., Anwar N., Elsabbagh N., Elhadary N.M., Mesbah N., Semeda N., Soliman N., Adhitama N., Aman N.F., Muralha N., Riswan N.Z., Purwaningsih N.A., Ngayu N., Garaycochea O., Halhouli O., Taiwo O., El Hameed O.S.A., Osagie O., Oshodi O., Abiola O., Ajai O., Warren O., Ziff O., Abbo O., Azzis O., Rosello O., Faturoti O., Habeeb O., Elebute O., Ogunsua O., Adebola O., Odutola O., Abdelkader O., Abdulbagi O., Aguilera O., Alahmady O., Arafa O., Ghoneim O., Hesham O., Mattar O., Moussa O., Osman O., Salah O., Saleh O., Aboelmagd O., Mosalum O., Ayandipo O.O., Faboya O., Williams O., Adesanya O., Ioannidis O., Alser O.H., Algohary O., Mohamed O., Salah O.M., Hassan O.M.M., Ebrahim O.S., Seifelnasr O., Imoro O., Al-Obaedi O., Coyoy-Gaitan O., Bouali O., Abem O.E., Timothy O.K., Oshati O., Ramazzini P., Naess P.A., Assouto P.A., Sarmah P., Eduard P., Mentula P., Salusso P., Violi P., De Marco P., Aonzo P., Silvani P., Ubiali P., Mao P., Kielty P., Sutton P., Ugalde P., Witherspoon P., Wondoh P., Gastaldi P., Karumnas P., Kondrotas P., Morais P.A.B., Orbegozo P.A.T., Talving P., Koh P.Y., Weber P., Lundgren P.-O., Deutschmann P., Labib P., Monrad-Hansen P.W., Visinskas P., Gultom P.A., Alexander P., Choi P., Mshelbwala P., Amoako P.T., Buisson P., De Bono P., Ndwambi P., Grandinetti P.P., Danelli P., Sileri P., Ligure P., Mingrone P., Yoganathan P., Major P., Francois P., Ignatavicius P., Mazrimas P., Arachchi P.P., Jain P., Kwakyeafriyie P., Har P.A.L., Chin P.X., Malik P., Nashidengo P., Liu Q., Alimi Q., Ballouhey Q., Ellison Q., Tze R.G.E., King R., Moore R., Amandito R., Dorani R.M.N.R., Araujo R., Soley R., Roszkowski R., Galleano R., Narayanan R., Herikstad R., Kamil R., Satoskar R., Kabariti R., Staerkle R.F., Nataraja R., Oumer R., Shaker R., Jonnalagadda R., Jaramillo R.A., Cardozo R.A.M., Mamdouh R., Saadeh R., Rodriguez-Uria R., Claire R., Abdelhamed R., Bratu R.-M., Zilinskiene R., Bennai R.M., Alyahya R., Fakher R., Husseiny R., Khreishi R., Balila R.M.H., Elashry R., El-Din R.A., Alshareef R., Saad R., Melo R., D'cruz R., Rajan R., Karim R., Velasquez R., Gilbert R., Lilford R., Opoku-Agyeman R., Spence R., Gilbert R.W., Hagan R., Alyami R., Ots R., Rakauskas R., Khan R., George R., Karlo R., Kerley R., McIntyre R., Morton R., Parker R., Tyler R., Bugeja R., Tutino R., Villa R., Baltrunas R., Pranevicius R., Cautiero R., Cirocchi R., Faccincani R., Klappenbach R., Macchiavello R., Peltrini R., Schiavone R., Mas R., Matos-Puig R., Elsemelawy R., Lawther R., Schmid R., Ardley R., Shah R., Rackauskas R., Julaihi R., Sakr R., Osuoji R., Guevara R., Simoes R.L., Riauka R., Huaraya R.C., Ojeda R.R.B., Cahill R., Camacho R., Callan R., Sacco R., McDonald R., Bowe R., Coomber R., Elmelegy R., Chenn R., Quek R., Balmaceda R., Pacheco R.D.A., Rivas R., Giraldo R.S.R., Gunawan R., Zaa'treh R., Al-Hasani R.K.M.J., Mazelyte R., Blanco R., Gratton R., Scicluna R., Adams R., Tan R.C.K., McIntosh R., Kinnera S.V., Al Awwad S., Karim S., Irtan S., Asturias S., Dardenne S., Mahmoud S.M.E., Ali S., Al-Nahrawi S., Elsherbiney S., Idris S.A.I., Jaber S., Wondimu S., Abdul-Latif S., Alyacoubi S., Hanoun S., El-Rabaa S., Alnuqaydan S.A., Alqahtani S., Ferreira S.A.K., Elshanwany S., Hallam S., Magdy S., Mansour S., Elkolaly S.S., Aldhafeeri S., Di Saverio S., Khallaf S., Arman S., Debrah S., Seisay S., Al Attar S.M., Afana S., Gonzalez S.C.-D., Abdelhady S., Ismail S.A., Saad S., Soliman S., Kushwaha S., Emile S., Sarsik S., Sundstrom S.M., Olori S., Essoun S., Nigo S., Osei-Nketiah S., Sii S.S.Y., Ali S.S., Kumar S., Ahlqvist S., Kwizera S., Pasquali S., Samuel S.A., Sobnach S., Villalobos S., Barakat S.A.E., Ahmed S., Al-Saqqa S., Farouk S.A.M., Arafa S., Ayad S., Elhamouly S., Etienne S., Ghanem S., Kharsa S., Abdel-Kader S.M., Matter S.M., Merida S.M.C., Mehrez S., Mohammed S., Al-Saqqa S.W., Abdelghany S., Antar S., Benammi S., Braungart S., Hafez S., Rayne S., Sahel S., Samy S., Highcock S., Aljohani S., Bradulskis S., Mikalauskas S., Occhionorelli S., Satoskar S., Awad S.A., Sarwary S., Nahar S.N., Tori S.A., Vivekanantham S., D'amours S.K., Mizzi S., Yip S.B.S., King S., Shu S., Sierra S., Gaujoux S., Mahdi S., Chiu S., Chiu S.M.Y., Desta S., Manfreda S., Tshisola S.K., Estupinian S., Ribaldi S., Zegarra S., Rodriguez S.T.T., Al Amin S., Alamin S., Elhadry S., Hussein S., Mahmoud S., Talukder S., Shaharuddin S., El-Din S.A., Aql S., Torres S.G., Aliyu S., Karandikar S., Koh S., Mohamed S.R., Elsheikh S., Shehata S., Tariq S., Gamal S., Elkholy S.S., Gaafar S., Tewari S., Dindyal S., Tharmalingam S., El Mesery S., Ymeri S., Nadkarni S., Ayyar S., Kong S.N., Teo S.Y., Gokani S., Lim S.Y., Holte S., Basilico S., Boni S., De Franciscis S., Gosling S.G., Gosling S., Ng S., Stock S., Juciute S., Kasputyte S., Conci S., Sandler S., Targa S., Yam S.Y., Asilah S.M.D., Kamarulzamil S.N.A., Sivaganesh S., Suleiman S.I., Chung S., Elsobky S., Mouttalib S., Abushamleh S., Elmihy S., Ahmed S.M., Turkustani S., Hmila S., Africa S., Pai S., Bhat S., Prasad S.S., Paul S., Parasyris S., Botes S., Breitenstein S., Zammit S., Berti S., Cucumazzo S., Basso S.M.M., Roncali S., Kim S.B., Saar S., Kwok S.H.-W., Van Straten S., Dias S., Chapman S.J., Kache S., McAleer S., Knight S.R., Tabiri S., Petrikenas S., Fergusson S.J., Parpoudi S., Germanos S., Roy S., Suresh S., Burger S., Baba S., Almuallem S., Kim S.-H., Das S., Bahar S., Aviles S., Limache S., Mathew S.W., Durand S.Y.A., Brincat S.D., Kruspi S., Ali S.A.W.E.W., Naqvi S.A., ul Razi S.A., Lemaire S.B., Mochet S., Rekhis S., Widiastini T.A., Ngwa T.E., Yusufali T., Al-Taher T., Yaseen T.M., Yaseen T., Naqvi T., Lawal T.A., Lawal T., Arulampalam T., Gala T., Kumar T., Grima T., Ezzat T., Razek T., Idress T., Kanta T.H., Shachykava T., Khan T., Ali T.H.A., Fautz T., Worku T., Nouh T., Pugliesi T.B., Dimech T., Tembo T., Xerri T., Pezas T., Theodosopoulos T., Giuriato T.F., Alihonou T., Feidantsis T., Fozard T., Weiser T.G., Drake T.M., Olajide T.O., Pinkney T., Prudhomme T., Sherman T., Moe T.T., Alzayat T., Hettiarachchi T.S., Lee T.S.B., White T., Gaarder T., Schuetz T., Tolotra T.E.C., Cecilia T., Malik T.A.M., Arthur T., Hall T.F., Abaliksta T., Jankus T., Poskus T., Bocchetti T., Campagnaro T., Fontana T., Mak T., Khafagy T., Veen T., Wold T.B., Chan T.-Y.K., Mat T.N.T., Sholadoye T., Mak T.W.C., Rouse T., Chen T.-L., Muddebihal U., Karabacak U., Gunnarsson U., Gustafsson U., Muktar U., Tedeschi U., Salma U., Hantour U., Alamoudi U., Jotautas V., Parent V., Castillo V.D.P., Msosa V., Guglielmo V., Silvestri V., Despotidis V., Kalles V., Soulou V., Shatkar V., Barendegere V., Grassi V., Lazzari V., Jennings V., Dassah V., Etwire V., Kong V., Riaza V.M.Q., Nwinee V., Proctor V.K., Upadhyaya V., Gadhvi V., Ambrozeviciute V., Nevieraite V., Sallinen V., Thanusan V., Banaitis V.J., Beisa V., Sollazzo V., Graffieille V., Nsengimana V.J.P., Khokha V., Le V.T.H., Gaizauskas V., Lipnickas V., Anwer W., Soon W.C., Lam W.H., Ndegwa W., Thabet W., Adham W., Forno W., Panez W.R., Nasir W.N.A.W.M., Senanayake W.S.M.K.J., Hamsho W., Dar W., Alhazmi W., Guo W., Ho W., Dao W., Aguilar W.L.M., Goh W., Jeo W.S., Pino W., Appeadu-Mensah W., Beasley W., Bonney W., Hutch W., Lossius W.J., Milligan W., Ticona W.A., Li W.S., Chachulski W., Delforge X., Rodriguez X., Low X., Chan X.W., Neo Y.T., Souaibou Y.I., Ukwenya Y., Salama Y., Rajjoub Y., Ibrahim Y., Abd-Elrasoul Y., Elfouly Y., Hegazy Y., Soliman Y., El Salam Y.A., Tan Y.W., Zakaria Y., Reddy Y., Tan Y.K., Mok Y.T., Cheong Y.J., Gan Y.Y., Der Y., Mogan Y.P., Allam Y., Asar Y.H., Tew Y.Y., Abuowda Y., Shoura Y.E., Bermudez Y.E.A., Cengiz Y., Cheung Y.H.E., Altinel Y., Ng Y.K., Macchitella Y., Aigrain Y., Mikwar Z., Jaffry Z., Khan Z.A., Iftikhar Z., Elsayed Z.M., Zhang Z., Sam Z.H., Urniezius Z., Dambrauskas Z., Bentounsi Z., and Tverskis Z.
Subjects: surgical unmetneed, no keywords listed, appendicitis, global surgery, Financial Stress, Health Care Costs, Appendicitis, Financial Stre, Health Care Cost, Cost of Illness, Humans, appendicitis,economic burden, surgery, Surgery, Appendiciti, Human
Abstract: Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and $73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and $75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially.
Published: 2022

15. Comparing health system performance assessment and management approaches in the Netherlands and Ontario, Canada

Author: Tawfik-Shukor, Ali R, Klazinga, Niek S, and Arah, Onyebuchi A
Subjects: Health Services, Clinical Research, Generic health relevance, Benchmarking, Delivery of Health Care, Health Policy, Humans, Netherlands, Ontario, Quality of Health Care, Library and Information Studies, Nursing, Public Health and Health Services, Health Policy & Services
Abstract: BackgroundGiven the proliferation and the growing complexity of performance measurement initiatives in many health systems, the Netherlands and Ontario, Canada expressed interests in cross-national comparisons in an effort to promote knowledge transfer and best practise. To support this cross-national learning, a study was undertaken to compare health system performance approaches in The Netherlands with Ontario, Canada.MethodsWe explored the performance assessment framework and system of each constituency, the embeddedness of performance data in management and policy processes, and the interrelationships between the frameworks. Methods used included analysing governmental strategic planning and policy documents, literature and internet searches, comparative descriptive tables, and schematics. Data collection and analysis took place in Ontario and The Netherlands. A workshop to validate and discuss the findings was conducted in Toronto, adding important insights to the study.ResultsBoth Ontario and The Netherlands conceive health system performance within supportive frameworks. However they differ in their assessment approaches. Ontario's Scorecard links performance measurement with strategy, aimed at health system integration. The Dutch Health Care Performance Report (Zorgbalans) does not explicitly link performance with strategy, and focuses on the technical quality of healthcare by measuring dimensions of quality, access, and cost against healthcare needs. A backbone 'five diamond' framework maps both frameworks and articulates the interrelations and overlap between their goals, themes, dimensions and indicators. The workshop yielded more contextual insights and further validated the comparative values of each constituency's performance assessment system.ConclusionTo compare the health system performance approaches between The Netherlands and Ontario, Canada, several important conceptual and contextual issues must be addressed, before even attempting any future content comparisons and benchmarking. Such issues would lend relevant interpretational credibility to international comparative assessments of the two health systems.
Published: 2007

16. Management of frontal sinus fungal osteomyelitis in the COVID 19 era: A case series

Author: Hisham Atef Ebada, Ahmed Musaad Abd El-Fattah, and Ali Tawfik
Subjects: Antifungal Agents, Frontal Sinusitis, Otorhinolaryngology, COVID-19, Frontal Sinus, Humans, Endoscopy, Osteomyelitis, Surgery, Oral Surgery
Abstract: The aim of this study was to review different approaches and outcomes in the management of post-COVID-19 frontal sinus fungal osteomyelitis. The study included 19 patients with frontal sinus fungal osteomyelitis. The main line of treatment was surgical debridement (sequestrectomy). Approaches included combined external and endoscopic approaches (n = 15) and pure endoscopic approaches (n = 4) according to the extent and accessibility of the sequestrum. Postoperative healing was satisfactory in all patients. All patients returned to their normal daily activity within 4-6 weeks, without residual or recurrent frontal sinus infection, osteomyelitis or need for revision procedures. Within the limitation of this case series, it seems that there is no need to adopt a new therapy regimen for treatment of frontal sinus fungal osteomyelitis because the conventional and well-known treatment approach combining surgery and antifungal drugs seems to work well. However, early, and adequate debridement and sequestrectomy is crucial. Furthermore, an open approach may be required according to the extent of osteomyelitis.
Published: 2022

17. Evaluation of the rate of anterior segment retraction in orthodontic patients with bimaxillary protrusion using friction vs frictionless mechanics: a single-center, single-blind randomized clinical trial

Author: Monica Guirguis Youssif, Tawfik, Dorra M H D, Izzat Bakhit, Fouad A, El Sharaby, Yehya A, Moustafa, and Heba Mohamed, Dehis
Subjects: Tooth Movement Techniques, Friction, Cephalometry, Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures, Humans, Pain, Female, Single-Blind Method, Orthodontics, Original Articles, Malocclusion
Abstract: Objectives To evaluate the effect of friction vs frictionless mechanics on the rate of anterior segment retraction (ASR) in patients with bimaxillary protrusion. Materials and Methods Thirty females (18.3 ± 3.7 years) with bimaxillary protrusion were randomly allocated into the friction group, using elastomeric power chains, and the frictionless group, using T-loop springs for ASR. Eligibility criteria included absence of skeletal discrepancies and any systemic diseases or medications, among others. Randomization in a 1:1 ratio was generated by Microsoft Excel. Opaque sealed envelopes were sequentially numbered for allocation concealment. Only blinding of the outcome assessor was applicable. Activations were done every 4 weeks until completion of ASR. The primary outcome was the rate of ASR measured on digital models. Anchorage loss, molar rotation, and pain experienced were also assessed. Results Two patients were lost to follow-up. The rate of ASR was 0.68 ± 0.18 mm/mo in the friction group vs 0.88 ± 0.27 mm/mo in the frictionless group, with no significant difference. A significant difference in anchorage loss of 1.63 mm and molar rotation of 7.06° was observed, being higher in the frictionless group. A comparable pain experience associated with both mechanics was reported. Conclusions No difference in the rate of ASR or pain experience was observed between friction and frictionless mechanics. However, extra anchorage measures should be considered when using frictionless mechanics as greater anchorage loss and molar rotations are anticipated.
Published: 2022

18. Silver nanoparticle effect on Salmonella enterica isolated from Northern West Egypt food, poultry, and calves

Author: Helmy Ahmed Torky, Samy Abd-Elsalam Khaliel, Eman Khalifa Sedeek, Rasha Gomaa Tawfik, Ahmad Abo Elmagd Bkheet, Sawsan Khamees Ebied, Heba said Amin, Samir Ibrahim Zahran, Hadeer Abd-Elhady Emara, Abeer Mohamad Nofal, and Eman Moneer Elghazaly
Subjects: Salmonella Infections, Animal, Silver, Metal Nanoparticles, Salmonella enterica, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, General Medicine, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Poultry, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Salmonella, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Animals, Humans, Cattle, Egypt, Chickens, Biotechnology
Abstract: Abstract A total no. of 65 Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from food samples, feces of diarrheic calves, poultry, and hospital patient in large five cities at Northern West Egypt were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. The 65 Salmonella enterica isolates had the invA gene were grouped into 11 Salmonella enterica serovars with dominance of S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky serovars. Their resistance pattern were characterized by using 18 antibiotics from different classes. Approximately 80% of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consequences polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) typing of 7 strains of S. Enteritidis showed 5 clusters with dissimilarity 25%. S. Enteritidis clusters in 2 main groups A and B. Group A have 2 human strain (HE2 and HE3) and one food origin (FE7) with a similarity 99%. Group B divided into B1 (FE2) and B2 (FE3) with a similarity ratio ≥ 93%, while ERIC-PCR analysis of 5 strains of S. Kentucky revealed 4 ERIC types, clustered in 2 main groups A and B with similarity 75%. We studied the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on 10 antibiotic resistant strains of S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky. The broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were detected. Evaluation of the affection using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed different ratios of Ag-NPs and microorganism as well as at different contact time ended finally with morphological alteration of the bacteria. We submitted new method in vivo to explore the activity of nanosilver in chicken. Key points • Importance of ERIC-PCR to determine the relatedness between Salmonella isolates. • Effect of silver nanoparticles to confront the antibacterial resistance. • Studying the effect of silver nanoparticles in vivo on infected chicken with Salmonella.
Published: 2022

19. Paradoxical Positioning: Does 'Head Up' Always Improve Mechanics and Lung Protection?*

Author: John, Selickman, Philip S, Crooke, Pierre, Tawfik, David J, Dries, Luciano, Gattinoni, and John J, Marini
Subjects: Positive-Pressure Respiration, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Respiratory Mechanics, Tidal Volume, Humans, Prospective Studies, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Lung
Abstract: Head-elevated body positioning, a default clinical practice, predictably increases end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure and aerated lung volume. In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), however, the net effect of such vertical inclination on tidal mechanics depends upon whether lung recruitment or overdistension predominates. We hypothesized that in moderate to severe ARDS, bed inclination toward vertical unloads the chest wall but adversely affects overall respiratory system compliance (C rs ).Prospective physiologic study.Two medical ICUs in the United States.Seventeen patients with ARDS, predominantly moderate to severe.Patients were ventilated passively by volume control. We measured airway pressures at baseline (noninclined) and following bed inclination toward vertical by an additional 15°. At baseline and following inclination, we manually loaded the chest wall to determine if C rs increased or paradoxically declined, suggestive of end-tidal overdistension.Inclination resulted in a higher plateau pressure (supineΔ: 2.8 ± 3.3 cm H 2 O [ p = 0.01]; proneΔ: 3.3 ± 2.5 cm H 2 O [ p = 0.004]), higher driving pressure (supineΔ: 2.9 ± 3.3 cm H 2 O [ p = 0.01]; proneΔ: 3.3 ± 2.8 cm H 2 O [ p = 0.007]), and lower C rs (supine Δ: 3.4 ± 3.7 mL/cm H 2 O [ p = 0.01]; proneΔ: 3.1 ± 3.2 mL/cm H 2 O [ p = 0.02]). Following inclination, manual loading of the chest wall restored C rs and driving pressure to baseline (preinclination) values.In advanced ARDS, bed inclination toward vertical adversely affects C rs and therefore affects the numerical values for plateau and driving tidal pressures commonly targeted in lung protective strategies. These changes are fully reversed with manual loading of the chest wall, suggestive of end-tidal overdistension in the upright position. Body inclination should be considered a modifiable determinant of transpulmonary pressure and lung protection, directionally similar to tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure.
Published: 2022

20. Abdomino-Pelvic Ultrasound Evaluation in Monosymptomatic Primary Nocturnal Enuresis

Author: Emad E. Ghobrial, Nevin M. Fawzi, Maha F. Shiba, and Mary A. Tawfik
Subjects: Urinary Bladder, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Humans, Urinalysis, Child, Nocturnal Enuresis, Ultrasonography, Pelvis
Abstract: Background: Enuresis is one of the most common childhood problems. Our study aimed to evaluate children with enuresis by renal bladder ultrasound (RBUS) to detect urological abnormalities and to compare the sonographic findings with control group. Methods: Our study included 30 children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE). Another 30 matched children with normal continence to urine were assigned as controls. The 2 groups were subjected to urine analysis, serum creatinine, and RBUS. Results: Ultrasound showed abnormality in 10% of case group, which was not significantly different from controls ( p = 1.000). Conclusion: Abnormalities discovered by ultrasonography in PMNE are more than in control group but without statistical significance and do not require invasive diagnostic tests. Children with sonographic abnormalities appear to be more resistant to treatment. We concluded that ultrasound is not necessary in MPNE and should be done in patients resistant to treatment.
Published: 2022

21. Analysis of a two-year independent screening effort for retinopathy of prematurity in rural Egypt

Author: Mohamed A. Tawfik, Ahmed M. Habib, Yousef A. Fouad, Sara Tawfik, Mariam Al-feky, Ahmed Mansour, and Norhan Lotfy Selim
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, Gestational Age, Aggressive Posterior Retinopathy of Prematurity, Neonatal Screening, Risk Factors, Ranibizumab, Humans, Medicine, Retinopathy of Prematurity, Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Incidence, Research, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Retinopathy of prematurity, General Medicine, RE1-994, medicine.disease, eye diseases, ROP, Ophthalmology, Screening, Egypt, sense organs, business
Abstract: Background The third epidemic of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has majorly involved middle income countries in which tailored screening and local guidelines require development. The data regarding ROP prevalence and cutoff numbers for screening in Egypt are lacking. Methods Retrospective analysis of an independent screening effort spanning 2 years (February 2019 to February 2021) and involving 32 neonatal care units within Sharkia governorate, Egypt. Infants of gestational age (GA) ≤ 34 weeks and/or birth weight (BW) ≤ 2000 g were included, as well as those with unstable clinical course. Two eyecare centers located in Sharkia and Cairo governorates served as referral centers for any required interventions. Results Of the 276 screened infants, 133 (48.2%) had some form of ROP that was bilateral in 127 (95.5%) of them. Aggressive posterior ROP (AP-ROP) was detected in both eyes of 24 infants (8.7%). The median (IQR) GA of infants with ROP was 32 (30–34) weeks, and the median (IQR) BW was 1600 (1350–2000) g. Sixty-three infants (47.4%) required treatment. Of the total 84 eyes that primarily were treated, 73 (86.9%) received intravitreal ranibizumab, 8 (9.5%) underwent laser ablation therapy, and 3 eyes (3.6%) underwent surgery. Recurrence rate was 16.7% (14 eyes). Final outcome was favorable in 83 eyes (98.8%). Applying the American Academy criteria would have led to the missing of 36.8% of infants with ROP and 28.6% of those requiring treatment in our sample. Conclusion The incidence of both ROP and AP-ROP in the Egyptian rural setting appears to be in the high end of global reported rates. Prevention measures should urgently be planned and implemented.
Published: 2021

22. Nasal Spine of the Frontal Bone: A Consistent Landmark for Safe Outside-In Frontal Drill-Out

Author: Ali Tawfik, Ahmed Musaad Abd El-Fattah, Hossam El-Sisi, Elsharawy kamal, and Hisham Atef Ebada
Subjects: Otorhinolaryngology, Frontal Bone, Cadaver, Frontal Sinus, Humans, Sinus Floor Augmentation, Immunology and Allergy, Endoscopy, General Medicine
Abstract: Background Outside-in frontal drill out entails drilling the frontal sinus floor in the midline before identifying and dissecting the frontal recesses. It is a more direct approach, especially in revision surgery or cases with challenging anatomy. Objectives The aim of this study was to highlight the anatomical and surgical concepts for easy and safe outside-in frontal drill out by a preclinical anatomic study on cadaveric heads. In addition, to review our experience with this approach over a 5-year period for challenging frontal sinus pathologies. Methods The study included 2 sectors; a preclinical study, in which 5 cadaveric heads were dissected and studied to identify and standardize the anatomical landmarks of this approach. This was followed by a clinical case series which included 22 patients with challenging frontal sinus pathologies that were treated with this proposed approach. Results We concluded from the anatomic study that the nasal spine of the frontal bone (NSFB) and its anatomical orientation in relation to the nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal artery (NBAEA) is a consistent landmark that enables the surgeon to identify the correct coronal trajectory of drilling to avoid injury of the cribriform and the skull base. The clinical case series included 22 patients that were successfully treated with the proposed approach. No intraoperative nor postoperative complications were reported in this study. Long-term follow-up showed that the frontal neo-ostium was patent in all cases (n = 22). Conclusion Outside-in frontal drill-out is a safe and easy approach; especially in challenging frontal sinus pathologies; using the NSFB and its anatomical coronal orientation to the NBAEA as a consistent landmark, anterior to the skull base. This approach offers early, safe, and direct bone removal without the need for initial identification and dissection of the frontal recess.
Published: 2022

23. Rebuilding trust in proton pump inhibitor therapy

Author: Alla, Turshudzhyan, Sonia, Samuel, Angela, Tawfik, and Micheal, Tadros
Subjects: Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Physicians, Gastroenterology, Humans, Proton Pump Inhibitors, General Medicine, Trust
Abstract: Introduction of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy into clinical practice has revolutionized treatment approach to acid-related diseases. With its clinical success came a widespread use of PPI therapy. Subsequently, several studies found that PPIs were oftentimes overprescribed in primary care and emergency setting, likely attributed to seemingly low side-effect profile and physicians having low threshold to initiate therapy. However, now there is a growing concern over PPI side-effect profile among both patients and providers. We would like to bring more awareness to the currently available guidelines on PPI use, discuss clinical indications for PPIs and the evidence behind the reported side-effects. We hope that increased awareness of proper PPI use will make the initiation or continuation of therapy a well informed and an evidence-based decision between patient and physician. We also hope that discussing evidence behind the reported side-effect profile will help clarify the growing concerns over PPI therapy.
Published: 2022

24. Role of anticoagulation in lowering the mortality in hospitalized covid-19 patients

Author: Muhammad, Aamir Waheed, Khalid, Rashid, Tawfik, Rajab, Ahmad, Rajab, Adnan H, Adnan, Harris, Fayyaz, Ahmad A, Ibad, Rabia, Basri, Yahya, Khan, Habib I, Alhabib, and Abdelnaser, Elzouki
Subjects: SARS-CoV-2, Thromboembolism, Anticoagulants, Humans, Venous Thromboembolism, General Medicine, Blood Coagulation, COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Abstract: To reducing the risk of venous thromboembolic (VTE) events and subsequent mortality in covid-19 patients is still a matter of research. This systematic review and meta-analysis serve the purpose of comparing the mortality associated with the intensity of anticoagulation in patients admitted with covid-19.A total of 7120 patients were recruited in 11 studies comparing using prophylactic anticoagulants against therapeutic anticoagulants.Our study showed that using prophylactic anticoagulants was associated with a 42% reduction in mortality compared to therapeutic anticoagulants (OR 0.58 (95% CI:0.676-0.499),Our meta-analysis favors using prophylactic anticoagulation in covid-19 patients reduces all-cause mortality in comparison to therapeutic anticoagulation however the impact on mortality when compared with no anticoagulation was not significant.PROSPERO Number: CRD42021257320.
Published: 2022

25. Global progress toward the elimination of active trachoma: an analysis of 38 countries

Author: Kristen K Renneker, Mariamo Abdala, James Addy, Tawfik Al-Khatib, Khaled Amer, Mouctar Dieng Badiane, Wilfrid Batcho, Lucienne Bella, Clarisse Bougouma, Victor Bucumi, Tina Chisenga, Tran Minh Dat, Djore Dézoumbé, Balgesa Elshafie, Mackline Garae, André Goepogui, Jaouad Hammou, George Kabona, Boubacar Kadri, Khumbo Kalua, Sarjo Kanyi, Asad Aslam Khan, Benjamin Marfo, Sultani Matendechero, Aboulaye Meite, Abdellahi Minnih, Francis Mugume, Nicholas Olobio, Fatma Juma Omar, Isaac Phiri, Salimato Sanha, Shekhar Sharma, Fikre Seife, Oliver Sokana, Raebwebwe Taoaba, Andeberhan Tesfazion, Lamine Traoré, Naomi Uvon, Georges Yaya, Makoy Yibi Logora, P J Hooper, Paul M Emerson, and Jeremiah M Ngondi
Subjects: Trachoma, Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Prevalence, Humans, Infant, Mass Drug Administration, Ethiopia, Public Health, General Medicine, Child, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Global elimination of trachoma as a public health problem was targeted for 2020. We reviewed progress towards the elimination of active trachoma by country and geographical group.In this retrospective analysis of national survey and implementation data, all countries ever known to be endemic for trachoma that had either implemented at least one trachoma impact survey shown in the publicly available Trachoma Atlas, or are in Africa were invited to participate in this study. Scale-up was described according to the number of known endemic implementation units and mass drug administration implementation over time. The prevalence of active trachoma-follicular among children aged 1-9 years (TFWe included data until Nov 10, 2021, for 38 countries, representing 2097 ever-endemic implementation units. Of these, 1923 (91·7%) have had mass drug administration. Of 1731 implementation units with a trachoma impact survey, the prevalence of TFGlobal elimination of trachoma as a public health problem by 2020 was not possible, but this finding masks the great progress achieved. Implementation units in high baseline categories and recrudescent TFNone.
Published: 2022

26. Global overview of the management of acute cholecystitis during the COVID-19 pandemic (CHOLECOVID study)

Author: Spiers H. V. M., Kouli O., Ahmed W. U., Varley R., Ahari D., Argus L., McLean K. A., Kamarajah S. K., Coe P., Griffiths E. A., Chan A. K. C., Macutkiewicz C., Jamdar S., Wilson M., Fullwood C., Toogood G., McLean K., Ahmed W., Gilchrist A., Goldsworthy M., Rashid M., Pockney P., Varela J., Brindl N., Ramirez J., Marafante C., Iwao Y., Ghzawi A., Elhadi M., Gacaferi H., Varghese C., Adeyeye A., Alser O., Teh C., Prieto M., Hasan A., Al-Naggar H., Salgado R., Veracierto F., Lancelotti T., Solinas D., Oddi R., Garcia F. W., Mazza Diez E., Andrade Ramirez M. R., Bracco R., Fernandez D., Maraschio M. A., Obeide L., Giordano E., Alcaraz A., Marani M. A., Aguirre N., Luna F., Francesconi M., Chiham F., Ramos Cossio R., Alvarez F. A., Pantoja Pachajoa D. A., Mandojana F., Merlo I. G., Gonzalez M. H., Cervelo G., Puma R., Vardaro G. F., Davis A., Jurat D., Guenoff C., Raubenheimer K., Goddard K., Brown K., Wegrecki K. J., Cheung H. Y. C., Yang M., Cheung H., Siddiqui J., Ahn J. H., Huynh R., Lam Y. H., Afzal M., Ong B. S., Chua M. Y. M., Ly K., Thomson J. E., Watson D., Dawson A. C., Drane A., Van Ruyven S., Lun E. W. Y., Ferguson M., Jeong J. Y., De Silva C., Wills V., Gundara J., McCourt E., Bong C., Tabone R., Wong W. J., Gray A., Koh D., Pollock M., Singhal S., Smith R., Dudi-Venkata N. N., Kanhere H., Stranz C., Seow W., Mansour L. T., Wormald J., Loveday B. P. T., Thomson B., O'Donnell T., Milenkovski N., Herath M., Trochsler M., Farfus A., Maddern G., Bunjo Z., Kuan L. L., Atanasov G., Dawson A., Lun E., Samadov E., Namazov I., Asgarov M., Ibrahimli A., Srinivasan M., Saeed M. F., Aljawder H., Juma I., Coimbra F. J., Marques N., Casteleins W. A., Petruzziello A., Jabur G., Rodriguez J. F. P., Buso P. L., Mackenzie S., Hsiao M., Sljivic I., Tecson A., Karanicolas P. J., Roke R., Moon J., Butler E. V., Riquelme F., Yanez M., Catan F., Uribe M., Carriel F., Oppliger F., Paredes A., Daroch D., Aguayo J. C., Perez Rivera C. J., Acosta Buitrago L. M., Kadamani Abiyomaa A., Mosquera Paz M. S., Cabrera P., Corso J., Ozcay N., Ozant A., Arslan K., Besim H., Almezghwi H., Azzam A. Y., Bessa S., El-Sayes I., Badawy A., Wael M., El-Gendi A., Azab M. A., Fayed M., El Kassas M., Gamal M., Tawheed A., Al Shafie A., Emile S., Elfallal A., Elfeki H., Shalaby M., Sakr A., Elbahnasawy M., Shama M., Abdel-Elsalam W., Abd-Elsalam S., Escobar Dominguez J. E., Medrano F., Gaitan S., Escalon Gonzalez O. M., Alfaro Varela J. C., Cea M., Interiano M., Cabrera B., Lakkis Z., Georges P., Antonot C., Magnin J., Kamphues C., Lauscher J. C., Schineis C., Loch F. N., Lee L. D., Beyer K., Bouchagier K., Galanis I., Bartziotas D., Lostoridis E., Tourountzi P., Nagorni E. A., Charalabopoulos A., Baili E., Kyros E., Vagios I., Skotsimara A., Liakakos T., Alexandrou A., Papalampros A., Papadopolous V., Tooulias A., Kentarchos I., Christou C., Tsoulfas G., Tale-Rosales L. F., Lopez Muralles I., Melendez H., Bran G., Monroy Mahecha F. A., Contreras J. R., Porras D. E., Paiz E., Soto E. R., Ixcayau Hernandez J. R., Gupta A., Rajput D., Kumar N., Mani R., Kant R., Sonkar A. A., Anand A., Agrawal M. K., Gaurav K., Tripathi M., Sikora S., Bharathy K., Kumar Rangapa M., Khuller D. S., Bhojwwani R., Ayyar S., Jain N., Mehraj A., Hussain F., Nazir I., Shah M., Chowdri N. A., Hilmi A., Argenio G., Atelli P., Palladino E., Armellino M. F., Tamini N., Nespoli L. C., Degrate L., Angrisani M., Carissimi F., Bordoni P., Fleres F., Clarizia G., Spolini A., Franzini M., Cucinotta E., Badessi G., Mazzeo C., Viscosi F., Pintabona G., Campagnaro T., Poletto E., Turri G., Ruzzenente A., Conci S., Guglielmi A., Feo C., Fabbri N., Fazzin M., Giaccari S., Feo C. V., Massani M., Pelizzo P., Colella M., Tutino R., Cappellacci F., Medas F., Canu G. L., Erdas E., Calo P. G., Porcu A., Perra T., Scanu A. M., Feo C. F., Fancellu A., Germani P., Giunta C., Biloslavo A., Abdallah H., Aizza G., Barberis A., Belli F., Santoliquido M., Filauro M., Canonico G., Nelli T., Di Martino C., Capezzuoli L., Anastasi A., Bressan L., Cortinovis S., Nagliati C., Colombo F., Ferrario L., Bondurri A., Guerci C., Maffioli A., Catena F., Perrone G., Giuffrida M., Morini A., Annicchiarico A., Gallo G., Carpino A., Ferrari F., De Paola G., Sammarco G., Callari C., Licari L., Sorce V., Di Miceli D., Lovisetto F., Zonta S., Chessa A., Fiorini A., De Manzoni Garberini A., Angelini E., Moggia E., Murgese A., Mungo S., Birolo S. L., Garino M., Pipitone Federico N. S., Muratore A., Lunghi E. G., Calabro M., Cianci P., Enrico R., Capuzzolo S., Cafagna L., Minafra M., Sasia D., Gattolin A., Migliore M., Rimonda R., Travaglio E., De Marco G., Elter C., Bargellini T., D'Amico S., Zambonin D., Caponi A., Calini G., Puggioni A., Bresadola V., Zalla T., Cantafio S., Feroci F., Romoli L., Giudicissi R., Picciariello A., Papagni V., Dibra R., Altomare D. F., Pinotti E., Montuori M., Baronio G., Tonini V., Sartarelli L., Gori A., Cervellera M., Lapolla P., Sapienza P., Brachini G., Cirillo B., Zambon M., Mingoli A., Pascariello A., Boccia L., Benedetti S., Mantovani G., De Angelis M., Ferrara F., Testa V., Borghi F., Maione F., Pruiti Ciarello V., Giraudo G., Agresta F., Cestaro G., Prando D., Cavallo F., Zese M., Cillara N., Sechi R., Cardia R., Cannavera A., Putzu G., Frongia F., Pisanu A., Delogu D., Esposito G., Podda M., Iossa A., De Angelis F., Boru C., Silecchia G., Palini G. M., Garulli G., Veneroni S., Tammaro P., Maida P., Leake P. A., Wanliss M. G., Sato K., Chiyonobu N., Imamura H., Yamazaki S., Watanabe M., Qasem A., Ayasra F., Al Dahabrh S., Khaled A., Alsaafin S., Al-Thunaibat A., Olaywah D., Alqudah S., Alqawasmi S., Khamees A., Guboug A., Es Salim M., Althwabteh T., Bani Khaled H., El-Hammuri N., Aljesrawi A., Alamaadany F., Eljareh M., Al Gasi A. E. J., Alsaeiti S., Alkhafeefi A. S., Suliaman T., Alanasri A. H. A., Haroun A. B. A., Haron A., Kilani A. I., Ahmed M., Alawami M., Alawami A., Albashri M., Abusannuga M., Malek A., Jwaili N., Aldenfria A., Elzwawi F., Almugaddami A., Egdeer A. S. A., Masoud M., Alazzabi B., Alezabi B., Shuwayyah A., Alkamkhe A. A. S., Aboulqasim I., Atiyah H., Alfagi R. A. A., Abdulmula A., Bouhuwaish A., Samer A., Salim R., Aboazamazem H., Almiqlash B., Biala M., Alganimi W., Ghamgh R., Ben Omar N., Alsoufi A., Aldreawi M., Saleim N., Sowan F., Saleem H., Ahmed A., Samalavicius N. E., Aliosin O., Dailidenas S., Dulskas A., Buckus B., Kuliesius Z., Bradunaite R., Dominguez-Rosado I., Buerba G. A., Posadas-Trujillo O. E., Alfaro-Goldaracena A., Cortes R., Mercado M. A., Beristain-Hernandez J. L., Mora-Munoz V. S., Mena-Bedolla J. M., Palacios Ramirez A. R., Astorga Medina M. M., Van Aert G., Ombashi S., Spillenaar Bilgen R., Vos D., Besselink M., Alberts V., Busch O., Bemelman W., Boermeester M., Daams F., Gordinou De Gouberville M., Van Duijvendijk P., De Graaff M., Baaij J., Gans S., Bos K., Goudsmit B., Den Dekker B., Braat A., Kuijpers A., Breukers S., Borel Rinkes I., Andel D., Hayes T., Carson D., Bhat S., Van Der Have J., Anderson C., Bissett I., Windsor J., Elliott B. M., Scowcroft H., McLauchlan J., Ritchie D., Jeffery F., Connor S., Xu W., Mashlan H., Thirayan V., Ly J., McGuinness M. J., Ferguson L., Watt I., Harmston C., Akinmade A., Enoch E., Kayode-Nissi V., Ogundele I., Ayoade B. A., Adekoya A., Nwokoro C., Opadeyi A., Yusuf A., Ojajuni A., Adepoju O., Muhammad Dauda M., Keffi Mubarak M., Lawal K., Muhammad D., Salonga D., Sael N. A., Rey C. M., Pestano M., Tan D., Bangayan N. R., Sy D. K., Ang D., Bernardo E., Chua J. P., Alharthi M., Bukhari W., Bakier Mohammed K., Al Athath S., Ghunaim M., Saiedi H., Sultan N., Farsi A., Basendowah M., Malibary N., Jaloun H., Altalhi D., Organjee A., Moamena M., Al Zaidi T. M., Alyami M., Alqannas M., Al-Urfan M., Elawad A., Alawadhi A., Alalawi Y., Alqarni A., Alqahtani B., Alayed A., Alsobaie K., Adi H., Elhaj M., Dehlawi A., Behairy G., Khaled I., Kmezic S., Radenkovic D., Aleksic L., Markovic V., Pejovic I., Antic A., Kalkan M., Vujanovic Gadjanski O., Dusan S., Marcetic B., Thiruchelvam N., Chiow A. K. H., Lee L. S., Mun D. Y. C., Tan E. K., Koh Y. X., Loh W. L., Wang Z., Chan C. Y., Kloppers C., Almgla N., Bernon M., Kahn M., Karimbocus N., Roldan Villavicencio J. I., Goitia V., Gutierrez Rios R. D., Garcia Ruiz S., Lopez Deogracias M., Turrado-Rodriguez V., Morales X., Hessheimer A., Termes Serra R., Beltran De Heredia J., Trujillo-Diaz J., Herreros-Rodriguez J., Montes-Manrique M., De Andres-Asenjo B., Beltran-Heredia J., Gimenez Maurel T., Utrilla Fornals A., Martin Anoro L. F., Cortese S., Perez Diaz M. D., Ballon M., Morote M., Cebolla Rojas L., Oliver Guillen J. R., Lopez De Fernandez A., Del Campo Lavilla M., Mora-Guzman I., Escartin A., Pinillos A., Vela Polanco F. F., Jara Quezada J. H., Muriel Alvarez P., Tur-Martinez J., Camps J., Herrero E., Garcia-Domingo M. I., Cugat Andorra E., Crespi Mir A., Claramonte Bellmunt O., Vicens Arbona J. C., Fernandez Burgos I. R., Sarriugarte Lasarte A., Marin H., Tellaeche De La Iglesia M., Ocerin Alganza O., Salinas Gomez J., Ramos-Martin P., Urbieta A., Nasimi Sabbagh R., Castell Gomez J. T., Serrablo A., Paterna -Lopez S., GutiCrossed D SignCopyrightrrez-Diez M., Abadia-Forcen M. T., Serradilla-Martin M., Duran Munoz-Cruzado V. M., Pareja Ciuro F., Perea Del Pozo E., Aparicio Sanchez D., Dios-Barbeito S., Marenco De La Cuadra B., Retamar Gentil M., Reguera-Rosal J., Infantes Ormad M., Lopez-Ruiz J. A., Landaluce-Olavarria A., Zevallos-Quiroz J. C., Barrutia Leonardo J., Emaldi A., Begona E., Balciscueta Coltell I., Sebastian M., Martinez Ramos S., Martinez Alcaide S., Lorenzo Perez J., Martinez Insfran L. A., Lopez-Morales P., Gimenez Frances C., Rahy-Martin A., Pelloni M., Ortiz-Lopez D., Benet-Munoz O., Pinero-Gonzalez L., Alconchel F., Nicolas-Lopez T., Rodrigues K., Cascales Campos P. A., Gomez-Bosch F., Ramirez Romero P., Ibrahim M., Hamid H. K. S., Idres R., Idris M., Mohammed O., Ayran S., Sinan A. H., Ozben V., Aytac E., Aliyeva Z., Mutlu A. U., Bilgin I. A., Karahasanoglu T., Hamzaoglu I., Bozkirli B., Uprak T. K., Kotan T., Coskun M., Kara Y., Somuncu E., Kocatas A., Bozkurt M. A., Demirli Atici S., Kaya T., Sert I., Emiroglu M., Jaffar M., Younis M. U., Aziz T., Ikram F., Sandal M., Al Madhloum Al Suwaidi F., Alshaikh M. O., Saber A., Khammas A., Nessa A., Jardine R., Nicol L., Clark C., McGee A., Alkari B., Feretis M., Antakia R., Georgiades F., Moneim J., O'Neill R., Balakrishnan A., Lunevicius R., Sud A., Moutsos I., Gomez D., Shahid S., Majeed T., Ibrahim W. K. G., Kadum K., Melia R., Magee C., Chicken D. W., Kumar S., Alshibshoubi M., Van Laarhoven S., Dewi F., Williams J., Byrne B., Wilkerson P., Tang C. B., Farhangmehr N., Jonas A., Charavanamuttu V., Almeida K., Efthimiou E., Boardley J., White A., Butt M. A., Menzies D., Gundkalli Z., Hassanzadeh-Baboli D., Jones O., Mistry P., Saha S., Gerrard A., Evans J., Rajeev S., Ali W., Ross E., Gilliam A., Hitchins C., Emslie K., Spellar K., Sked H., Briggs C., Brown L., A Hemadasa N., Apollos J. R., Belgaumkar A., Tawfik A., Brewin L., Oyewole B., Wadhawan H., Massie E., Rutherford D., McGivern K., McElroy L., De'Ath H. D., Tobbal M., Nagendram S., Patel P., Handa S., Houghton G., Sundaralingam S. S., Parker J., Morgan R., Gala T., Ibrahim S., Harby R., Abdelkarim M., Holroyd D., Thomas R., McLennan E., Boardley R., Jamieson N. B., Ebied H., Gossage J., Davies A., Wheatstone S., Jawad Z., Jiao L., Rajagopal P., Sodergren M., Lami M., Wiberg A., Bond-Smith G., Gemmill E., Lenzi E., Sapre D., Herrod P., Boyd-Carson H., Garcea G., Issa E., Jackson A., Fashina T., Pan H., Farquharson B., Shafiq H., Emanuel O., Mahdi S., Jeyarajah S., Finch L., Whiting G., Pigott L., Martin J., Siriwardena A. K., Beatson K., Abawi L., Lam W., Rea W., Andrews B., Al-Sarireh B., Soliman F., Burridge J., Jenvey C., Hammoda M., Hollyman M., Merker L., Richards J., Sukumaran V., Rogers S., Payne C., Bibi S., Raza K., Ul Ain N., Dronamraju S., Patil S., Nachimuthu S., Ravindran S., Patel S., Ivanov B., Patel M., Ejtehadi F., Jebamani J., Akhter Rahman M. M., Woodun H., De Prendergast A., Afzal A., Bota E., Abdul S. R., Karmarkar R., Crockett E., Evans L., Appleton B., Griffiths E., Dada O., Kulkarni R., Albirnawi H., Gravestock P., Vincenti C., Taribagil S., Dent B., Tse C., Clayton B., Burdekin E., Bannister L., Alam I., Gray J., Mactier M., Pollock A., Gough V., Kanchustambam S. R., Ridgway M., Arujunan K., Gopalswamy S., Monteiro De Barros J., Lyons T., Griffith D., Awan A. K., Latif J., Bandlamudi N., Bhatti I., Raptis D. A., Machairas N., Pissanou T., Mestre-Costa J., Hidalgo Salinas C., Pollok J. M., Al-Ardah M., Watson-Jones E., Rontree-Carey T., Boyce T., Hawkin P., Elmaradny A., Ross K., Adu-Peprah E., Pinto K., Dunne D., McCready R., Nita G., Szatmary P., Tay V. L., Rajput K., Rajendran I., Chaudhury M., Zambas G., Swaminathan C., Atif Q. A. A., Barrow T., Williams O., Malik A., Conroy S., Lindley S., Gilmore K., Boden E., Richards S. K., Hraishawi I., Polak P., McLaughlin D., Deeny D., Shuttleworth R., Harris A., Peilober-Richardson A., Morris G. C., Sara X., Almourad H., Ang Y., Smyth R., Ding D., Foster J., Bond A., Kumar Y., Ahmad A., Radoi D., Alkaili-Alyamani A., Balakrishnan S., Satchidanand R. Y., Danwaththa Liyanage A. S., Blake I., Ransome M., Weerasinghe C., Kenington C., Mayo K., Mohammed M., Cockbain A. J., Peckham-Cooper A., McCauley G., Gordon C., Smith A., Hawkins W., Chakravartty S., Baillie C., Kenny R., Kumar A., Koimtzis G., Bellamy E., Menon A., Kanakala A., Nevins E. J., Madhavan A., Thulasiraman S., France K., O'Connor A., Idama D., Raslan C., Sridhar S., Parveen M., Mubashar T., Jarvis S., Cakmak I., Wright C., Andrews S., Abdelsaid K Abdul Aal Y., Jayasankar B., Morilla J., Shehata M., Subba N., Tewari N., El-Sayed C., Somaie D., Beheiry N., Douka E., Arumugam S., Wijetunga I., Leivers E., Ibrahim B., Khan K., Wheat J., Christopher J., Barnett R., Elberm H., Booker J., Ashai S., Berry D., Luhmann A., Sgro A., Rashid M. M., Galea M., Jeyakumar J., Marriott P., Zafar S., Baker A., Yershov D., Galanopoulos G., Jordan R., Peinado Garcia C., Anyaugo N., Bath M. F., Omatseye J., Roberts L., Argyriou E. O., Machesney M., Parmar C., Clark S., Khalil H., Unsworth S., Mlotshwa M., Ayoub N., Aboelkhair A., Iosif E., Mohamed N., Reynolds E., Mackender E., Robinson D., Mufti W., Fischkoff K., Coleman N., Anantha Sathyanarayana S., Deutsch G., Giangola M., Lin D., Weiss M., Chung C., Nguyen A., Mueller J., Dabit M., Gordon J., McGuire E., Rashid O., Georgi E., Gallo M., Kunstman J. W., Peters N. V., O'Connor R., Bhattacharya B., Onkendi E., Santos A. P., Richmond R., Warren M., Zhang K., Broderick R., Clary B., Horgan S., Doucet J., Liepert A., Harmon L., McCall C., Sham J. G., Williams E., Labadie K. P., Clark N. M., Dickerson L. K., Hammill C. W., Williams G., Kushner B., Cos H., Zarate Rodriguez J., Bailey K., Al-Raimi I. M. 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M.M., Galea M., Jeyakumar J., Marriott P., Zafar S., Baker A., Yershov D., Galanopoulos G., Jordan R., Peinado Garcia C., Anyaugo N., Bath M.F., Omatseye J., Roberts L., Argyriou E.O., Machesney M., Parmar C., Clark S., Khalil H., Unsworth S., Mlotshwa M., Ayoub N., Aboelkhair A., Iosif E., Mohamed N., Reynolds E., Mackender E., Robinson D., Mufti W., Fischkoff K., Coleman N., Anantha Sathyanarayana S., Deutsch G., Giangola M., Lin D., Weiss M., Chung C., Nguyen A., Mueller J., Dabit M., Gordon J., McGuire E., Rashid O., Georgi E., Gallo M., Kunstman J.W., Peters N.V., O'Connor R., Bhattacharya B., Onkendi E., Santos A.P., Richmond R., Warren M., Zhang K., Broderick R., Clary B., Horgan S., Doucet J., Liepert A., Harmon L., McCall C., Sham J.G., Williams E., Labadie K.P., Clark N.M., Dickerson L.K., Hammill C.W., Williams G., Kushner B., Cos H., Zarate Rodriguez J., Bailey K., Al-Raimi I.M.N., Al-Zazay K., Ahmed Mohammed Al-Mahdi S., Mohammed Aldowbli S., Al-Shehari M., Shream S., 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R., Dudi-Venkata, N N, Kanhere, H., Stranz, C., Seow, W., Mansour, L T, Wormald, J., Loveday, Bpt, Thomson, B., O'Donnell, T., Milenkovski, N., Herath, M., Trochsler, M., Farfus, A., Maddern, G., Bunjo, Z., Kuan, L L, Atanasov, G., Dawson, A., van Ruyven, S., Lun, E., Samadov, E., Namazov, I., Asgarov, M., Ibrahimli, A., Srinivasan, M., Saeed, M F, Aljawder, H., Juma, I., Coimbra, F J, Marques, N., Casteleins, W A, Petruzziello, A., Jabur, G., Rodriguez, Jfp, Buso, P L, MacKenzie, S., Hsiao, M., Sljivic, I., Tecson, A., Karanicolas, P J, Roke, R., Moon, J., Butler, E V, Riquelme, F., Yanez, M., Catan, F., Uribe, M., Carriel, F., Oppliger, F., Paredes, A., Daroch, D., Aguayo, J C, Perez Rivera, C J, Acosta Buitrago, L M, Kadamani Abiyomaa, A., Mosquera Paz, M S, Cabrera, P., Corso, J., Ozcay, N., Ozant, A., Arslan, K., Besim, H., Almezghwi, H., Azzam, A Y, Bessa, S., El-Sayes, I., Badawy, A., Wael, M., El-Gendi, A., Azab, M A, Fayed, M., El Kassas, M., Gamal, M., Tawheed, A., Al Shafie, 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Bhojwwani, R., Ayy Ar, S., Jain N Mehraj, A., Hussain, F., Nazir, I., Shah, M., Chowdri, N A, Hilmi, A., Argenio, G., Atelli, P., Palladino, E., Armellino, M F, Tamini, N., Nespoli, L C, Degrate, L., Angrisani, M., Carissimi, F., Bordoni, P., Fleres, F., Clarizia, G., Spolini, A., Franzini, M., Cucinotta, E., Badessi, G., Mazzeo, C., Viscosi, F., Pintabona, G., Campagnaro, T., Poletto, E., Turri, G., Ruzzenente, A., Conci, S., Guglielmi, A., Feo, C., Fabbri, N., Fazzin, M., Giaccari, S., Feo, C V, Massani, M., Pellizzo, P., Colella, M., Tutino, R., Cappellacci, F., Medas, F., Canu, G L, Erdas, E., Calò, P G, Porcu, A., Perra, T., Scanu, A M, Feo, C F, Fancellu, A., Germani, P., Giunta, C., Biloslavo, A., Abdallah, H., Aizza, G., Barberis, A., Belli, F., Santoliquido, M., Filauro, M., Canonico, G., Nelli, T., Di Martino, C., Capezzuoli, L., Anastasi, A., Bressan, L., Cortinovis, S., Nagliati, C., Colombo, F., Ferrario, L., Bondurri, A., Guerci, C., Maffioli, A., Catena, F., Perrone, G., Giuffrida, M., Morini, A., Annicchiarico, A., Gallo, G., Carpino, A., Ferrari, F., De Paola, G., Sammarco, G., Callari, C., Licari, L., Sorce, V., Di Miceli, D., Lovisetto, F., Zonta, S., Chessa, A., Fiorini, A., De Manzoni Garberini, A., Angelini, E., Moggia, E., Murgese, A., Mungo, S., Birolo, S L, Garino, M., Federico, N S, Muratore, A., Lunghi, E G, Calabro, M., Cianci, P., Enrico, R., Capuzzolo, S., Cafagna, L., Minafra, M., Sasia, D., Gattolin, A., Migliore, M., Rimonda, R., Travaglio, E., De Marco, G., Elter, C., Bargellini, T., D'amico, S., Zambonin, D., Caponi, A., Calini, G., Puggioni, A., Bresadola, V., Zalla, T., Cantafio, S., Feroci, F., Romoli, L., Giudicissi, R., Picciariello, A., Papagni, V., Dibra, R., Altomare, D F, Pinotti, E., Montuori, M., Baronio, G., Tonini, V., Sartarelli, L., Gori, A., Cervellera, M., Lapolla, P., Sapienza, P., Brachini, G., Cirillo, B., Zambon, M., Mingoli, A., Pascariello, A., Boccia, L., Benedetti, S., Mantovani, G., De Angelis, M., Ferrara, F., Testa, V., Borghi, F., Maione, F., Pruiti Ciarello, V., Giraudo, G., Agresta, F., Cestaro, G., Prando, D., Cavallo, F., Zese, M., Cillara, N., Sechi, R., Cardia, R., Cannavera, A., Putzu, G., Frongia, F., Pisanu, A., Delogu, D., Esposito, G., Podda, M., Iossa, A., De Angelis, F., Boru, C., Silecchia, G., Palini, G M, Garulli, G., Veneroni, S., Tammaro, P., Maida, P., Leake, P A, Wanliss, M G, Sato, K., Chiyonobu, N., Imamura, H., Yamazaki, S., Watanabe, M., Qasem, A., Ayasra, F., Al Dahabrh, S., Khaled, A., Al-Thunaibat, A., Olaywah, D., Alqudah, S., Alqawasmi, S., Khamees, A., Guboug, A., Es Salim, M., Althwabteh, T., Bani Khaled, H., El-Hammuri, N., Aljesrawi, A., Alamaadany, F., Eljareh, M., Al Gasi, Aej, Alsaeiti, S., Alkhafeefi, A S, Suliaman, T., Alanasri, Aha, Haroun, Aba, Haron, A., Kilani, A I, Ahmed, M., Alawami, M., Alawami, A., Albashri, M., Abusannuga, M., Malek, A., Jwaili, N., Aldenfria, A., Elzwawi, F., Almugaddami, A., Egdeer, Asa, Masoud, M., Alazzabi, B., Alezabi, B., Shuwayyah, A., Alkamkhe, Aas, Aboulqasim, I., Atiyah, H., Alfagi, Raa, Abdulmula, A., Bouhuwaish, A., Samer, A., Salim, R., Aboazamazem, H., Almiqlash, B., Biala, M., Alganimi, W., Ghamgh, R., Ben Omar, N., Alsoufi, A., Aldreawi, M., Saleim, N., Sowan, F., Saleem, H., Ahmed, Aqueelah, Samalavičius, Narimantas Evaldas, Aliosin, O., Dailidėnas, S., Dulskas, Audrius, Buckus, Bronius, Kuliešius, Z., Bradūnaitė, R., Dominguez-Rosado, I., Buerba, G A, Posadas-Trujillo, O E, Alfaro-Goldaracena, A., Cortes, R., Mercado, M A, Beristain-Hernandez, J L, Mora-Munoz, V S, Mena-Bedolla, J M, Palacios Ramirez, A R, Astorga Medina, M M, Van Aert, G., Ombashi, S., Spillenaar Bilgen, R., Vos, D., Besselink, M., Alberts, V., Busch, O., Bemelman, W., Boermeester, M., Daams, F., Gordinou De Gouberville, M., Van Duijvendijk, P., De Graaff, M., Baaij, J., Gans, S., Bos, K., Goudsmit, B., Den Dekker, B., Braat, A., Kuijpers, A., Breukers, S., Borel Rinkes, I., Andel, D., Hayes, T., Carson, D., Bhat, S., van der Have, J., Anderson, C., Bissett, I., Windsor, J., Elliott, B M, Scowcroft, H., Mclauchlan, J., Ritchie, D., Jeffery, F., Connor, S., Xu, W., Mashlan, H., Thirayan, V., Ly, J., Mcguinness, M J, Ferguson, L., Watt, I., Harmston, C., Akinmade, A., Enoch, E., Kayode-Nissi, V., Ogundele, I., Ayoade, B A, Adekoya, A., Nwokoro, C., Opadeyi, A., Yusuf, A., Ojajuni, A., Adepoju, O., Muhammad Dauda, Maigatari, Keffi Mubarak, Musa, Lawal, Khalid, Muhammad, Daniyan, Salonga, D., Sael, N A, Rey, C M, Pestano, M., Tan, D., Bangayan, N R, Sy, D K, Ang, D., Bernardo, E., Chua, J P, Alharthi, M., Bukhari, W., Bakier Mohammed, K., Al Athath, S., Ghunaim, M., Saiedi, H., Sultan, N., Farsi, A., Basendowah, M., Malibary, N., Jaloun, H., Altalhi, Db, Organjee, A., Moamena, M., Al Zaidi, T M, Alyami, M., Alqannas, M., Al-Urfan, M., Elawad, A., Alawadhi, A., Alalawi, Y., Alqarni, A., Alqahtani, B., Alayed, A., Alsobaie, K., Adi, H., Elhaj, M., Dehlawi, A., Behairy, G., Khaled, I., Kmezic, S., Radenkovic, D., Aleksic, L., Markovic, V., Pejovic, I., Antic, A., Kalkan, M., Vujanovic Gadjanski, O., Dusan, S., Marčetić, B., Thiruchelvam, N., Chiow, Akh, Lee, L S, Mun, Dyc, Tan, E K, Koh, Y X, Loh, W L, Wang, Z., Chan, C Y, Ibrahim, M., Hamid, Hks, Idres, R., Idris, M., Mohammed, O., Ayran, S., Sinan, A H, Ozben, V., Aytac, E., Aliyeva, Z., Mutlu, A U, Bilgin, I A, Karahasanoglu, T., Hamzaoglu, I., Bozkirli, B., Uprak, T K, Kotan, T., Coskun, M., Kara, Y., Somuncu, E., Kocatas, A., Bozkurt, M A, Demirli Atici, S., Kaya, T., Sert, I., Emiroglu, M., Jaffar, M., Younis, M U, Aziz, T., Ikram, F., Sandal, M., Al Madhloum Al Suwaidi, F., Alshaikh, M O, Saber, A., Khammas, A., Nessa, A., Jardine, R., Nicol, L., Clark, C., Mcgee, A., Alkari, B., Feretis, M., Antakia, R., Georgiades, F., Moneim, J., O'Neill, R., Balakrishnan, A., Lunevicius, R., Sud, A., Moutsos, I., Gomez, D., Shahid, S., Majeed, T., Ibrahim, Wkg, Kadum, K., Melia, R., Magee, C., Chicken, D W, Kumar, S., Alshibshoubi, M., van Laarhoven, S., Dewi, F., Williams, J., Byrne, B., Wilkerson, P., Tang, C B, Farhangmehr, N., Jonas, A., Charavanamuttu, V., Almeida, K., Efthimiou, E., Boardley, J., White, A., Butt, M A, Menzies, D., Gundkalli, Z., Hassanzadeh-Baboli, D., Jones, O., Mistry, P., Saha, S., Gerrard, A., Evans, J., Rajeev, S., Ali, W., Ross, E., Gilliam, A., Hitchins, C., Emslie, K., Spellar, K., Sked, H., Briggs, C., Brown, L., A Hemadasa, N., Apollos, J R, Belgaumkar, A., Tawfik, A., Brewin, L., Oyewole, B., Wadhawan, H., Massie, E., Rutherford, D., Mcgivern, K., Mcelroy, L., De'Ath, H D, Tobbal, M., Nagendram, S., Patel, P., Handa, S., Houghton, G., Sundaralingam, S S, Parker, J., Morgan, R., Gala, T., Ibrahim, S., Mithany, R., Abdelkarim, M., Holroyd, D., Thomas, R., Mclennan, E., Boardley, R., Jamieson, N B, Ebied, H., Gossage, J., Davies, A., Wheatstone, S., Jawad, Z., Jiao, L., Rajagopal, P., Sodergren, M., Lami, M., Wiberg, A., Bond-Smith, G., Gemmill, E., Lenzi, E., Sapre, D., Herrod, P., Boyd-Carson, H., Garcea, G., Issa, E., Jackson, A., Fashina, T., Pan, H., Farquharson, B., Shafiq, H., Emanuel, O., Mahdi, S., Jeyarajah, S., Finch, L., Whiting, G., Pigott, L., Martin, J., Siriwardena, A., Beatson, K., Abawi, L., Lam, W., Rea, W., Andrews, B., Al-Sarireh, B., Soliman, F., Burridge, J., Jenvey, C., Hammoda, M., Hollyman, M., Merker, L., Richards, J., Sukumaran, V., Rogers, S., Payne, C., Bibi, S., Raza, K., Ul Ain, N., Dronamraju, S., Patil, S., Nachimuthu, S., Ravindran, S., Patel, S., Ivanov, B., Patel, M., Ejtehadi, F., Jebamani, J., Akhter Rahman, M M, Woodun, H., De Prendergast, A., Afzal, A., Bota, E., Abdul, S R, Karmarkar, R., Crockett, E., Evans, L., Appleton, B., Griffiths, E., Dada, O., Kulkarni, R., Albirnawi, H., Gravestock, P., Vincenti, C., Taribagil, S., Dent, B., Tse, C., Clayton, B., Burdekin, E., Bannister, L., Alam, I., Gray, J., Mactier, M., Pollock, A., Gough, V., Kanchustambam, S R, Ridgway, M., Arujunan, K., Gopalswamy, S., Monteiro De Barros, J., Lyons, T., Griffith, D., Awan, A K, Latif, J., Bandlamudi, N., Bhatti, I., Raptis, D A, Machairas, N., Pissanou, T., Mestre-Costa, J., Hidalgo Salinas, C., Pollok, J M, Al-Ardah, M., Watson-Jones, E., Rontree-Carey, T., Boyce, T., Hawkin, P., Elmaradny, A., Ross, K., Adu-Peprah, E., Pinto, K., Dunne, D., Mccready, R., Nita, G., Szatmary, P., Tay, V L, Rajput, K., Rajendran, I., Chaudhury, M., Zambas, G., Swaminathan, C., Atif, Qaa, Barrow, T., Williams, O., Malik, A., Conroy, S., Lindley, S., Gilmore, K., Boden, E., Richards, S K, Hraishawi, I., Polak, P., Mclaughlin, D., Deeny, D., Shuttleworth, R., Harris, A., Peilober-Richardson, A., Morris, G C, Sara, X., Almourad, H., Ang, Y., Smyth, R., Ding, D., Foster, J., Bond, A., Kumar, Y., Ahmad, A., Radoi, D., Alkaili-Alyamani, A., Balakrishnan, S., Satchidanand, R Y, Danwaththa Liyanage, A S, Blake, I., Ransome, M., Weerasinghe, C., Kenington, C., Mayo, K., Mohammed, M., Cockbain, A J, Peckham-Cooper, A., Mccauley, G., Gordon, C., Smith, A., Hawkins, W., Chakravartty, S., Baillie, C., Kenny, R., Kumar, A., Koimtzis, G., Bellamy, E., Menon, A., Kanakala, A., Nevins, E J, Madhavan, A., Thulasiraman, S., France, K., O'Connor, A., Idama, D., Raslan, C., Sridhar, S., Parveen, M., Mubashar, T., Jarvis, S., Cakmak, I., Wright, C., Andrews, S., Abdelsaid K Abdul Aal, Y., Jayasankar, B., Morilla, J., Shehata, M., Subba, N., Tewari, N., El-Sayed, C., Somaie, D., Beheiry, N., Douka, E., Arumugam, S., Wijetunga, I., Leivers, E., Ibrahim, B., Khan, K., Wheat, J., Christopher, J., Barnett, R., Elberm, H., Booker, J., Ashai, S., Berry, D., Luhmann, A., Sgro, A., Rashid, M M, Galea, M., Jeyakumar, J., Marriott, P., Zafar, S., Baker, A., Yershov, D., Galanopoulos, G., Jordan, R., Peinado Garcia, C., Anyaugo, N., Bath, M F, Omatseye, J., Roberts, L., Argyriou, E O, Machesney, M., Parmar, C., Clark, S., Khalil, H., Unsworth, S., Mlotshwa, M., Ayoub, N., Aboelkhair, A., Iosif, E., Mohamed, N., Reynolds, E., Mackender, E., Robinson, D., Mufti, W., Fischkoff, K., Coleman, N., Anantha Sathyanarayana, S., Deutsch, G., Giangola, M., Lin, D., Weiss, M., Chung, C., Nguyen, A., Mueller, J., Dabit, M., Gordon, J., McGuire, E., Rashid, O., Georgi, E., Gallo, M., Kunstman, J W, Peters, N V, O'Connor, R., Bhattacharya, B., Onkendi, E., Santos, A P, Richmond, R., Warren, M., Zhang, K., Broderick, R., Clary, B., Horgan, S., Doucet, J., Liepert, A., Harmon, L., McCall, C., Sham, J G, Williams, E., Labadie, K P, Clark, N M, Dickerson, L K, Hammill, C W, Williams, G., Kushner, B., Cos, H., Zarate Rodriguez, J., Bailey, K., Al-Raimi, Imn, Al-Zazay, K., Ahmed Mohammed Al-Mahdi, S., Mohammed Aldowbli, S., Al-Shehari, M., Shream, S., Al-Ameri, S., Aeed, M., Aldawbali, M., Alsayadi, R., and Alsayadi, M.
Subjects: Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, acute cholecystitis, COVID-19, management, Cholecystitis, Acute, acute, General Medicine, pandemics, cholecystectomy, humans, cholecystitis, Cholecystectomy, Humans, Pandemics, Settore MED/18 - Chirurgia Generale, Human
Abstract: Background This study provides a global overview of the management of patients with acute cholecystitis during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods CHOLECOVID is an international, multicentre, observational comparative study of patients admitted to hospital with acute cholecystitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on management were collected for a 2-month study interval coincident with the WHO declaration of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and compared with an equivalent pre-pandemic time interval. Mediation analysis examined the influence of SARS-COV-2 infection on 30-day mortality. Results This study collected data on 9783 patients with acute cholecystitis admitted to 247 hospitals across the world. The pandemic was associated with reduced availability of surgical workforce and operating facilities globally, a significant shift to worse severity of disease, and increased use of conservative management. There was a reduction (both absolute and proportionate) in the number of patients undergoing cholecystectomy from 3095 patients (56.2 per cent) pre-pandemic to 1998 patients (46.2 per cent) during the pandemic but there was no difference in 30-day all-cause mortality after cholecystectomy comparing the pre-pandemic interval with the pandemic (13 patients (0.4 per cent) pre-pandemic to 13 patients (0.6 per cent) pandemic; P = 0.355). In mediation analysis, an admission with acute cholecystitis during the pandemic was associated with a non-significant increased risk of death (OR 1.29, 95 per cent c.i. 0.93 to 1.79, P = 0.121). Conclusion CHOLECOVID provides a unique overview of the treatment of patients with cholecystitis across the globe during the first months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The study highlights the need for system resilience in retention of elective surgical activity. Cholecystectomy was associated with a low risk of mortality and deferral of treatment results in an increase in avoidable morbidity that represents the non-COVID cost of this pandemic.
Published: 2022

27. Recommendations for implementing value‐based practice in medicine

Author: Huda E. Tawfik, M. Ariel Cascio, and Nahla Gomaa
Subjects: Evidence-Based Medicine, Review and Exam Preparation, Humans, General Medicine
Published: 2022

28. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and success of cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation

Author: Emad, Effat Fakhry and Mazen, Tawfik Ibrahim
Subjects: Treatment Outcome, Physiology (medical), Atrial Fibrillation, Electric Countershock, Humans, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract: Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). Vitamin D deficiency has been found to increase vulnerability to AF. The authors aimed to determine the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cardioversion success in AF patients.The study included 200 persistent AF patients presenting for cardioversion. Serum vitamin D level was sampled on admission. The success of cardioversion was assessed and patients divided into two groups: successful or failed (group I and II, respectively). Vitamin D level was assessed and patients were divided into three groups: deficient, insufficient, and sufficient vitamin D level. Cardioversion was performed pharmacologically or electrically. Failure of cardioversion was defined as: (1) detection of AF rhythm in 12-lead ECG recording immediately after cardioversion or within 6‑month follow-up, or (2) ECG Holter monitoring of AF lasting 30 s at 6‑month follow-up.There was a highly statistically significant difference in baseline serum vitamin D level between group I and group II (P-value 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in terms of vitamin D levels regarding age, gender, body mass index, smoking, and left atrial diameter.This study demonstrated that AF cardioversion failure was associated with vitamin D deficiency in patients without structural heart disease, while sufficient and insufficient vitamin D levels were associated with successful cardioversion. Therefore, vitamin D level assessment before cardioversion may help predict the success of cardioversion, and possible correction of deficient vitamin D levels may increase the chance of successful cardioversion.HINTERGRUND: Entzündungen spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Pathogenese des Vorhofflimmerns (VHF). Es wird angenommen, dass ein Vitamin-D-Mangel die Anfälligkeit für VHF erhöht. Unser Ziel war es, den Zusammenhang zwischen Vitamin-D-Mangel und Erfolg der Kardioversion bei Patienten mit VHF zu bestimmen.Die Studie umfasste 200 Patienten mit persistierendem VHF, die zur Kardioversion vorgestellt wurden. Der Vitamin-D-Serumspiegel wurde bei der Aufnahme gemessen. Der Erfolg der Kardioversion wurde beurteilt und die Patienten in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt, je nach Erfolg oder Misserfolg der Kardioversion in Gruppe I bzw. II. Der Vitamin-D-Spiegel wurde bestimmt und die Patienten wurden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: Mangel, unzureichender und ausreichender Vitamin-D-Spiegel. Die Kardioversion erfolgte pharmakologisch oder elektrisch. Das Versagen der Kardioversion wurde definiert als (1) Erkennung eines Vorhofflimmerns im12-Kanal-EKG unmittelbar nach der Kardioversion oder innerhalb von 6 Monaten oder (2) VHF 30 s im Langzeit-EKG nach 6 Monaten.In Bezug auf den Ausgangswert des Serum-Vitamin-D-Spiegels gab es einen statistisch hoch signifikanten Unterschied zwischen Gruppe I und Gruppe II (p-Wert 0,01). Es gab keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den drei Vitamin-D-Gruppen in Bezug auf Alter, Geschlecht, Body-Mass-Index, Rauchen und Durchmesser des linken Vorhofs.In unserer Studie war das Versagen der VHF-Kardioversion bei Patienten ohne strukturelle Herzerkrankung mit einem Vitamin-D-Mangel assoziiert, während die Kardioversion bei Patienten mit ausreichenden und unzureichenden Vitamin-D-Spiegeln erfolgreicher war. Daher kann die Beurteilung des Vitamin-D-Spiegels vor der Kardioversion bei der Vorhersage des Kardioversionserfolgs nützlich sein und die Korrektur eines Vitamin-D-Mangels möglicherweise die Chance auf eine erfolgreiche Kardioversion erhöhen.
Published: 2022

29. MYTHS AND TRUTHS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF RETINAL VASCULAR OCCLUSION WITH COVID-19

Author: Parachuri, Nikulaa, Tawfik, Mohamed A., ÖZDEK, ŞENGÜL, Parolini, Barbara, Kuppermann, Baruch D., Sharma, Ashish, Quan Dong Nguyen, Quan Dong Nguyen, Romano, Mario Rosario, Kumar, Nilesh, and Marashi, Ameen
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Retinal Artery Occlusion, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Eye Infections, Viral, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Mythology, Ophthalmology, Retinal Vein Occlusion, Humans, Female, Aged
Abstract: Purpose: To critically review data published in the recent past to scrutinize a causal relationship between retinal vascular occlusion and COVID-19. Method: A comprehensive literature search was performed on Pubmed with the key words retinal vascular occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion, and COVID-19. Results: A total of 17 case reports were published during this period, and 10 were on retinal vein occlusion and 7 on retinal artery occlusion. Most of the published reports lacked convincing evidences in one or the other aspects, such as insufficient laboratory workup or presence of multiple confounding risk factors. Conclusion: In this index article, strength of the data is insufficient to establish a definitive cause-and-effect relationship of retinal vascular occlusive disorders with COVID-19. Hence, clinicians can continue to manage these cases according to the standard guidelines until there are more robust evidences to support this association to alter the diagnostic and treatment modalities.
Published: 2022

30. A randomized controlled study of early versus standard cannulation of arteriovenous grafts in hemodialysis patients

Author: Amr Salem, Mohammed H. Zidan, Ahmed M. Tawfik, and Aymen Salem
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Blinding, medicine.medical_treatment, Prosthesis Design, Catheterization, law.invention, Clinical study, Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation, Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical, Primary outcome, Randomized controlled trial, Renal Dialysis, law, Humans, Medicine, In patient, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Vascular Patency, business.industry, Middle Aged, Blood Vessel Prosthesis, Outcome parameter, Surgery, Treatment Outcome, Egypt, Female, Arteriovenous grafts, Hemodialysis, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Objective Arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) are frequently needed in hemodialysis (HD) patients with unsuitable superficial veins. First cannulation of standard arteriovenous grafts (sAVGs) still require about 2 weeks after implantation. Early cannulation arteriovenous grafts (eAVGs) were suggested to overcome this shortcoming. The present randomized study proposed to compare the clinical outcomes of sAVGs and eAVGs in HD patients. Methods The present single-center randomized clinical study recruited 477 HD patients indicated for AVG creation. They included 236 in the sAVG group and 241 in the eAVG group. Eligible patients were simply randomized and allocated to the studied groups using 1:1 allocation ratio. Blinding was secured using the sealed envelope technique. Enrolled patients were followed up for 12 months. The primary outcome in the present study was primary, primary assisted, and secondary patency rates at 12 months. Other outcome parameters included time to first cannulation, graft complications, and mortality. Results Comparison between the studied groups regarding the primary outcomes revealed no statistically significant differences. Primary patency rate was 65.7% and 68.0% (P = .58) at 6 months and 53.8% and 56.4% (P = .57) at 12 months in the sAVG and eAVG groups, respectively. Primary assisted patency rate was 70.8% and 69.7% (P = .8) in patients with sAVG and eAVG, whereas the reported rates at 12 months were 59.3% and 61.0% (P = .71), respectively. Secondary patency rate was 78.4% and 73.9% (P = .25) at 6 months and 67.8% and 69.7% (P = .65) at 12 months in the sAVG and eAVG groups, respectively. As expected, patients in the eAVG group experienced significantly earlier cannulation when compared with patients in the sAVG group (median, 3.0 days; range, 1.0-9.0 days vs 19.0 days; range, 15.0-22.0 days; P Conclusions Patients in the eAVG group have comparable outcomes to those in the sAVG group at 12 months with the added advantage of earlier time to first cannulation.
Published: 2022

31. Recommendations and best practice on the management of hemorrhoidal disease in Saudi Arabia

Author: Mohamed Zaki, El-Kelani, Raouf, Kerdahi, Samir, Raghib, Mohamed Ashraf, Shawkat, Naser, Abdelnazer, Ishag, Mudawi, Magdy, Mahmoud, Wassim, Abi Hussein, Mohamed, Tawfik, and Waleed, Wahdan
Subjects: Health Personnel, Physicians, Saudi Arabia, Humans, General Medicine, Pharmacists, Hemorrhoids
Abstract: Several techniques were developed for managing hemorrhoidal disease, but their use in clinical practice and the general management of the condition seems highly variable in Saudi Arabia.To develop consensus recommendations that ensure the best possible diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease in Saudi Arabia, the consensus panel consisted of experts in surgery in Saudi Arabia who met from December 2017 to September 2018.The discussions focused on the need: to set up a proctology society in Saudi Arabia to assess the prevalence of hemorrhoidal disease and to regulate the role of health-care professionals (HCPs) in the management of the disease; to initiate guidelines to ensure proper diagnosis (considering symptoms, medical history, and physical/clinical examination) and treatment (topical creams and suppositories should be limited as no strong evidence supports their efficacy); to educate patients on diet and lifestyle modifications using education materials and social media during and after the treatment (regular physical activity, drinking enough fluids, regular meal time with food rich in fibers, and regular bowel habit with non-straining defecation); to refer patients to a general/colorectal surgeon when needed; and to teach junior surgeons the best use of surgical techniques.These recommendations can be a step forward toward a recognized guidance for all HCPs in Saudi Arabia for a better management of hemorrhoidal disease. They will be of a great value for general practitioners, family medicine doctors, junior surgeons, and pharmacists who are the gate keepers and first contact with patients.
Published: 2022

32. Endoscopic ultrasound role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma treatment: A review focusing on technical success, safety and efficacy

Author: Sbeit, Wisam, Napoléon, Bertrand, and Khoury, Tawfik
Subjects: Palliative, Carcinoma, Gastroenterology, Minireviews, General Medicine, Endoscopic ultrasound, Adenocarcinoma, digestive system diseases, Management, Endosonography, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Humans, Pancreas, Cancer
Abstract: The impressive technological advances in recent years have rapidly translated into the shift of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) from diagnostic modality into an interventional and therapeutic tool. Despite the great advance in its diagnosis, the majority of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases are inoperable when diagnosed, thus demanding alternative optional therapies. EUS has emerged as an easy, minimally invasive modality targeting this carcinoma with different interventions that have been reported recently. In this review we summarize the evolving role of interventional therapeutic EUS in pancreatic adenocarcinoma management.
Published: 2022

33. Analysis of Hearing Preservation in Middle Cranial Fossa Resection of Vestibular Schwannoma

Author: Olivia A, La Monte, Kareem O, Tawfik, Usman, Khan, Marc, Schwartz, and Rick, Friedman
Subjects: Adult, Cranial Fossa, Middle, Treatment Outcome, Hearing, Otorhinolaryngology, Quality of Life, Audiometry, Pure-Tone, Humans, Neuroma, Acoustic, Neurology (clinical), Middle Aged, Sensory Systems, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Describe the effect of preoperative hearing on the likelihood of hearing preservation after middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach for resection of vestibular schwannoma (VS) and the effect of hearing preservation on disease-specific quality of life (QOL).Retrospective chart review.Academic tertiary care skull base surgery program.Sixty three adult patients with preoperative word recognition score (WRS) ≥50% who underwent MCF resection of VS between 2017 and 2020.All patients underwent MCF VS resection with attempted hearing preservation.Hearing preservation (postoperative WRS ≥50%), hearing-related Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality of Life (PANQOL) score.Sixty three patients with mean age 47.4 (±9.6) years and tumor size 11.5 (±0.5) mm were analyzed. Hearing was preserved (+HP) and lost (-HP) in 37 (58.7%) and 26 (41.3%) patients, respectively. Preoperatively, pure tone average audiometry was significantly lower among the +HP group (20.0 dB) versus -HP (31.0 dB, p 0.003). WRS was higher among +HP versus -HP (94% vs. 84%, respectively; p 0.002). Linear regression showed that intra- versus extra-canalicular tumor location, sudden hearing loss history, fundal fluid cap thickness, and tumor size had no relationship to hearing preservation outcomes. When evaluating postoperative QOL data (n = 37) hearing-related PANQOL score differed between +HP and -HP (t35 = 2.458, p = 0.0191) groups.In this cohort of patients undergoing MCF resection of VS, rates of HP were higher for patients with excellent preoperative hearing. Postoperatively, +HP patients reported improved hearing-related PANQOL scores compared to -HP patients.
Published: 2022

34. Virtual neuromuscular ultrasound courses during COVID-19 pandemic: Leveraging technology to enhance learning opportunities

Author: Francis O. Walker, Michael S. Cartwright, Natalie Winter, Nens van Alfen, Antonios Kerasnoudis, Eman A. Tawfik, Doris Lieba-Samal, and Peter Inkpen
Subjects: Technology, 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Diagnostic ultrasound, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), neuromuscular ultrasound, Physiology, Intermediate level, Neuromuscular ultrasound, Education, Distance, ultrasound imaging, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Learning opportunities, COVID‐19, Physiology (medical), virtual course, Pandemic, Humans, Pandemics, Supervised training, Ultrasonography, Medical education, training, COVID-19, Issues & Opinions, Neuromuscular Diseases, Disorders of movement Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 3], Neurology (clinical), Psychology
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 244190.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) INTRODUCTION/AIMS: Hands-on supervised training is essential for learning diagnostic ultrasound. Unfortunately, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to suspension of in-person training courses. As a result, many hands-on training courses were converted into virtual courses during the pandemic. Several reports regarding virtual ultrasound courses exist, but none has addressed virtual neuromuscular ultrasound courses, their design, or participants' views of this form of training. Therefore, the aims of this study were: (1) to determine the feasibility of conducting virtual neuromuscular ultrasound courses during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (2) to report the positive and negative aspects of the courses through the analyses of the responses of post-course surveys. METHODS: Two virtual neuromuscular ultrasound courses, basic and intermediate level, were conducted by the Egyptian Neuromuscular Ultrasound society during August 2020. Post-course, the attendees were directed to an electronic survey that consisted of eight questions. Ninety-three responses (23.8%) were obtained from the survey of the basic course and 156 responses (44.4%) were obtained from the survey of the intermediate course. RESULTS: Ninety-eight percent of the respondents to basic course surveys, and 100% of the respondents to the intermediate course survey found the courses useful or very useful. DISCUSSION: This report demonstrates the utility of virtual neuromuscular ultrasound courses for those participants willing to respond to a survey and describes a proposed design for such courses. Although hands-on supervised ultrasound training is ideal, virtual courses can be useful alternatives to in-person training when in-person interaction is restricted.
Published: 2022

35. <scp>Mouse‐INtraDuctal</scp> ( <scp>MIND</scp> ): an in vivo model for studying the underlying mechanisms of <scp>DCIS</scp> malignancy

Author: Amanda L. Amin, Mark Redick, E. Shelley Hwang, Mingchu Xu, Jeffrey Thompson, Allison Aripoli, Emily Wedlock, Ashley I. Huppe, Haleigh E. Harper, Fang Fan, Yan Hong, Hana Razek, R Meierotto, Onalisa Winblad, Alastair M. Thompson, Susan G. Hilsenbeck, Ossama Tawfik, Christa R. Balanoff, Michael Ricci, Darlene Limback, Hayley Hansford, Kelsey E. Larson, Jamie L. Wagner, Lisa May, Fariba Behbod, Lawrence R. Ricci, Therese Cusick, Andy Futreal, Hanan S. Elsarraj, Carolyn S Kaufman, Marc Inciardi, Jianhua Zhang, Jason Gatewood, Andrew K. Godwin, Haley Haines, and Rashna Madan
Subjects: Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Receptor expression, Breast Neoplasms, Mice, SCID, Malignancy, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Breast cancer, Cell Movement, Mice, Inbred NOD, In vivo, Biomarkers, Tumor, medicine, Animals, Humans, Neoplasm Invasiveness, skin and connective tissue diseases, Cell Proliferation, Comedo, business.industry, Cancer, Epithelial Cells, Ductal carcinoma, medicine.disease, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating, Mutation, Cancer cell, Disease Progression, Heterografts, Female, medicine.symptom, Receptors, Progesterone, business, Neoplasm Transplantation
Abstract: Due to widespread adoption of screening mammography, there has been a significant increase in new diagnoses of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). However, DCIS prognosis remains unclear. To address this gap, we developed an in vivo model, Mouse-INtraDuctal (MIND), in which patient-derived DCIS epithelial cells are injected intraductally and allowed to progress naturally in mice. Similar to human DCIS, the cancer cells formed in situ lesions inside the mouse mammary ducts and mimicked all histologic subtypes including micropapillary, papillary, cribriform, solid, and comedo. Among 37 patient samples injected into 202 xenografts, at median duration of 9 months, 20 samples (54%) injected into 95 xenografts showed in vivo invasive progression, while 17 (46%) samples injected into 107 xenografts remained non-invasive. Among the 20 samples that showed invasive progression, nine samples injected into 54 xenografts exhibited a mixed pattern in which some xenografts showed invasive progression while others remained non-invasive. Among the clinically relevant biomarkers, only elevated progesterone receptor expression in patient DCIS and the extent of in vivo growth in xenografts predicted an invasive outcome. The Tempus XT assay was used on 16 patient DCIS formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections including eight DCISs that showed invasive progression, five DCISs that remained non-invasive, and three DCISs that showed a mixed pattern in the xenografts. Analysis of the frequency of cancer-related pathogenic mutations among the groups showed no significant differences (KW: p 0.05). There were also no differences in the frequency of high, moderate, or low severity mutations (KW; p 0.05). These results suggest that genetic changes in the DCIS are not the primary driver for the development of invasive disease. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John WileySons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Published: 2021

36. Thyroid dysfunction and insulin resistance in end‐stage renal disease patients before and 1 year after starting maintenance hemodialysis: A prospective multicenter study

Author: Mona Tawfik, Noha Fathy, Amany A. Mousa, Mohamed Ghonem, and Mostafa Abdelsalam
Subjects: Male, C-Reactive Protein, Renal Dialysis, Nephrology, Ferritins, Thyroid Gland, Humans, Insulin, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Thyrotropin, Female, Prospective Studies, Insulin Resistance
Abstract: Thyroid dysfunction and insulin resistance (IR) are common findings in patients with ESRD. We aimed to evaluate thyroid dysfunction and IR in ESRD before and after 1 year of starting hemodialysis (HD).This was a prospective study that recruited newly starting HD patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Patients were evaluated for TSH, free T4, free T3, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, serum ferritin, and hs-CRP levels before starting their first dialysis session and after 1 year of regular HD.Eighty-one patients have completed the 1-year follow-up period. After 1 year of regular HD, there were statistically significant increments of hs-CRP, serum ferritin, and TSH levels. On the other hand, fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR showed statistically significant increments after 1 year of starting HD. After 1 year of regular HD, TSH level showed a positive correlation with hs-CRP and serum ferritin level, while free T3 was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR. On the other hand, there was a significant positive correlation between HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, and serum ferritin levels, while HOMA-IR was negatively correlated with Kt/V.This study suggests overlapping complex pathogenesis of thyroid dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and IR in chronic HD patients.
Published: 2021

37. Efficacy of chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis in leprosy prevention: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Author: Gehad Mohamed Tawfik, Nguyen Tien Huy, Marwa Biala, Doha Ahmed Farrag, Yomna Mahmoud Yousef, Rie Roselyne Yotsu, Caroline Ibrahim Lotfy, Ranjit Tiwari, Anh Tran Hue, and Monica Dobs
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Network Meta-Analysis, Placebo, Chemoprevention, law.invention, Randomized controlled trial, law, Leprosy, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, business.industry, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Relative risk, Meta-analysis, Chemoprophylaxis, BCG Vaccine, Rifampin, business, BCG vaccine
Abstract: Background Vaccination and single-dose rifampin are the main proven effective intervention types for preventing leprosy among contacts of Mycobacterium leprae endemic areas. Currently, no high-quality evidence is available regarding the best prophylactic intervention. Objectives Our primary study aim is to detect the most effective prophylactic intervention for the prevention of leprosy. Methods In May 2019, 12 databases were searched systematically. Updated search terms were developed in March 2020 to complete an updated search. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the different types of chemoprophylactic and immunoprophylactic interventions in leprosy prevention were included. Our participants were contacts of patients with leprosy or people residing in leprosy endemic communities. We searched for different types of chemoprophylactic and immunoprophylactic interventions used in leprosy prevention. We used network meta-analysis and meta-analysis. Quality assessment was performed using Cochrane Risk of Bias for included RCTs, in which all included RCTs were rated to be low to moderate risk. We registered our protocol in Prospero with ID CRD42019143207. Results Among 11 included studies (326 264 patients) from original and updated search terms, eight were eligible for network meta-analysis (NMA) while four were eligible for MA. Findings suggest that Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination was the most effective intervention compared to placebo (risk ratios (RRs) 0.49 (0.30, 0.80), p 0.77), followed by combined BCG vaccination and single-dose rifampicin (SDR) with similarly low values (RR 48%, p 0.77). BCG revaccination was the least effective intervention compared to placebo (RR 1.08 (0.36, 3.22), p 0.26). Conclusion Compared to placebo, the BCG vaccine was the most effective prophylactic intervention. The combination of BCG vaccination + SDR had nearly the same efficacy as BCG vaccination alone, while BCG revaccination was the least effective. Thus, vaccination proved to be a more effective treatment than SDR alone. A well-designed multicenter RCT is warranted to evaluate the safety of these vaccines.
Published: 2021

38. Epicardial and Perihepatic Fat as Cardiometabolic Risk Predictors in Girls with Turner Syndrome: A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Study

Author: Donia M. Sobh, Nanees Salem, Ahmed M. Tawfik, Nihal M. Batouty, Shimaa R. Hendawy, Basma Gadelhak, and Wafaa Laimon
Subjects: Pediatric Obesity, medicine.medical_specialty, Waist, Adolescent, epicardial fat, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, perihepatic fat, Intra-Abdominal Fat, Overweight, Pediatrics, metabolic syndrome, RJ1-570, Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, Body Mass Index, Endocrinology, Insulin resistance, Internal medicine, Abdomen, medicine, Humans, Chemerin, Child, biology, business.industry, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, RC648-665, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Obesity, Case-Control Studies, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, turner syndrome, biology.protein, Cardiology, Original Article, Egypt, Female, Waist Circumference, Metabolic syndrome, medicine.symptom, business, Pericardium, Body mass index, Dyslipidemia
Abstract: Objective: Turner syndrome (TS) patients are at high risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Cardiometabolic risk factors are more commonly related to visceral rather than total body adiposity. Adipocytokines have been explored as a potential link between obesity and obesity-related cardiometabolic dysfunction. This study explored the validity of epicardial fat-thickness (EFT) and perihepatic fat-thickness (PHFT) measurement as cardiometabolic-risk predictors in TS-girls in relation to standard obesity-indices and metabolic syndrome (MetS) components. Methods: Forty-six TS girls and twenty-five controls (10-16 years) were subdivided into two age-groups (10 to less than 13 and 13-16). Participants were assessed for body mass index (BMI) Z-scores, waist circumference (WC), total-fat mass (FM) and trunk-FM by bioimpedance-technique, EFT and PHFT by cardiovascular magnetic resonance, lipid-profile, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum chemerin. MetS was defined according to International Diabetes Federation criteria. Results: Overweight/obesity and MetS were detected in 45.7% and 37% of TS-girls respectively. BMI Z-score, WC, total-FM, trunk-FM, EFT and PHFT values were significantly higher in TS-age groups compared to age-matched control groups, being more pronounced in the older group when TS-girls had been exposed to estrogen. Dyslipidemia, higher HOMA-IR, chemerin, EFT and PHFT values were observed in lean-Turner compared to BMI-Z-matched controls. EFT and PHFT were significantly correlated with chemerin and several components of MetS. EFT at a cut-off-value of 6.20 mm (area under the curve=0.814) can predict MetS in TS-girls. Conclusion: TS-girls displayed an adverse cardiometabolic profile during late childhood and adolescence. EFT and PHFT are emerging cardiometabolic risk predictors in TS-patients. Excess EFT rather than total body adiposity may contribute to altered metabolic profile among lean-Turner patients.
Published: 2021

39. Improving Outpatient Infusion Clinic Wait Times at a Comprehensive Cancer Center

Author: Nick Crozier, Shenthol Sasankan, Bernard Tawfik, Janet Abernathy, Neda Hashemi-Sadraei, Richard C. Lauer, Ronald Kittson, and Zoneddy Dayao
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Waiting Lists, Oncology (nursing), business.industry, Health Policy, Cancer, medicine.disease, Ambulatory Care Facilities, Wait time, Appointments and Schedules, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Oncology, Patient Satisfaction, Neoplasms, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Outpatients, Emergency medicine, medicine, Humans, Center (algebra and category theory), 030212 general & internal medicine, business
Abstract: PURPOSE: Many factors contribute to long wait times for patients on the day of their chemotherapy infusion appointments. Longer wait time leads to nonoptimal care, increased costs, and decreased patient satisfaction. We conducted a quality improvement project to reduce the infusion wait times at a Comprehensive Cancer Center. METHODS: A multidisciplinary working group of physicians, infusion center nurses, pharmacists, information technology analysts, the Chief Medical Officer, and patient advocates formed a working group. Wait times were analyzed, and the contributing factors to long wait time were identified. Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles were implemented and included labeling patients ready to treat earlier, loading premedications into the medication dispensing system, increasing the number of pharmacy staff, and improving communication using a secure messaging system. The outcome measure was time from patient appointment to initiation of first drug at the infusion center. The secondary outcome measure was patient wait time satisfaction on the basis of Press Ganey score. RESULTS: Postintervention, the mean time from appointment to initiation of first drug decreased 17.6 minutes ( P < .001; 95% CI, 16.3 to 18.9), from 58.1 minutes to 40.5 minutes (43.5% decrease). Patient wait time satisfaction score increased 8.9 points ( P < .001; 95% CI, 6.0 to 11.82), from 76.2 to 85.1 (11.7% increase). CONCLUSION: Exploring real-time data and using a classic quality improvement methodology allowed a Comprehensive Cancer Center to identify deficiencies and prevent delays in chemotherapy initiation. This significantly improved patient wait time and patient satisfaction.
Published: 2021

40. Laryngeal Ultrasound Detects Vocal Fold Immobility in Adults

Author: Camille Hamilton, Sarah Ginsburg, Erik Su, Thomas Conlon, Daniel S. Tawfik, Ahmed Veten, Kai-Pun Wong, Karley Mariano, Douglas R. Sidell, Ernesto Fernandez, and Bereketeab Haileselassie
Subjects: Adult, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Laryngoscopy, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, medicine.diagnostic_test, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, MEDLINE, Vocal Cords, Gold standard (test), Cochrane Library, Sensitivity and Specificity, Confidence interval, Systematic review, medicine, Diagnostic odds ratio, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, business, Ultrasonography
Abstract: Laryngeal ultrasound (US) is becoming widely accepted for assessing true vocal fold immobility (TVFI), a potential complication of laryngeal and thyroid surgery. The objective of this project is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of pooled evidence surrounding laryngeal US as a modality for diagnosing TVFI in adults at risk for the condition in comparison to laryngoscopy as a gold standard. Medical subject heading terms were used to search MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for relevant citations from January 1, 2000, to June 30, 2020. Studies were included if they involved patients 16 years and older, where laryngeal US was compared to laryngoscopy for TVFI. Studies were excluded if there were insufficient data to compute a sensitivity/specificity table after attempting to contact the authors. Case reports, and case series were also excluded. The initial search returned 1357 citations. Of these, 109 were selected for review utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Thirty citations describing 6033 patients were included in the final meta-analysis. A bivariate random effects meta-analysis was performed, revealing a pooled sensitivity for laryngeal US of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88-0.98), a specificity of 0.99 (95% CI 0.97-0.99), and a diagnostic odds ratio of 1328.2 (95% CI 294.0-5996.5). The area under the curve of the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.99 (95% CI 0.98-1.00). Laryngeal US demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity for detecting VFI in the hands of clinicians directly providing care to patients.
Published: 2021

41. Phantom study for comparison between computed tomography- and C-Arm computed tomography-guided puncture applied by residents in radiology

Author: Paula Louise Piechotta, Saif Afat, David Zopfs, Bernhard C. Meyer, Frank Wacker, Kristina Jakobi, Matthias Pamminger, Vincent Schwarze, Tobias Getzin, Hannes Engel, Sara Christner, Stephanie Gräger, Michael Janisch, Manuela Spurny, Jan B. Hinrichs, Nadja Kocher, Julius F Heidenreich, Malte M Sieren, Timo C Meine, Felix N. Harder, Sebastian Roehrich, Corinna Storz, Philipp Schindler, Marcus Raudner, Lorenz Biggemann, Ebba Dethlefsen, Lea Hitpaß, Mirjam Gerwing, Thomas Werncke, Jan-Peter Grunz, Kristina Ringe, Natascha Platz Batista da Silva, Martina Büttner, Simon Lennartz, Frederico Pedersoli, Andreas M. Bucher, Tawfik Moher Alsady, Markus Kopp, M Wiesmüller, Ole Martin, Danilo Seppelt, Eva Gresser, and Jitka Starekova
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Musical instrument, Computed tomography, Punctures, Imaging phantom, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, medicine.diagnostic_test, Phantoms, Imaging, business.industry, Navigation tool, Significant difference, Roentgen, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, symbols, Radiology, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Spatial skills, Training program, business, Software
Abstract: Comparison of puncture deviation and puncture duration between computed tomography (CT)- and C-arm CT (CACT)-guided puncture performed by residents in training (RiT).In a cohort of 25 RiTs enrolled in a research training program either CT- or CACT-guided puncture was performed on a phantom. Prior to the experiments, the RiT's level of training, experience playing a musical instrument, video games, and ball sports, and self-assessed manual skills and spatial skills were recorded. Each RiT performed two punctures. The first puncture was performed with a transaxial or single angulated needle path and the second with a single or double angulated needle path. Puncture deviation and puncture duration were compared between the procedures and were correlated with the self-assessments.RiTs in both the CT guidance and CACT guidance groups did not differ with respect to radiologic experience (p = 1), angiographic experience (p = 0.415), and number of ultrasound-guided puncture procedures (p = 0.483), CT-guided puncture procedures (p = 0.934), and CACT-guided puncture procedures (p = 0.466). The puncture duration was significantly longer with CT guidance (without navigation tool) than with CACT guidance with navigation software (p 0.001). There was no significant difference in the puncture duration between the first and second puncture using CT guidance (p = 0.719). However, in the case of CACT, the second puncture was significantly faster (p = 0.006). Puncture deviations were not different between CT-guided and CACT-guided puncture (p = 0.337) and between the first and second puncture of CT-guided and CACT-guided puncture (CT: p = 0.130; CACT: p = 0.391). The self-assessment of manual skills did not correlate with puncture deviation (p = 0.059) and puncture duration (p = 0.158). The self-assessed spatial skills correlated positively with puncture deviation (p = 0.011) but not with puncture duration (p = 0.541).The RiTs achieved a puncture deviation that was clinically adequate with respect to their level of training and did not differ between CT-guided and CACT-guided puncture. The puncture duration was shorter when using CACT. CACT guidance with navigation software support has a potentially steeper learning curve. Spatial skills might accelerate the learning of image-guided puncture.· The CT-guided and CACT-guided puncture experience of the RiTs selected as part of the program "Researchers for the Future" of the German Roentgen Society was adequate with respect to the level of training.. · Despite the lower collective experience of the RiTs with CACT-guided puncture with navigation software assistance, the learning curve regarding CACT-guided puncture may be faster compared to the CT-guided puncture technique.. · If the needle path is complex, CACT guidance with navigation software assistance might have an advantage over CT guidance..· Meine TC, Hinrichs JB, Werncke T et al. Phantom study for comparison between computed tomography- and C-Arm computed tomography-guided puncture applied by residents in radiology. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2022; 194: 272 - 280.ZIEL: Vergleich der Punktionsabweichung und -dauer zwischen Computertomografie (CT) – und C-Arm-CT (CACT) -gesteuertem Punktionsverfahren bei Anwendung durch Assistenzärzte in Weiterbildung (AiW).In einer Kohorte von 25 AiW, die Teil einer wissenschaftlichen Förderung waren, wurden entweder CT- oder CACT-gesteuerte Punktionen an einem Phantom durchgeführt. Vor Beginn wurden der Weiterbildungsstand, die Erfahrung mit Spielen eines Musikinstruments, mit Videospielen und mit Ballsportarten und die Selbsteinschätzung von manueller Geschicklichkeit und räumlichem Denkvermögen abgefragt. Jede/r AiW führte 2 Punktionen durch, wobei die 1. Punktion mit einem transaxialen bzw. einfach angulierten Nadelpfad und die 2. Punktion mit einem einfach bzw. doppelt angulierten Nadelpfad erfolgte. Punktionsabweichung und -dauer wurden zwischen den Verfahren verglichen und mit den Selbsteinschätzungen korreliert.Die beiden Gruppen der AiW zeigten keine Unterschiede in der Erfahrung in der Radiologie (p = 1), in der Angiografie (p = 0.415) und in der Anzahl bereits durchgeführter Punktionen gesteuert durch Ultraschall (p = 0,483), CT (p = 0,934) und CACT (p = 0,466). In der CT (ohne Navigationssoftware) war die Punktionsdauer signifikant länger als mit der CACT-Bildsteuerung mit Navigationssoftware (p 0,001). Bei der Punktionsdauer zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der 1. und 2. Punktion im CT (p = 0,719), während die 2. Punktion mit CACT schneller durchgeführt werden konnte (p = 0,006). Die Punktionsabweichung war weder signifikant zwischen CT- und CACT-Bildsteuerung (p = 0,337), noch zwischen der 1. und 2. Punktion der jeweiligen Verfahren (CT: p = 0,130; CACT: p = 0,391). Die Selbsteinschätzung der manuellen Geschicklichkeit korrelierte nicht mit der Punktionsabweichung (p = 0,059) und -dauer (p = 0,158). Das subjektive räumliche Denkvermögen zeigte eine moderate positive Korrelation zur Punktionsabweichung (p = 0,011), aber nicht zur -dauer (p = 0,541).Die AiW erreichten eine dem Ausbildungsstand entsprechende, klinisch adäquate Punktionsabweichung unter CT- und CACT-Bildsteuerung. Die CACT-gesteuerten Punktionen mit Unterstützung durch Navigationssoftware wurden schneller durchgeführt, und auch die Lernkurve war mit CACT-Bildsteuerung steiler. Räumliches Denkvermögen kann möglicherweise das Erlernen bildgesteuerter Punktionen beschleunigen.· Die Erfahrung mit Punktionen war in einer Gruppe von AiW, die im Rahmen des Programms der Deutschen Röntgengesellschaft e. V. „Forscher-für-die-Zukunft“ ausgesucht wurden, dem Weiterbildungsstand entsprechend.. · Trotz kollektiv geringerer Erfahrung der radiologischen AiW mit der CACT-gesteuerten Punktion mit Navigationssoftwareunterstützung ist die Lernkurve gegenüber der einfachen CT-Punktion möglicherweise steiler.. · Bei schwierigen Punktionswegen könnte die CACT-Bildsteuerung mit Softwareunterstützung einen Vorteil in der Durchführung gegenüber der konventionellen CT-Bildsteuerung haben..· Meine TC, Hinrichs JB, Werncke T et al. Phantom study for comparison between computed tomography- and C-Arm computed tomography-guided puncture applied by residents in radiology. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2022; 194: 272 – 280.
Published: 2021

42. Efficacy of the topical cyclosporine cream assisted by fractional carbon dioxide laser vs topical clobetasol cream for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: Randomized comparative study

Author: Abeer Attia Tawfik, A Yasser Helmy, Nevien Samy, Mohamed Hashem El batreek, and Doaa A. Abdel Fadeel
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Erythema, medicine.medical_treatment, Dermatology, Severity of Illness Index, Psoriasis, medicine, Humans, Plaque psoriasis, Clobetasol, Emollients, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Therapeutic effect, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon dioxide laser, medicine.disease, Treatment Outcome, Skin biopsy, Cyclosporine, Lasers, Gas, Histopathology, medicine.symptom, business, Topical steroid
Abstract: BACKGROUND In mild psoriasis, topical agents remain the mainstay of treatment. However, the available treatments are not satisfactory for a significant proportion of patients in many terms such as efficacy and safety. Because of these deficits, augmentation of therapeutic effect seems desirable. THIS STUDY AIMS To evaluate the efficacy of topical cyclosporine cream, delivered by fractional CO2 laser vs the efficacy of topical clobetasol cream for the treatment of mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-two patients with chronic plaque psoriasis involving
Published: 2021

43. Artificial Egg Activation Using Calcium Ionophore

Author: Ahmed Khaled Tawfik Attia, Cara Nicholson, and Sarah Martins da Silva
Subjects: Male, Calcium Ionophores, Endocrinology, Reproductive Medicine, Semen, Fertilization, Physiology (medical), Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Oocytes, Humans, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
Abstract: Artificial oocyte activation, most commonly using calcium ionophore, is a treatment add-on utilized to avoid recurrence of abnormally low or total failed fertilization following in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. It aims to modify defective physiological processes, specifically calcium-mediated cell signaling that are critical to events required for fertilization. Routine application of artificial oocyte activation is neither required nor recommended; however, it represents an invaluable intervention for a subgroup of patients affected by sperm-related oocyte activation deficiency.
Published: 2021

44. Contributions of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures to Cardiovascular Outcomes in the ALLHAT Study

Author: Daniel S. Tawfik, Nathan K. Itoga, Maria E. Montez-Rath, and Tara I. Chang
Subjects: Male, Risk, medicine.medical_specialty, Systole, Myocardial Infarction, Diastole, Blood Pressure, Risk Assessment, Lisinopril, Risk Factors, Interquartile range, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, cardiovascular diseases, Myocardial infarction, Amlodipine, Stroke, Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Retrospective Studies, Heart Failure, business.industry, Hazard ratio, Chlorthalidone, Blood Pressure Determination, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Blood pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Heart failure, Cardiology, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Follow-Up Studies, circulatory and respiratory physiology, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background SBP and DBP have important associations with cardiovascular events, but are seldom considered simultaneously. Objectives This study sought to simultaneously analyze systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements on the associated risk of a primary composite outcome of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF), or stroke. Methods This study analyzed ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial) data, which randomized adults to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril. The authors evaluated the simultaneous association of repeated SBP and DBP measurements on the primary composite outcome, and each outcome using proportional hazards regression. The authors report hazard ratios using a “heat map” to represent high and low risk according to SBP and DBP combinations. Results During a median follow-up of 4.4 years (interquartile range: 3.6-5.4 years), 33,357 participants experienced 2,636 MIs, 866 CHF events, 936 strokes, and 3,700 deaths; 8,138 patients (24.4%) had at least 1 event. For the composite outcome, all-cause mortality, MI, and CHF, a U-shaped association was observed with SBP and DBP, but the SBP and DBP associated with the lowest hazards differed for each outcome. For example, SBP/DBP of 140-155/70-80 mm Hg was associated with the lowest HR for all-cause mortality, compared with 110-120/85-90 mm Hg for MI and 125-135/70-75 mm Hg for CHF. In contrast, the association of SBP and stroke was linear. Conclusions The risk pattern of SBP and DBP differs by clinical outcomes, and the SBP and DBP associated with the lowest risk. Our results suggest individualization of blood pressure targets may depend in part on the cardiovascular event for which the patient is most at risk.
Published: 2021

45. Immunotherapy in hematological malignancies: recent advances and open questions

Author: Nada M. Zaidan, Norah A Aldrak, Haya A. Alfassam, Samar M Alkoblan, Essam A. Tawfik, Rana Abou-Khalil, Kok-Siong Chen, Dunia A. Alzahrani, Abdulaziz Almalik, Shahad H Albrahim, and Khalid Shah
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.drug_class, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, Immunotherapy, Monoclonal antibody, Chimeric antigen receptor, Clinical trial, Hematopoietic malignancy, Vaccination, Immune system, Cancer immunotherapy, Hematologic Neoplasms, Internal medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, business
Abstract: Over recent years, tremendous advances in immunotherapy approaches have been observed, generating significant clinical progress. Cancer immunotherapy has been shown, in different types of blood cancers, to improve the overall survival of patients. Immunotherapy treatment of hematopoietic malignancies is a newly growing field that has been accelerating over the past years. Several US FDA approved drugs and cell-based therapies are being exploited in the late stage of clinical trials. This review attempt to highlight and discuss the numerous innovative immunotherapy approaches of hematopoietic malignancy ranging from nonmyeloablative transplantation, T-cell immunotherapy, natural killer cells and immune agonist to monoclonal antibodies and vaccination. In addition, a brief discussion on the future advances and accomplishments required to counterpart the current immunotherapeutic approaches for hematopoietic malignancies were also highlighted.
Published: 2021

46. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and precautionary actions against COVID-19 among medical students in Egypt

Author: Ahmed T. Bayad, Marwa Rashad Salem, Dina Shaheen, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Salah H. Al Hanafy, and Shaimaa B. Abdelaziz
Subjects: Adult, Male, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, medicine.medical_specialty, Students, Medical, Community education, Cross-sectional study, Population, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Article, Young Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Pandemic, medicine, Humans, Social media, education, Pandemics, education.field_of_study, Government, SARS-CoV-2, Social distance, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, General Medicine, University students, Knowledge, Cross-Sectional Studies, Infectious Diseases, Attitude, Egypt, Female, Precautionary measures, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Psychology, Demography
Abstract: Background The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant public health threat. Therefore, the purpose of this survey was to assess knowledge, attitudes, and precautionary measures related to COVID-19 among college students. Methods A convenient sample of 3263 volunteers responded to a self-administered electronic questionnaire during the period from October to December 2020. The knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) score level was calculated with a range of 0–34 points. Results The mean age of the participants was 21 (+/−1.2) years, 69% were female, and 60.3% were urban. The majority of respondents received information about COVID-19 symptoms (93.9%), how to protect yourself (92.5%), and how it is transmitted (86.8%). The most cited sources of information were social media (75.7%), and the most credible were government websites and international organizations. More than half (65%) expressed concern regarding contracting COVID-19, and 89.2% believed that COVID-19 is a dangerous infection due to the rapid spread of the virus. The mean total KAP score was 26.1 (+/−4.2), which differed significantly between gender groups and residential areas. Logistic regression analysis showed that volunteers with good knowledge were 1.3 and 1.0 times more willing to volunteer and maintain a physical distance than those with less knowledge. Female students were 40% less likely to volunteer than males, yet they were 1.8 times more cautious about practicing protective measures such as washing their hands with soap and water than male students. Classifying the COVID-19 pandemic as a serious infection, urban communities have twice been careful to wear masks outdoors and maintain a social distance of at least 2 m from one another compared to rural inhabitants. Conclusion The current survey revealed that medical students have good knowledge regarding COVID-19, a positive attitude towards the use of protective measures, which were necessary to limit the spread of the disease. However, improvement is still required, and community education should occur as usual with a commitment to utilizing all the strategies that can support knowledge to improve and change attitudes as well as practices of the population.
Published: 2021

47. Effectiveness of a bite-sized web-based intervention to improve healthcare worker wellbeing: A randomized clinical trial of WISER

Author: J. Bryan Sexton, Kathryn C. Adair, Xin Cui, Daniel S. Tawfik, and Jochen Profit
Subjects: Male, Adolescent, Health Personnel, Physicians, Emotions, Happiness, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Humans, Female, Internet-Based Intervention
Abstract: ImportanceProblems with the wellbeing of healthcare workers (HCWs) are widespread and associated with detrimental consequences for the workforce, organizations, and patients.ObjectiveThis study tested the effectiveness of the Web-based Implementation for the Science of Enhancing Resilience (WISER) intervention, a positive psychology program, to improve six dimensions of the wellbeing of HCWs.DesignWe conducted a randomized controlled trial of HCWs between 1 April 2018 and 22 July 2019. Cohort 1 received WISER daily for 10 days. Cohort 2 acted as a waitlist control before receiving WISER.SettingWeb-based intervention for actively employed HCWs across the United States.ParticipantsEligibility criteria included being ≥18 years old and working as a HCW. Each participant was randomized to start the intervention or serve as a waitlist control for 14 days before starting the intervention.InterventionsCohorts received links via 10 texts exposing them to introductory videos and positive psychology exercises (3 good things, cultivating awe, random acts of kindness, cultivating relationships, and gratitude letters).Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was emotional exhaustion; secondary outcomes included depressive symptoms, work-life integration, happiness, emotional thriving, and emotional recovery. All outcomes were assessed at baseline, 1-week post-intervention (primary endpoint), and 1, 6, and 12-month post-intervention. Outcomes were measured using six validated wellbeing instruments, rescaled to 100-point scales for comparison. Six items assessed participants' WISER experience. The analysis employed mixed-effects models.ResultsIn cohorts 1 and 2, 241 and 241 initiated WISER, and 178 (74%) and 186 (77%) completed the 6-month follow-up, respectively. Cohort populations were similar at baseline, mostly female (81; 76%) and nurses (34; 32%) or physicians (22; 23%), with 1–10 years of experience in their current position (54; 52%). Relative to control, WISER significantly improved depressive symptoms [−7.5 (95%CI: −11.0, −4.0), p < 0.001], work-life integration [6.5 (95%CI: 4.1, 8.9), p < 0.001], happiness [5.7 (95%CI: 3.0, 8.4), p < 0.001], emotional thriving [6.4 (95%CI: 2.5, 10.3), p = 0.001], and emotional recovery [5.3 (95%CI: 1.7, 8.9), p = 0.004], but not emotional exhaustion [−3.7 (95%CI: −8.2, 0.8), p = 0.11] at 1 week. Combined cohort results at 1, 6, and 12 months showed that all six wellbeing outcomes were significantly improved relative to baseline (p < 0.05 for all). Favorable impressions of WISER were reported by 87% of participants at the 6-month post-assessment.Conclusion and relevanceWISER improved HCW depressive symptoms, work-life integration, happiness, emotional thriving, and emotional recovery. Improvements in all HCW wellbeing outcomes endured at the 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. HCW's impressions of WISER were positive.Clinical trials numberhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/, identifier: NCT02603133. Web-based Implementation for the Science of Enhancing Resilience Study (WISER).
Published: 2022
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48. Patient-Reported Measures of a Breast Cancer Nurse Navigator Program in an Underserved, Rural, and Economically Disadvantaged Patient Population

Author: Michael A, Williams, Dianne R, Nielsen, Zoneddy, Dayao, Ursa, Brown-Glaberman, and Bernard, Tawfik
Subjects: Surveys and Questionnaires, Humans, Female, Breast Neoplasms, Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Vulnerable Populations, Adenosine Monophosphate
Abstract: To assess the efficacy of the University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center's (UNMCCC's) breast cancer nurse navigator (BCNN) program in addressing gaps in cancer care for an underserved, rural, and economically disadvantaged population.54 navigated patients under the care of the BCNN and 32 non-navigated patients whose care began prior to the start of the program.Surveys were administered anonymously to patients during regularly scheduled appointments at UNMCCC.Navigated patients more strongly agreed that they were prepared for the beginning of treatment and that calls were returned promptly, and showed a decreased desire for an after-treatment summary compared to non-navigated patients.Navigated patients report better understanding of and engagement with the healthcare system when assisted by a BCNN during breast cancer treatment with curative intent, as well as desire fewer services than non-navigated peers, indicating greater satisfaction.
Published: 2022

49. Potential impact of fluorescein angiography as a primary imaging modality in the management of diabetic retinopathy

Author: Mohamed Ashraf, Walaa Wagdy, MohamedA Tawfik, IslamShereen Hamdy Ahmed, and Ahmed Souka
Subjects: Ophthalmology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Fluorescein Angiography, Macular Edema, Tomography, Optical Coherence
Abstract: To evaluate current practice patterns for Egyptian ophthalmologists in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and explore potential implications of these approaches on management.Cross-sectional survey conducted in Egypt amongst practicing ophthalmologists.The study had 203 responses (~6% of all Egyptian ophthalmologists). A majority of respondents were general ophthalmologists (78.2%), practicing for five to ten years (41.9%). In patients with DR and no diabetic macular edema (DME), 33.0% of respondents would use FA in patients with mild DR, 44.3% in patients with moderate DR and 51.2% in patients with severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Color imaging (CI) was used by less than 1% as the sole imaging modality for any level of DR. Approximately 70% of respondents used fluorescein angiography (FA) to grade and base treatment decisions for DR, either alone or in conjunction with dilated eye exams and/or CI. Given the known more severe appearance of DR on FA than on standard color imaging upon which treatment guidelines are based, use of FA as the primary modality over a one-year period could result in PRP that would otherwise not be suggested in approximately 78,820 eyes at an additional cost of $10.1 million US dollars. These numbers are projected to double by 2045.Given that FA detects significantly greater pathology than CI, and that treatment and follow-up recommendations are based on CI, its use as the primary imaging modality in DR grading may result in apparently significantly higher DR severity, with subsequently increased procedures and associated costs.
Published: 2022

50. Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Author: Reyes, Luis Felipe, Murthy, Srinivas, Garcia-Gallo, Esteban, Merson, Laura, Ibáñez-Prada, Elsa, Rello, Jordi, Fuentes, Yuli, Martin-Loeches, Ignacio, Bozza, Fernando, Duque, Sara, Taccone, Fabio, Fowler, Robert, Kartsonaki, Christiana, Gonçalves, Bronner, Citarella, Barbara Wanjiru, Aryal, Diptesh, Burhan, Erlina, Cummings, Matthew, Delmas, Christelle, Diaz, Rodrigo, Figueiredo-Mello, Claudia, Hashmi, Madiha, Panda, Prasan Kumar, Jiménez, Miguel Pedrera, Rincon, Diego Fernando Bautista, Thomson, David, Nichol, Alistair, Marshall, John, Olliaro, Piero, Abbas, Ali, Abdukahil, Sheryl Ann, Abe, Ryuzo, Abel, Laurent, Absil, Lara, Acharya, Subhash, Acker, Andrew, Adrião, Diana, Al Ageel, Saleh, Ahmed, Shakeel, Ainscough, Kate, Aisa, Tharwat, Hssain, Ali Ait, Tamlihat, Younes Ait, Akimoto, Takako, Akmal, Ernita, Al Qasim, Eman, Alalqam, Razi, Al-Dabbous, Tala, Alegesan, Senthilkumar, Alegre, Cynthia, Alessi, Marta, Alex, Beatrice, Alexandre, Kévin, Al-Fares, Abdulrahman, Alfoudri, Huda, Ali, Imran, Shah, Naseem Ali, Alidjnou, Kazali Enagnon, Aliudin, Jeffrey, Alkhafajee, Qabas, Allavena, Clotilde, Allou, Nathalie, Altaf, Aneela, Alves, João, Alves, João Melo, Alves, Rita, Cabrita, Joana Alves, Amaral, Maria, Ampaw, Phoebe, Andini, Roberto, Andréjak, Claire, Angheben, Andrea, Angoulvant, François, Ansart, Séverine, Antonelli, Massimo, de Brito, Carlos Alexandre Antunes, Apriyana, Ardiyan, Arabi, Yaseen, Aragao, Irene, Araujo, Carolline, Arcadipane, Antonio, Archambault, Patrick, Arenz, Lukas, Arlet, Jean-Benoît, Arnold-Day, Christel, Arora, Lovkesh, Arora, Rakesh, Artaud-Macari, Elise, Asensio, Angel, Asif, Namra, Asim, Mohammad, Assie, Jean Baptiste, Atique, Anika, Attanyake, A., Auchabie, Johann, Aumaitre, Hugues, Auvet, Adrien, Azemar, Laurène, Azoulay, Cecile, Bach, Benjamin, Bachelet, Delphine, Badr, Claudine, Baig, Nadia, Baillie, J. Kenneth, Bak, Erica, Bakakos, Agamemnon, Bal, Andriy, Balan, Valeria, Bani-Sadr, Firouzé, Barbalho, Renata, Barclay, Wendy, Barnikel, Michaela, Barrasa, Helena, Barrelet, Audrey, Barrigoto, Cleide, Bartoli, Marie, Baruch, Joaquín, Basmaci, Romain, Battaglini, Denise, Bauer, Jules, Dow, Denisse Bazan, Beane, Abigail, Bedossa, Alexandra, Begum, Husna, Behilill, Sylvie, Beishuizen, Albertus, Beljantsev, Aleksandr, Bellemare, David, Beltrame, Anna, Beluze, Marine, Benech, Nicolas, Benkerrou, Dehbia, Bennett, Suzanne, Bento, Luís, Berdal, Jan-Erik, Bergeaud, Delphine, Bergin, Hazel, Sobrino, José Luis Bernal, Bertoli, Giulia, Bertolino, Lorenzo, Bessis, Simon, Bevilcaqua, Sybille, Bezulier, Karine, Bhatt, Amar, Bhavsar, Krishna, Bianco, Claudia, Singh, Moirangthem Bikram, Humaid, Felwa Bin, Bissuel, François, Bitker, Laurent, Bitton, Jonathan, Blanco-Schweizer, Pablo, Blier, Catherine, Bloos, Frank, Blot, Mathieu, Boccia, Filomena, Bodenes, Laetitia, Bogaert, Debby, Boivin, Anne-Hélène, Bolze, Pierre-Adrien, Bompart, François, Borges, Diogo, Borie, Raphaël, Bosse, Hans Martin, Botelho-Nevers, Elisabeth, Bouadma, Lila, Bouchaud, Olivier, Bouchez, Sabelline, Bouhmani, Dounia, Bouhour, Damien, Bouiller, Kévin, Bouillet, Laurence, Bouisse, Camile, Boureau, Anne-Sophie, Bourke, John, Bouscambert, Maude, Bousquet, Aurore, Bouziotis, Jason, Boxma, Bianca, Boyer-Besseyre, Marielle, Boylan, Maria, Braconnier, Axelle, Braga, Cynthia, Brandenburger, Timo, Monteiro, Filipa Brás, Brazzi, Luca, Breen, Dorothy, Breen, Patrick, Brickell, Kathy, Browne, Alex, Browne, Shaunagh, Brusse-Keizer, Marjolein, Buchtele, Nina, Buesaquillo, Christian, Bugaeva, Polina, Buisson, Marielle, Burrell, Aidan, Bustos, Ingrid, Butnaru, Denis, Cabie, André, Cabral, Susana, Caceres, Eder, Cadoz, Cyril, Garcês, Rui Caetano, Calligy, Kate, Calvache, Jose Andres, Camões, João, Campana, Valentine, Campbell, Paul, Canepa, Cecilia, Cantero, Mireia, Caraux-Paz, Pauline, Cárcel, Sheila, Cardellino, Chiara Simona, Cardoso, Filipa, Cardoso, Filipe, Cardoso, Nelson, Cardoso, Sofia, Carelli, Simone, Carlier, Nicolas, Carmoi, Thierry, Carney, Gayle, Carqueja, Inês, Carret, Marie-Christine, Carrier, François Martin, Carroll, Ida, Carson, Gail, Casanova, Maire-Laure, Cascão, Mariana, Casey, Siobhan, Casimiro, José, Cassandra, Bailey, Castañeda, Silvia, Castanheira, Nidyanara, Castor-Alexandre, Guylaine, Castrillón, Henry, Castro, Ivo, Catarino, Ana, Catherine, François-Xavier, Cattaneo, Paolo, Cavalin, Roberta, Cavalli, Giulio Giovanni, Cavayas, Alexandros, Ceccato, Adrian, Cervantes-Gonzalez, Minerva, Chair, Anissa, Chakveatze, Catherine, Chan, Adrienne, Chand, Meera, Auger, Christelle Chantalat, Chapplain, Jean-Marc, Chas, Julie, Chaudry, Mobin, Iñiguez, Jonathan Samuel Chávez, Chen, Anjellica, Chen, Yih-Sharng, Cheng, Matthew Pellan, Cheret, Antoine, Chiarabini, Thibault, Chica, Julian, Chirouze, Catherine, Chiumello, Davide, Cho, Sung-Min, Cholley, Bernard, Chopin, Marie-Charlotte, Cidade, Jose Pedro, Herreros, José Miguel Cisneros, Ciullo, Anna, Clarke, Emma, Clarke, Jennifer, Clohisey, Sara, Cobb, Perren, Codan, Cassidy, Cody, Caitriona, Coelho, Alexandra, Coles, Megan, Colin, Gwenhaël, Collins, Michael, Colombo, Sebastiano Maria, Combs, Pamela, Connor, Marie, Conrad, Anne, Contreras, Sofía, Conway, Elaine, Cooke, Graham, Copland, Mary, Cordel, Hugues, Corley, Amanda, Cornelis, Sabine, Cornet, Alexander Daniel, Corpuz, Arianne Joy, Cortegiani, Andrea, Corvaisier, Grégory, Costigan, Emma, Couffignal, Camille, Couffin-Cadiergues, Sandrine, Courtois, Roxane, Cousse, Stéphanie, Cregan, Rachel, Croonen, Sabine, Crowl, Gloria, Crump, Jonathan, Cruz, Claudina, Bermúdez, Juan Luis Cruz, Rojo, Jaime Cruz, Csete, Marc, Cullen, Ailbhe, Curley, Ger, Curlier, Elodie, Curran, Colleen, Custodio, Paula, da Silva Filipe, Ana, da Silveira, Charlene, Dabaliz, Al-Awwab, Dagens, Andrew, Dahly, Darren, Dalton, Heidi, Dalton, Jo, Daly, Seamus, Damas, Juliana, Daneman, Nick, Daniel, Corinne, Dankwa, Emmanuelle, Dantas, Jorge, D’aragon, Frédérick, de Loughry, Gillian, de Mendoza, Diego, de Montmollin, Etienne, de Oliveira França, Rafael Freitas, de Pinho Oliveira, Ana Isabel, de Rosa, Rosanna, de Silva, Thushan, de Vries, Peter, Deacon, Jillian, Dean, David, Debard, Alexa, Debray, Marie-Pierre, Decastro, Nathalie, Dechert, William, Deconninck, Lauren, Decours, Romain, Defous, Eve, Delacroix, Isabelle, Delaveuve, Eric, Delavigne, Karen, Dell’amore, Andrea, Delobel, Pierre, Delsing, Corine, Demonchy, Elisa, Denis, Emmanuelle, Deplanque, Dominique, Depuydt, Pieter, Descamps, Diane, Desvallées, Mathilde, Dewayanti, Santi, Dhanger, Pathik, Diallo, Alpha, Diamantis, Sylvain, Dias, André, Diaz, Juan Jose, Diaz, Priscila, Didier, Kévin, Diehl, Jean-Luc, Dieperink, Wim, Dimet, Jérôme, Dinot, Vincent, Diop, Fara, Diouf, Alphonsine, Dishon, Yael, Djossou, Félix, Docherty, Annemarie, Doherty, Helen, Dondorp, Arjen, Donnelly, Christl, Donnelly, Maria, Donohue, Chloe, Donohue, Sean, Donohue, Yoann, Doran, Peter, Dorival, Céline, D’ortenzio, Eric, Douglas, James Joshua, Dournon, Nathalie, Downer, Triona, Downey, Joanne, Downing, Mark, Drake, Tom, Driscoll, Aoife, Fonseca, Claudio Duarte, Dubee, Vincent, Dubos, François, Ducancelle, Alexandre, Dudman, Susanne, Dunand, Paul, Dunning, Jake, Duplaix, Mathilde, Durante-Mangoni, Emanuele, Durham, Lucian, Dussol, Bertrand, Duthoit, Juliette, Duval, Xavier, Dyrhol-Riise, Anne Margarita, Echeverria-Villalobos, Marco, Egan, Siobhan, Eira, Carla, Sanharawi, Mohammed El, Elapavaluru, Subbarao, Elharrar, Brigitte, Ellerbroek, Jacobien, Eloy, Philippine, Elshazly, Tarek, Enderle, Isabelle, Endo, Tomoyuki, Engelmann, Ilka, Enouf, Vincent, Epaulard, Olivier, Escher, Martina, Esperatti, Mariano, Esperou, Hélène, Santo, Catarina Espírito, Esposito-Farese, Marina, Estevão, João, Etienne, Manuel, Ettalhaoui, Nadia, Everding, Anna Greti, Evers, Mirjam, Fabre, Isabelle, Fabre, Marc, Faheem, Amna, Fahy, Arabella, Fairfield, Cameron, Fakar, Zul, Fareed, Komal, Faria, Pedro, Farooq, Ahmed, Fatoni, Arie Zainul, Faure, Karine, Favory, Raphaël, Fayed, Mohamed, Feely, Niamh, Feeney, Laura, Fernandes, Jorge, Fernandes, Marília Andreia, Fernandes, Susana, Ferrand, François-Xavier, Devouge, Eglantine Ferrand, Ferrão, Joana, Ferraz, Mário, Ferreira, Benigno, Ferreira, Bernardo, Ferreira, Isabel, Ferreira, Sílvia, Ferrer-Roca, Ricard, Ferriere, Nicolas, Ficko, Céline, Fiorda, Juan, Flament, Thomas, Flateau, Clara, Fletcher, Tom, Florio, Letizia Lucia, Flynn, Deirdre, Foley, Claire, Foley, Jean, Fomin, Victor, Fonseca, Tatiana, Fontela, Patricia, Forsyth, Simon, Foster, Denise, Foti, Giuseppe, Fourn, Erwan, Fraher, Marianne, Franch-Llasat, Diego, Fraser, Christophe, Fraser, John, Freire, Marcela Vieira, Ribeiro, Ana Freitas, French, Craig, Friedrich, Caren, Fry, Stéphanie, Fuentes, Nora, Fukuda, Masahiro, G, Argin, Gaborieau, Valérie, Gaci, Rostane, Gagliardi, Massimo, Gagnard, Jean-Charles, Gagneux-Brunon, Amandine, Gaião, 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Cato, Horby, Peter, Horcajada, Juan Pablo, Hoshino, Koji, Hoshino, Kota, Houas, Ikram, Hough, Catherine, Hsu, Jimmy Ming-Yang, Hulot, Jean-Sébastien, Huo, Stella, Hurd, Abby, Hussain, Iqbal, Ijaz, Samreen, Ikram, Arfan, Illes, Hajnal-Gabriela, Imbert, Patrick, Imran, Mohammad, Sikander, Rana Imran, Imtiaz, Aftab, Inácio, Hugo, Dominguez, Carmen Infante, Ippolito, Mariachiara, Isgett, Sarah, Isidoro, Tiago, Isnard, Margaux, Ivulich, Daniel, Jaafar, Danielle, Jaafoura, Salma, Jabot, Julien, Jackson, Clare, Jamieson, Nina, Jaquet, Pierre, Jaud-Fischer, Coline, Jaureguiberry, Stéphane, Jego, Florence, Jenum, Synne, García, Ruth, Joseph, Cédric, Joseph, Mark, Joshi, Swosti, Jourdain, Mercé, Jouvet, Philippe, Jung, Anna, Juzar, Dafsah, Kafif, Ouifiya, Kaguelidou, Florentia, Kali, Sabina, Kalomoiri, Smaragdi, Kandamby, Darshana Hewa, Kandel, Chris, Kanwal, Darakhshan, Kataria, Anant, Katz, Kevin, Kay, Christy, Keane, Hannah, Keating, Seán, Kelly, Andrea, Kelly, Aoife, Kelly, Claire, Kelly, Niamh, Kelly, Sadie, Kelly, Yvelynne, Kelsey, Maeve, Kennon, Kalynn, Kernan, Maeve, Kerroumi, Younes, Keshav, Sharma, Khalid, Imrana, Khalid, Osama, Khalil, Antoine, Khan, Coralie, Khan, Irfan, Khan, Quratul Ain, Khanal, Sushil, Khatak, Abid, Khawaja, Amin, Kho, Michelle, Khoo, Saye, Khoso, Nasir, Kida, Yuri, Kiiza, Peter, Granerud, Beathe Kiland, Kildal, Anders Benjamin, Kimmoun, Antoine, Kindgen-Milles, Detlef, Kitamura, Nobuya, Klenerman, Paul, Klont, Rob, Bekken, Gry Kloumann, Knight, Stephen, Kobbe, Robin, Kodippily, Chamira, Vasconcelos, Malte Kohns, Koirala, Sabin, Kosgei, Caroline, Kpangon, Arsène, Krawczyk, Karolina, Kruglova, Oksana, Kumar, Deepali, Kumar, Mukesh, Vijayaraghavan, Bharath Kumar Tirupakuzhi, Vecham, Pavan Kumar, Kuriakose, Dinesh, Kurtzman, Ethan, Kutsogiannis, Demetrios, Kutsyna, Galyna, Kyriakoulis, Konstantinos, Lachatre, Marie, Lacoste, Marie, Laffey, John, Lagrange, Marie, Laine, Fabrice, Lairez, Olivier, Lakhey, Sanjay, Lalueza, Antonio, Lambert, Marc, Lamontagne, François, Langelot-Richard, Marie, Langlois, Vincent, Lantang, Eka Yudha, Lanza, Marina, Laouénan, Cédric, Laribi, Samira, Lariviere, Delphine, Lasry, Stéphane, Latif, Naveed, Launay, Odile, Laureillard, Didier, Lavie-Badie, Yoan, Law, Andrew, Lawrence, Cassie, Lawrence, Teresa, Le, Minh, Le Bihan, Clément, Le Bris, Cyril, Le Falher, Georges, Le Fevre, Lucie, Le Hingrat, Quentin, Le Maréchal, Marion, Le Mestre, Soizic, Le Moal, Gwenaël, Le Moing, Vincent, Le Nagard, Hervé, Le Turnier, Paul, Leal, Ema, Santos, Marta Leal, Lee, James, Lee, Jennifer, Lee, Su Hwan, Lee, Todd, Leeming, Gary, Lefebvre, Bénédicte, Lefebvre, Laurent, Lefèvre, Benjamin, Legac, Sylvie, Lelievre, Jean-Daniel, Lellouche, François, Lemaignen, Adrien, Lemee, Véronique, Lemeur, Anthony, Lemmink, Gretchen, Lennon, Jenny, León, Rafael, Leone, Marc, Leone, Michela, Lescure, François-Xavier, Lesens, Olivier, Lesouhaitier, Mathieu, Lester-Grant, Amy, Levy, Bruno, Levy, Yves, Levy-Marchal, Claire, Lewandowska, Katarzyna, L’her, Erwan, Bassi, Gianluigi Li, Liaquat, Ali, Liegeon, Geoffrey, Lim, Wei Shen, Lima, Chantre, Lina, Bruno, Lind, Andreas, Lingas, Guillaume, Lion-Daolio, Sylvie, Liu, Keibun, Livrozet, Marine, Lizotte, Patricia, Loforte, Antonio, Lolong, Navy, Lopes, Diogo, Loschner, Anthony, Loubet, Paul, Loufti, Bouchra, Louis, Guillame, Lourenco, Silvia, Lovelace-Macon, Lara, Lowik, Marije, Lucet, Jean Christophe, Bermejo, Carlos Lumbreras, Luna, Carlos, Luong, Liem, Luque, Nestor, Luton, Dominique, Lwin, Nilar, Lyons, Ruth, Maasikas, Olavi, Mabiala, Oryane, Machado, Moïse, Machado, Sara, Macheda, Gabriel, Madiha, Hashmi, de la Calle, Guillermo Maestro, Mahieu, Rafael, Mahy, Sophie, Maia, Ana Raquel, Maier, Lars, Maillet, Mylène, Maitre, Thomas, Malfertheiner, Maximilian, Malik, Nadia, Mallon, Paddy, Maltez, Fernando, Malvy, Denis, Manda, Victoria, Mandelbrot, Laurent, Mankikian, Julie, Manning, Edmund, Manuel, Aldric, Sant, Ceila Maria, Malaque, Ana, Marino, Daniel, Marino, Flávio, Markowicz, Samuel, Marques, Ana, Marquis, Catherine, Marsh, Brian, Marsh, Laura, Marshal, Megan, Martelli, Celina Turchi, Martin, Emily, Martin-Blondel, Guillaume, Martinot, Martin, Martins, Ana, Martins, João, Martins, Nuno, Rego, Caroline Martins, Martucci, Gennaro, Martynenko, Olga, Marwali, Eva Miranda, Maslove, David, Mason, Sabina, Masood, Sobia, Nor, Basri Mat, Matan, Moshe, Mathew, Meghena, Mathieu, Daniel, Mattei, Mathieu, Matulevics, Romans, Maulin, Laurence, Maxwell, Michael, Maynar, Javier, Mazzoni, Thierry, Mc Evoy, Natalie, Mc Sweeney, Lisa, Mcarthur, Colin, Mccarthy, Aine, Mccarthy, Anne, Mccloskey, Colin, Mcconnochie, Rachael, Mcdermott, Sherry, Mcdonald, Sarah, Mcelroy, Aine, Mcelwee, Samuel, Mceneany, Victoria, Mcgeer, Allison, Mckay, Chris, Mckeown, Johnny, Mclean, Kenneth, Mcnally, Paul, Mcnicholas, Bairbre, Mcpartlan, Elaine, Meaney, Edel, Mear-Passard, Cécile, Mechlin, Maggie, Atif, Minahel, Meher, Maqsood, Mele, Ferruccio, Melo, Luis, Memon, Kashif, Mendes, Joao 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Alasdair, Neant, Nadège, Nekliudov, Nikita, Neto, Raul, Neumann, Emily, Ng, Pauline Yeung, Nghi, Anthony, Nguyen, Duc, Choileain, Orna Ni, Leathlobhair, Niamh Ni, Nitayavardhana, Prompak, Nonas, Stephanie, Noret, Marion, Norman, Lisa, Notari, Alessandra, Noursadeghi, Mahdad, Nowinski, Adam, Nseir, Saad, Nunez, Jose, Nurnaningsih, Nurnaningsih, Nyamankolly, Elsa, Brien, Fionnuala, Callaghan, Annmarie, O’callaghan, Annmarie, Occhipinti, Giovanna, Oconnor, Derbrenn, O’donnell, Max, Ogston, Tawnya, Ogura, Takayuki, O’halloran, Sophie, O’hearn, Katie, Oliveira, João, Oliveira, Larissa, Ong, David, Oosthuyzen, Wilna, Opavsky, Anne, Openshaw, Peter, Orakzai, Saijad, Orozco-Chamorro, Claudia Milena, Ortoleva, Jamel, Osatnik, Javier, O’shea, Linda, O’sullivan, Miriam, Ouamara, Nadia, Ouissa, Rachida, Oziol, Eric, Pagadoy, Maïder, Pages, Justine, Palacios, Amanda, Palacios, Mario, Palmarini, Massimo, Panarello, Giovanna, Paneru, Hem, Panigada, Mauro, Pansu, Nathalie, Papadopoulos, Aurélie, Parke, Rachael, Parker, Melissa, Parra, Briseida, Pasha, Taha, Pasquier, Jérémie, Pastene, Bruno, Patauner, Fabian, Patrão, Luís, Patricio, Patricia, Patrier, Juliette, Patterson, Lisa, Pattnaik, Rajyabardhan, Paul, Christelle, Paul, Mical, Paulos, Jorge, Paxton, William, Payen, Jean-François, Peelman, Florent, Peiffer-Smadja, Nathan, Peigne, Vincent, Pejkovska, Mare, Pelosi, Paolo, Peltan, Ithan, Pereira, Rui, Perez, Daniel, Periel, Luis, Perpoint, Thomas, Pesenti, Antonio, Pestre, Vincent, Petrou, Lenka, Petrovic, Michele, Petrov-Sanchez, Ventzislava, Pettersen, Frank Olav, Peytavin, Gilles, Pharand, Scott, Picard, Walter, Picone, Olivier, Pierobon, Carola, Piersma, Djura, Pimentel, Carlos, Pinto, Raquel, Pires, Catarina, Pironneau, Isabelle, Piroth, Lionel, Pius, Riinu, Plantier, Laurent, Poissy, Julien, Pokeerbux, Ryadh, Poli, Sergio, Pollakis, Georgios, Ponscarme, Diane, Post, Andra-Maris, Postma, Douwe, Povoa, Pedro, Póvoas, Diana, Powis, Jeff, Prapa, Sofia, Preau, Sébastien, Prebensen, Christian, Preiser, Jean-Charles, Prinssen, Anton, Pritchard, Mark, Priyadarshani, Gamage Dona Dilanthi, Proença, Lucia, Pudota, Sravya, Puéchal, Oriane, Semedi, Bambang Pujo, Pulicken, Mathew, Purcell, Gregory, Quesada, Luisa, Quinones-Cardona, Vilmaris, González, Víctor Quirós, Quist-Paulsen, Else, Quraishi, Mohammed, Rabaud, Christian, Rabindrarajan, Ebenezer, Rafael, Aldo, Rafiq, Marie, Rahutullah, Arsalan, Rainieri, Fernando, Ramachandran, Pratheema, Ramakrishnan, Nagarajan, Ramalho, José, Rammaert, Blandine, Ramos, Grazielle Viana, Rana, Asim, Rangappa, Rajavardhan, Ranjan, Ritika, Rapp, Christophe, Rashan, Aasiyah, Rashan, Thalha, Rasheed, Ghulam, Rasmin, Menaldi, Rätsep, Indrek, Rau, Cornelius, Raza, Ali, Real, Andre, Rebaudet, Stanislas, Redl, Sarah, Reeve, Brenda, Rehman, Attaur, Reid, Liadain, Reikvam, Dag Henrik, Reis, Renato, Remppis, Jonathan, Remy, Martine, Ren, Hongru, Renk, Hanna, Resseguier, Anne-Sophie, Revest, Matthieu, Rewa, Oleksa, Reyes, Tiago, Ribeiro, Maria Ines, Richardson, David, Richardson, Denise, Richier, Laurent, Riera, Jordi, Rios, Ana, Rishu, Asgar, Rispal, Patrick, Risso, Karine, Rizer, Nicholas, Robba, Chiara, Roberto, André, Roberts, Stephanie, Robertson, David, Robineau, Olivier, Roche-Campo, Ferran, Rodari, Paola, Rodeia, Simão, Abreu, Julia Rodriguez, Roessler, Bernhard, Roger, Pierre-Marie, Rojek, Amanda, Romaru, Juliette, Roncon-Albuquerque, Roberto, Roriz, Mélanie, Rosa-Calatrava, Manuel, Rose, Michael, Rosenberger, Dorothea, Rossanese, Andrea, Rossetti, Matteo, Rossignol, Bénédicte, Rossignol, Patrick, Rousset, Stella, Roy, Carine, Roze, Benoît, Rusmawatiningtyas, Desy, Russell, Clark, Ryan, Maeve, Ryan, Maria, Ryckaert, Steffi, Holten, Aleksander Rygh, Saba, Isabela, Sadaf, Sairah, Sadat, Musharaf, Sahraei, Valla, Saidani, Nadia, Saint-Gilles, Maximilien, Sakiyalak, Pranya, Salahuddin, Nawal, Salazar, Leonardo, Saleem, Jodat, Sales, Gabriele, Sallaberry, Stéphane, Gandonniere, Charlotte Salmon, Salvator, Hélène, Sanchez, Olivier, Sanchez-Miralles, Angel, Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa, Sandhu, Gyan, Sandhu, Zulfiqar, Sandrine, Pierre-François, Sandulescu, Oana, Santos, Marlene, Sarfo-Mensah, Shirley, Banheiro, Bruno Sarmento, Sarton, Benjamine, Satyapriya, Sree, Satyawati, Rumaisah, Saviciute, Egle, Schaffer, Justin, Schermer, Tjard, Scherpereel, Arnaud, Schneider, Marion, Schroll, Stephan, Schwameis, Michael, Scott, Janet, Scott-Brown, James, Sedillot, Nicholas, Seitz, Tamara, Selvanayagam, Jaganathan, Semaille, Caroline, Semple, Malcolm, Senneville, Eric, Sequeira, Filipa, Sequeira, Tânia, Neto, Ary Serpa, Balazote, Pablo Serrano, Shadowitz, Ellen, Shamsah, Mohammad, Sharjeel, Shaikh, Sharma, Pratima, Shaw, Catherine, Shaw, Victoria, Sheharyar, Ashraf, Shetty, Rajesh Mohan, Shi, Haixia, Shiekh, Mohiuddin, Shimizu, Keiki, Shrapnel, Sally, Shrestha, Shubha Kalyan, Shrestha, Pramesh Sundar, Shum, Hoi Ping, Mohammed, Nassima Si, Sibiude, Jeanne, Siddiqui, Atif, Sigfrid, Louise, Sillaots, Piret, Silva, Catarina, Silva, Maria Joao, Silva, Rogério, Sin, Wai Ching, Singh, Budha Charan, Singh, Punam, Sitompul, Pompini Agustina, Skogen, Vegard, Smith, Sue, Smood, Benjamin, Smyth, Coilin, Smyth, Michelle, Snacken, Morgane, So, Dominic, Solomon, Joshua, Solomon, Tom, Somers, Emily, Sommet, Agnès, Song, Myung Jin, Song, Rima, Song, Tae, Chia, Jack Song, Sotto, Albert, Soum, Edouard, Sousa, Ana Chora, Sousa, Marta, Uva, Maria Sousa, Sperry, Alexandra, Spinuzza, Elisabetta, Darshana, B., Sriskandan, Shiranee, Stabler, Sarah, Staudinger, Thomas, Stecher, Stephanie-Susanne, Stienstra, Ymkje, Stiksrud, Birgitte, Stolz, Eva, Stone, Amy, Streinu-Cercel, Adrian, Streinu-Cercel, Anca, Stuart, Ami, Stuart, David, Suen, Gabriel, Suen, Jacky, Sultana, Asfia, Summers, Charlotte, Supic, Dubravka, Surovcová, Magdalena, Svistunov, Andrey, Syrigos, Konstantinos, Sztajnbok, Jaques, Szuldrzynski, Konstanty, Tabrizi, Shirin, Tagherset, Lysa, Taleb, Sara, Talsma, Jelmer, Tampubolon, Maria Lawrensia, Tanaka, Hiroyuki, Taqdees, Huda, Taqi, Arshad, Tardivon, Coralie, Tattevin, Pierre, Taufik, M. Azhari, Tawfik, Hassan, Tedder, Richard, Teixeira, João, Tejada, Sofia, Tellier, Marie-Capucine, Téoulé, François, Terpstra, Pleun, Terrier, Olivier, Terzi, Nicolas, Tessier-Grenier, Hubert, Tey, Adrian, Thakur, Anand, Thibault, Vincent, Thiberville, Simon-Djamel, Thill, Benoît, Thompson, Shaun, Thomson, Emma, Thwaites, Ryan, Tierney, Paul, Tieroshyn, Vadim, Timashev, Peter, Timsit, Jean-François, Tissot, Noémie, Toki, Maria, Tonby, Kristian, Torre, Marta, Torres, Antoni, Torres, Margarida, Torres-Zevallos, Hernando, Towers, Michael, Trapani, Tony, Treoux, Théo, Tromeur, Cécile, Trontzas, Ioannis, Trouillon, Tiffany, Truong, Jeanne, Tual, Christelle, Tubiana, Sarah, Tuite, Helen, Turmel, Jean-Marie, Turtle, Lance, Twardowski, Pawel, Uchiyama, Makoto, Udayanga, P., Udy, Andrew, Ullrich, Roman, Uribe, Alberto, Usman, Asad, Uyeki, Timothy, Vajdovics, Cristinava, Val-Flores, Luís, Valran, Amélie, van de Velde, Stijn, van den Berge, Marcel, van der Palen, Job, van der Valk, Paul, van der Vekens, Nicky, van der Voort, Peter, van der Werf, Sylvie, van Gulik, Laura, van Hattem, Jarne, van Netten, Carolien, van Veen, Ilonka, Vanel, Noémie, Vanoverschelde, Henk, Varghese, Pooja, Vauchy, Charline, Veislinger, Aurélie, Vencken, Sebastian, Ventura, Sara, Verbon, Annelies, Vickers, James, Vidal, José Ernesto, Vieira, César, Vijayan, Deepak, Villanueva, Joy Ann, Villar, Judit, Villeneuve, Pierre-Marc, Villoldo, Andrea, Visseaux, Benoit, Visser, Hannah, Vitiello, Chiara, Vonkeman, Harald, Vuotto, Fanny, Shukeri, Wan Fadzlina Wan Muhd, Wang, Chih-Hsien, Webb, Steve, Wei, Jia, Weil, Katharina, Wesselius, Sanne, West, T. Eoin, Wham, Murray, Whelan, Bryan, White, Nicole, Wicky, Paul Henri, Wiedemann, Aurélie, Wijaya, Surya Otto, Wille, Keith, Willems, Suzette, Williams, Virginie, Wils, Evert-Jan, Yiu, Ng Wing, Wong, Calvin, Xynogalas, Ioannis, Yamazaki, Masaki, Yazdanpanah, Yazdan, Yelnik, Cécile, Yerkovich, Stephanie, Yokoyama, Toshiki, Yonis, Hodane, Yousif, Obada, Yuliarto, Saptadi, Zaaqoq, Akram, Zabbe, Marion, Zahran, Maram, Zambon, Maria, Zanella, Alberto, Zayyad, Hiba, Zoufaly, Alexander, Zucman, David, University of Oxford, University of La Sabana = Universitad de la Sabana, ARN régulateurs bactériens et médecine (BRM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), This work was supported by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office and Wellcome [215091/Z/18/Z] and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1209135], CIHR Coronavirus Rapid Research Funding Opportunity OV2170359, Grants from Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research (RECOVER) [H2020 Project 101003589] and European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (ECRAID) [965313], The Imperial NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, The Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Endorsed by the Irish Critical Care-Clinical Trials Group, co-ordinated in Ireland by the Irish Critical Care-Clinical Trials Network at University College Dublin and funded by the Health Research Board of Ireland [CTN-2014-12]. This work uses Data/Materials provided by patients and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support #DataSavesLives. The Data/materials used for this research were obtained from ISARIC4C. The COVID-19 Clinical Information Network (CO-CIN) data was collated by ISARIC4C Investigators. Data and Material provision were supported by grants from: the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR, award CO-CIN-01), the Medical Research Council (MRC, Grant MC_PC_19059), and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at the University of Liverpool in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), (Award 200907), Wellcome Trust [Turtle, Lance-fellowship 205228/Z/16/Z], NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections at Imperial College London with PHE (Award 200927), Liverpool Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (Grant C18616/A25153), NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Imperial College London (Award IS-BRC-1215-20013), and NIHR Clinical Research Network providing infrastructure support. This work was possible due to the dedication and hard work of the Norwegian SARS-CoV-2 study team and supported by grants from Research Council of Norway Grant No. 312780 and a philanthropic donation from Vivaldi Invest A/S owned by Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner, The dedication and hard work of the Groote Schuur Hospital Covid ICU Team, and supported by the Groote Schuur nursing and University of Cape Town registrar bodies coordinated by the Division of Critical Care at the University of Cape Town, and supported by the COVID clinical management team, AIIMS, Rishikesh, India., European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), Reyes, Luis Felipe, Murthy, Sriniva, Garcia-Gallo, Esteban, Merson, Laura, Ibáñez-Prada, Elsa D., Rello, Jordi, Fuentes, Yuli V., Martin-Loeches, Ignacio, Bozza, Fernando, Duque, Sara, Taccone, Fabio S., Fowler, Robert A., Kartsonaki, Christiana, Gonçalves, Bronner P., Citarella, Barbara Wanjiru, Aryal, Diptesh, Burhan, Erlina, Cummings, Matthew J., Delmas, Christelle, Diaz, Rodrigo, Figueiredo-Mello, Claudia, Hashmi, Madiha, Panda, Prasan Kumar, Jiménez, Miguel Pedrera, Rincon, Diego Fernando Bautista, Thomson, David, Nichol, Alistair, Marshall, John C., Olliaro, Piero L., Abbas, Ali, Abdukahil, Sheryl Ann, Abe, Ryuzo, Abel, Laurent, Absil, Lara, Acharya, Subhash, Acker, Andrew, Adrião, Diana, Al Ageel, Saleh, Ahmed, Shakeel, Ainscough, Kate, Aisa, Tharwat, Hssain, Ali Ait, Tamlihat, Younes Ait, Akimoto, Takako, Akmal, Ernita, Al Qasim, Eman, Alalqam, Razi, Al-dabbous, Tala, Alegesan, Senthilkumar, Alegre, Cynthia, Alessi, Marta, Alex, Beatrice, Alexandre, Kévin, Al-Fares, Abdulrahman, Alfoudri, Huda, Ali, Imran, Shah, Naseem Ali, Alidjnou, Kazali Enagnon, Aliudin, Jeffrey, Alkhafajee, Qaba, Allavena, Clotilde, Allou, Nathalie, Altaf, Aneela, Alves, João, Alves, João Melo, Alves, Rita, Cabrita, Joana Alve, Amaral, Maria, Ampaw, Phoebe, Andini, Roberto, Andréjak, Claire, Angheben, Andrea, Angoulvant, Françoi, Ansart, Séverine, Antonelli, Massimo, de Brito, Carlos Alexandre Antune, Apriyana, Ardiyan, Arabi, Yaseen, Aragao, Irene, Araujo, Carolline, Arcadipane, Antonio, Archambault, Patrick, Arenz, Luka, Arlet, Jean-Benoît, Arnold-Day, Christel, Arora, Lovkesh, Arora, Rakesh, Artaud-Macari, Elise, Asensio, Angel, Asif, Namra, Asim, Mohammad, Assie, Jean Baptiste, Atique, Anika, Attanyake, A. 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S. Y., Oosthuyzen, Wilna, Opavsky, Anne, Openshaw, Peter, Orakzai, Saijad, Orozco-Chamorro, Claudia Milena, Ortoleva, Jamel, Osatnik, Javier, O’Shea, Linda, O’Sullivan, Miriam, Ouamara, Nadia, Ouissa, Rachida, Oziol, Eric, Pagadoy, Maïder, Pages, Justine, Palacios, Amanda, Palacios, Mario, Palmarini, Massimo, Panarello, Giovanna, Paneru, Hem, Panigada, Mauro, Pansu, Nathalie, Papadopoulos, Aurélie, Parke, Rachael, Parker, Melissa, Parra, Briseida, Pasha, Taha, Pasquier, Jérémie, Pastene, Bruno, Patauner, Fabian, Patrão, Luí, Patricio, Patricia, Patrier, Juliette, Patterson, Lisa, Pattnaik, Rajyabardhan, Paul, Christelle, Paul, Mical, Paulos, Jorge, Paxton, William A., Payen, Jean-Françoi, Peelman, Florent, Peiffer-Smadja, Nathan, Peigne, Vincent, Pejkovska, Mare, Pelosi, Paolo, Peltan, Ithan D., Pereira, Rui, Perez, Daniel, Periel, Lui, Perpoint, Thoma, Pesenti, Antonio, Pestre, Vincent, Petrou, Lenka, Petrovic, Michele, Petrov-Sanchez, Ventzislava, Pettersen, Frank Olav, Peytavin, Gille, Pharand, Scott, Picard, Walter, Picone, Olivier, Pierobon, Carola, Piersma, Djura, Pimentel, Carlo, Pinto, Raquel, Pires, Catarina, Pironneau, Isabelle, Piroth, Lionel, Pius, Riinu, Plantier, Laurent, Poissy, Julien, Pokeerbux, Ryadh, Poli, Sergio, Pollakis, Georgio, Ponscarme, Diane, Post, Andra-Mari, Postma, Douwe F., Povoa, Pedro, Póvoas, Diana, Powis, Jeff, Prapa, Sofia, Preau, Sébastien, Prebensen, Christian, Preiser, Jean-Charle, Prinssen, Anton, Pritchard, Mark G., Priyadarshani, Gamage Dona Dilanthi, Proença, Lucia, Pudota, Sravya, Puéchal, Oriane, Semedi, Bambang Pujo, Pulicken, Mathew, Purcell, Gregory, Quesada, Luisa, Quinones-Cardona, Vilmari, González, Víctor Quiró, Quist-Paulsen, Else, Quraishi, Mohammed, Rabaud, Christian, Rabindrarajan, Ebenezer, Rafael, Aldo, Rafiq, Marie, Rahutullah, Arsalan, Rainieri, Fernando, Ramachandran, Pratheema, Ramakrishnan, Nagarajan, Ramalho, José, Rammaert, Blandine, Ramos, Grazielle Viana, Rana, Asim, Rangappa, Rajavardhan, Ranjan, Ritika, Rapp, Christophe, Rashan, Aasiyah, Rashan, Thalha, Rasheed, Ghulam, Rasmin, Menaldi, Rätsep, Indrek, Rau, Corneliu, Raza, Ali, Real, Andre, Rebaudet, Stanisla, Redl, Sarah, Reeve, Brenda, Rehman, Attaur, Reid, Liadain, Reikvam, Dag Henrik, Reis, Renato, Remppis, Jonathan, Remy, Martine, Ren, Hongru, Renk, Hanna, Resseguier, Anne-Sophie, Revest, Matthieu, Rewa, Oleksa, Reyes, Tiago, Ribeiro, Maria Ine, Richardson, David, Richardson, Denise, Richier, Laurent, Riera, Jordi, Rios, Ana L., Rishu, Asgar, Rispal, Patrick, Risso, Karine, Rizer, Nichola, Robba, Chiara, Roberto, André, Roberts, Stephanie, Robertson, David L., Robineau, Olivier, Roche-Campo, Ferran, Rodari, Paola, Rodeia, Simão, Abreu, Julia Rodriguez, Roessler, Bernhard, Roger, Pierre-Marie, Rojek, Amanda, Romaru, Juliette, Roncon-Albuquerque, Roberto, Roriz, Mélanie, Rosa-Calatrava, Manuel, Rose, Michael, Rosenberger, Dorothea, Rossanese, Andrea, Rossetti, Matteo, Rossignol, Bénédicte, Rossignol, Patrick, Rousset, Stella, Roy, Carine, Roze, Benoît, Rusmawatiningtyas, Desy, Russell, Clark D., Ryan, Maeve, Ryan, Maria, Ryckaert, Steffi, Holten, Aleksander Rygh, Saba, Isabela, Sadaf, Sairah, Sadat, Musharaf, Sahraei, Valla, Saidani, Nadia, Saint-Gilles, Maximilien, Sakiyalak, Pranya, Salahuddin, Nawal, Salazar, Leonardo, Saleem, Jodat, Sales, Gabriele, Sallaberry, Stéphane, Gandonniere, Charlotte Salmon, Salvator, Hélène, Sanchez, Olivier, Sanchez-Miralles, Angel, Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa, Sandhu, Gyan, Sandhu, Zulfiqar, Sandrine, Pierre-Françoi, Sandulescu, Oana, Santos, Marlene, Sarfo-Mensah, Shirley, Banheiro, Bruno Sarmento, Sarton, Benjamine, Satyapriya, Sree, Satyawati, Rumaisah, Saviciute, Egle, Schaffer, Justin, Schermer, Tjard, Scherpereel, Arnaud, Schneider, Marion, Schroll, Stephan, Schwameis, Michael, Scott, Janet T., Scott-Brown, Jame, Sedillot, Nichola, Seitz, Tamara, Selvanayagam, Jaganathan, Semaille, Caroline, Semple, Malcolm G., Senneville, Eric, Sequeira, Filipa, Sequeira, Tânia, Neto, Ary Serpa, Balazote, Pablo Serrano, Shadowitz, Ellen, Shamsah, Mohammad, Sharjeel, Shaikh, Sharma, Pratima, Shaw, Catherine A., Shaw, Victoria, Sheharyar, Ashraf, Shetty, Rajesh Mohan, Shi, Haixia, Shiekh, Mohiuddin, Shimizu, Keiki, Shrapnel, Sally, Shrestha, Shubha Kalyan, Shrestha, Pramesh Sundar, Shum, Hoi Ping, Mohammed, Nassima Si, Sibiude, Jeanne, Siddiqui, Atif, Sigfrid, Louise, Sillaots, Piret, Silva, Catarina, Silva, Maria Joao, Silva, Rogério, Sin, Wai Ching, Singh, Budha Charan, Singh, Punam, Sitompul, Pompini Agustina, Skogen, Vegard, Smith, Sue, Smood, Benjamin, Smyth, Coilin, Smyth, Michelle, Snacken, Morgane, So, Dominic, Solomon, Joshua, Solomon, Tom, Somers, Emily, Sommet, Agnè, Song, Myung Jin, Song, Rima, Song, Tae, Chia, Jack Song, Sotto, Albert, Soum, Edouard, Sousa, Ana Chora, Sousa, Marta, Uva, Maria Sousa, Sperry, Alexandra, Spinuzza, Elisabetta, Darshana, B. P. Sanka Ruwan Sri, Sriskandan, Shiranee, Stabler, Sarah, Staudinger, Thoma, Stecher, Stephanie-Susanne, Stienstra, Ymkje, Stiksrud, Birgitte, Stolz, Eva, Stone, Amy, Streinu-Cercel, Adrian, Streinu-Cercel, Anca, Stuart, Ami, Stuart, David, Suen, Gabriel, Suen, Jacky Y., Sultana, Asfia, Summers, Charlotte, Supic, Dubravka, Surovcová, Magdalena, Svistunov, Andrey, Syrigos, Konstantino, Sztajnbok, Jaque, Szuldrzynski, Konstanty, Tabrizi, Shirin, Tagherset, Lysa, Taleb, Sara, Talsma, Jelmer, Tampubolon, Maria Lawrensia, Tanaka, Hiroyuki, Taqdees, Huda, Taqi, Arshad, Tardivon, Coralie, Tattevin, Pierre, Taufik, M. Azhari, Tawfik, Hassan, Tedder, Richard S., Teixeira, João, Tejada, Sofia, Tellier, Marie-Capucine, Téoulé, Françoi, Terpstra, Pleun, Terrier, Olivier, Terzi, Nicola, Tessier-Grenier, Hubert, Tey, Adrian, Thakur, Anand, Thibault, Vincent, Thiberville, Simon-Djamel, Thill, Benoît, Thompson, Shaun, Thomson, Emma C., Thwaites, Ryan S., Tierney, Paul, Tieroshyn, Vadim, Timashev, Peter S., Timsit, Jean-Françoi, Tissot, Noémie, Toki, Maria, Tonby, Kristian, Torre, Marta, Torres, Antoni, Torres, Margarida, Torres-Zevallos, Hernando, Towers, Michael, Trapani, Tony, Treoux, Théo, Tromeur, Cécile, Trontzas, Ioanni, Trouillon, Tiffany, Truong, Jeanne, Tual, Christelle, Tubiana, Sarah, Tuite, Helen, Turmel, Jean-Marie, Turtle, Lance C. W., Twardowski, Pawel, Uchiyama, Makoto, Udayanga, P. G. Ishara, Udy, Andrew, Ullrich, Roman, Uribe, Alberto, Usman, Asad, Uyeki, Timothy M., Vajdovics, Cristinava, Val-Flores, Luí, Valran, Amélie, Van de Velde, Stijn, van den Berge, Marcel, van der Palen, Job, van der Valk, Paul, Van Der Vekens, Nicky, Van der Voort, Peter, Van Der Werf, Sylvie, van Gulik, Laura, Van Hattem, Jarne, van Netten, Carolien, van Veen, Ilonka, Vanel, Noémie, Vanoverschelde, Henk, Varghese, Pooja, Vauchy, Charline, Veislinger, Aurélie, Vencken, Sebastian, Ventura, Sara, Verbon, Annelie, Vickers, Jame, Vidal, José Ernesto, Vieira, César, Vijayan, Deepak, Villanueva, Joy Ann, Villar, Judit, Villeneuve, Pierre-Marc, Villoldo, Andrea, Visseaux, Benoit, Visser, Hannah, Vitiello, Chiara, Vonkeman, Harald, Vuotto, Fanny, Shukeri, Wan Fadzlina Wan Muhd, Wang, Chih-Hsien, Webb, Steve, Wei, Jia, Weil, Katharina, Wesselius, Sanne, West, T. Eoin, Wham, Murray, Whelan, Bryan, White, Nicole, Wicky, Paul Henri, Wiedemann, Aurélie, Wijaya, Surya Otto, Wille, Keith, Willems, Suzette, Williams, Virginie, Wils, Evert-Jan, Yiu, Ng Wing, Wong, Calvin, Xynogalas, Ioanni, Yamazaki, Masaki, Yazdanpanah, Yazdan, Yelnik, Cécile, Yerkovich, Stephanie, Yokoyama, Toshiki, Yonis, Hodane, Yousif, Obada, Yuliarto, Saptadi, Zaaqoq, Akram, Zabbe, Marion, Zahran, Maram, Zambon, Maria, Zanella, Alberto, Zayyad, Hiba, Zoufaly, Alexander, Zucman, David, Group, ISARIC Characterization, Intensive Care Medicine, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, AII - Inflammatory diseases, Ibáñez-Prada, Elsa D, Fuentes, Yuli V, Taccone, Fabio S, Fowler, Robert A, Gonçalves, Bronner P, Cummings, Matthew J, Marshall, John C, Olliaro, Piero L, Institut Català de la Salut, [Reyes LF] Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Infectious Diseases Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia. Critical Care Department, Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia. [Murthy S] Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. [Garcia-Gallo E] Infectious Diseases Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia. [Merson L] Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [Ibáñez-Prada ED] Infectious Diseases Department, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia. Critical Care Department, Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia. [Rello J] Grup de Recerca Clínica/Innovació en la Pneumònia i Sèpsia (CRIPS), Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, and Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus
Subjects: enfermedades respiratorias::trastornos respiratorios::insuficiencia respiratoria [ENFERMEDADES], COVID-19, Critical care, High flow nasal cannula, Invasive mechanical ventilation, Respiració artificial, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, [SDV.MHEP.PSR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pulmonology and respiratory tract, COVID-19 (Malaltia) - Tractament, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Humans, Prospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, Tachypnea, Respiratory Insufficiency, virosis::infecciones por virus ARN::infecciones por Nidovirales::infecciones por Coronaviridae::infecciones por Coronavirus [ENFERMEDADES], Otros calificadores::/terapia [Otros calificadores], Insuficiència respiratòria - Tractament, Therapeutics::Therapeutics::Respiratory Therapy::Respiration, Artificial::Noninvasive Ventilation [ANALYTICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES, AND EQUIPMENT], Virus Diseases::RNA Virus Infections::Nidovirales Infections::Coronaviridae Infections::Coronavirus Infections [DISEASES], Other subheadings::/therapy [Other subheadings], terapéutica::terapéutica::terapia respiratoria::respiración artificial::ventilación no invasiva [TÉCNICAS Y EQUIPOS ANALÍTICOS, DIAGNÓSTICOS Y TERAPÉUTICOS], Respiratory Tract Diseases::Respiration Disorders::Respiratory Insufficiency [DISEASES], Prospective Studie, Human
Abstract: Invasive mechanical ventilation; COVID-19; Critical care Ventilación mecánica invasiva; COVID-19; Cuidado crítico Ventilació mecànica invasiva; COVID-19; Atenció crítica Background Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83–7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97–2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14–1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25–1.30]). Conclusions In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. This work was supported by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office and Wellcome [215091/Z/18/Z] and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1209135]; CIHR Coronavirus Rapid Research Funding Opportunity OV2170359; Grants from Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Response research (RECOVER) [H2020 Project 101003589] and European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (ECRAID) [965313]; The Imperial NIHR Biomedical Research Centre; The Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre; and Endorsed by the Irish Critical Care-Clinical Trials Group, co-ordinated in Ireland by the Irish Critical Care-Clinical Trials Network at University College Dublin and funded by the Health Research Board of Ireland [CTN-2014-12]. This work uses Data/Materials provided by patients and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support #DataSavesLives. The Data/materials used for this research were obtained from ISARIC4C. The COVID-19 Clinical Information Network (CO-CIN) data was collated by ISARIC4C Investigators. Data and Material provision were supported by grants from: the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR; award CO-CIN-01), the Medical Research Council (MRC; Grant MC_PC_19059), and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at the University of Liverpool in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), (Award 200907), Wellcome Trust [Turtle, Lance-fellowship 205228/Z/16/Z], NIHR HPRU in Respiratory Infections at Imperial College London with PHE (Award 200927), Liverpool Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (Grant C18616/A25153), NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Imperial College London (Award IS-BRC-1215-20013), and NIHR Clinical Research Network providing infrastructure support. This work was possible due to the dedication and hard work of the Norwegian SARS-CoV-2 study team and supported by grants from Research Council of Norway Grant No. 312780 and a philanthropic donation from Vivaldi Invest A/S owned by Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner; The dedication and hard work of the Groote Schuur Hospital Covid ICU Team, and supported by the Groote Schuur nursing and University of Cape Town registrar bodies coordinated by the Division of Critical Care at the University of Cape Town; and supported by the COVID clinical management team, AIIMS, Rishikesh, India.
Published: 2022
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