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1. Standards for clinical trials for treating TB.

Author

du Cros, P, Greig, J, Alffenaar, J-W, Cross, G, Cousins, C, Berry, C, Khan, U, Phillips, P, Velásquez, G, Furin, J, Spigelman, M, Denholm, J, Thi, S, Tiberi, S, Huang, G, Marks, G, Turkova, A, Guglielmetti, L, Chew, K, Nguyen, H, Ong, C, Brigden, G, Singh, K, Motta, I, Lange, C, Seddon, J, Nyangwa, B-T, Maug, A, Gler, M, Dooley, K, Quelapio, M, Tsogt, B, Menzies, D, Cox, V, Upton, C, Skrahina, A, McKenna, L, Horsburgh, C, Dheda, K, and Marais, B

Subjects
Humans, Biological Specimen Banks, Tuberculosis, Clinical Trials as Topic
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The value, speed of completion and robustness of the evidence generated by TB treatment trials could be improved by implementing standards for best practice.METHODS: A global panel of experts participated in a Delphi process, using a 7-point Likert scale to score and revise draft standards until consensus was reached.RESULTS: Eleven standards were defined: Standard 1, high quality data on TB regimens are essential to inform clinical and programmatic management; Standard 2, the research questions addressed by TB trials should be relevant to affected communities, who should be included in all trial stages; Standard 3, trials should make every effort to be as inclusive as possible; Standard 4, the most efficient trial designs should be considered to improve the evidence base as quickly and cost effectively as possible, without compromising quality; Standard 5, trial governance should be in line with accepted good clinical practice; Standard 6, trials should investigate and report strategies that promote optimal engagement in care; Standard 7, where possible, TB trials should include pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic components; Standard 8, outcomes should include frequency of disease recurrence and post-treatment sequelae; Standard 9, TB trials should aim to harmonise key outcomes and data structures across studies; Standard 10, TB trials should include biobanking; Standard 11, treatment trials should invest in capacity strengthening of local trial and TB programme staff.CONCLUSION: These standards should improve the efficiency and effectiveness of evidence generation, as well as the translation of research into policy and practice.

Published
2023

2. Clinical standards for drug-susceptible TB in children and adolescents.

Author

Chiang, S, Graham, S, Schaaf, H, Marais, B, SantAnna, C, Sharma, S, Starke, J, Triasih, R, Achar, J, Amanullah, F, Armitage, L, Aurilio, R, Centis, R, Chabala, C, Cruz, A, Demers, A-M, du Preez, K, Enimil, A, Furin, J, Garcia-Prats, A, Gonzalez, N, Hoddinott, G, Isaakidis, P, Jaganath, D, Kabra, S, Kampmann, B, Kay, A, Kitai, I, Lopez-Varela, E, Maleche-Obimbo, E, Malaspina, F, Velásquez, J, Nuttall, J, Oliwa, J, Andrade, I, Perez-Velez, C, Rabie, H, Seddon, J, Sekadde, M, Shen, A, Skrahina, A, Soriano-Arandes, A, Steenhoff, A, Tebruegge, M, Tovar, M, Tsogt, B, van der Zalm, M, Welch, H, Migliori, G, and Buck, William

Subjects
Adolescent, Child, Humans, Tuberculosis, Meningeal, Standard of Care, Delphi Technique, Practice Guidelines as Topic
Abstract

BACKGROUND: These clinical standards aim to provide guidance for diagnosis, treatment, and management of drug-susceptible TB in children and adolescents.METHODS: Fifty-two global experts in paediatric TB participated in a Delphi consensus process. After eight rounds of revisions, 51/52 (98%) participants endorsed the final document.RESULTS: Eight standards were identified: Standard 1, Age and developmental stage are critical considerations in the assessment and management of TB; Standard 2, Children and adolescents with symptoms and signs of TB disease should undergo prompt evaluation, and diagnosis and treatment initiation should not depend on microbiological confirmation; Standard 3, Treatment initiation is particularly urgent in children and adolescents with presumptive TB meningitis and disseminated (miliary) TB; Standard 4, Children and adolescents should be treated with an appropriate weight-based regimen; Standard 5, Treating TB infection (TBI) is important to prevent disease; Standard 6, Children and adolescents should receive home-based/community-based treatment support whenever possible; Standard 7, Children, adolescents, and their families should be provided age-appropriate support to optimise engagement in care and clinical outcomes; and Standard 8, Case reporting and contact tracing should be conducted for each child and adolescent.CONCLUSION: These consensus-based clinical standards, which should be adapted to local contexts, will improve the care of children and adolescents affected by TB.

Published
2023

3. Step-by-step diagnosis and management of the nocebo/drucebo effect in statin-associated muscle symptoms patients: a position paper from the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP).

Author

Penson, Peter E, Bruckert, Eric, Marais, David, Reiner, Željko, Pirro, Matteo, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Bajraktari, Gani, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Rizzo, Manfredi, Mikhailidis, Dimitri P, Sachinidis, Alexandros, Gaita, Dan, Latkovskis, Gustavs, Mazidi, Mohsen, Toth, Peter P, Pella, Daniel, Alnouri, Fahad, Postadzhiyan, Arman, Yeh, Hung-I, Mancini, GB John, von Haehling, Stephan, Banach, Maciej, and International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)

Subjects
International Lipid Expert Panel, Muscles, Humans, Muscular Diseases, Lipids, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Nocebo Effect, Drucebo effect, Nocebo effect, SAMS, Statin intolerance, Pain Research, Patient Safety, Clinical Research, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, 7.3 Management and decision making, Management of diseases and conditions, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Musculoskeletal, Physiology, Clinical Sciences, Human Movement and Sports Sciences
Abstract

Statin intolerance is a clinical syndrome whereby adverse effects (AEs) associated with statin therapy [most commonly statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS)] result in the discontinuation of therapy and consequently increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, complete statin intolerance occurs in only a small minority of treated patients (estimated prevalence of only 3-5%). Many perceived AEs are misattributed (e.g. physical musculoskeletal injury and inflammatory myopathies), and subjective symptoms occur as a result of the fact that patients expect them to do so when taking medicines (the nocebo/drucebo effect)-what might be truth even for over 50% of all patients with muscle weakness/pain. Clear guidance is necessary to enable the optimal management of plasma in real-world clinical practice in patients who experience subjective AEs. In this Position Paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP), we present a step-by-step patient-centred approach to the identification and management of SAMS with a particular focus on strategies to prevent and manage the nocebo/drucebo effect and to improve long-term compliance with lipid-lowering therapy.

Published
2022

4. Clinical standards for the dosing and management of TB drugs

Author

Alffenaar, JWC, Stocker, SL, Forsman, L Davies, Garcia-Prats, A, Heysell, SK, Aarnoutse, RE, Akkerman, OW, Aleksa, A, van Altena, R, de Oñata, W Arrazola, Bhavani, PK, Boveneind-Vrubleuskaya, N van T, Carvalho, ACC, Centis, R, Chakaya, JM, Cirillo, DM, Cho, JG, D’Ambrosio, L, Dalcolmo, MP, Denti, P, Dheda, K, Fox, GJ, Hesseling, AC, Kim, HY, Köser, CU, Marais, BJ, Margineanu, I, Märtson, AG, Torrico, M Munoz, Nataprawira, HM, Ong, CWM, Otto-Knapp, R, Peloquin, CA, Silva, DR, Ruslami, R, Santoso, P, Savic, RM, Singla, R, Svensson, EM, Skrahina, A, van Soolingen, D, Srivastava, S, Tadolini, M, Tiberi, S, Thomas, TA, Udwadia, ZF, Vu, DH, Zhang, W, Mpagama, SG, Schön, T, and Migliori, GB

Subjects
Rare Diseases, Orphan Drug, Clinical Research, Antimicrobial Resistance, Patient Safety, 7.3 Management and decision making, Management of diseases and conditions, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Drug Monitoring, Patient Care, Reference Standards, Tuberculosis, Antitubercular Agents, tuberculosis, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse drug reaction, management, dosing, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Microbiology
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Optimal drug dosing is important to ensure adequate response to treatment, prevent development of drug resistance and reduce drug toxicity. The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on 'best practice´ for dosing and management of TB drugs.METHODS: A panel of 57 global experts in the fields of microbiology, pharmacology and TB care were identified; 51 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score draft standards. The final document represents the broad consensus and was approved by all participants.RESULTS: Six clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, defining the most appropriate initial dose for TB treatment; Standard 2, identifying patients who may be at risk of sub-optimal drug exposure; Standard 3, identifying patients at risk of developing drug-related toxicity and how best to manage this risk; Standard 4, identifying patients who can benefit from therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM); Standard 5, highlighting education and counselling that should be provided to people initiating TB treatment; and Standard 6, providing essential education for healthcare professionals. In addition, consensus research priorities were identified.CONCLUSION: This is the first consensus-based Clinical Standards for the dosing and management of TB drugs to guide clinicians and programme managers in planning and implementation of locally appropriate measures for optimal person-centred treatment to improve patient care.

Published
2022

5. Clinical standards for the assessment, management and rehabilitation of post-TB lung disease

Author

Migliori, GB, Marx, FM, Ambrosino, N, Zampogna, E, Schaaf, HS, van der Zalm, MM, Allwood, B, Byrne, AL, Mortimer, K, Wallis, RS, Fox, GJ, Leung, CC, Chakaya, JM, Seaworth, B, Rachow, A, Marais, BJ, Furin, J, Akkerman, OW, Al Yaquobi, F, Amaral, AFS, Borisov, S, Caminero, JA, Carvalho, ACC, Chesov, D, Codecasa, LR, Teixeira, RC, Dalcolmo, MP, Datta, S, Dinh-Xuan, A-T, Duarte, R, Evans, CA, García-García, J-M, Günther, G, Hoddinott, G, Huddart, S, Ivanova, O, Laniado-Laborín, R, Manga, S, Manika, K, Mariandyshev, A, Mello, FCQ, Mpagama, SG, Muñoz-Torrico, M, Nahid, P, Ong, CWM, Palmero, DJ, Piubello, A, Pontali, E, Silva, DR, Singla, R, Spanevello, A, Tiberi, S, Udwadia, ZF, Vitacca, M, Centis, R, D Ambrosio, L, Sotgiu, G, Lange, C, and Visca, D

Subjects
Lung, Clinical Research, 7.3 Management and decision making, Management of diseases and conditions, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Consensus, Lung Diseases, Quality of Life, Tuberculosis, tuberculosis, post-TB lung disease, se-quelae, pulmonary rehabilitation, clinical standards, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Microbiology
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that post-TB lung disease (PTLD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on the assessment and management of PTLD and the implementation of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR).METHODS: A panel of global experts in the field of TB care and PR was identified; 62 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score the initial ideas for standards and after several rounds of revision the document was approved (with 100% agreement).RESULTS: Five clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, to assess patients at the end of TB treatment for PTLD (with adaptation for children and specific settings/situations); Standard 2, to identify patients with PTLD for PR; Standard 3, tailoring the PR programme to patient needs and the local setting; Standard 4, to evaluate the effectiveness of PR; and Standard 5, to conduct education and counselling. Standard 6 addresses public health aspects of PTLD and outcomes due to PR.CONCLUSION: This is the first consensus-based set of Clinical Standards for PTLD. Our aim is to improve patient care and quality of life by guiding clinicians, programme managers and public health officers in planning and implementing adequate measures to assess and manage PTLD.

Published
2021

6. HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2: Patterns in the evolution of two pandemic pathogens

Author

Fischer, Will, Giorgi, Elena E, Chakraborty, Srirupa, Nguyen, Kien, Bhattacharya, Tanmoy, Theiler, James, Goloboff, Pablo A, Yoon, Hyejin, Abfalterer, Werner, Foley, Brian T, Tegally, Houriiyah, San, James Emmanuel, de Oliveira, Tulio, Africa, Network for Genomic Surveillance in South, Wilkinson, Eduan, Msomi, Nokukhanya, Iranzadeh, Arash, Fonseca, Vagner, Doolabh, Deelan, Mlisana, Koleka, von Gottberg, Anne, Walaza, Sibongile, Allam, Mushal, Ismail, Arshad, Mohale, Thabo, Glass, Allison J, Engelbrecht, Susan, Van Zyl, Gert, Preiser, Wolfgang, Petruccione, Francesco, Sigal, Alex, Hardie, Diana, Marais, Gert, Hsiao, Marvin, Korsman, Stephen, Davies, Mary-Ann, Tyers, Lynn, Mudau, Innocent, York, Denis, Maslo, Caroline, Goedhals, Dominique, Abrahams, Shareef, Laguda-Akingba, Oluwakemi, Alisoltani-Dehkordi, Arghavan, Godzik, Adam, Wibmer, Constantinos Kurt, Sewell, Bryan Trevor, Lourenço, José, Pond, Sergei L Kosakovsky, Weaver, Steven, Giovanetti, Marta, Alcantara, Luiz Carlos Junior, Martin, Darren, Bhiman, Jinal N, Williamson, Carolyn, Gnanakaran, Sandrasegaram, and Korber, Bette

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Pneumonia, Vaccine Related, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Genetics, Lung, HIV/AIDS, Infectious Diseases, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, COVID-19, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Viral, HIV-1, Humans, Immune Evasion, Mutation, Pandemics, Receptors, Virus, Recombination, Genetic, SARS-CoV-2, Selection, Genetic, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Viral Proteins, Network for Genomic Surveillance in South Africa, evolution, glycosylation, immune escape, insertions and deletions, recombination, Microbiology, Immunology, Biochemistry and cell biology, Medical microbiology
Abstract

Humanity is currently facing the challenge of two devastating pandemics caused by two very different RNA viruses: HIV-1, which has been with us for decades, and SARS-CoV-2, which has swept the world in the course of a single year. The same evolutionary strategies that drive HIV-1 evolution are at play in SARS-CoV-2. Single nucleotide mutations, multi-base insertions and deletions, recombination, and variation in surface glycans all generate the variability that, guided by natural selection, enables both HIV-1's extraordinary diversity and SARS-CoV-2's slower pace of mutation accumulation. Even though SARS-CoV-2 diversity is more limited, recently emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants carry Spike mutations that have important phenotypic consequences in terms of both antibody resistance and enhanced infectivity. We review and compare how these mutational patterns manifest in these two distinct viruses to provide the variability that fuels their evolution by natural selection.

Published
2021

7. Melanoma models for the next generation of therapies

Author

Patton, E Elizabeth, Mueller, Kristen L, Adams, David J, Anandasabapathy, Niroshana, Aplin, Andrew E, Bertolotto, Corine, Bosenberg, Marcus, Ceol, Craig J, Burd, Christin E, Chi, Ping, Herlyn, Meenhard, Holmen, Sheri L, Karreth, Florian A, Kaufman, Charles K, Khan, Shaheen, Kobold, Sebastian, Leucci, Eleonora, Levy, Carmit, Lombard, David B, Lund, Amanda W, Marie, Kerrie L, Marine, Jean-Christophe, Marais, Richard, McMahon, Martin, Robles-Espinoza, Carla Daniela, Ronai, Ze'ev A, Samuels, Yardena, Soengas, Maria S, Villanueva, Jessie, Weeraratna, Ashani T, White, Richard M, Yeh, Iwei, Zhu, Jiyue, Zon, Leonard I, Hurlbert, Marc S, and Merlino, Glenn

Subjects
Clinical Research, Cancer, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, 5.2 Cellular and gene therapies, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Immunity, Immunotherapy, Melanoma, Skin Neoplasms, Tumor Microenvironment, animal models, drug discovery, immunotherapy, melanoma, targeted therapy, therapeutics, tumor microenvironment, Neurosciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract

There is a lack of appropriate melanoma models that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic modalities. Here, we discuss the current state of the art of melanoma models including genetically engineered mouse, patient-derived xenograft, zebrafish, and ex vivo and in vitro models. We also identify five major challenges that can be addressed using such models, including metastasis and tumor dormancy, drug resistance, the melanoma immune response, and the impact of aging and environmental exposures on melanoma progression and drug resistance. Additionally, we discuss the opportunity for building models for rare subtypes of melanomas, which represent an unmet critical need. Finally, we identify key recommendations for melanoma models that may improve accuracy of preclinical testing and predict efficacy in clinical trials, to help usher in the next generation of melanoma therapies.

Published
2021

8. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis: A Small Step Forward

Author

Donovan, Joseph, Cresswell, Fiona V, Thuong, Nguyen Thuy Thuong, Boulware, David R, Thwaites, Guy E, Bahr, Nathan C, Aarnoutse, Rob E, Anderson, Suzanne TB, Bang, Nguyen D, Boyles, Tom, te Brake, Lindsey HM, Chandra, Satish, Chow, Felicia C, van Crevel, Reinout, Davis, Angharad G, Dian, Sofiati, Dooley, Kelly E, Figaji, Anthony, Ganiem, A Rizal, Garg, Ravindra Kumar, Gibb, Diana M, Hamers, Raph L, Hiep, Nguyen TT, Imran, Darma, Imron, Akhmad, Jain, Sanjay K, Jain, Sunil K, Kalita, Jayantee, Kumar, Rashmi, Kumar, Vinod, van Laarhoven, Arjan, Lai, Rachel P-J, Manesh, Abi, Marais, Suzaan, Mave, Vidya, Meintjes, Graeme, Meya, David B, Misra, Usha K, Modi, Manish, Ordonez, Alvaro A, Phu, Nguyen H, Pradhan, Sunil, Prasad, Kameshwar, Proust, Alize M, Ramakrishnan, Lalita, Rohlwink, Ursula, Ruslami, Rovina, Schoeman, Johannes F, Seddon, James A, Sharma, Kusum, Siddiqi, Omar, Solomons, Regan S, Thuong, Nguyen TT, van Toorn, Ronald, Tucker, Elizabeth W, Wasserman, Sean A, and Wilkinson, Robert J

Subjects
Rare Diseases, Tuberculosis, Infectious Diseases, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, Detection, screening and diagnosis, Good Health and Well Being, Diagnostic Tests, Routine, Humans, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tuberculosis, Meningeal, Tuberculous Meningitis International Research Consortium, Ultra, Xpert, cerebrospinal fluid, diagnosis, tuberculous meningitis, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology
Abstract

The delayed diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) leads to poor outcomes, yet the current diagnostic methods for identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are inadequate. The first comparative study of the new GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) for TBM diagnosis suggested increased sensitivity of Xpert Ultra. Two subsequent studies have shown Xpert Ultra has improved sensitivity, but has insufficient negative predictive value to exclude TBM. Collecting and processing large volumes of CSF for mycobacterial testing are important for optimal diagnostic test performance. But clinical, radiological, and laboratory parameters remain essential for TBM diagnosis and empiric therapy is often needed. We therefore caution against the use of Xpert Ultra as a single diagnostic test for TBM; it cannot be used to "rule out" TBM.

Published
2020

9. Age Correlates with Response to Anti-PD1, Reflecting Age-Related Differences in Intratumoral Effector and Regulatory T-Cell Populations

Author

Kugel, Curtis H, Douglass, Stephen M, Webster, Marie R, Kaur, Amanpreet, Liu, Qin, Yin, Xiangfan, Weiss, Sarah A, Darvishian, Farbod, Al-Rohil, Rami N, Ndoye, Abibatou, Behera, Reeti, Alicea, Gretchen M, Ecker, Brett L, Fane, Mitchell, Allegrezza, Michael J, Svoronos, Nikolaos, Kumar, Vinit, Wang, Daniel Y, Somasundaram, Rajasekharan, Hu-Lieskovan, Siwen, Ozgun, Alpaslan, Herlyn, Meenhard, Conejo-Garcia, Jose R, Gabrilovich, Dmitry, Stone, Erica L, Nowicki, Theodore S, Sosman, Jeffrey, Rai, Rajat, Carlino, Matteo S, Long, Georgina V, Marais, Richard, Ribas, Antoni, Eroglu, Zeynep, Davies, Michael A, Schilling, Bastian, Schadendorf, Dirk, Xu, Wei, Amaravadi, Ravi K, Menzies, Alexander M, McQuade, Jennifer L, Johnson, Douglas B, Osman, Iman, and Weeraratna, Ashani T

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Immunology, Cancer, Vaccine Related, Immunization, Aging, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Age Factors, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological, Biomarkers, Tumor, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cell Line, Tumor, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Immunomodulation, Melanoma, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Neoplasms, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Tumor Microenvironment, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Clinical sciences, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

Purpose: We have shown that the aged microenvironment increases melanoma metastasis, and decreases response to targeted therapy, and here we queried response to anti-PD1.Experimental Design: We analyzed the relationship between age, response to anti-PD1, and prior therapy in 538 patients. We used mouse models of melanoma, to analyze the intratumoral immune microenvironment in young versus aged mice and confirmed our findings in human melanoma biopsies.Results: Patients over the age of 60 responded more efficiently to anti-PD-1, and likelihood of response to anti-PD-1 increased with age, even when we controlled for prior MAPKi therapy. Placing genetically identical tumors in aged mice (52 weeks) significantly increased their response to anti-PD1 as compared with the same tumors in young mice (8 weeks). These data suggest that this increased response in aged patients occurs even in the absence of a more complex mutational landscape. Next, we found that young mice had a significantly higher population of regulatory T cells (Tregs), skewing the CD8+:Treg ratio. FOXP3 staining of human melanoma biopsies revealed similar increases in Tregs in young patients. Depletion of Tregs using anti-CD25 increased the response to anti-PD1 in young mice.Conclusions: While there are obvious limitations to our study, including our inability to conduct a meta-analysis due to a lack of available data, and our inability to control for mutational burden, there is a remarkable consistency in these data from over 500 patients across 8 different institutes worldwide. These results stress the importance of considering age as a factor for immunotherapy response. Clin Cancer Res; 24(21); 5347-56. ©2018 AACR See related commentary by Pawelec, p. 5193.

Published
2018

10. GeneXpert MTB/Rif to Diagnose Tuberculous Meningitis: Perhaps the First Test but not the Last

Author

Bahr, Nathan C, Marais, Suzaan, Caws, Maxine, van Crevel, Reinout, Wilkinson, Robert J, Tyagi, Jaya S, Thwaites, Guy E, Boulware, David R, Aarnoutse, Rob, Van Crevel, Reinout, van Laarhoven, Aarjan, Dian, Sofiati, Cronan, Mark R, Tobin, David, Dooley, Kelly, Dunstan, Sarah, Feng, Guo-dong, Shi, Xiaodan, Wang, Ting, Figaji, Anthony, McIlleron, Helen, Meintjes, Graeme, Rohlwink, Ursula, Rizal, Ahmad, Ruslami, Rovina, Garg, Ravindra K, Gupta, Mudit, Gupta, Rakesh K, Gupta, Sneha, Savic, Rada, Heemskerk, Anna D, Nguyễn, Thương Thụy Thương, Nguyễn, Mai Thị Hoàng, Srinivasan, Vijay, Thwaites, Guy, Trần, Trâm Thị Bích, Trần, Thịnh Thi Vân, Trần, Anh Thi Ngọc, Võ, Trang Hồng Yêng, Wolbers, Marcel, Kalita, Jayantee, Misra, Usha K, Lai, Rachel, Marais, Ben J, Trinh, Mai Quỳnh, Nguyễn, Bằng Đức, Nguyễn, Yến Bích, Patel, Vinod, Pouplin, Thomas, Ramakrishnan, Lalita, Schoeman, Johan F, Solomons, Regan, Van Toorn, Ronald, Seddon, James, Shah, Javeed, and Visser, Douwe H

Subjects
Rare Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, DNA, Bacterial, Humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques, Tuberculosis, Meningeal, Tuberculous Meningitis International Research Consortium, diagnosis, guideline, meningitis, perspective, tuberculous, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology
Abstract

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of tuberculous with substantial mortality. In May 2015, 54 researchers from 10 countries met in Da Lat, Vietnam, to discuss advances in TBM. Among the attendees were researchers involved in pivotal studies on the use of Xpert MTB/Rif for TBM diagnosis. Attendees discussed the 2014 World Health Organization strong recommendation favoring the use of Xpert "in preference to conventional microscopy and culture as the initial diagnostic test for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) if the sample volume is low or if additional specimens cannot be obtained to make a quick diagnosis." Attendees were concerned that the limitations of Xpert testing for TBM are not emphasized. Clear guidance is needed for the investigational pathway for TBM, including recommendations on the diagnostic package of investigations, which does not stop with Xpert testing. Second, emphasis on the large CSF volumes (ideally 8-10 mL) needed for Xpert testing is required. Guidelines should also emphasize that TBM is a medical emergency and early treatment reduces mortality.

Published
2016

11. Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Author

Hoyme, H Eugene, Kalberg, Wendy O, Elliott, Amy J, Blankenship, Jason, Buckley, David, Marais, Anna-Susan, Manning, Melanie A, Robinson, Luther K, Adam, Margaret P, Abdul-Rahman, Omar, Jewett, Tamison, Coles, Claire D, Chambers, Christina, Jones, Kenneth L, Adnams, Colleen M, Shah, Prachi E, Riley, Edward P, Charness, Michael E, Warren, Kenneth R, and May, Philip A

Subjects
Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Brain Disorders, Alcoholism, Alcohol Use and Health, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), Neurosciences, Conditions Affecting the Embryonic and Fetal Periods, Perinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal Period, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Substance Misuse, Pediatric, Detection, screening and diagnosis, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, Mental health, Reproductive health and childbirth, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, Child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Maternal Behavior, Neuropsychological Tests, Pediatrics, Physical Examination, Physician's Role, Sensitivity and Specificity, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences, Psychology
Abstract

The adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure constitute a continuum of disabilities (fetal alcohol spectrum disorders [FASD]). In 1996, the Institute of Medicine established diagnostic categories delineating the spectrum but not specifying clinical criteria by which diagnoses could be assigned. In 2005, the authors published practical guidelines operationalizing the Institute of Medicine categories, allowing for standardization of FASD diagnoses in clinical settings. The purpose of the current report is to present updated diagnostic guidelines based on a thorough review of the literature and the authors' combined expertise based on the evaluation of >10 000 children for potential FASD in clinical settings and in epidemiologic studies in conjunction with National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism-funded studies, the Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and the Collaboration on FASD Prevalence. The guidelines were formulated through conference calls and meetings held at National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism offices in Rockville, MD. Specific areas addressed include the following: precise definition of documented prenatal alcohol exposure; neurobehavioral criteria for diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder; revised diagnostic criteria for alcohol-related birth defects; an updated comprehensive research dysmorphology scoring system; and a new lip/philtrum guide for the white population, incorporating a 45-degree view. The guidelines reflect consensus among a large and experienced cadre of FASD investigators in the fields of dysmorphology, epidemiology, neurology, psychology, developmental/behavioral pediatrics, and educational diagnostics. Their improved clarity and specificity will guide clinicians in accurate diagnosis of infants and children prenatally exposed to alcohol.

Published
2016

12. A community-engaged infection prevention and control approach to Ebola

Author

Marais, Frederick, Minkler, Meredith, Gibson, Nancy, Mwau, Baraka, Mehtar, Shaheen, Ogunsola, Folasade, Banya, Sama S, and Corburn, Jason

Subjects
Health Services and Systems, Public Health, Health Sciences, HIV/AIDS, Prevention, Immunization, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Behavioral and Social Science, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Community Participation, Female, Health Promotion, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola, Humans, Leadership, Male, Program Evaluation, Trust, community participation, Ebola, IPC, global health, Public Health and Health Services, Curriculum and Pedagogy, Public health, Policy and administration
Abstract

The real missing link in Ebola control efforts to date may lie in the failure to apply core principles of health promotion: the early, active and sustained engagement of affected communities, their trusted leaders, networks and lay knowledge, to help inform what local control teams do, and how they may better do it, in partnership with communities. The predominant focus on viral transmission has inadvertently stigmatized and created fear-driven responses among affected individuals, families and communities. While rigorous adherence to standard infection prevention and control (IPC) precautions and safety standards for Ebola is critical, we may be more successful if we validate and combine local community knowledge and experiences with that of IPC medical teams. In an environment of trust, community partners can help us learn of modest adjustments that would not compromise safety but could improve community understanding of, and responses to, disease control protocol, so that it better reflects their 'community protocol' (local customs, beliefs, knowledge and practices) and concerns. Drawing on the experience of local experts in several African nations and of community-engaged health promotion leaders in the USA, Canada and WHO, we present an eight step model, from entering communities with cultural humility, though reciprocal learning and trust, multi-method communication, development of the joint protocol, to assessing progress and outcomes and building for sustainability. Using examples of changes that are culturally relevant yet maintain safety, we illustrate how often minor adjustments can help prevent and treat the most serious emerging infectious disease since HIV/AIDS.

Published
2016

13. A caveolin-dependent and PI3K/AKT-independent role of PTEN in β-catenin transcriptional activity.

Author

Conde-Perez, Alejandro, Gros, Gwendoline, Longvert, Christine, Pedersen, Malin, Petit, Valérie, Aktary, Zackie, Viros, Amaya, Gesbert, Franck, Delmas, Véronique, Rambow, Florian, Bastian, Boris C, Campbell, Andrew D, Colombo, Sophie, Puig, Isabel, Bellacosa, Alfonso, Sansom, Owen, Marais, Richard, Van Kempen, Leon CLT, and Larue, Lionel

Subjects
Cell Line, Tumor, Melanocytes, Animals, Mice, Transgenic, Humans, Mice, Melanoma, Skin Neoplasms, GTP Phosphohydrolases, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3, Cadherins, Membrane Proteins, MicroRNAs, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Blotting, Western, Prognosis, Immunohistochemistry, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, PTEN Phosphohydrolase, beta Catenin, Caveolin 1, Transcriptional Activation, Feedback, Physiological, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta, Cell Line, Tumor, Transgenic, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Blotting, Western, Feedback, Physiological
Abstract

Loss of the tumour suppressor PTEN is frequent in human melanoma, results in MAPK activation, suppresses senescence and mediates metastatic behaviour. How PTEN loss mediates these effects is unknown. Here we show that loss of PTEN in epithelial and melanocytic cell lines induces the nuclear localization and transcriptional activation of β-catenin independent of the PI3K-AKT-GSK3β axis. The absence of PTEN leads to caveolin-1 (CAV1)-dependent β-catenin transcriptional modulation in vitro, cooperates with NRAS(Q61K) to initiate melanomagenesis in vivo and induces efficient metastasis formation associated with E-cadherin internalization. The CAV1-β-catenin axis is mediated by a feedback loop in which β-catenin represses transcription of miR-199a-5p and miR-203, which suppress the levels of CAV1 mRNA in melanoma cells. These data reveal a mechanism by which loss of PTEN increases CAV1-mediated dissociation of β-catenin from membranous E-cadherin, which may promote senescence bypass and metastasis.

Published
2015

14. Future perspectives in melanoma research: meeting report from the "Melanoma Bridge", Napoli, December 5th-8th 2013

Author

Ascierto, Paolo A, Grimaldi, Antonio M, Anderson, Ana Carrizosa, Bifulco, Carlo, Cochran, Alistair, Garbe, Claus, Eggermont, Alexander M, Faries, Mark, Ferrone, Soldano, Gershenwald, Jeffrey E, Gajewski, Thomas F, Halaban, Ruth, Hodi, F Stephen, Kefford, Richard, Kirkwood, John M, Larkin, James, Leachman, Sancy, Maio, Michele, Marais, Richard, Masucci, Giuseppe, Melero, Ignacio, Palmieri, Giuseppe, Puzanov, Igor, Ribas, Antoni, Saenger, Yvonne, Schilling, Bastian, Seliger, Barbara, Stroncek, David, Sullivan, Ryan, Testori, Alessandro, Wang, Ena, Ciliberto, Gennaro, Mozzillo, Nicola, Marincola, Francesco M, and Thurin, Magdalena

Subjects
Cancer, Vaccine Related, Immunization, Biotechnology, Detection, screening and diagnosis, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, 4.1 Discovery and preclinical testing of markers and technologies, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Immunotherapy, Italy, Melanoma, Medical and Health Sciences, Immunology
Abstract

The fourth "Melanoma Bridge Meeting" took place in Naples, December 5 to 8th, 2013. The four topics discussed at this meeting were: Diagnosis and New Procedures, Molecular Advances and Combination Therapies, News in Immunotherapy, and Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers.

Published
2014

15. Mixed lineage kinases activate MEK independently of RAF to mediate resistance to RAF inhibitors.

Author

Marusiak, Anna A, Edwards, Zoe C, Hugo, Willy, Trotter, Eleanor W, Girotti, Maria R, Stephenson, Natalie L, Kong, Xiangju, Gartside, Michael G, Fawdar, Shameem, Hudson, Andrew, Breitwieser, Wolfgang, Hayward, Nicholas K, Marais, Richard, Lo, Roger S, and Brognard, John

Subjects
Cell Line, Animals, Humans, Mice, Disease Models, Animal, Sulfonamides, Indoles, MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases, Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Cell Survival, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Up-Regulation, Enzyme Activation, Phosphorylation, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Mutation, Vemurafenib, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
Abstract

RAF inhibitor therapy yields significant reductions in tumour burden in the majority of V600E-positive melanoma patients; however, resistance occurs within 2-18 months. Here we demonstrate that the mixed lineage kinases (MLK1-4) are MEK kinases that reactivate the MEK/ERK pathway in the presence of RAF inhibitors. Expression of MLK1-4 mediates resistance to RAF inhibitors and promotes survival in V600E-positive melanoma cell lines. Furthermore, we observe upregulation of the MLKs in 9 of 21 melanoma patients with acquired drug resistance. Consistent with this observation, MLKs promote resistance to RAF inhibitors in mouse models and contribute to acquired resistance in a cell line model. Lastly, we observe that a majority of MLK1 mutations identified in patients are gain-of-function mutations. In summary, our data demonstrate a role for MLKs as direct activators of the MEK/ERK pathway with implications for melanomagenesis and resistance to RAF inhibitors.

Published
2014

16. COX‐2 inhibition prevents the appearance of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas accelerated by BRAF inhibitors

Author

Escuin-Ordinas, Helena, Atefi, Mohammad, Fu, Yong, Cass, Ashley, Ng, Charles, Huang, Rong Rong, Yashar, Sharona, Comin-Anduix, Begonya, Avramis, Earl, Cochran, Alistair J, Marais, Richard, Lo, Roger S, Graeber, Thomas G, Herschman, Harvey R, and Ribas, Antoni

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, Animals, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Celecoxib, Cyclooxygenase 2, Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Humans, Indoles, Keratoacanthoma, Melanoma, Mice, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf, Pyrazoles, Pyridones, Pyrimidinones, Skin Neoplasms, Sulfonamides, Vemurafenib, Squamous cell carcinomas, COX-2, celecoxib, vemurafenib, trametinib, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

Keratoacanthomas (KAs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cuSCCs) develop in 15-30% of patients with BRAF(V600E) metastatic melanoma treated with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi). These lesions resemble mouse skin tumors induced by the two-stage DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis protocol; in this protocol BRAFi accelerates tumor induction. Since prior studies demonstrated cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is necessary for DMBA/TPA tumor induction, we hypothesized that COX-2 inhibition might prevent BRAFi-accelerated skin tumors. Celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, significantly delayed tumor acceleration by the BRAFi inhibitor PLX7420 and decreased tumor number by 90%. Tumor gene expression profiling demonstrated that celecoxib partially reversed the PLX4720-induced gene signature. In PDV cuSCC cells, vemurafenib (a clinically approved BRAFi) increased ERK phosphorylation and soft agar colony formation; both responses were greatly decreased by celecoxib. In clinical trials trametinib, a MEK inhibitor (MEKi) increases BRAFi therapy efficacy in BRAF(V600E) melanomas and reduces BRAFi-induced KA and cuSCC frequency. Trametinib also reduced vemurafenib-induced PDV soft agar colonies, but less efficiently than celecoxib. The trametinb/celecoxib combination was more effective than either inhibitor alone. In conclusion, celecoxib suppressed both BRAFi-accelerated skin tumors and soft-agar colonies, warranting its testing as a chemopreventive agent for non-melanoma skin lesions in patients treated with BRAFi alone or in combination with MEKi.

Published
2014

17. Paediatric formulations for the treatment of drug resistant TB

Author

J. W. C. Alffenaar, B. J. Marais, D. J. Touw, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Critical care, Anesthesiology, Peri-operative and Emergency medicine (CAPE), Medicinal Chemistry and Bioanalysis (MCB), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), and Biopharmaceuticals, Discovery, Design and Delivery (BDDD)

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant, Humans, Child
Published
2022

18. Tumour infiltrating B cells discriminate checkpoint blockade-induced responses

Author

Sara Valpione, Luca G. Campana, John Weightman, Zena Salih, Elena Galvani, Piyushkumar A. Mundra, Francesco De Rosa, Avinash Gupta, Patricio Serra-Bellver, Paul Lorigan, Theodora Germetaki, Marek Dynowski, Stephen Kitcatt, Sudhakar Sahoo, Dave Lee, Nathalie Dhomen, Graham Lord, and Richard Marais

Subjects
Cohort Studies, B-Lymphocytes, Cancer Research, Oncology, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Humans, Immunotherapy, Transcriptome, Melanoma
Abstract

Immune cell-driven anti-cancer activity is paramount for effective responses to checkpoint inhibitors (ICB). However, the contribution of the different immune cell subsets in the circulation and within the tumour is poorly understood.To elucidate the role of the different cell subsets in anti-tumour responses elicited by ICB, we performed single-cell analysis of the transcriptome and surface proteome of paired pre- and early on-treatment metastatic melanoma tumour biopsies and matched peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. We next compared the survival of metastatic melanoma patients treated with ICB according to the abundance of pre-treatment tumour-infiltrating B cell clonotypes.We identified cell clusters associated with disease control or progression, defined differential expression of biological pathways likely involved in the immune awakening against the tumour and examined how cell-cell communication patterns between the tumour cell subsets change during treatment. Furthermore, we discovered that B cells (immunoglobulin expression and abundance of B cell clonotypes) discriminate the clinical response after ICB and propose that B cells likely contribute to anti-tumour immunity by antigen presentation through major histocompatibility complex molecules. Finally, we demonstrated that the abundance of tumour-infiltrating B cell clonotypes at baseline identifies two distinct risk groups, a finding that we confirmed in an independent cohort.Our exploratory translational study provides new insights on the mechanistic role of B cells in anti-melanoma immunity during treatment with ICB. Additionally, we support pre-treatment B cell tumour infiltration as a promising prognostic biomarker to be further validated as a tool for clinical risk stratification.

Published
2022
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19. Mediational Intervention for Sensitizing Caregivers to Improve Mental Health Outcomes in Orphaned and Vulnerable Children

Author

Carla Sharp, Michael J. Boivin, Paulina A. Kulesz, Lochner Marais, Kholisa Rani, Salome Vanwoerden, Molefi Lenka, Deborah Givon, Cilly Shohet, and Jan Cloete

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, education, HIV Infections, Mental health, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Psychology, 0302 clinical medicine, Caregivers, 030225 pediatrics, Intervention (counseling), Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Developmental and Educational Psychology, medicine, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Family, Female, 030212 general & internal medicine, Psychology, Psychiatry, Child, Child, Orphaned
Abstract

There is an urgent need to equip community-based careworkers with the skills to address the mental health needs of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) as an essential response to shortages in human resources for mental health in Sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a quasi-experimental feasibility trial in South Africa to adapt and evaluate an established year-long semi-structured, manualized video-feedback caregiver intervention (the Mediational Intervention for Sensitizing Caregivers; MISC) for community-based organizations (CBOs).Following a year-long iterative cross-cultural adaptation of MISC, we recruited 88 OVC (ages 7-11; 45.5% girls) and their CBO careworkers (MISC-CBO was acceptable and feasible in terms of attendance and post-intervention interviews. MISC improved child mental health, as well as the quality of careworker caregiving in terms of interactive effects for affective and cognitive (Expanding) components of MISC, and main effects for the cognitive components of Rewarding and Provision of meaning. MISC components did not mediate the effects of the intervention.The current study shows that laypersons with no tertiary education and virtually no prior training who undergo MISC training can improve caregiving quality and the mental health of OVCs.

Published
2023

21. Host transcriptomic signatures of tuberculosis can predict immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients

Author

Stanley Kimbung Mbandi, Hannah Painter, Adam Penn‐Nicholson, Asma Toefy, Mzwandile Erasmus, Willem A. Hanekom, Thomas J. Scriba, Rachel P.J. Lai, Suzaan Marais, Helen A. Fletcher, Graeme Meintjes, Robert J. Wilkinson, Mark F. Cotton, Savita Pahwa, Mark J. Cameron, Elisa Nemes, and Wellcome Trust

Subjects
Model organisms, Adult, Immunology, Infectious Disease, HIV Infections, urologic and male genital diseases, DIAGNOSIS, ACTIVATION, Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome, host biomarker, transcriptomic signature, Humans, Tuberculosis, Immunology and Allergy, cardiovascular diseases, Child, Human Biology & Physiology, Science & Technology, urogenital system, FOS: Clinical medicine, fungi, Bacille-Calmette-Guerin, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, 1107 Immunology, BCG Vaccine, Transcriptome, Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Abstract

The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) can be a complication of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in patients with advanced HIV, but its pathogenesis is uncertain. In tuberculosis (TB) endemic countries, IRIS is often associated with mycobacterial infections or Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination in children. With no predictive or confirmatory tests at present, IRIS remains a diagnosis of exclusion. We tested whether RISK6 and Sweeney3, validated immune-based blood transcriptomic signatures for TB, could predict or diagnose IRIS in HIV+ children and adults. Transcripts were measured by RT-qPCR in BCG-vaccinated children and by microarray in HIV+ adults with TB, including TB meningitis (TBM). Signature scores before ART initiation and up to IRIS diagnosis were compared between participants who did or did not develop IRIS. In children, RISK6 and Sweeney3 discriminated IRIS cases from non-IRIS controls before ART, and at diagnosis. In adults with TB, RISK6 discriminated IRIS cases from controls after half-week on ART. In adults with TBM, only Sweeney3 discriminated IRIS cases from controls before ART, while both signatures distinguished cases from controls at TB-IRIS onset. Parsimonious whole blood transcriptomic signatures for TB showed potential to predict and diagnose IRIS in HIV+ children and adults. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Published
2022
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22. Difference in mortality among individuals admitted to hospital with COVID-19 during the first and second waves in South Africa: a cohort study

Author

Waasila Jassat, Caroline Mudara, Lovelyn Ozougwu, Stefano Tempia, Lucille Blumberg, Mary-Ann Davies, Yogan Pillay, Terence Carter, Ramphelane Morewane, Milani Wolmarans, Anne von Gottberg, Jinal N Bhiman, Sibongile Walaza, Cheryl Cohen, Shaina Abdullah, Fiona Abrahams, Vincentius Adams, FHIMA ADNANE, Sonia Adoni, Dieketso Melitta Adoons, Veronique Africa, Dr Aguinaga, Susan Akach, Prisha Alakram Khelawon, George Aldrich, Olatunde Alesinloye, Mathale Biniki Aletta, Mametja Alice, Tebogo Aphane, Moherndran Archary, Felicity Arends, Shireen Arends, Munonde Aser, T Asmal, Mohammed Asvat, Theunis Avenant, Muvhali Avhazwivhoni, Magnolia Azuike, Johanna Baartman, Dlava Babalwa, Johan Badenhorst, Miranda Badenhorst, Badenhorst, Bianca Badripersad (CEO), Lalihla Badul, M Bagananeng, Mncedisi Bahle, Liezl Balfour, TC Baloyi, S Baloyi, Tinyiko Baloyi, Tshepo Mpho Baloyi, Thokozani Banda, Shimon Barit, Nicole Bartsch, Junaid Bayat, Siyabulela Bazana, Marlene Beetge, Nosindiso Bekapezulu, Rammala Belebele, Phala Bella, Zanenkululeko Belot, Lindi Gladys Bembe, Sonja Bensch, Gishma Beukes, Karla Bezuidenhout, Themba Bhembe, N.A BIKISHA, Ben Bilenge, Leesa Bishop, Baphamandla Biyela, Cyntheola Blaauw, Mark Blaylock, Nicola Bodley, Power Bogale, Sibongile Bokolo, Stefan Bolon, Mary Booysen, Eldereze Booysen, Lia Boretti, Paula Borges, Millicent Boshoga, Natasha Bosman, Lucinda Bosvark, Nicky Botes, Adele Botha, CHANTALL BOTHA, Jana Botha, MANDLAKAYISE IRVIN BOTHA, Alet Botha, Janet Bradbury, Zandisile Breakfast, Maria Breed, Molele Brenda, Moshito Brice, Jolene Britz, Amanda brown, Ms T Buchanan, Thozama Bucwa, Crystelle Burger, Ziyanda Busakwe, Nosiviwe Bushula, Zinhle Buthelezi, Dumsile Buthelezi, Thubelihle Buthelezi, Mpumelelo Basil Buthelezi, Fundiswa Lidwina Buthelezi, Nadia Bux, Christoff Buys, Anneline Buys, Ernestina Caka, Armando Sanchez Canal, Sithole Caroline, Monrick Casper, Shannon Cawood, Oratile Cebisa, Nothando Cele, Sboniso Cele, Sthembile Goodness Cele, Mkhacani Chauke, Pinkie Chauke, Nevil Chelin, Xiaohui Chen, Venmalla Chetty, Kerisse Chetty, Christinah Cheu, Vindana Chibabhai, Takudzwa Chirima, Mantwa ChisaleMabotja, CHARITY CHIVENGE, Ngoasheng Choene, Mbali Nosisa Choko, Martin Choshi, Sabbir Chowdhury, Anastacia Christoforou, S.L.S Chuene, T.S Chueu, Dale Cilliers, Vanessa Cilliers, Marcel Claassen, Jeané Cloete, Chantelle Coelho, Carol Coetzee, Hans Jurgens Coetzee, Christine Coetzee, Marelize Coetzee, Dane Coetzer, Sizwe Coka, Mr M Colane, Herkulaas Combrink, Songezo Conjwa, Colleen Contrad, Faith Cornelissen, Leezelle Cronje, Christine Crouse, Moshai D.A, Ms Mahabane D.I, Tshidi Dabi, Ziyanda Dandala, Ziyaad Dangor, Gildenhuys Daniel, Ngwana Daniel, Alfred Daumas, Madelein Dauth, Mongalo David, Wayne Davids, Nozuko Daweti, Halima Dawood, Wandisa Dayile, B DE BRUIN, Karin De Klerk, Tanya De la Rosa, Marice de Nysschen, Marie De vos, Darien De Wet, Mohith Debising, Darshan Deenadayalu, Babalwa Dekeda, Mofokeng Desiree, Annelise Deysel, Abram Dhlamini, Makgethwa Dhlala Diala, Mathapelo Diale, Bella Diketane, Nosisa Dingani, Siyabonga Diniso, Lesego Diphatse, Anele Diya, Zihloniphile Dladla, Nompumelelo Dladla, Mlungisi Dladla, Patience Dladla, Baphilie Dlamini, NONHLANHLA DLAMINI, Linda Dlamini, Nonzwakazi Dlamini, Wendy Dlamini, Ncomeka Dlamini, Siyabonga Dlamini, Nicodemus Dlamini, Lebohang Dlamini, Motshedise Dlamini, Babalwa Christine Dlava, Phikiwe Dlova, Lindiwe Dlozi, Maenetja Doreen, Vumile Doyi, Athini Doyi, Belinda Du Plessis, Johanna Aletta du Plessis, Mr. Eddie du Plessis, Nicolette du Plessis, Karin du Plessis, Briette du Toit, Narissa du Toit, Jabulile Dube, Athayanda Dubula, Msomi Duduzile, Sechaba Duiker, Unati Bongile Duma, Kholiwe Duma, Kella Dunne, Kholeka Dyantyi, Avile Dyantyi, Simphiwe Dyasi, CHAUKE DYONDZO, Phelisa Dyubhele, B.J Dywili, Letitia Edwards Edwards, Madie Eksteen, Tersia Ellis, Tia Ellis, Glenda Emmerson, Theusia Enslin, ODIMULA EPULE, Lana Erasmus, Mathonsi Erick, Lerato Etsane, Shimange Eunice, Zanele Fani, Mariette Ferreira, K.L Finger-Motsepe, Fabion Floris, Tseko Fobo, Keresemetse Fokotsane, Duduzile Emmelda Fokwana, Genevieve Marion Fords, Juanita Fortein, Christine Fouche, Rulandi Fourie, Andrew Frean, Ludwig Fredericks, Wandile Funda, Kabelo Funjwa, Martha Futhane, Amanda Futuse, Dora Gabaediwe, Nonhlanhla Gabuza, Janycke Galant, Zanele Gama, Thobile Gano, Emma Cora Gardiner, Henri Gastrow, Kelly Gate, Ben Gaunt, Rikhotso Gavaza, Thapelo Gayi, Nkosinathi Gcakasi, Nomusa Gcobo, Leon Geffen, S Geldenhuys, Jenny George, Martha Gerber, Zolisa Getyengana, Nkululo Gigi, Radha Gihwala, Mitchell Gilliland, Zandile Gloria, Elitia Glover, Ellen Gokailemang, Suseth Goosen, Maria Gopane, Thandazile Gosa - Lufuta, Bernadett Gosnell, Sharleen Gouws, Christina Govender, Raksha Govender, Pearl Govender, Sally Govender, Roxanne Govender, K Govender, Mrs Savie Govender, Rashika Govinden, Luphumlo Gqabuza, Nomthandazo Gqaji, Maneo Gqetywa, Caroline Green, Nathan Green, Neera Green, Hendrik Grobler, Pamela Groenwald, Daniel Grootboom, Beatrice Gumede, Nomonde Gumede, Simphiwe Gumede, Slindile Gumede, Ntombikayise Gumede, Zenande Gumede, Thandiswa Gxotiwe, Makhubela H.L, Nonhlanhla Hadebe, Skhumbuzo Hadebe, Christos Halkas, Ansie Hamer, Ebrahim Hamida, Juan Hammond, Sumayia Haniff, Annelise Hare, lorinda Hattingh, Thenjiwe Hendricks, Philip-George Henecke, Brends Henly-Smith, Glynis Herselman, Ansie Heymans, Chantel Heyns, Golekane Hlabahlaba, Lucky Hlabangwane, Simango Hlamarisa, Ntokozo Hlanzi, Hlengiwe Hlela, Katlego Hlokwe, Thembinkosi hlongwa, Anele Hlongwana, Themba Hlubi, Tozama Hobo, Nare Nathaniel Hopane, Mariska House, Catharina Hudson, Marinda Huysamen, Jezreen Indheren, Samantha Ingle, Gavin Isaacs, TS Thekiso Isaacs, Maringa Itumeleng, Karien J van Rensburg, Saloshni Jackson, Neziswa Jacob, Burton Jacobs, Tshireletso Jacobs, Gugulethu Jacobs, Mesadi Jaftha, Zimkhitha Jaji, Sibusiso Jali, Gcobisa James, Gillian January, Andiswa Jeke, Laurent Jeremiah, LS Jeremiah, Mubeen Jhetam, Maureen John, Chuene John, Thandiwe Jola, Yolande Jonas, Anovick Jonas, Amilcar Juggernath, eileen kaba, Venetia Kabo, Disebo Kadi, Karabo Kaizer, Moshaya Peter Kambule, Lorraine Kapp, Tshepo Kau, Nchabeleng Keneth, O Kgabi, Tebogo Audrey Kgafela, Vincent Kgakgadi, Isabella Kgaswe, Tsholofelo Kgathlane, Vuyelwa Julia Kgetha, Mmaselloane Kgomojoo, MR B Kgoro, Christinah Kgosiemang, Gloria Kgosiencho, Stephen Khambula, Ariffa Khan, Refemetswe Khanare, Ncamsile Khanyase, Nokwethemba Khanyile(Data Capturer), Fillip Kharatsi, Simangele Khawula, Themba Khohlakala, Letitia Khomo, Isabel khoza, Sinethemba Khoza, Nombulelo Khukule, Busisiwe Khumalo, Tracy Khumalo, Zinhle khumalo, Vuyelwa Khumalo, Delisile Khumalo, Lebohang Khumalo, Boitumelo Khumalo, Thuli Khumalo, Gugu Khumalo, Bongiwe Khuzwayo, Thembhelihle Khuzwayo, Hennie Kidson, Jesne Kistan, Gugu Klaas, Marilyn Klassen, Josehine Koeberg, Marizel Koen, Simphiwe Koena, Ina Kok, Imraan Kola, Karabo Kolokoto, Ramachandra Konar, Dr Kotsedi, Jaline Kotze, MARTINS KOUPIS CDS, Sr Helen Kritzinger, Marlize Kruger, Henk Kruger, Tlangelani Kubayi, Thabisile Kubeka, Nonjabulo Kubheka, Melusi Kubheka, Sibusiso Clifford Kubheka, Erol Kubheka, Monica Kumalo, Thulani Kunene, Siphilile Candy Kunene, Yvette Kunneke, R.P KUPA, Rachel Kutama, Nompumelelo Kwakwazi, Lwanele Kweyama, Maureen Labuschagne, Marina Labuschagne, Prabha Lakshman, Lungelo Lamani, Thembela Lamani, Naomi Langa, Khangelani Langeni, Aphelele Langeni, Nwabisa Hazel Langeni, Gena Langeveldt, Anchen Laubscher, Laetitia Le Roux, Magagane Leah, Collen Lebea, Sello Lebea, Viyella Phumla Cynthia Lebenya, Lorraine lebogang, PK LEBOHO, Chantel Lee, Kelebogile Rejoice Lefakane, Zandile Legoabe, Patrick Lekala, Motsitsi Lekhoaba, Tanki Shadrack Lekunutu, Galaletsang Lerefolo, Mrs N Letebele, Tsepo Patric Lethoba, Emission Letlalo, Ofentse Letlhage, D.S.V Letshufi, Dineo Fiona Letsoalo, Seleka Jones Letsoalo, Pennelope Letsoalo, Getrude Letwaba, Sobekwa Linda, Katleho Lipholo, Sabata Litabe, Harsha Lochan, Linda Lomax, Francina Lombaard, Elmarie Loots, Ariana Lourens, Celeste Louw, Rianna Louw, Zikhona Lubambo, Msebenzi Moises Lubambo, Gregory Ludada, Michael Lukas, Thembela Lungu, Nomvume Lupindo, Emmah Lusenga, Happiness Luthuli, Zoleka Sylvia Luvuno, Sr Gwangwa M.H, Mustafa Maarman, Buyisiwe Mabaso, Cynthia Mabaso, Morena Mabitle, Grace Mabogoane, Kgakgamatso Mabone, Rueben Mabuza, Velaphi Mabuza, Mogantla Madiseng, Thobile Madlala, Mashooase Madolo, Thabiso Madonsela, Lesetsa Madubanya, Amukelani Maepa, Namhla Mafumana, Caroline Mafumo, Pumeza Magadla, Viscah Magale, Nompumelelo Magaqa, Oberholzer Magda, Rakgoale Magdeline, Tswai Maggie, Bongeka Maginxa, Cathrine Maite Magoba, Caroline Magongwa, AGRETIA MAGUBANE, Agretia Ntombizodwa Magubane, R Magwai, Padmini Mahabeer, Elsie Mahadulula, Lungiswa Mahanjana, Amy Maharaj, Qedusiza Mahlambi, Yvonne Mahlangu, Lerato Mahlangu, Ntombifikile Mahlangu, Makhosazana Mahlangu, Mahlatsi Mahlangu, Penelope Mahlasela, Thosago Mahlatse, Regina Mahlobo, Dikhing Mahole, Adam Mahomed, Mapeu Debora Mahubane, Peter Mahume, Lehlogonolo Maifo, Vincent Maimane, Petunia Maimele, Phakoe Maine, Patricia Senyanyathi Mainongwane, Nomalungisa Majamani, Amahle Majozini, Noluthando Makalima, Nomfundo Makam, Khanyisa Makamba, R Makan, Mashiane Makarapa, Malesela Makgahlela, Mogoiwa David Makgisa, Makgoba Makgomo, MA Makgopa, Mabone Makhalema, Lindokuhle Lizo Makhanya, Philile Valentia Makhanya, Tolerance Makharaedzha, Nathi Makhathini, Elizabeth Makhesi, Cinile Makhubela, Nkululeko Freedom Makhunga, Nomalinge Makhupula, RR Makhura, Rangwato Makola, Zingisa Makuba, Asanda Makubalo, Lonwabo Makumsha, George Makuya, Levy Mmachuene Malaka, Themba Malangeni, ML MALATJI, Pelonomi Malebana-Metsing, Malek Malek, Luthando Malevu, Juanita Malgas, Dimakatso Malgas, Paul Makgasane Malope, Monyeki Malose, Katekani Maluleke, Kato Mambane, Nthabiseng Mamorobela, Kukami Manamela, Tshepo Manana, Sathiel Maneto, Aron Kabelo Manganye, Pheto Mangena, Anna Mangoale, TINOTENDA FLORENCE MANGOZHO, Pariva Manickchund, Zandisile Mankayi, Arthur Manning, Kelebogile Manyaapelo Manyaapelo, Tabea Manyane, Zoliswa Manzana, Milton Manzini, Busisiwe Mapasa-Dube, Siboniso Maphumulo, Ntombifuthi Maphumulo, Sindy Maponya, Khomotso Mumsy Maponya, Napjadi Maponya, Lami Maqubela, Lizeka Maqubela, Vuyo Maqungo, Marisa Marais, Chantal Marais, Nondumiso Maramba, Annelize Mare, Madumetsa Maredi, Afikile Martins, Johanna Marule, Refilwe Marumo, NN Masakona, KEDIBONE VINCENTIA MASEHLA, Eric Maseko, Tshilidzi Maselesele, Mojalefa Maselo, M Maseloa, M.E Masemola, Thembi Masemola, Bella Mashaba, James Mashangwane, Mantebele Mashao, Shalom Mashego, Lerato Mashele, Ester Mashiane, Joyce Mashibini, J Mashilo, Tumi Mashiloane, Charity Mashishi, Ngazibini Mashiyi, Khomola Mashudu, aluwani masindi, Caroline Maslo, Nduduzo Masondo, Dumisile Masuku, Cry Matamela, Mirriam Matandela, Nontokozo 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Ntobela, Bandile Ntombela, Zamaswazi Ntombela, Khonelihle Zandile Ntombela, Praisegod Samkelo Thobani Ntombela, Lindiwe Ntonintshi, Dipuo Ntseane, Thobeka Ntseane, Xolelwa Ntsham, Mbalenhle Ntshele, Amanda Ntshewula, Zinzi Ntsoko, Athini Ntsoto, Nomsa Ntuli, Nokwazi Ntuli, Nomvula Ntuli, Andrew Diffar Ntuli, Faith Ntuli, Margrit Nurnberger, Ntsikelelo Nxala, Sithandiwe Nxasane, Mr Thanda Nxumalo, Xolani Nyathi, Nontobeko Nyawula, Nhlakanipho Nzama, Maila Nkuneng Obed, Florence Ogwal, Maureen Olifant, Mr B Oliphant, Monota Olive, Kagisho Olyn, Raymond Omoighe, Phumeza One, Ratombo Oscar, Nkuna Owen, Mailula P, Nalini Padayachee, Vasaily Padayachy, Ntombizakhe Pakade, Mosiuoa Palime, Jane Palisa, Arifa Parker, Lesenyeho Parkies, Andy Parrish, Nilesh Patel, Anastasia Pather, Mkhombo Tsakani Patience, Marisa Patzke, Akhumzi Pawuli, Ntandokazi Pelako, Phaswana Sibasa Penrose, Litha Peppeta, Santosh Pershad, Makheda Pertunia, Nkuna Pertunia, Dane Perumal, Mongameli Peter, Justin Peters, 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Subjects
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Incidence (epidemiology), COVID-19, Articles, General Medicine, Odds ratio, Logistic regression, Wave period, South Africa, Humans, Medicine, Prospective cohort study, business, Demography, Cohort study
Abstract

Background The first wave of COVID-19 in South Africa peaked in July, 2020, and a larger second wave peaked in January, 2021, in which the SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 (Beta) lineage predominated. We aimed to compare in-hospital mortality and other patient characteristics between the first and second waves. Methods In this prospective cohort study, we analysed data from the DATCOV national active surveillance system for COVID-19 admissions to hospital from March 5, 2020, to March 27, 2021. The system contained data from all hospitals in South Africa that have admitted a patient with COVID-19. We used incidence risk for admission to hospital and determined cutoff dates to define five wave periods: pre-wave 1, wave 1, post-wave 1, wave 2, and post-wave 2. We compared the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to hospital in wave 1 and wave 2, and risk factors for in-hospital mortality accounting for wave period using random-effect multivariable logistic regression. Findings Peak rates of COVID-19 cases, admissions, and in-hospital deaths in the second wave exceeded rates in the first wave: COVID-19 cases, 240·4 cases per 100 000 people vs 136·0 cases per 100 000 people; admissions, 27·9 admissions per 100 000 people vs 16·1 admissions per 100 000 people; deaths, 8·3 deaths per 100 000 people vs 3·6 deaths per 100 000 people. The weekly average growth rate in hospital admissions was 20% in wave 1 and 43% in wave 2 (ratio of growth rate in wave 2 compared with wave 1 was 1·19, 95% CI 1·18–1·20). Compared with the first wave, individuals admitted to hospital in the second wave were more likely to be age 40–64 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·22, 95% CI 1·14–1·31), and older than 65 years (aOR 1·38, 1·25–1·52), compared with younger than 40 years; of Mixed race (aOR 1·21, 1·06–1·38) compared with White race; and admitted in the public sector (aOR 1·65, 1·41–1·92); and less likely to be Black (aOR 0·53, 0·47–0·60) and Indian (aOR 0·77, 0·66–0·91), compared with White; and have a comorbid condition (aOR 0·60, 0·55–0·67). For multivariable analysis, after adjusting for weekly COVID-19 hospital admissions, there was a 31% increased risk of in-hospital mortality in the second wave (aOR 1·31, 95% CI 1·28–1·35). In-hospital case-fatality risk increased from 17·7% in weeks of low admission (8000 admissions; aOR 1·24, 1·17–1·32). Interpretation In South Africa, the second wave was associated with higher incidence of COVID-19, more rapid increase in admissions to hospital, and increased in-hospital mortality. Although some of the increased mortality can be explained by admissions in the second wave being more likely in older individuals, in the public sector, and by the increased health system pressure, a residual increase in mortality of patients admitted to hospital could be related to the new Beta lineage. Funding DATCOV as a national surveillance system is funded by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases and the South African National Government.

Published
2021
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23. Risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality in a high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting in South Africa: a cohort study

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Waasila Jassat, Cheryl Cohen, Stefano Tempia, Maureen Masha, Susan Goldstein, Tendesayi Kufa, Pelagia Murangandi, Dana Savulescu, Sibongile Walaza, Jamy-Lee Bam, Mary-Ann Davies, Hans W Prozesky, Jonathan Naude, Ayanda T Mnguni, Charlene A Lawrence, Hlengani T Mathema, Jarrod Zamparini, John Black, Ruchika Mehta, Arifa Parker, Perpetual Chikobvu, Halima Dawood, Ntshengedzeni Muvhango, Riaan Strydom, Tsholofelo Adelekan, Bhekizizwe Mdlovu, Nirvasha Moodley, Eunice L Namavhandu, Paul Rheeder, Jacqueline Venturas, Nombulelo Magula, Lucille Blumberg, Shaina Abdullah, Fiona Abrahams, Vincentius Adams, Fhima Adnane, Sonia Adoni, Dieketso Melitta Adoons, Veronique Africa, D Aguinaga, Susan Akach, Prisha Alakram Khelawon, George Aldrich, Olatunde Alesinloye, Mathale Biniki Aletta, Mametja Alice, Tebogo Aphane, Moherndran Archary, Felicity Arends, Shireen Arends, Munonde Aser, T Asmal, Mohammed Asvat, Theunis Avenant, Muvhali Avhazwivhoni, Magnolia Azuike, Johanna Baartman, Dlava Babalwa, Johan Badenhorst, Miranda Badenhorst, Bianca Badripersad, Lalihla Badul, M Bagananeng, Mncedisi Bahle, Liezl Balfour, T C Baloyi, S Baloyi, Tinyiko Baloyi, Tshepo Mpho Baloyi, Thokozani Banda, Shimon Barit, Nicole Bartsch, Junaid Bayat, Siyabulela Bazana, Marlene Beetge, Nosindiso Bekapezulu, Rammala Belebele, Phala Bella, Zanenkululeko Belot, Lindi Gladys Bembe, Sonja Bensch, Gishma Beukes, Karla Bezuidenhout, Themba Bhembe, N A Bikisha, Ben Bilenge, Leesa Bishop, Baphamandla Biyela, Cyntheola Blaauw, Mark Blaylock, Nicola Bodley, Power Bogale, Sibongile Bokolo, Stefan Bolon, Mary Booysen, Eldereze Booysen, Lia Boretti, Paula Borges, Millicent Boshoga, Natasha Bosman, Lucinda Bosvark, Nicky Botes, Adele Botha, Chantall Botha, Jana Botha, Chantall botha, Mandlakayise Irvin Botha, Alet Botha, Janet Bradbury, Zandisile Breakfast, Maria Breed, Molele Brenda, Moshito Brice, Jolene Britz, Amanda Brown, T Buchanan, Thozama Bucwa, Crystelle Burger, Ziyanda Busakwe, Nosiviwe Bushula, Zinhle Buthelezi, Dumsile Buthelezi, Thubelihle Buthelezi, Mpumelelo Basil Buthelezi, Fundiswa Lidwina Buthelezi, Nadia Bux, Christoff Buys, Anneline Buys, Ernestina Caka, Armando Sanchez Canal, Sithole Caroline, Monrick Casper, Shannon Cawood, Oratile Cebisa, Nothando Cele, Sboniso Cele, Sthembile Goodness Cele, Mkhacani Chauke, Pinkie Chauke, Nevil Chelin, Xiaohui Chen, Venmalla Chetty, Kerisse Chetty, Christinah Cheu, Vindana Chibabhai, Takudzwa Chirima, Mantwa ChisaleMabotja, Charity Chivenge, Ngoasheng Choene, Mbali Nosisa Choko, Martin Choshi, Sabbir Chowdhury, Anastacia Christoforou, S L S Chuene, T S Chueu, Dale Cilliers, Vanessa Cilliers, Marcel Claassen, Jeané Cloete, Chantelle Coelho, Carol Coetzee, Hans Jurgens Coetzee, Christine Coetzee, Marelize Coetzee, Dane Coetzer, Sizwe Coka, M Colane, Herkulaas Combrink, Songezo Conjwa, Colleen Contrad, Faith Cornelissen, Leezelle Cronje, Christine Crouse, Tshidi Dabi, Ziyanda Dandala, Ziyaad Dangor, Gildenhuys Daniel, Ngwana Daniel, Alfred Daumas, Madelein Dauth, Mongalo David, Wayne Davids, Nozuko Daweti, Wandisa Dayile, B De Bruin, Karin De Klerk, Tanya De la Rosa, Marice de Nysschen, Marie De vos, Darien De Wet, Mohith Debising, Darshan Deenadayalu, Babalwa Dekeda, Mofokeng Desiree, Annelise Deysel, Abram Dhlamini, Makgethwa Dhlala Diala, Mathapelo Diale, Bella Diketane, Nosisa Dingani, Siyabonga Diniso, Lesego Diphatse, Anele Diya, Zihloniphile Dladla, Nompumelelo Dladla, Mlungisi Dladla, Patience Dladla, Baphilie Dlamini, Nonhlanhla Dlamini, Linda Dlamini, Nonzwakazi Dlamini, Wendy Dlamini, Ncomeka Dlamini, Siyabonga Dlamini, Nicodemus Dlamini, Lebohang Dlamini, Motshedise Dlamini, Babalwa Christine Dlava, Phikiwe Dlova, Lindiwe Dlozi, Maenetja Doreen, Vumile Doyi, Athini Doyi, Belinda Du Plessis, Johanna Aletta du Plessis, Eddie du Plessis, Nicolette du Plessis, Karin du Plessis, Briette du Toit, Narissa du Toit, Jabulile Dube, Athayanda Dubula, Msomi Duduzile, Sechaba Duiker, Unati Bongile Duma, Kholiwe Duma, Kella Dunne, Kholeka Dyantyi, Avile Dyantyi, Simphiwe Dyasi, Chauke Dyondzo, Phelisa Dyubhele, B J Dywili, Letitia Edwards, Madie Eksteen, Tersia Ellis, Tia Ellis, Glenda Emmerson, Theusia Enslin, Odimula Epule, Lana Erasmus, Mathonsi Erick, Lerato Etsane, Shimange Eunice, Zanele Fani, Mariette Ferreira, K L Finger-Motsepe, Fabion Floris, Tseko Fobo, Keresemetse Fokotsane, Duduzile Emmelda Fokwana, Genevieve Marion Fords, Juanita Fortein, Christine Fouche, Rulandi Fourie, Andrew Frean, Ludwig Fredericks, Wandile Funda, kabelo funjwa, Martha Futhane, Amanda Futuse, Dora Gabaediwe, Nonhlanhla Gabuza, Janycke Galant, Zanele Gama, Thobile Gano, Emma Cora Gardiner, Henri Gastrow, Kelly Gate, Ben Gaunt, Rikhotso Gavaza, Thapelo Gayi, Nkosinathi Gcakasi, Nomusa Gcobo, Leon Geffen, S Geldenhuys, Jenny George, Martha Gerber, Zolisa Getyengana, Nkululo Gigi, Radha Gihwala, Mitchell Gilliland, Zandile Gloria, Elitia Glover, Ellen Gokailemang, Suseth Goosen, Maria Gopane, Thandazile Gosa-Lufuta, Bernadett Gosnell, Sharleen Gouws, Christina Govender, Raksha Govender, Pearl Govender, Sally Govender, Roxanne Govender, K Govender, Savie Govender, Rashika Govinden, Luphumlo Gqabuza, Nomthandazo Gqaji, Maneo Gqetywa, Caroline Green, Nathan Green, Neera Green, Hendrik Grobler, Pamela Groenwald, Daniel Grootboom, Beatrice Gumede, Nomonde Gumede, Simphiwe Gumede, Slindile Gumede, Ntombikayise Gumede, Zenande Gumede, Thandiswa Gxotiwe, Makhubela H L, Nonhlanhla Hadebe, Skhumbuzo Hadebe, Christos Halkas, Ansie Hamer, Ebrahim Hamida, Juan Hammond, Sumayia Haniff, Annelise Hare, lorinda Hattingh, Thenjiwe Hendricks, Philip-George Henecke, Brends Henly-Smith, Glynis Herselman, Ansie Heymans, Chantel Heyns, Golekane Hlabahlaba, Lucky Hlabangwane, Simango Hlamarisa, Ntokozo Hlanzi, Hlengiwe Hlela, Katlego Hlokwe, Thembinkosi Hlongwa, Anele Hlongwana, Themba Hlubi, Tozama Hobo, Nare Nathaniel Hopane, Mariska House, Catharina Hudson, Marinda Huysamen, Jezreen Indheren, Samantha Ingle, Gavin Isaacs, T S Thekiso Isaacs, Maringa Itumeleng, Karien J van Rensburg, Saloshni Jackson, Neziswa Jacob, Burton Jacobs, Tshireletso Jacobs, Gugulethu Jacobs, Mesadi Jaftha, Zimkhitha Jaji, Sibusiso Jali, Gcobisa James, Gillian January, Andiswa Jeke, Laurent Jeremiah, L S Jeremiah, Mubeen Jhetam, Maureen John, Chuene John, Thandiwe Jola, Yolande Jonas, Anovick Jonas, Amilcar Juggernath, Eileen Kaba, Venetia Kabo, Disebo Kadi, Karabo Kaizer, Moshaya Peter Kambule, Lorraine Kapp, Tshepo Kau, Nchabeleng Keneth, O Kgabi, Tebogo Audrey Kgafela, Vincent Kgakgadi, Isabella Kgaswe, Tsholofelo Kgathlane, Vuyelwa Julia Kgetha, Mmaselloane Kgomojoo, B Kgoro, Christinah Kgosiemang, Gloria Kgosiencho, Stephen Khambula, Ariffa Khan, Refemetswe Khanare, Ncamsile Khanyase, Nokwethemba Khanyile, Fillip Kharatsi, Simangele Khawula, Themba Khohlakala, Letitia Khomo, Isabel Khoza, Sinethemba Khoza, Nombulelo Khukule, Busisiwe Khumalo, Tracy Khumalo, Zinhle khumalo, Vuyelwa Khumalo, Delisile Khumalo, Lebohang Khumalo, Boitumelo Khumalo, Thuli Khumalo, Gugu Khumalo, Bongiwe Khuzwayo, Thembhelihle Khuzwayo, Hennie Kidson, Jesne Kistan, Gugu Klaas, Marilyn Klassen, Josehine Koeberg, Marizel Koen, Simphiwe Koena, Ina Kok, Imraan Kola, Karabo Kolokoto, Ramachandra Konar, Dr Kotsedi, Jaline Kotze, Martins Koupis, Helen Kritzinger, Marlize Kruger, Henk Kruger, Tlangelani Kubayi, Thabisile Kubeka, Nonjabulo Kubheka, Melusi Kubheka, Sibusiso Clifford Kubheka, Erol Kubheka, Monica Kumalo, Thulani Kunene, Siphilile Candy Kunene, Yvette Kunneke, R P Kupa, Rachel Kutama, Nompumelelo Kwakwazi, Lwanele Kweyama, Maureen Labuschagne, Marina Labuschagne, Prabha Lakshman, Lungelo Lamani, Thembela Lamani, Naomi Langa, Khangelani Langeni, Aphelele Langeni, Nwabisa Hazel Langeni, Gena Langeveldt, Anchen Laubscher, Laetitia Le Roux, Magagane Leah, Collen Lebea, Sello Lebea, Viyella Phumla Cynthia Lebenya, Lorraine Lebogang, P K Leboho, Chantel Lee, Kelebogile Rejoice Lefakane, Zandile Legoabe, Patrick Lekala, Motsitsi Lekhoaba, Tanki Shadrack Lekunutu, Galaletsang Lerefolo, N Letebele, Tsepo Patric Lethoba, Emission Letlalo, Ofentse Letlhage, D S V Letshufi, Dineo Fiona Letsoalo, Seleka Jones Letsoalo, Pennelope Letsoalo, Getrude Letwaba, Sobekwa Linda, Katleho Lipholo, Sabata Litabe, Harsha Lochan, Linda Lomax, Francina Lombaard, Elmarie Loots, Ariana Lourens, Celeste Louw, Rianna Louw, Zikhona Lubambo, Msebenzi Moises Lubambo, Gregory Ludada, Michael Lukas, Thembela Lungu, Nomvume Lupindo, Emmah Lusenga, Happiness Luthuli, Zoleka Sylvia Luvuno, Gwangwa M H, Mustafa Maarman, Buyisiwe Mabaso, Cynthia Mabaso, Morena Mabitle, Grace Mabogoane, Kgakgamatso Mabone, Rueben Mabuza, Velaphi Mabuza, Mogantla Madiseng, Thobile Madlala, Mashooase Madolo, Thabiso Madonsela, Lesetsa Madubanya, Amukelani Maepa, Namhla Mafumana, Caroline Mafumo, Pumeza Magadla, Viscah Magale, Nompumelelo Magaqa, Oberholzer Magda, Rakgoale Magdeline, Tswai Maggie, Bongeka Maginxa, Cathrine Maite Magoba, Caroline Magongwa, Agretia Magubane, Agretia Ntombizodwa Magubane, R Magwai, D I Mahabane, Padmini Mahabeer, Elsie Mahadulula, Lungiswa Mahanjana, Amy Maharaj, Qedusiza Mahlambi, Yvonne Mahlangu, Lerato Mahlangu, Ntombifikile Mahlangu, Makhosazana Mahlangu, Mahlatsi Mahlangu, Penelope Mahlasela, Thosago Mahlatse, Regina Mahlobo, Dikhing Mahole, Adam Mahomed, Mapeu Debora Mahubane, Peter Mahume, Lehlogonolo Maifo, Vincent Maimane, Petunia Maimele, Phakoe Maine, Patricia Senyanyathi Mainongwane, Nomalungisa Majamani, Amahle Majozini, Noluthando Makalima, Nomfundo Makam, Khanyisa Makamba, R Makan, Mashiane Makarapa, Malesela Makgahlela, Mogoiwa David Makgisa, Makgoba Makgomo, M A Makgopa, Mabone Makhalema, Lindokuhle Lizo Makhanya, Philile Valentia Makhanya, Tolerance Makharaedzha, Nathi Makhathini, Elizabeth Makhesi, Cinile Makhubela, Nkululeko Freedom Makhunga, Nomalinge Makhupula, R R Makhura, Rangwato Makola, Zingisa Makuba, Asanda Makubalo, Lonwabo Makumsha, George Makuya, Levy Mmachuene Malaka, Themba Malangeni, M L Malatji, Pelonomi Malebana-Metsing, Malek Malek, Luthando Malevu, Juanita Malgas, Dimakatso Malgas, Paul Makgasane Malope, Monyeki Malose, Katekani Maluleke, Kato Mambane, Nthabiseng Mamorobela, Kukami Manamela, Tshepo Manana, Sathiel Maneto, Aron Kabelo Manganye, Pheto Mangena, Anna Mangoale, Tinotenda Florence Mangozho, Pariva Manickchund, Zandisile Mankayi, Arthur Manning, Kelebogile Manyaapelo Manyaapelo, Tabea Manyane, Zoliswa Manzana, Milton Manzini, Busisiwe Mapasa-Dube, Siboniso Maphumulo, Ntombifuthi Maphumulo, Sindy Maponya, Khomotso Mumsy Maponya, Napjadi Maponya, Lami Maqubela, Lizeka Maqubela, Vuyo Maqungo, Marisa Marais, Chantal Marais, Nondumiso Maramba, Annelize Mare, Madumetsa Maredi, Afikile Martins, Johanna Marule, Refilwe Marumo, N N Masakona, Kedibone Vincentia Masehla, Eric Maseko, Tshilidzi Maselesele, Mojalefa Maselo, M Maseloa, M E Masemola, Thembi Masemola, Bella Mashaba, James Mashangwane, Mantebele Mashao, Shalom Mashego, Lerato Mashele, Ester Mashiane, Joyce Mashibini, J Mashilo, Tumi Mashiloane, Charity Mashishi, Ngazibini Mashiyi, Khomola Mashudu, Aluwani Masindi, Caroline Maslo, Nduduzo Masondo, Dumisile Masuku, Cry Matamela, Mirriam Matandela, Nontokozo Mathabela, T Mathabi, Keitumetse Mathe, Mathabo Mathebula, Catherine Mathebula, Mdungazi Andres Mathebula, Nqobizwe Mathenjwa, Jane Mathibe, Lebohang Mathibela, Makwela Mathilda, Khakhu Mathiva, Mokgadi Alinah Mathobela, Fikile Pearl Mathonsi, K P Mathonsi, Katlego Mathosa, Noluvo Matiwane, Emma Matjeke, Bella Matjiane, Thabang Matjila, Chidi Matlala, Petlo Matome, Nolusindiso Matoti, C Matseliso, Dineo Matsemela, Phumeza Matsha, Gaalebale Prudence Matshediso, Motsumi Matshediso, Esther Matshela, Bongeka Mavuma, Pearl Mavundla, Nomthandazo Mavuso, Lovender Mawasha, Rebecca Mawelela, Nelisiwe Mazibuko, Phumlani Mazibuko, Lindiwe Mazubane, Bavumile Mbanjwa, Ayanda Mbasa, Nosimilo Mbatha, Zanele Mbatha, Rudolph Zenzele Mbatha, Gift Mbedzi, Tatenda Trevor Mbizi, Khumbulani Mbonambi, Nondumiso Mboniswa, Nomfanelo Mbonisweni, Jody Mbuilu, Siyabonga Mbulawa, Zama Mbutho, Natasha Mbuzi, Nonkululeko Mchunu, Cyprian Mchunu, Nokuzola Mchunu, Masesi Thandeka Mchunu, Vuyokazi Mciteka, Solly Mdaka, Neho Mdakane, Siyabonga Mdediswa, Melusi Mdima, Nozipho Mdima Masondo, Siviwe Mdindana, Ntombizikhona Mdleleni, Sibusiso Mdletshe, Gcobisa Precious Mdoda, Ntombi Mdolo, Anele Mdontsane, Ruchikas Mehta, Philile Rittah Memela, Masande Methuse, Keatlaretse Metshile, Pheliswa Metuse, Anton Meyer, Gavin Meyer, Cameron Meyer, Sisonke Mfazwe, Andiswa Mfecane, Bongeka Mfecane, Nelisiwe Mfeka, Busisiwe Mgaga, Thandiwe Portia Mgauli, Thembekile Mgedezi, Vuyokazi Mgedezi, Kalipile Mgevane, Bongni Mgiba, Babalwa Mgoduka, Patrick Mhlaba, Zeldah Mhlaba, Ntombizodwa Mhlanga, Vangile Mhlinza, Nokuthula Mhlongo, sibongiseni Mhlongo, Unamandla Mhlotshana, Mabaso Mikateko, Helena Minnie, Karen Mintoor, Bongi Miyeni, Mabelane M J, Rosy Mjethu, Gloria Mkhize, Mvuselelo Mkhize, Ntokozo Siyabonga Mkhize, Victoria Mkhize, Nomkhosi Mkhize, Nokuthula Mkhize, Mathini Mkhwanazi, Nolwandle Mkile, Kholofelo Mkise, Nokwandiso Mkiya, Pearl Mkongi, Mnonopheli Mkungeka, Hlomile Mlahleki, Nolukholo Mlibali, Sakhumzi Mlungwana, Jonas Mmachele, Mashatole Mmateka, Molebatsi Mmokwa, Thembisa Mmutlane, Zanele Olive Mndebele, Nonhlanhla Mngomezulu, Noluthando Millicent Mnguni, Pumza Mngunyana, Nomxolisi Mngunyana, Ntombebongo Mngxekeza, Zenzele Mnisi, Hlengiwe Precious Mnqayi, Phumzile Mnqayi, Thabiso Mntungwa, Siya Mnyaka, Ntombikayise Mnyakeni, Vuyani Mnyamana, Nomzingisi Mnyipika, Koena Moabelo, Mmakgoshi Alseria Moatshe, Jennifer Mochaki-Senoge, Sharon Moche, Tebello Mocwagae, Koeikantse Modibane, Tebogo godfrey Modimoeng, Obakeng Modisa, Itumeleng Modisane, Olebogeng Modise, Makaepeaa Flovia Modjadji, Sharon Modupe, Maja Moeketsi, Ntswaki Moeketsi, Kereditse Kingsley Moeng, Naledi Nthabiseng Mofamere, Samuel Mofokeng, Thabo Mofokeng, Jonas Mofomme, Vicky Mogakane, Lehlohonolo Mogale, Audrey Mogapi, Thomas Mogashoa, Mphaka James Mogatla, Kgaladi Mogoale, Dikeledi Maggie Mohajane, Nkuba Mohapi, Mthoamihla Mohatsela, Irene Mohlala, Daphney Mohlala, Mpho Mohlamonyane, Bonolo Millord Mohutsiwa, Selemela Moipone, Tshepang Moisi, Nelly Mojalefa, Vuyo Moji, Buhle Mokangwana, Matloa Mokgabo, Manaka Mokgaetji, Jane Mokgaotsi, Neo Theodore Mokgoro, Thalitha Mokhatla, Lerato Lovedalia Mokhele, Sheila Mokhema, Mamoya Mokoena, Mojalefa Mokoena, Lleka Mokome, Cynthia Mokone, Ipeleng Mokono, Thabiso Mokonyama, Josiah Mokori, Dolores Mokuena, Danny Mokumo, Oddy Mokwena, Kgaogelo Mokwena, Kgantshi Sam Mokwena, Lebogang Mokwene, Thato Elliott Molate, Ditoche Molebalwa, Boingotlo Molefe, Kgopa Stanley Molehe, Kgomotso Moleme, Sarah Moliane, Fanyana Moloi, Retshepile Joseph Molorane, Glenda Tsholanang Molotsi, Lerato Molukanele, Joy Monareng, Thapelo Moncho, Modiadie Monica, Refilwe Monnane, Andile Monqo, Neo Montewa, Kgalalelo Montsioa, Reitumetse Monyaki, Masekhobe Jeanett Monyane, Lipson Monyela, Yudeshan Moodley, Kriesen Moodley, Kaira Moodley, Boitumelo Donald Mooka, Prea Moonsamy, Simmi Moopanar, David Moore, Lineo Mophethe, Tshegohatso Moremedi, Kealeboga Moremong, Nthangeni Morgan, Egma Moripa, Lulamile Morris, Me. A.M. Mosala, Thabo Mosana, Alice Mosase, Yolanda Mose, Maponya Mosehlo, Mothusi Moseki, Mojalefa David Moshabe, D A Moshai, Mbulelo Moshani, Pelisa Moshani, Ledwaba Mosima, Ezrom Mosima, M P Mosoma, Lebohang Motaung, Mokete Motaung, Thozama Charmain Motaung Xhama, Purine Khethiwe Motha, Lerato Motimele, Boitumelo Motimeng, Shirley Motladiile, Otsile Motlhabane, Joshua Motlhamme, Mandla Motloba, Kagiso Motse, Sophia Motshegoa, Edward Moutlana, Irma Mouton, Zanele Moya, Nomonde Moyake, Maja M P, Jenny Mpete, Luamba Meltha Mpfuni, Seputule Mphahlele Mphahlele, Mashadi Mphake, Ephraim Letlhogonolo Mphanya, Mashudu Mphaphuli, Tebogo Chwene Mphela, MS Mpontshane, Thabile Mqotyana, Babalwa Mqungquthu, Noluthando Busane Msane, Malusi Mseleku, Sibusiso Msibi, Mancele Msibi, Thulisile Msibi, Siyabonga Linda Msibi, Clement Nhlanhla Msiza, Lungelo Msomi, Mandlenkosi Mtatambi, Thembisa Mthathambi, December Mthembu, Nhlahla Mthembu, Fezile Mbali Mthembu, Lungiswa Mthembu, Nompumelelo Petunia Mthethwa, Khulekani Mthimkhulu, Lungani Percival Mthuli, Ashley Mthunzi, Xolani Sydney Mtolo, Nomonde Precious Mtolo, Linda Mtshali, Neliswa Mtwa, Fezeka Mtyobile, Kanyisa Mtyobile, Mpfariseni Mudau, Magwabeni Muemeleli, Isaac Mulaudzi, Rebecca Mulaudzi, Mhlelekedzeni Mulaudzi, Dakalo Rejoyce Muligwe, Blessing Muponda, Mmbangiseni Stella Mushadi, M Mushid, Konanani Muthaphuli, J Muthavhine, Mpho Muthika, Samkelisiwe Mvelase, Vusi Mvelase, Laurent Kayumba Mwehu, Thabile Myaka, Magriet myburgh, Zimkhitha Mzamo, Fezeka Mzawuziwa, Mfundo Lunga Mzini, Oscar Mzizana, Ntokozo Mzobe, Thokozile Mzobe, Zamaswazi Mzobe, Mtimkulu Mzwandile, Fathima Naby, Keshnee Naicker, Pregashnie Naicker, Saroja Naicker, Pershen Naicker, Saiyen Virgil Naicker, Ria Naidoo, Sam Naidoo, Mergan Naidoo, Kamalambal Naidoo, Aroomugam Naidoo, Sivuyile Naku, Firdose Nakwa, Masoga Nancy, Rita Nathan, Maritsa Naude, Gcobisa Ncaza, Aviwe Ncaza, Relebohile Ncha, Yanelisa Ncoyini, Snothile Ncube, Mrs Ndaba, Vusumuzi Ndaba, Mmapula Ndaba, Siziwe Ndawonde, Ziphozihle Ndevu, Nonhlanhla Faith Ndhlovu, Simphiwe Ndima, Sindisiwe Ndlela, Thobsile P Ndlela, Nobuhle Ndlovu, Nwabisa Ndlovu, Virginia Dipuo Ndlovu, Sombekhaya Ndlumbini, Khululiwe Nduli, Priscilla Nontokozo Nduli, Michael Ndwambi, Jeremy Nel, Rina Nel, Lizelle Nel, Ntsundeni florah Nemanashi, Usinkhangwe Nyaphophi Nemudivhiso, Joyce Nemutavhanani Nemutavhanani, Jabu Nene, Xolani Nene, David Netshilonga, Rendani Netsianda, Charmaine Newton, Vuyo Leroy Ngalo, Ncumisa Ngani, Thabisa Monica Ngcakaza, Thamela Ngcobo, Trulove Nonhlanhla Ngcobo, Richards Ngcobo, Gcinile Ngcobo, Guguletu Ngcobo, Thozama Ngetu, Pinkie Ngewu, Tshepo Ngobeni, Providence Ngobeni, Khanyisile Ngobeni, Prudence Ngobeni, Thembisile Ngobese, Tracy Ngomane, Nolusindiso Ngondo, Nokukhanya Ngubane, Sithembiso Ngubane, Ntombizodwa Praxedise Nguse, Tholakele Ngwane, Elizabeth Ngwasheng, Siphamandla Ngwenya, Gugu Ngwenya, Nomthandazo Ngwenya, Themba Ngwenya, Eva Ngwenya, Zintlanu Ngxola, Tshegofatso Nhabe, Jabulile Nhlabathi, Ishmael Nhlangwana, Sithembile Nhlapo, Matlala Nick, Vicky Niemand, Carina Nienaber, Louise Nix, Chumisa Njikelana, Masiza Njomi, Lucia Nkabinde, M NKABINDE, Boitumelo Nkabiti, Gugu Nkabule, Mankopodi Nkadimeng, Nonkanyiso Nkanjeni, Palesa Portia Nkatlo, Bongani Nkewana, Audrey Nkhwashu, Ngokoana Nkoana, Mmathapelo Nkoane, M Nkogatse, Fezile Nkomo, Ntando Nkomo, Nontobeko Nkonyane, Sydney Nkosi, Ntombikayise Nkosi, Phumzile Nkosi, Ntombifuthi Nkosi, TINTSWALO NKOSI, ML Nkosi, Godfrey Nkosi, Amukelani Nkosi, Fikile Vinoliah Nkosi, Mbali Nkosi, Nomcebo Lucia Nkosi, Siphokazi Nkosi, Amanda Nkuhlu, Phumzile Nkumane, Malebo Nkuna, Wendy Nkwakwha, Sesi Noge, Elizabeth Nolte, Peko Nomawabo, Malibongwe Nombita, Nandipha Nophale, Jeanetta Nothnagel, Bongiwe Novokoza, Zanele Nqaphi, Thobekile Nqondo, Siphokazi Nqwelo, Nkoana N S, Sindiswa Ntabeni, Mr Ntabeni, mawethu Ntampula, Mthutuzeli Ntebe, Mokwabo Ntela, Hezekiah Ntimbane, Xolisa Ntintsilana, Patrick Ntleki, Zanele Ntobela, Bandile Ntombela, Zamaswazi Ntombela, Khonelihle Zandile Ntombela, Praisegod Samkelo Thobani Ntombela, Lindiwe Ntonintshi, Dipuo Ntseane, Thobeka Ntseane, Xolelwa Ntsham, Mbalenhle Ntshele, Amanda Ntshewula, Zinzi Ntsoko, Athini Ntsoto, Nomsa Ntuli, Nokwazi Ntuli, Nomvula Ntuli, Andrew Diffar Ntuli, Faith Ntuli, Margrit Nurnberger, Ntsikelelo Nxala, Sithandiwe Nxasane, Thanda Nxumalo, Xolani Nyathi, Nontobeko Nyawula, Nhlakanipho Nzama, Maila Nkuneng Obed, Florence Ogwal, Maureen Olifant, B Oliphant, Monota Olive, Kagisho Olyn, Raymond Omoighe, Phumeza One, Ratombo Oscar, Nkuna Owen, Mailula P, Nalini Padayachee, Vasaily Padayachy, Ntombizakhe Pakade, Mosiuoa Palime, Jane Palisa, Lesenyeho Parkies, Andy Parrish, Nilesh Patel, Anastasia Pather, Mkhombo Tsakani Patience, Marisa Patzke, Akhumzi Pawuli, Ntandokazi Pelako, Phaswana Sibasa Penrose, Litha Peppeta, Santosh Pershad, Makheda Pertunia, Nkuna Pertunia, Dane Perumal, Mongameli Peter, Justin Peters, Vatiswa Petlane, Harideen Petrus, Kgomotso Phahladira, Matebesi John Phakisa, R Phale, Livhuwani Phathela, Sekate Daniel Phillip, Beverly Phiri, Mapule Precious Phiri, Thapelo Phokane, Frank Phokoane, Moele Pholosho, Sekoro Phooko, Sekodi Geoffrey Phooko, Maponya Phutiane, Faiza Pillay, Melanie Pillay, Sayuri Pillay, C R Pillay, Zikhona Plaatjie, James Pootona, Samantha Potgieter, Marius Potgieter, Mulaudzi Mulatedzi Precious, Paul Janus Pretorius, Hans Prozesky, Mokhethi Pule, Jayshina Punwasi, Dot Putzier, Lutho Qankqiso, Siphokazi Qebedu, Phozisa Qhola, Ntombesithathu Qotoyi, Sipho Victor Qotso, Zanele Qwabe, Helena Rabie, Phoebe Rabothata, Christina Rachoene, Mteteleli Radana, Maria Radebe, Dr. Valentino Radebe, Nonkululeko Radebe, Ella Radinne, Sherly Raduvha, Shamintha Raghunath, Claudine Rajagopaul, Mary Rakgwale, Malumbete Michael Ralethe, Kenneth Ralimo, Motlalepule Ramafoko, Maduvhahafani Ramagoma, Charlotte Raman, Dr Ramavhuya, Molly Rambally, Nivasha Ramdeen, Tanusha Ramdin, Sharita Rameshwarnath, Yeishna Ramkillawan, null Ramotlou, Faith Rampedi, Vijayluxmi Rampersad, Avhashoni Ramuima, Noluthando Ranone, Mabohlale Portia Rapasa, Mpharoane rapelang, Nika Raphaely, Lesiba Rashokeng, Caroline Rashopola, Tebogo Ratau, M Ratau, Mpfariseni David Ratshili, Elmari Rautenbach, Rofhiwa Ravele, Johannes Reachable, Peta Mmalahla Rebecca, Kessendri Reddy, Andrew Redfern, Robertha Reed, Mumsy Rees, Dr Reji, Gary Reubenson, Veena Rewthinarain, Nkonayani Rhulani, Mufamadi Richard, J S Rikhotso, Shatimone Beverley Rikhotso, Lavhelani Ndivhaleni Robert, Noncedo Roto, Gideon Ruder, Kapil Rugnath, Lizette Ruiters, Mina Ruiters, Sue Russell, Lynn Ruwiza, Molokoane R Y, Mandy Saaiman, Emmanuel Sabela, Lerato Sadiq, Litha Saki, Hyppolite Salambwa, Menitha Samjowan, Nazlee Samodien, Rakgolele Samuel, Fakudze Sandile, Cekuse Sanelisiwe, Mandlankosi Sani, Simangele Sawuka, Lelani Schoeman, Magriet Scholts, Ronel Schroder, Mamotetekoane Sebalabala, Selwalenkwe Collet Sebati, Jacoline Seboko, Wilheminah Sebuthoma, Annah Segami, Ruth Segokotlo, MR Sehloho, Khutjo Seisa, Antony Sekgobela, Monica Sekhosana, John Sekonyela, Mpho Sekoto, Naledi Sekulisa, Mokgadi Vanessa Sekwadi, Lebogo Selaelo, Johannes Selatlha, Kgomotso Selekolo, William Selfridge, Lucy Semenya, Ivy Sengakane, Masabata Sengata, Petronella Sentle, Malebo Seoketsa, Pratheesha Seonandan, Thomas Mambushi Serumula, Nkululeko Setheni, Refiloe Setlale, Tumediso Setlhodi, Barbara Setlhodi, Robert Setloghele, Aarthi Sewpersad, Ryan Sewpersadh, Phumlile Shabalala, Owen Shabangu, Kungesihe Shabangu, Harriet Sbonangaye Shabangu, Thokozani Shabangu, Clifford Shadi, Hasifa Shaik, Tseliso Shale, Qedani Shandu, Nomvelo Shandu, Ntswaki Marcia Shange, Abongile Shenxane, A Sherriff, Sebenzile Shezi, Thenjiwe Shezi, Scally Shihangule, Cheyeza Shikwambana, Lungisani Shoba, Kamogelo shokane, Nora Sibande, Lydia Sibeko, Xolani Sibeko, Zanele Sibiya, Mncedisi Sibiya, Sphamandla Sibuta, Thembakazi Sifumba, Sipho Sigcau, Lutho Sigila, Kayakazi Sihentshe, Bongani Sihlangu, Daisy Sikhakhane, Shaun Nhlanhla Sikhakhane, Mbali Siko, Sipho Sikonje, Khumbulekile Simanga, Nomsa Simango, Thulisile Simela, Ntombikayise Simelane, Sashah Singh, Marjorie Singh, Ragani Singh, Shash Singh, Anita Singh, Hitekani Sithole, Senzekile Sithole, Ntokozo Danielle Sithole, Koketso Maxwell Sithole, Jonnie Situma, Annie Sivraman, Katekani Siwela, Nonqubela Siyewuyewu, Maweya Sizeka, Nonceba Siziba, Andrew Skhosana, Khanyisile Skhosana, Rorisang Skhosana, Tandiwe Skoko, Sunet Slabbert, Ntombela Smangaliso, Christine Smedley, Lydia Smit, Natassia Smit, Lizelle Smit, Michelle Smit, Fasie Smith, Lizzie Smith, Sunell Smith, Cassius Smith, Stefan Smuts, Ayanda Sofe, Khobane Solomon, L J Solomon, chauke Sombani, Richard Songca, Anga Sontamo, Supriya Soorju, Zubenathi Sopazi, Brian Soqasha, Bongiwe Sosibo, Ntsika Sotsaka, Mandy Soula, Simon Spoor, Sarah Stacey, Asanda Stali, Mutele Mmboniseni Stephina, Myra Steup, Sinoxolo Steven, AW Stevens, Vincent Stevens, Dewald Steyn, Bianca Steyn, Pat Stocks, Henk Stolk, Alida Stoltz, Renate Strehlau, Anneke Stroebel, Loraine Strydom, Jean-Marie Strydom, Anton Strydom, Ursula Strydom, Midhu Sunnyraj, Nwabisa Swana, Winnie Swanepoel, Suzan Swanepoel, Elsie Swartbooi, Estley Swartz Swartz, Casandra Syce, Shihambi T E, Joyce Tabane, N E Tabane, Mrs Tawana, Ntene Tebello, Siphosetu Wiseman Tembe, Samantha Terblanche, Ntombifuthi Thabede, Nkhumeleni Thabelo, Sibusiso Thabethe, Lekhanya Thabo George, Keorapetse Thare, Makofane Thebogo, Lerato Thekiso, Lloyd Theko, Celimphilo Zandi Themba, Danie Theron, Henda Theron, Ilze Theron, Thandiwe Thingathinga, M M Thlabadira, Dikeledi Thoka, Zanele Thokwana, Gustav Thom, Mamphot Joel Thubakgale, Theodora Thwala, P Thys, Monethi Tieho, Matodzi Timothy, Ndlovu Tintswalo, Babalwa Tivana, Molefi Tladi, Bongiwe Tokota, Simthandile Toni, Ariel Torres, Mande Toubkin, Marinda Tsatsi, Khanyisile Tshabalala, Nozibele Tshamase, Gontse 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Viljoen, Werner Viljoen, Zuretha Volschenk, Angelo Vos, Matlala V V, Jacques Walters, Kate Webb, John Welsh, D Wessels, Judy Wheller, Fundile White, Priscilla White, Carmen Whyte, Ansie Willemse, Sape William, Daniel Williams, Kamielah Williams, Mercia Williams, Anne Williamson, Cherade Wilson, Boipelo Wolff, Michelle Wray, Ntombizonke B Xaba, Thabang Jabulani Xaba, Thanks Xiniwe, Mtshali Xoliswa, Funokwakhe Xulu, Gibson Xulu, Sandlakazi Yam, NM Zakhura, Mashela Zareloa, Sive Zinto, Dyibeni Zinziswa, Lulamile Ziselo, Zakhele Zitha, Emmanuel Zitha, Anele Zokufa, Innocent Zondi, Sikhumbuzo Bernard Zondi, Sbuyi Zondi, Thulani Zondi, Wandiswa Zongola, Liesl Zühlke, Zandile Zulu, Lungelo Zulu, Thandeka Zulu, Slindili Zulu, Nkosinathi Zulu, Angel Zuma, Precious Zungu, Pamela Zungu, Melusi Zungu, Priscilla Zungu, Bongo Lihle Zwakala, Antonia Zwane, Promise Zwane, Muziwendoda Zwane, Hlengiwe Priscila Zwane, and Nomgcobo Zwane

Subjects
Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Epidemiology, Immunology, HIV Infections, Comorbidity, Disease, Cohort Studies, South Africa, Risk Factors, Virology, Diabetes mellitus, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, Hospital Mortality, Asthma, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Public health, COVID-19, Articles, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Female, business, Cohort study
Abstract

Summary Background The interaction between COVID-19, non-communicable diseases, and chronic infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis is unclear, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries in Africa. South Africa has a national HIV prevalence of 19% among people aged 15–49 years and a tuberculosis prevalence of 0·7% in people of all ages. Using a nationally representative hospital surveillance system in South Africa, we aimed to investigate the factors associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19. Methods In this cohort study, we used data submitted to DATCOV, a national active hospital surveillance system for COVID-19 hospital admissions, for patients admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 5, 2020, and March 27, 2021. Age, sex, race or ethnicity, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, chronic cardiac disease, chronic pulmonary disease and asthma, chronic renal disease, malignancy in the past 5 years, HIV, and past and current tuberculosis) were considered as risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality. COVID-19 in-hospital mortality, the main outcome, was defined as a death related to COVID-19 that occurred during the hospital stay and excluded deaths that occurred because of other causes or after discharge from hospital; therefore, only patients with a known in-hospital outcome (died or discharged alive) were included. Chained equation multiple imputation was used to account for missing data and random-effects multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the role of HIV status and underlying comorbidities on COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. Findings Among the 219 265 individuals admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and known in-hospital outcome data, 51 037 (23·3%) died. Most commonly observed comorbidities among individuals with available data were hypertension in 61 098 (37·4%) of 163 350, diabetes in 43 885 (27·4%) of 159 932, and HIV in 13 793 (9·1%) of 151 779. Tuberculosis was reported in 5282 (3·6%) of 146 381 individuals. Increasing age was the strongest predictor of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. Other factors associated were HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio 1·34, 95% CI 1·27–1·43), past tuberculosis (1·26, 1·15–1·38), current tuberculosis (1·42, 1·22–1·64), and both past and current tuberculosis (1·48, 1·32–1·67) compared with never tuberculosis, as well as other described risk factors for COVID-19, such as male sex; non-White race; underlying hypertension, diabetes, chronic cardiac disease, chronic renal disease, and malignancy in the past 5 years; and treatment in the public health sector. After adjusting for other factors, people with HIV not on antiretroviral therapy (ART; adjusted odds ratio 1·45, 95% CI 1·22–1·72) were more likely to die in hospital than were people with HIV on ART. Among people with HIV, the prevalence of other comorbidities was 29·2% compared with 30·8% among HIV-uninfected individuals. Increasing number of comorbidities was associated with increased COVID-19 in-hospital mortality risk in both people with HIV and HIV-uninfected individuals. Interpretation Individuals identified as being at high risk of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality (older individuals and those with chronic comorbidities and people with HIV, particularly those not on ART) would benefit from COVID-19 prevention programmes such as vaccine prioritisation as well as early referral and treatment. Funding South African National Government.

Published
2021
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24. Apolipoprotein B, Residual Cardiovascular Risk After Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Effects of Alirocumab

Author

Emil Hagström, P. Gabriel Steg, Michael Szarek, Deepak L. Bhatt, Vera A. Bittner, Nicolas Danchin, Rafael Diaz, Shaun G. Goodman, Robert A. Harrington, J. Wouter Jukema, Evangelos Liberopoulos, Nikolaus Marx, Jennifer McGinniss, Garen Manvelian, Robert Pordy, Michel Scemama, Harvey D. White, Andreas M. Zeiher, Gregory G. Schwartz, Pierluigi Tricoci, Matthew T. Roe, Kenneth W. Mahaffey, Jay M. Edelberg, Corinne Hanotin, Guillaume Lecorps, Angèle Moryusef, William J. Sasiela, Jean-François Tamby, Philip E Aylward, Heinz Drexel, Peter Sinnaeve, Mirza Dilic, Renato D. Lopes, Nina N Gotcheva, Juan-Carlos Prieto, Huo Yong, Patricio López-Jaramillo, Ivan Pećin, Zeljko Reiner, Petr Ostadal, Steen Hvitfeldt Poulsen, Margus Viigimaa, Markku S Nieminen, Vakhtang Chumburidze, Pablo Carlos, Montenegro Valdovinos, Hung-Fat Tse, Robert Gabor Kiss, Denis Xavier, Doron Zahger, Marco Valgimigli, Takeshi Kimura, Hyo Soo Kim, Sang-Hyun Kim, Andrejs Erglis, Aleksandras Laucevicius, Sasko Kedev, Khalid Yusoff, Gabriel Arturo Ramos López, Marco Alings, Sigrun Halvorsen, Roger M Correa Flores, Rody G. Sy, Andrzej Budaj, Joao Morais, Maria Dorobantu, Yuri Karpov, Arsen D. Ristic, Terrance Chua, Jan Murin, Zlatko Fras, Anthony J Dalby, José Tuñón, H. Asita de Silva, Ulf Landmesser, Christian Müller, Chern-En Chiang, Piyamitr Sritara, Sema Guneri, Alexander Parkhomenko, Kausik K. Ray, Patrick M. Moriarty, Robert Vogel, Bernard Chaitman, Sheryl F. Kelsey, Anders G. Olsson, Jean-Lucien Rouleau, Maarten L. Simoons, Karen Alexander, Chiara Meloni, Robert Rosenson, Eric J.G. Sijbrands, John H. Alexander, Luciana Armaganijan, Akshay Bagai, Maria Cecilia Bahit, J. Matthew Brennan, Shaun Clifton, Adam D. DeVore, Shalonda Deloatch, Sheila Dickey, Keith Dombrowski, Grégory Ducrocq, Zubin Eapen, Patricia Endsley, Arleen Eppinger, Robert W. Harrison, Connie Ng Hess, Mark A. Hlatky, Joseph Dedrick Jordan, Joshua W. Knowles, Bradley J. Kolls, David F. Kong, Sergio Leonardi, Linda Lillis, David J. Maron, Jill Marcus, Robin Mathews, Rajendra H. Mehta, Robert J. Mentz, Humberto Graner Moreira, Chetan B. Patel, Sabrina Bernardez Pereira, Lynn Perkins, Thomas J. Povsic, Etienne Puymirat, William Schuyler Jones, Bimal R. Shah, Matthew W. Sherwood, Kenya Stringfellow, Darin Sujjavanich, Mustafa Toma, Charlene Trotter, Sean F.P. van Diepen, Matthew D. 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Saavedra, Gerardo Zapata, Osvaldo Costamagna, Susana Llois, Jonathon H Waites, Nicholas Collins, Allan Soward, Chris LS Hii, James Shaw, Margaret A Arstall, John Horowitz, Daniel Ninio, James F Rogers, David Colquhoun, Romulo E Oqueli Flores, Philip Roberts-Thomson, Owen Raffel, Sam J Lehman, Constantine Aroney, Steven GM Coverdale, Paul J Garrahy, Gregory Starmer, Mark Sader, Patrick A Carroll, Ronald Dick, Robert Zweiker, Uta Hoppe, Kurt Huber, Rudolf Berger, Georg Delle-Karth, Bernhard Frey, Franz Weidinger, Dirk Faes, Kurt Hermans, Bruno Pirenne, Attilio Leone, Etienne Hoffer, Mathias CM Vrolix, Luc De Wolf, Bart Wollaert, Marc Castadot, Karl Dujardin, Christophe Beauloye, Geert Vervoort, Harry Striekwold, Carl Convens, John Roosen, Emanuele Barbato, Marc Claeys, Frank Cools, Ibrahim Terzic, Fahir Barakovic, Zlatko Midzic, Belma Pojskic, Emir Fazlibegovic, Azra Durak-Nalbantic, Mehmed Kulić, Dusko Vulic, Adis Muslibegovic, Boris Goronja, Gilmar Reis, Luciano Sousa, Jose C Nicolau, 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Sanjay Porwal, Srimannarayana Jujjuru, Ramesh B Pothineni, Minguel R Monteiro, Aziz Khan, Shamanna S Iyengar, Jasprakash Singh Grewal, Manoj Chopda, Mahesh C Fulwani, Dr. Aparna Patange, Patil Sachin, Vijay K Chopra, Naresh K Goyal, Rituparna Shinde, Gajendra V Manakshe, Nitin Patki, Sumeet Sethi, Vengatesh Munusamy, Sunil Karnaand Sunil Thanvi, Srilakshmi Adhyapak, Chandrakant Patil, Ulhas Pandurangi, Rishabh Mathur, Jugal Gupta, Suhas Kalashetti, Ajit Bhagwat, Bagirath Raghuraman, Shiv Kumar Yerra, Prasant Bhansali, Rohidas Borse, Patil Rahul, Srihari Das, Vinay Kumar, Jabir Abdullakutty, Shireesh Saathe, Priya Palimkar, Jabir Abdullkutty, Shireesh Sathe, Shaul Atar, Michael Shechter, Morris Mosseri, Yaron Arbel, Chorin Ehud, Havakuk Ofer, Chaim Lotan, Uri Rosenschein, Amos Katz, Yaakov Henkin, Adi Francis, Marc Klutstein, Eugenia Nikolsky, Robert Zukermann, Yoav Turgeman, Majdi Halabi, Alon Marmor, Ran Kornowski, Michael Jonas, Offer Amir, Yonathan Hasin, Yoseph Rozenman, Shmuel 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Shinji Koba, Ken Kozuma, Tomohiro Kawasaki, Yujiro Ono, Masatoshi Shimizu, Yousuke Katsuda, Atsuyuki Wada, Toshiro Shinke, Junya Ako, Kenshi Fujii, Toshiyuki Takahashi, Koichi Nakao, Yutaka Furukawa, Hiroshi Sugino, Ritsu Tamura, Toshiaki Mano, Masaaki Uematsu, Noriaki Utsu, Kashima Ito, Takuya Haraguchi, Katsuhiko Sato, Yasunori Ueda, Akira Nishibe, Kazuteru Fujimoto, Motomaru Masutani, Jung Han Yoon, Hack-Lyoung Kim, Hun Sik Park, In-Ho Chae, Moo Hyun Kim, Myung Ho Jeong, Seungwoon Rha, Chongjin Kim, Hyo-Soo Kim, Hae Young Kim, Taekjong Hong, Seung-Jea Tahk, Youngkwon Kim, Arija Busmane, Natalija Pontaga, Aldis Strelnieks, Iveta Mintale, Iveta Sime, Zaneta Petrulioniene, Roma Kavaliauskiene, Ruta Jurgaitiene, Gintare Sakalyte, Rimvydas Slapikas, Sigute Norkiene, Nerijus Misonis, Aleksandras Kibarskis, Raimondas Kubilius, Stojko Bojovski, Nensi Lozance, Aleksandar Kjovkaroski, Snezana Doncovska, Tiong Kiam Ong, Sazzli Kasim, Oteh Maskon, Balachandran Kandasamy, Houng B Liew, Wan Mohd 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McClanahan, Roe, Matthew T., Blicharski, Tomasz, Bystryk, Leszek, Szpajer, Michal, Korol, Marek, Czerski, Tomasz, Gniot, Jacek, Lubinski, Andrzej, Gorny, Jerzy, Franek, Edward, Raczak, Grzegorz, Vogel, Robert, Szwed, Hanna, Monteiro, Pedro, Mesquita Bastos, Jose, Pereira, Helder H., Morais, Joao, Seixo, Filipe, Mendonça, Carlos, Botelho, Ana, Caetano, Francisca, Minescu, Bogdan, Chaitman, Bernard, Istratoaie, Octavian, Tesloianu, Dan N., Dorobantu, Maria, Cristian, Gabriel, Dumitrescu, Silviu, Podoleanu, Cristian Gc, Constantinescu, Mircea Ca, Bengus, Cristina M., Militaru, Constantin, Rosu, Doina, Kelsey, Sheryl F., Parepa, Irinel R., Matei, Adrian V., Alexandru, Tom M., Malis, Mihaela, Coman, Ioan, Shvarts, Yury, Orlikova, Olga, Kobalava, Zhanna, Barbarash, Olga L., Markov, Valentin, Olsson, Anders G., Lyamina, Nadezhda, Gordienko, Alexander, Zrazhevsky, Konstantin, Vishnevsky, Alexander Y., Gurevich, Victor, Stryuk, Raisa, Lomakin, Nikita V., Bokarev, Igor, Khlevchuk, Tatiana, Shalaev, Sergey, Rouleau, Jean-Lucien, Khaisheva, Larisa, Chizhov, Petr, Viktorova, Inna, Osokina, Natalya, Shchekotov, Vladimir, Akatova, Evgenia, Chumakova, Galina, Libov, Igor, Voevoda, Mikhail I., Tretyakova, Tatyana V., Simoons, Maarten L., Baranov, Evgeny, Shustov, Sergey, Yakushin, Sergey, Gordeev, Ivan, Khasanov, Niiaz, Reshetko, Olga, Sotnikova, Tatiana, Molchanova, Olga, Nikolaev, Konstantin, Gapon, Liudmila, Alexander, Karen, Baranova, Elena, Kosmachova, Elena, Karpov, Yuriy, Karpov, Yuri, Povzun, Anton, Egorova, Liudmila, Tyrenko, Vadim V., Ivanov, Igor G., Ilya, Masterov, Kanorsky, Sergey, Meloni, Chiara, Simic, Dragan, Ivanovic, Nikola, Davidovic, Goran, Tasic, Nebojsa, Asanin, Milika R., Stojic, Stevo, Apostolovic, Svetlana R., Ilic, Stevan, Tosic, Biljana Putnikovic, Stankovic, Aleksandar, Rosenson, Robert, Arandjelovic, Aleksandra, Radovanovic, Slavica, Todic, Branislava, Ristic, Arsen D., Balinovac, Jovan, Dincic, Dragan V., Seferovic, Petar, Karadzic, Ana, Dodic, Slobodan, Dimkovic, Sinisa, Sijbrands, Eric J. G., Jakimov, Tamara, Poh, Kian-Keong, Yee Ong, Hean, Tang I-Shing, Justin, Micko, Karol, Nociar, Jan, Pella, Daniel, Fulop, Peter, Hranai, Marian, Palka, Juraj, Tricoci, Pierluigi, Mazur, Juraj, Majercák, Ivan, Dzupina, Andrej, Fazekas, František, Gonsorcik, Jozef, Bugan, Viliam, Murin, Jan, Selecky, Juraj, Kamensky, Gabriel, Strbova, Jaroslava, Alexander, John H., Smik, Rudolf, Dukat, Andrej, Olexa, Peter, Žuran, Ivan, Poklukar, Janez, Šuligoj, Nataša Černič, Cevc, Matija, Fras, Zlatko, Cyster, Henry P., Ranjith, Naresh, Armaganijan, Luciana, Corbett, Clive, Bayat, Junaid, Makoali Makotoko, Ellen, du Toit Theron, Hendrik, Kapp, Ilse E., de V Basson, Matthys M., Lottering, Hanlie, Van Aswegen, Dina, Van Zyl, Louis J., Sebastian, Peter J., Bagai, Akshay, Pillay, Thayabran, Saaiman, Jan A., Commerford, Patrick J., Cassimjee, Soraya, Riaz, Garda, Ebrahim, Iftikhar O., Sarvan, Mahomed, Mynhardt, Joseph H., Dalby, Anthony J., Reuter, Helmuth, Bahit, Maria Cecilia, Moodley, Rajendran, Vida, Manuel, Fillat, Angel R. Cequier, Peris, Vicente Bodí, Jimenez, Francisco Fuentes, Marín, Francisco, Cruz Fernández, Jose M., Hidalgo Urbano, Rafael Jesus, Gil-Extremera, Blas, Toledo, Pablo, Brennan, J. Matthew, Worner Diz, Fernando, Garcia-Dorado, David, Iñiguez, Andres, Gonzalez-Juanatey, Jose R., Portales, Javier Fernandez, Murillo, Fernando Civeira, Pericas, Laia Matas, Zamorano, Jose Luis, De Mora Martin, Manuel, Cortada, Jordi Bruguera, Clifton, Shaun, Alonso Martin, Joaquin J., Serrano Antolin, Jose Maria, De Berrazueta Fernández, José R., Vázquez de Prada, José Antonio, Díaz Fernández, Jose Francisco, García Lledó, José Alberto, Cosín Sales, Juan, Rodriguez, Javier Botas, Tragant, Gabriel Gusi, Benedicto, Amparo, DeVore, Adam D., Gonzalez-Juanatey, Carlos, Camprubí Potau, Mercedes, Perez, Ignacio Plaza, De La Tassa, César Morís, Rincon, Pablo Loma-Osorio, Recena, Javier Balaguer, Escudier, Juan M., Payeras, Antonio Coca, Orcajo, Norberto Alonso, Constantine, Godwin, Deloatch, Shalonda, Haniffa, Ruvaiz, Tissera, Nirmali, Amarasekera, Stanley, Ponnamperuma, Chandrike, Fernando, Nimali, Fernando, Kaputella, Jayawardena, Jayanthimala, Wijeyasingam, Santharaj, Ranasinghe, Gotabhaya, Ekanayaka, Ruvan, Dickey, Sheila, Mendis, Sepalika, Senaratne, Vajira, Mayurathan, Gnanamoorthy, Rajapaksha, Ajantha, Sirisena, Thilak, Herath, Jagath I., Amarasena, Naomali, Berglund, Stefan, Rasmanis, Gundars, Hagström, Emil, Dombrowski, Keith, Vedin, Ola, Witt, Nils, Mourtzinis, Georgios, Nicol, Peter, Hansen, Ole, Romeo, Stefano, Jensen, Steen Agergaard, Torstensson, Ingemar, Ahremark, Ulf, Sundelin, Torbjörn, Ducrocq, Grégory, Moccetti, Tiziano, Müller, Christian, Mach, Francois, Binde, Ronald, Landmesser, Ulf, Gämperli, Oliver, Chiang, Chern-En, Tsai, Wei-Chuan, Ueng, Kwo-Chang, Lai, Wen-Ter, Eapen, Zubin, Liu, Ming-En, Hwang, Juey-Jen, Yin, Wei-Hsian, Hsieh, I.-Chang, Hsieh, Ming-Jer, Hsiang Lin, Wei, Kuo, Jen-Yuan, Huang, Tsuei-Yuan, Fang, Chih-Yuan, Kaewsuwanna, Pinij, Endsley, Patricia, Soonfuang, Wasant, Jintapakorn, Woravut, Sukonthasarn, Apichard, Sritara, Piyamitr, Wongpraparut, Nattawut, Sastravaha, Krisada, Sansanayudh, Nakarin, Kehasukcharoen, Wirash, Piyayotai, Dilok, Chotnoparatpat, Paiboon, Eppinger, Arleen, Camsari, Ahmet, Kultursay, Hakan, Guneri, Sema, Mutlu, Bulent, Ersanli, Murat, Demirtas, Mustafa, Kirma, Cevat, Ural, Ertan, Koldas, Lale, Karpenko, Oleksandr, Harrison, Robert W., Prokhorov, Alexander, Vakaluyk, Ihor, Myshanych, Halyna, Reshotko, Dmytro, Batushkin, Valeriy, Rudenko, Leonid, Kovalskyi, Ihor, Kushnir, Mykola, Tseluyko, Vira, Mostovoy, Yuriy, Hess, Connie Ng, Stanislavchuk, Mykola, Kyiak, Yulian, Karpenko, Yuriy, Malynovsky, Yaroslav, Klantsa, Andriy, Kutniy, Oles, Amosova, Ekaterina, Tashchuk, Viktor, Leshchuk, Oleh, Parkhomenko, Alexander, Hlatky, Mark A., Rishko, Mykola, Kopytsya, Mykola, Yagensky, Andriy, Vatutin, Mykola, Bagriy, Andriy, Barna, Olga M., Ushakov, Olexiy, Dzyak, Georgiy, Goloborodko, Borys, Rudenko, Anatolii, Jordan, Joseph Dedrick, Zheleznyy, Volodymyr, Trevelyan, Jasper, Zaman, Azfar, Lee, Kaeng, Moriarty, Andrew, Aggarwal, Rajesh K., Clifford, Piers, Wong, Yuk-ki, Iqbal, Syed Mr, Subkovas, Eduardas, Knowles, Joshua W., Braganza, Denise, Sarkar, David, Storey, Robert, Griffiths, Huw, Mcclure, Sam, Muthusamy, Rangasamy, Smith, Simon, Kurian, John, Levy, Terry, Barr, Craig, Kolls, Bradley J., Kadr, Honer, Gerber, Robert, Simaitis, Audrius, Soran, Handrean, Brodison, Adrian, Ayaz, Mohammad, Cheema, Muhammad, Oliver, Richard, Thackray, Simon, Mudawi, Telal, Kong, David F., Rahma, Gohar, Sultan, Ayyaz, Reynolds, Timothy, Sharman, David, Spriging, David, Butler, Rob, Wilkinson, Peter, Lip, Gregory Yh, Ossei-Gerning, Nicholas, Vardi, Gil, Leonardi, Sergio, Baldari, Duccio, Brabham, David, Treasure Ii, Charles, Dahl, Charles, Palmer, Bruce, Wiseman, Alan, Khan, Abul, Puri, Sanjeev, Mohart, Ann Elizabeth, Ince, Carlos, Lillis, Linda, Flores, Enrique, Wright, Scott, Cheng, Shi-Chi, Rosenberg, Michael, Rogers, William, Kosinski, Edward, Forgosh, Les, Waltman, Jonathan, Shoukfeh, Mohammad, Dagher, Georges, Lopes, Renato D., Cambier, Patrick, Lieber, Ira, Kumar, Priya, East, Cara, Krichmar, Perry, Hasan, Mian, White, Lindsey, Knickelbine, Thomas, Haldis, Thomas, Gillespie, Eve, Maron, David J., Amidon, Thomas, Suh, David, Arif, Imran, Abdallah, Mouhamad, Akhter, Faiq, Carlson, Eric, D'Urso, Michael, El-Ahdab, Fadi, Nelson, William, Moriarty, Katie, Mahaffey, Kenneth W., Harris, Barry, Cohen, Steven, Carter, Luther, Doty, Daniel, Sabatino, Kenneth, Haddad, Tariq, Rao, Sunder, Mulkay, Angel, Jovin, Ion, Klancke, Kim, Marcus, Jill, Malhotra, Vinay, Devarapalli, Sai K., Koren, Michael, Chandna, Harish, Dodds Iii, George, Goraya, Tauqir, Bengston, James, Janik, Matthew, Moran, Joseph, Sumner, Andrew, Mathews, Robin, Kobayashi, John, Davis, William, Yazdani, Shahram, Pasquini, John, Thakkar, Maitreya, Vedere, Amarnath, Leimbach, Wayne, Rider, James, Fenton, Sarah, Singh, Narendra, Mehta, Rajendra H., Shah, Anil V., Moriarty, Patrick M., Janosik, Denise, Pepine, Carl, Berman, Brett, Gelormini, Joseph, Daniels, Christopher, Richard, Kerensky, Keating, Friederike, Kondo, Nicholas I., Mentz, Robert J., Shetty, Sanjay, Levite, Howard, Waider, Winfried, Takata, Theodore, Abu-Fadel, Mazen, Shah, Vipul, Aggarwal, Rahul, Kumar, Anil, Hattler, Brack, Do, Rose, Moreira, Humberto Graner, Link, Chad, Bortnick, Anna, Kinzfogl Iii, George, Ghitis, Arnold, Larry, John, Teufel, Edward, Kuhlman, Peter, Mclaurin, Brent, Zhang, Wenwu, Thew, Stephen, Patel, Chetan B., Abbas, Jalal, White, Matthew, Islam, Othman, Subherwal, Sumeet, Ranadive, Nandkishore, Vakili, Babak, Gring, Christian, Henderson, David, Schuchard, Timothy, Farhat, Naim, Pereira, Sabrina Bernardez, Kline, Geoffrey, Mahal, Sharan, Whitaker, Jack, Speirs, Shawn, Andersen, Rolf, Daboul, Nizar, Horwitz, Phillip, Zahr, Firas, Ponce, George, Jafar, Zubair, Perkins, Lynn, Mcgarvey, Joseph, Panchal, Vipul, Voyce, Stephen, Blok, Thomas, Sheldon, William, Azizad, Masoud M., Schmalfuss, Carsten, Picone, Mark, Pederson, Robert, Herzog, William, Povsic, Thomas J., Friedman, Keith, Lindsey, Jason, Timothy, Eichenlaub, Leonard, Parilak, Lepor, Norman, El Shahawy, Mahfouz, Weintraub, Howard, Irimpen, Anand, Alonso, Alvaro, May, Wade, Puymirat, Etienne, Christopher, Daniels, Galski, Thomas, Chu, Alan, Mody, Freny, Ramin, Ebrahimi, Hodes, Zachary, Rossi, Joseph, Rose, Gregory, Fairlamb, James, Lambert, Charles, Raisinghani, Ajit, Abbate, Antonio, Vetrovec, George, King, Marilyn, Carey, Charles, Gerber, Jaime, Younis, Liwa, Park, Hyeun Tom, Vidovich, Mladen, Knutson, Thomas, Jones, William Schuyler, Friedman, Dennis, Chaleff, Fred, Loussararian, Arthur, Rozeman, Phillip, Kimmelstiel, Carey, Kuvin, Jeffrey, Silver, Kevin, Foster, Malcolm, Tonnessen, Glen, Espinoza, Andrey, Shah, Bimal R., Amlani, Mohamadali, Wali, Andreas, Malozzi, Christopher, Jong, Geert T., Massey, Clara, Wattanakit, Keattiyoat, O'Donnell, Philip J., Singal, Dinesh, Jaffrani, Naseem, Banuru, Sridhar, Sherwood, Matthew W., Fisher, Daniel, Xenakis, Mark, Perlmutter, Neal, Bhagwat, Ravi, Strader, James, Blonder, Ronald, Akyea-Djamson, Ayim, Labroo, Ajay, Lee, Kwan, Marais, H. John, Stringfellow, Kenya, Claxton, Edmund, Weiss, Robert, Kathryn, Rohr, Berk, Martin, Rossi, Peter, Joshi, Parag, Khera, Amit, Khaira, Ajit S., Kumkumian, Greg, Lupovitch, Steven, Sujjavanich, Darin, Purow, Joshua, Welka, Stephen, Hoffman, David, Fischer, Stuart, Soroka, Eugene, Eagerton, Donald, Pancholy, Samir, Ray, Michael, Erenrich, Norman, Farrar, Michael, Toma, Mustafa, Pollock, Stewart, French, William J., Diamantis, Steve, Guy, Douglas, Gimple, Lawrence, Neustel, Mark, Schwartz, Steven, Pereira, Edward, Albert, Seals, Spriggs, Douglas, Trotter, Charlene, Strain, Janet, Mittal, Suneet, Vo, Anthony, Chane, Majed, Hall, Jason, Vijay, Nampalli, Lotun, Kapildeo, Lester, F. Martin, Nahhas, Ahed, Pope, Theodore, van Diepen, Sean F. P., Nager, Paul, Vohra, Rakesh, Sharma, Mukesh, Bashir, Riyaz, Ahmed, Hinan, Berlowitz, Michael, Fishberg, Robert, Barrucco, Robert, Yang, Eric, Radin, Michael, Wilson, Matthew D., Sporn, Daniel, Stapleton, Dwight, Eisenberg, Steven, Landzberg, Joel, Mcgough, Martin, Turk, Samir, Schwartz, Michael, Sundram, P. Sandy, Jain, Diwakar, Zainea, Mark, Tze-Kay Yan, Andrew, Bayron, Carlos, Karlsberg, Ronald, Dohad, Suhail, Lui, Henry, Keen, William, Westerhausen, Donald, Khurana, Sandeep, Agarwal, Himanshu, Birchem, Jessica, Penny, William, Schiavi, Lilia B., Chang, Mark, Murphy, Sherrill, Henry, John, Schifferdecker, Branislav, Gilbert, John M., Chalavarya, Gopal, Eaton, Charles, Schmedtje, John F., Christenson, Stuart, Dotani, Imran, Garrido, Marcelo, Denham, Douglas, Macdonell, Alexander, Gibson, Paul, Rahman, Aref, Al Joundi, Tammam, Assi, Nizar, Conrad, Gary, Kotha, Purushotham, Love, Michael, Giesler, Gregory, Alvarisqueta, Andrés F., Rubenstein, Howard, Gamil, Dawood, Akright, Laura, Krawczyk, Justine, Cobler, Joanne, Wells, Terry, Welker, James, Foster, Robert, Gilmore, Richard, Anderson, Jay, Sassone, Sonia A., Jacoby, Douglas, Harris, Bill, Gardner, Geraldine, Dandillaya, Ramprasad, Vora, Kishor, Kostis, John, Hunter, John, Laxson, David, Ball, Eric, Bordonava, Anselmo P., Egydio, Flavia, Kawakami, Anelise, Oliveira, Janaina, Goodman, Shaun G., Wozniak, Julianna, Alves De Lima, Alberto E., Matthews, Alexander, Ratky, Caroline, Valiris, Janine, Berdan, Lisa, Hepditch, Anita, Quintero, Kirby, Rorick, Tyrus, Westbrook, Melissa, Danchin, Nicolas, Schmidberg, Jorge M., Bezault, Madeleine, Drouet, Elodie, Simon, Tabassome, White, Harvey D., Alsweiler, Caroline, Sinnaeve, Peter, Luyten, Anne, Aylward, Philip E., Butters, Julie, Griffith, Liddy, Duronto, Ernesto A., Shaw, Michelle, Grunberg, Lena, Szarek, Michael, Islam, Shahidul, Brégeault, Marie-France, Bougon, Nathalie, Faustino, Douglas, Fontecave, Sylvie, Murphy, Judith, Caruso, Orlando C., Tamby, Jean-Francois, Verrier, Melanie, Agnetti, Veronique, Andersen, Dorthe, Badreddine, Emmy, Bekkouche, Mhamed, Bouancheau, Cecile, Brigui, Imane, Brocklehurst, Maddy, Cianciarulo, Joseph, Novaretto, Leonardo P., Devaul, Dawn, Domokos, Szilvia, Gache, Cecile, Gobillot, Caroline, Guillou, Severine, Healy, Jan, Heath, Megan, Jaiwal, Gayatri, Javierre, Carine, Labeirie, Julien, Hominal, Miguel Angel, Monier, Myriam, Morales, Ulises, Mrabti, Asmaa, Mthombeni, Bicky, Okan, Betim, Smith, Lucile, Sheller, Jennifer, Sopena, Sebastien, Pellan, Valerie, Benbernou, Fadela, Montaña, Oscar R., Bengrait, Nafissa, Lamoureux, Maud, Kralova, Katarina, Scemama, Michel, Bejuit, Raphael, Coulange, Anthony, Berthou, Christelle, Repincay, Jérôme, Lorenzato, Christelle, Etienne, Alexis, Caccavo, Alberto, Gouet, Valerie, Lecorps, Guillaume, Loizeau, Virginie, Normand, Mickael, Ourliac, Anne, Rondel, Christelle, Adamo, Antony, Beltran, Pascale, Barraud, Pauline, Dubois-Gache, Helene, Gomez Vilamajo, Oscar A., Halle, Benjamin, Metwally, Lamia, Mourgues, Maxime, Sotty, Marc, Vincendet, Marion, Cotruta, Raluca, Chengyue, Zhu, Fournie-Lloret, Dominique, Morrello, Christine, Perthuis, Aurelie, Lorenzatti, Alberto J., Picault, Patrick, Zobouyan, Isabelle, Colhoun, Helen M., Dempsey, Michael A., McClanahan, Mark A., Cartasegna, Luis R., Paterlini, Gustavo A., Mackinnon, Ignacio J., Caime, Guillermo D., Amuchastegui, Marcos, Salomone, Oscar, Codutti, Oscar R., Jure, Horacio O., Bono, Julio Oe, Hrabar, Adrian D., Vallejos, Julio A., Ahuad Guerrero, Rodolfo A., Novoa, Federico, Patocchi, Cristian A., Zaidman, Cesar J., Giuliano, Maria E., Schwartz, Gregory G., Dran, Ricardo D., Vico, Marisa L., Carnero, Gabriela S., Guzman, Pablo N., Medrano Allende, Juan C., Garcia Brasca, Daniela F., Bustamante Labarta, Miguel H., Nani, Sebastian, Blumberg, Eduardo Ds, Colombo, Hugo R., Bhatt, Deepak L., Liberman, Alberto, Fuentealba, Victorino, Luciardi, Hector L., Waisman, Gabriel D., Berli, Mario A., Garcia Duran, Ruben O., Cestari, Horacio G., Luquez, Hugo A., Giordano, Jorge A., Saavedra, Silvia S., Bittner, Vera A., Zapata, Gerardo, Costamagna, Osvaldo, Llois, Susana, Waites, Jonathon H., Collins, Nicholas, Soward, Allan, Hii, Chris Ls, Shaw, James, Diaz, Rafael, Arstall, Margaret A., Horowitz, John, Ninio, Daniel, Rogers, James F., Colquhoun, David, Oqueli Flores, Romulo E., Roberts-Thomson, Philip, Raffel, Owen, Lehman, Sam J., Aroney, Constantine, Coverdale, Steven Gm, Garrahy, Paul J., Starmer, Gregory, Sader, Mark, Carroll, Patrick A., Dick, Ronald, Zweiker, Robert, Hoppe, Uta, Drexel, Heinz, Huber, Kurt, Harrington, Robert A., Berger, Rudolf, Delle-Karth, Georg, Frey, Bernhard, Weidinger, Franz, Faes, Dirk, Hermans, Kurt, Pirenne, Bruno, Leone, Attilio, Hoffer, Etienne, Jukema, J. 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Der Wal, Ruud Ma, Zwart, Peter, Monraats, Pascalle, Van Kesteren, Henricus, Karalis, Ioannis, de Silva, H. Asita, Jukema, Johan, Verdel, Gerardus Je, Brueren, Bart Rg, Troquay, Roland P. 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Andreas M, Roe, Matthew T, Mahaffey, Kenneth W, Edelberg, Jay M, Sasiela, William J, Aylward, Philip E, Lopes, Renato D, Gotcheva, Nina N, Nieminen, Markku S, Laucevičius, Aleksandras, Correa Flores, Roger M, Sy, Rody G, Ristic, Arsen D, Dalby, Anthony J, de Silva, H Asita, Ray, Kausik K, Moriarty, Patrick M, Kelsey, Sheryl F, Olsson, Anders G, Simoons, Maarten L, Sijbrands, Eric J G, Alexander, John H, Brennan, J Matthew, DeVore, Adam D, Harrison, Robert W, Hlatky, Mark A, Knowles, Joshua W, Kolls, Bradley J, Kong, David F, Maron, David J, Mehta, Rajendra H, Mentz, Robert J, Patel, Chetan B, Povsic, Thomas J, Shah, Bimal R, Sherwood, Matthew W, van Diepen, Sean F P, Wilson, Matthew D, Schiavi, Lilia B, Alvarisqueta, Andrés F, Sassone, Sonia A, Bordonava, Anselmo P, Alves De Lima, Alberto E, Schmidberg, Jorge M, Duronto, Ernesto A, Caruso, Orlando C, Novaretto, Leonardo P, Montaña, Oscar R, Gomez Vilamajo, Oscar A, Lorenzatti, Alberto J, Cartasegna, Luis R, Paterlini, Gustavo A, Mackinnon, Ignacio J, Caime, Guillermo D, Codutti, Oscar R, Jure, Horacio O, Hrabar, Adrian D, Vallejos, Julio A, Ahuad Guerrero, Rodolfo A, Patocchi, Cristian A, Zaidman, Cesar J, Giuliano, Maria E, Dran, Ricardo D, Vico, Marisa L, Carnero, Gabriela S, Guzman, Pablo N, Medrano Allende, Juan C, Garcia Brasca, Daniela F, Bustamante Labarta, Miguel H, Colombo, Hugo R, Luciardi, Hector L, Waisman, Gabriel D, Berli, Mario A, Garcia Duran, Ruben O, Cestari, Horacio G, Luquez, Hugo A, Giordano, Jorge A, Saavedra, Silvia S, Waites, Jonathon H, Arstall, Margaret A, Rogers, James F, Oqueli Flores, Romulo E, Lehman, Sam J, Garrahy, Paul J, Carroll, Patrick A, Wolf, Luc De, Nicolau, Jose C, Giorgeto, Flavio E, Silva, Ricardo P, Abrantes, José Antonio M, Bodanese, Luiz C, Michalaros, Yorghos L, Eliaschewitz, Freddy G, Vidotti, Maria H, Leaes, Paulo E, Botelho, Roberto V, Manenti, Euler Roberto F Fernandes, Precoma, Dalton B, Moura Jorge, Jose C, Silveira, Jose A, Neto, Jose A Marin, Feitosa, 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Pereira, Helder H, Tesloianu, Dan N, Bengus, Cristina M, Parepa, Irinel R, Matei, Adrian V, Alexandru, Tom M, Barbarash, Olga L, Vishnevsky, Alexander Y, Lomakin, Nikita V, Voevoda, Mikhail I, Tretyakova, Tatyana V, Tyrenko, Vadim V, Ivanov, Igor G, Asanin, Milika R, Apostolovic, Svetlana R, Dincic, Dragan V, Cyster, Henry P, Kapp, Ilse E, de V Basson, Matthys M, Aswegen, Dina Van, Van Zyl, Louis J, Sebastian, Peter J, Saaiman, Jan A, Commerford, Patrick J, Ebrahim, Iftikhar O, Mynhardt, Joseph H, Fillat, Angel R Cequier, Cruz Fernández, Jose M, Gonzalez-Juanatey, Jose R, Alonso Martin, Joaquin J, De Berrazueta Fernández, José R, Escudier, Juan M, Herath, Jagath I, Hsieh, I-Chang, Barna, Olga M, Aggarwal, Rajesh K, Wong, Yuk-Ki, Devarapalli, Sai K, Shah, Anil V, Kondo, Nicholas I, Azizad, Masoud M, Jong, Geert T, O'Donnell, Philip J, Marais, H John, Khaira, Ajit S, French, William J, Lester, F Martin, Sundram, P Sandy, Gilbert, John M, Schmedtje, John F, Colhoun, Helen M, Dempsey, Michael A, and McClanahan, Mark A

Subjects
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use, Anticholesteremic Agents/adverse effects, Vascular damage Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 16], prevention & control, heart disease risk factors, diagnosis [Cardiovascular Diseases], Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, PCSK9 inhibitors, acute coronary syndrome, apolipoproteins B, LDL cholesterol, Antibodies, acute coronary syndrome, LDL, drug therapy [Atherosclerosis], Risk Factors, Physiology (medical), therapeutic use [Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors], Monoclonal, Humans, Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems, Humanized, Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis, Apolipoproteins B, Kardiologi, diagnosis [Acute Coronary Syndrome], Anticholesteremic Agents, PCSK9 inhibitors, apolipoproteins B, cholesterol, LDL, cholesterol, Atherosclerosis/drug therapy, Cholesterol, LDL, Atherosclerosis, Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnosis, drug therapy, Cholesterol, Treatment Outcome, Cardiovascular Diseases, Heart Disease Risk Factors, epidemiology, adverse effects [Anticholesteremic Agents], Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract

Circulation : an official journal of the American Heart Association / ed.-in-chief Ephraim Donosco 146(9), 657-672 (2022). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057807, Published by Ovid, [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]

Published
2022
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25. Genetic and Mechanistic Insights into the Modulation of Circulating Lipoprotein (a) Concentration by Apolipoprotein E Isoforms

Author

Kévin Chemello, Dirk J. Blom, A. David Marais, Gilles Lambert, and Valentin Blanchard

Subjects
Adult, Apolipoproteins E, Genotype, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III, Humans, Protein Isoforms, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Lipoprotein(a)
Abstract

Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is a highly atherogenic lipoprotein species. A unique feature of Lp(a) is the strong genetic determination of its concentration. The LPA gene is responsible for up to 90% of the variance in Lp(a), but other genes also have an impact.Genome-wide associations studies indicate that the APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E (apoE), is the second most important locus modulating Lp(a) concentrations. Population studies clearly show that carriers of the apoE2 variant (ε2) display reduced Lp(a) levels, the lowest concentrations being observed in ε2/ε2 homozygotes. This genotype can lead predisposed adults to develop dysbetalipoproteinemia, a lipid disorder characterized by sharp elevations in cholesterol and triglycerides. However, dysbetalipoproteinemia does not significantly modulate circulating Lp(a). Mechanistically, apoE appears to impair the production but not the catabolism of Lp(a). These observations underline the complexity of Lp(a) metabolism and provide key insights into the pathways governing Lp(a) synthesis and secretion.

Published
2022
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26. Molecular characterization of fast-growing melanomas

Author

Anderson Loundou, Gabriela Gremel, Richard Marais, Martin G. Cook, Caroline Gaudy-Marqueste, Eduardo Nagore, Nicolas Macagno, Piyushkumar A. Mundra, Timothy Budden, Victoria Akhras, L'Houcine Ouafik, Lijing Lin, J.J. Grob, Eric Pellegrino, Rajesh Kumar, Amaya Viros, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Centre d'études et de recherche sur les services de santé et la qualité de vie (CEReSS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique [Hôpital Nord - APHM], Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)- Hôpital Nord [CHU - APHM], Institut de neurophysiopathologie (INP), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester [Manchester], St George’s University Hospitals, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health [Manchester, UK], German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), and Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia

Subjects
Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Skin Neoplasms, medicine.medical_treatment, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, Dermatology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Melanoma, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Tumor biology, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, Prognosis, medicine.disease, Methods observational, 3. Good health, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Mutation, business, Adjuvant, Memory bias, Rate of growth
Abstract

Background The rate of growth of primary melanoma is a robust predictor of aggressiveness, but the mutational profile of fast-growing melanomas (FGMM) and the potential to stratify patients at high risk of death has not been comprehensively studied. Objective To investigate the epidemiologic, clinical, and mutational profile of primary cutaneous melanomas with a thickness ≥ 1 mm, stratified by rate of growth. Methods Observational prospective study. Deep-targeted sequencing of 40 melanoma driver genes on formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded primary melanoma samples. Comparison of FGMM (rate of growth > 0.5 mm/month) and nonFGMM (rate of growth ≤ 0.5 mm/month). Results Two hundred patients were enrolled, among wom 70 had FGMM. The relapse-free survival was lower in the FGMM group (P = .014). FGMM had a higher number of predicted deleterious mutations within the 40 genes than nonFGMM (P = .033). Ulceration (P = .032), thickness (P = .006), lower sun exposure (P = .049), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) mutations (P = .037) were significantly associated with fast growth. Limitations Single-center study, cohort size, potential memory bias, number of investigated genes. Conclusion Fast growth is linked to specific tumor biology and environmental factors. Ulceration, thickness, and FGFR2 mutations are associated with fast growth. Screening for FGFR2 mutations might provide an additional tool to better identify FGMM, which are probably good candidates for adjuvant therapies.

Published
2022
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27. T cell immune awakening in response to immunotherapy is age-dependent

Author

Zena Salih, Antonia Banyard, Joshua Tweedy, Elena Galvani, Philippa Middlehurst, Sarah Mills, John Weightman, Avinash Gupta, Paul C. Lorigan, Cong Zhou, Nathalie Dhomen, Sara Valpione, and Richard Marais

Subjects
Cancer Research, Oncology, Infant, Newborn, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Immunotherapy, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Melanoma, Aged
Abstract

Precision immuno-oncology approaches are needed to improve cancer care. We recently demonstrated that in patients with metastatic melanoma, an increase of clonality or diversity of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of peripheral T cells following one cycle of immunotherapy is coincident with response to immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB). We also identified a subset of peripheral CD8Fifty patients with metastatic melanoma treated with first-line anti-PD-1 ICB were included. We analysed TCR repertoire and peripheral TWe observed a correlation between TWe demonstrate that immunotherapy-induced immune-awakening patterns in patients with melanoma are age-related and may impact patient response to ICB, and thus have implications for biomarker development and planning of personalised therapeutic strategies.

Published
2022
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28. Parental decision-making in infant and child male circumcision: a case study in two townships in Gauteng, South Africa

Author

Eurica Palmer, Lochner Marais, and Michelle Engelbrecht

Subjects
Male, Parents, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, HIV Infections, Hygiene, early childhood development, ecological systems theory, medical male circumcision, traditional male circumcision, General Medicine, South Africa, Infectious Diseases, Circumcision, Male, Child, Preschool, Virology, Humans, Child
Abstract

Parental decision-making in infant and child male circumcision is influenced by complex, interrelated factors on many levels. Several studies have highlighted reasons for the acceptance and non-acceptance of child male circumcision. This study investigates the factors that influence parental decision-making in this matter and proposes a parental decision-making framework. The study was conducted in the townships of Diepsloot and Diepkloof in Gauteng, South Africa, using 48 in-depth interviews with parents, grandparents and uncles of the boys, as well as government officials and members of civil society as part of an explorative case study. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to select the participants. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data by applying the conceptual framework of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. Three main themes emerged from the data: microsystem factors related to health and hygiene, the father's circumcision status, cultural expectations, pain, the child's autonomy and the extended family; mesosystem factors related to early childhood development centres; and exosystem factors related to circumcision policies and financial considerations.

Published
2022
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29. Clinical standards for the dosing and management of TB drugs

Author

Alffenaar, J W C, Stocker, S L, Forsman, L Davies, Garcia-Prats, A, Heysell, S K, Aarnoutse, R E, Akkerman, O W, Aleksa, A, van Altena, R, de Oñata, W Arrazola, Bhavani, P K, Van't Boveneind-Vrubleuskaya, N, Carvalho, A C C, Centis, R, Chakaya, J M, Cirillo, D M, Cho, J G, D Ambrosio, L, Dalcolmo, M P, Denti, P, Dheda, K, Fox, G J, Hesseling, A C, Kim, H Y, Köser, C U, Marais, B J, Margineanu, I, Märtson, A G, Torrico, M Munoz, Nataprawira, H M, Ong, C W M, Otto-Knapp, R, Peloquin, C A, Silva, D R, Ruslami, R, Santoso, P, Savic, R M, Singla, R, Svensson, E M, Skrahina, A, van Soolingen, D, Srivastava, S, Tadolini, M, Tiberi, S, Thomas, T A, Udwadia, Z F, Vu, D H, Zhang, W, Mpagama, S G, Schön, T, Migliori, G B, Alffenaar, J W C, Stocker, S L, Forsman, L Davie, Garcia-Prats, A, Heysell, S K, Aarnoutse, R E, Akkerman, O W, Aleksa, A, van Altena, R, de Oñata, W Arrazola, Bhavani, P K, Van't Boveneind-Vrubleuskaya, N, Carvalho, A C C, Centis, R, Chakaya, J M, Cirillo, D M, Cho, J G, D Ambrosio, L, Dalcolmo, M P, Denti, P, Dheda, K, Fox, G J, Hesseling, A C, Kim, H Y, Köser, C U, Marais, B J, Margineanu, I, Märtson, A G, Torrico, M Munoz, Nataprawira, H M, Ong, C W M, Otto-Knapp, R, Peloquin, C A, Silva, D R, Ruslami, R, Santoso, P, Savic, R M, Singla, R, Svensson, E M, Skrahina, A, van Soolingen, D, Srivastava, S, Tadolini, M, Tiberi, S, Thomas, T A, Udwadia, Z F, Vu, D H, Zhang, W, Mpagama, S G, Schön, T, Migliori, G B, and Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD)

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Health Personnel, adverse drug reaction, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Microbiology, 7.3 Management and decision making, Rare Diseases, Clinical Research, qv_771, pharmacodynamics, Humans, tuberculosi, pharmacokinetic, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Reference Standards, dosing, pharmacodynamic, lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 4], Infectious Diseases, Orphan Drug, tuberculosis, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, wf_360, Reference Standard, wf_200, Patient Care, Patient Safety, Antimicrobial Resistance, Management of diseases and conditions, Drug Monitoring, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, pharmacokinetics, management, Human
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Optimal drug dosing is important to ensure adequate response to treatment, prevent development of drug resistance and reduce drug toxicity. The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on ‘best practice´ for dosing and management of TB drugs.METHODS: A panel of 57 global experts in the fields of microbiology, pharmacology and TB care were identified; 51 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score draft standards. The final document represents the broad consensus and was approved by all participants.RESULTS: Six clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, defining the most appropriate initial dose for TB treatment; Standard 2, identifying patients who may be at risk of sub-optimal drug exposure; Standard 3, identifying patients at risk of developing drug-related toxicity and how best to manage this risk; Standard 4, identifying patients who can benefit from therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM); Standard 5, highlighting education and counselling that should be provided to people initiating TB treatment; and Standard 6, providing essential education for healthcare professionals. In addition, consensus research priorities were identified.CONCLUSION: This is the first consensus-based Clinical Standards for the dosing and management of TB drugs to guide clinicians and programme managers in planning and implementation of locally appropriate measures for optimal person-centred treatment to improve patient care.

Published
2022

30. A disorder clinically resembling cystic fibrosis caused by biallelic variants in the AGR2 gene

Author

Aida Bertoli-Avella, Ronja Hotakainen, Maryam Al Shehhi, Alice Urzi, Catarina Pareira, Anett Marais, Khoula Al Shidhani, Sumaya Aloraimi, Galina Morales-Torres, Steffen Fisher, Laura Demuth, Laila Abdel Moteleb Selim, Nihal Al Menabawy, Maryam Busehail, Mohammed AlShaikh, Naser Gilani, Dler Nooruldeen Chalabi, Nasser S Alharbi, Majid Alfadhel, Mohammed Abdelrahman, Hanka Venselaar, Nadeem Anjum, Anjum Saeed, Malak Ali Alghamdi, Hamad Aljaedi, Hisham Arabi, Vasiliki Karageorgou, Suliman Khan, Zahra Hajjari, Mandy Radefeldt, Ruslan Al-Ali, Kornelia Tripolszki, Amer Jamhawi, Omid Paknia, Claudia Cozma, Huma Cheema, Najim Ameziane, Saleh Al-Muhsen, and Peter Bauer

Subjects
Oncogene Proteins, Mucoproteins, Phenotype, Cystic Fibrosis, Mutation, Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator, Humans, Exome, Nanomedicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 19], Genetics (clinical)
Abstract

PurposeWe sought to describe a disorder clinically mimicking cystic fibrosis (CF) and to elucidate its genetic cause.MethodsExome/genome sequencing and human phenotype ontology data of nearly 40 000 patients from our Bio/Databank were analysed. RNA sequencing of samples from the nasal mucosa from patients, carriers and controls followed by transcriptome analysis was performed.ResultsWe identified 13 patients from 9 families with a CF-like phenotype consisting of recurrent lower respiratory infections (13/13), failure to thrive (13/13) and chronic diarrhoea (8/13), with high morbidity and mortality. All patients had biallelic variants in AGR2, (1) two splice-site variants, (2) gene deletion and (3) three missense variants. We confirmed aberrant AGR2 transcripts caused by an intronic variant and complete absence of AGR2 transcripts caused by the large gene deletion, resulting in loss of function (LoF). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis identified significant downregulation of components of the mucociliary machinery (intraciliary transport, cilium organisation), as well as upregulation of immune processes.ConclusionWe describe a previously unrecognised autosomal recessive disorder caused by AGR2 variants. AGR2-related disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting a CF-like phenotype. This has implications for the molecular diagnosis and management of these patients. AGR2 LoF is likely the disease mechanism, with consequent impairment of the mucociliary defence machinery. Future studies should aim to establish a better understanding of the disease pathophysiology and to identify potential drug targets.

Published
2021
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31. Paediatric tuberculosis – new advances to close persistent gaps

Author

Sabine Verkuijl, Rina Triasih, Anneke C. Hesseling, Martina Casenghi, Anna M. Mandalakas, Olivier Marcy, Stephen M. Graham, James A Seddon, Farhana Amanullah, Ben J. Marais, Bordeaux population health (BPH), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Subjects
Adult, 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Household contact, Case finding, 030106 microbiology, Diagnostic accuracy, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Drug resistance, Diagnostic evaluation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, HIV Seropositivity, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Intensive care medicine, [SDV.MHEP.PED]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pediatrics, Case detection, Overtreatment, Minimal risk, business.industry, Prevention, Gap, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Childhood, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Tb treatment
Abstract

International audience; Young children are most vulnerable to develop severe forms of tuberculosis (TB) and are over-represented among TB deaths. Almost all children estimated to have died from TB were never diagnosed or offered TB treatment. Improved access to TB preventive treatment (TPT) requires major upscaling of household contact investigation with allocation of adequate resources. Symptom-based screening is often discouraged in adults for fear of generating drug resistance, if TB cases are missed. However, the situation in vulnerable young children is different, as they present minimal risk of drug resistance generation. Further, the perceived need for additional diagnostic evaluation presents a major barrier to TPT access and underlies general reluctance to consider pragmatic decentralised models of care. Widespread roll-out of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra® represents an opportunity for improved case detection in young children, but attaining full impact will require the use of non-sputum specimens. The new Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM® urine assay demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy in HIV-positive and malnourished children, but further validation is required. Given the limited accuracy of all available tests and the excellent tolerance of TB drugs in children, the global community may have to accept some over-treatment if we want to close the persistent case detection gap in young children.

Published
2021
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32. Zoonotic Tuberculosis – The Changing Landscape

Author

Ben J. Marais, Alimuddin Zumla, Simeon Cadmus, Zeaur Rahim, Esam I. Azhar, Jeremiah Chakaya, Richard Kock, Dorothy Yeboah-Manu, Najmul Haider, Anita Luise Michel, Lucy A. Brunton, Jordi B. Torrelles, and Leonard E. G. Mboera

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), Tuberculosis, 030106 microbiology, Developing country, wa_395, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Drug resistance, M orygis, Article, Zoonotic TB, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, medicine, Animals, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mycobacterium bovis, biology, Poverty, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Zoonosis, COVID-19, General Medicine, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, wc_950, Bovine TB, Coronavirus, Vaccination, Policy, Infectious Diseases, zooanthroponosis, Africa, Cattle, wf_200, business
Abstract

Highlights • Globally, Zoonotic TB remains a poorly monitored and an important unaddressed burden. • Zoonotic TB primarily from consumption M. bovis contaminated unpasteurized dairy products. • Novel zoonotic TB strains (e.g. M. orygis), warrants more attention and intervention. • Early detection and control of M. bovis in cattle remains the mainstay of reducing zoonotic TB risk. • Reverse zoonosis to animals of treatment resistant TB strains is a threat to eliminating TB., Despite slow reductions in the annual burden of active human tuberculosis (TB) cases, zoonotic TB (zTB) remains a poorly monitored and an important unaddressed global problem. There is a higher incidence in some regions and countries, especially where close association exists between growing numbers of cattle (the major source of Mycobacterium bovis) and people, many suffering from poverty, and where dairy products are consumed unpasteurised. More attention needs to be focused on possible increased zTB incidence resulting from growth in dairy production globally and increased demand in low income countries in particular. Evidence of new zoonotic mycobacterial strains in South Asia and Africa (e.g. M. orygis), warrants urgent assessment of prevalence, potential drivers and risk in order to develop appropriate interventions. Control of M. bovis infection in cattle through detect and cull policies remain the mainstay of reducing zTB risk, whilst in certain circumstances animal vaccination is proving beneficial. New point of care diagnostics will help to detect animal infections and human cases. Given the high burden of human tuberculosis (caused by M. tuberculosis) in endemic areas, animals are affected by reverse zoonosis, including multi-drug resistant strains. This, may create drug resistant reservoirs of infection in animals. Like COVID-19, zTB is evolving in an ever-changing global landscape.

Published
2021
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33. Impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the global emergence and spread of infectious diseases

Author

Brendan McMullan, Philip N Britton, Adam W. Bartlett, Ameneh Khatami, Phoebe C M Williams, Annaleise R Howard-Jones, and Ben J. Marais

Subjects
Ecological stability, business.industry, Climate Change, Ecology (disciplines), Biodiversity, Climate change, Communicable Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, One Health, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Threatened species, Development economics, Emerging infectious disease, Animals, Humans, Medicine, Child, business, Ecosystem
Abstract

The reality of climate change and biodiversity collapse is irrefutable in the 21st century, with urgent action required not only to conserve threatened species but also to protect human life and wellbeing. This existential threat forces us to recognise that our existence is completely dependent upon well-functioning ecosystems that sustain the diversity of life on our planet, including that required for human health. By synthesising data on the ecology, epidemiology and evolutionary biology of various pathogens, we are gaining a better understanding of factors that underlie disease emergence and spread. However, our knowledge remains rudimentary with limited insight into the complex feedback loops that underlie ecological stability, which are at risk of rapidly unravelling once certain tipping points are breached. In this paper, we consider the impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the ever-present risk of infectious disease emergence and spread. We review historical and contemporaneous infectious diseases that have been influenced by human environmental manipulation, including zoonoses and vector- and water-borne diseases, alongside an evaluation of the impact of migration, urbanisation and human density on transmissible diseases. The current lack of urgency in political commitment to address climate change warrants enhanced understanding and action from paediatricians - to ensure that we safeguard the health and wellbeing of children in our care today, as well as those of future generations.

Published
2021
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34. Clinical standards for the assessment, management and rehabilitation of post-TB lung disease

Author

L R Codecasa, Dina Visca, M P Dalcolmo, Greg J. Fox, N Ambrosino, Anthony Byrne, Payam Nahid, M Vitacca, H S Schaaf, Andrea Rachow, C C Leung, Domingo Palmero, R C Teixeira, S Datta, Onno W. Akkerman, Zarir F Udwadia, Anna Cristina Calçada Carvalho, E Pontali, Rosella Centis, Graeme Hoddinott, R Singla, G Günther, Andre F.S. Amaral, R S Wallis, Jeremiah Chakaya, Christoph Lange, M. M. van der Zalm, Sophie Huddart, Simon Tiberi, A-T Dinh-Xuan, F. C.Q. Mello, J-M García-García, Denise Rossato Silva, L D Ambrosio, Rafael Laniado-Laborín, Kevin Mortimer, Florian M. Marx, Giovanni Sotgiu, Brian W. Allwood, M Muñoz-Torrico, Barbara Seaworth, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Carlton A. Evans, S Manga, Jennifer Furin, F Al Yaquobi, Catherine W.M. Ong, Raquel Duarte, S G Mpagama, Olena Ivanova, Antonio Spanevello, Ben J. Marais, D Chesov, Jose A. Caminero, Katerina Manika, Sergey Borisov, E Zampogna, Alberto Piubello, A Mariandyshev, and Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD)

Subjects
Lung Diseases, lung disease, Clinical standards, medicine.medical_treatment, Delphi method, child health care, clinical outcome, oxygen therapy, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, posttuberculosis lung disease, Post-TB lung disease, Pulmonary rehabilitation, Sequelae, Tuberculosis, Child, Consensus, Humans, Quality of Life, patient education, se-quelae, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Medicine, Lung, Rehabilitation, public health, standard, research priority, surgical procedures, operative, Infectious Diseases, health care quality, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, MEDLINE, Microbiology, Article, Likert scale, 7.3 Management and decision making, Quality of life (healthcare), Clinical Research, follow up, human, lung examination, patient counseling, business.industry, cost effectiveness analysis, Public health, noninvasive ventilation, pulmonary rehabilitation, Good Health and Well Being, disease management, quality of life, Lung disease, Family medicine, Management of diseases and conditions, business
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that post-TB lung disease (PTLD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on the assessment and management of PTLD and the implementation of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR).METHODS: A panel of global experts in the field of TB care and PR was identified; 62 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score the initial ideas for standards and after several rounds of revision the document was approved (with 100% agreement).RESULTS: Five clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, to assess patients at the end of TB treatment for PTLD (with adaptation for children and specific settings/situations); Standard 2, to identify patients with PTLD for PR; Standard 3, tailoring the PR programme to patient needs and the local setting; Standard 4, to evaluate the effectiveness of PR; and Standard 5, to conduct education and counselling. Standard 6 addresses public health aspects of PTLD and outcomes due to PR.CONCLUSION: This is the first consensus-based set of Clinical Standards for PTLD. Our aim is to improve patient care and quality of life by guiding clinicians, programme managers and public health officers in planning and implementing adequate measures to assess and manage PTLD.

Published
2021
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35. Elective surgery cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic: global predictive modelling to inform surgical recovery plans

Author

Nepogodiev D., Omar O. M., Glasbey J. C., Li E., Simoes J. F. F., Abbott T. E. F., Ademuyiwa A. O., Biccard B. M., Chaudhry D., Davidson G. H., Di Saverio S., Gallo G., Ghosh D., Harrison E. M., Hutchinson P. J., Kamarajah S. K., Keller D. S., Lawani I., Minaya-Bravo A., Moore R., Morton D. G., Ntirenganya F., Pata F., Pearse R. M., la Medina A. R. -D., Tabiri S., Venn M. L., Omar A. B. O. M., Bhangu A., Siaw-Acheampong K., Adamina M., Agarwal A., Alameer E., Alderson D., Alakaloko F., Alser O., Arnaud A. P., Augestad K. M., Bankhead-Kendall B. K., Barlow E., Benson R. A., Blanco-Colino R., Brar A., Breen K. A., Buarque I. L., Caruana E. J., Chakrabortee S., Cox D., Cunha M. F., Dawson B. E., Desai A., Drake T. D., Edwards J. G., Elhadi M., Evans J. P., Farik S., Fiore M., Fitzgerald J. E., Ford S., Gomes G. M. A., Griffiths E. A., Gujjuri R. R., Halkias C., Heritage E., Isik A., Jenkinson M. D., Jones C. S., Khatri C., Keatley J. M., Kolias A., Lawday S., Lederhuber H., Leventoglu S., LAffler M. W., Martin J., Mashbari H. N., Mazingi D., Mckay S. C., Metallidis S., Mohan H. M., Moszkowicz D., Moug S., Ng-Kamstra J. S., Niquen M., Outani O., Pellino G., Pinkney T. D., Pockney P., Radenkovic D., Roberts K., Roslani A. C., Santos I., Schache A., Schnitzbauer A. A., Stewart G. D., Shaw R., Shu S., Soreide K., Spinelli A., Sundar S., Tiwari A., Townend P., Trout I. M., Tsoulfas G., van Ramshorst G. H., Vidya R., Vimalachandran D., Warren O., Wilkin R. J. W., Wright N., Hoste E., Huyghens L., Jacobs R., Opdenacker G., Poelaert J., Rijckaert D., De Decker K., Foubert L., De Neve N., Biston P., Piagnerelli M., Collin V., den Blauwen N., Clauwaert C., De Crop L., Verbeke A., Derumeaux P., Gardin C., Kindt S., Louage S., Verhamme B., DruwACopyright P., Lahaye I., Rosseel F., Rutsaert R., Vanlinthout L., De Kock M., Forget P., Kahn D., Lois F., Momeni M., Yemnga A. P. B., Jadoul J. -L., Malbrain M., Bosinceanu D., Collard E., Jorens P., Reyntiens D., Smitz C., Vercauteren M., Fagnoul D., Toplice K., OremuA¡ K., BeA¡lic G., Duzel V., Hauptman A., Peremin S., Aribar A., Aupcic M., Brod S., Mirkovic I., Bauer Z. A., Belavic M., BlaA¾anin B., KatuA¡in M. L., Krijan A. B., MiA¡kovic P., Aimic-Korac N., Topic J., Ailic A., Aunic J., Acan I., Adanic M., Ivanov N., Aaric J. P., Tomulic K., Viskovic N., BoA¡njak S., Drenjancevic I. H., Kristek G., Kvolik S., Markic S., Rakipovic A. S., Tot O. K., Fabris L. K., Bacak-Kocman I., Balenovic I., Bandic D., Deutsch P. A. J., Divjak L., Filipovic I. G., GuA¾vinec Z., Krznaric Z., Loncaric Y., MagaA¡ J. V., Mitrovic M., Okic M., Pavlek M., Ramov E., Rezek K., Sekulic A., Tomasevic B., Miric M., TomaA¡evic A., Mahecic T. T., Vrbanovic V., Bobinac M., BoA¾ic A., Debelic D., Frkovic V., Batinica I. M., Baranovic S., Gavranovic A., Kikec M., Maldini B., Maric S., Agnic I., Delic N., Dropulic N., GaA¡pic T. K., Ilic D., Ivancev B., Karanovic N., KuA¡cevic D., Marovic Z., Milic M., NeveA¡canin A., Petkovic T., Smoje M., Brozovic G., Goranovic T., Jelisavac M., Matolic M., Mazul-Sunko B., Oberhofer D., Pavicic A. M., Aakic K., Bozovic M. D., Krecek Z. K., Krobot R., Andabaka T., Bratanic M., Dzepina O., Kraljev M., Aeric J., Aimurina T., Grujic R., Nacevski-Bulaja B., BariA¾on M., Danira V., DraA¾en B., DuA¡anka K., HaluA¾an M. B., JoA¡ko A., Katica R., Labor M., Marinkovic T. G., Mihovilcevic D., Marija B., Srecko M., Drab M., Hudacek K., Krikava I., Stourac P., BrabcovA¡ M., KlozovA¡ R., Vajter J., Vymazal T., Toft P., Blichfeldt L., Hansen B. D., Moller K., Nielsen J. S., Frederiksen J., Andersen J. D., KA¼hne J. P., Leivdal S., Stendell L., Simonsen M., Zoltowski M. K., Ali Z. S., Freundlich M., Pilypaite J., Clausen N. G., Thorup L., Hansen F., Bestle M., Hansen C. S., Afshari A., Bille A. B., Lefort M., Secher E. 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E., Alwahedi H. W., Almoraid F., Anjar N., Alkilani A., Ghnain A., Senusi F. S., Elsaity R., Almajbery A., Abokris A., Montenegro L., Mohammed F. A. M., Hammouda M., Elsaadi G., Makhlouf N. M., Elzoway A. Z., Abuzalout T. S., Elmehdawi H., Alhendery A. A., Tarhuni A., Feituri A., Benamour A. S. B., Alkobty F. A., Azzaidey H. M. Z., Mohammed N. M., Elghazal Z. S. E., Alhoty F. F. H., Abugassa S. O. A., Al-Zubaidy K., Ilbarasi M. N., Alalem R., Swayeb E., Zubia N. Z., Mohamed P., Teeka M. O., Sohoub A., Abushnaf A., Mohamed A., Ramadan L., Shubba A., Huwidi O., Al-Serksi M., Eshtiwi M., Hadia E., Ahmed A. -J., Mansour I., Rian J. R., Yousef G., Mohamed S., Ahmed E. -Z., Ahmed B., Jamal Z., Abujanah S. A., Amer A. -A., Yousef O., Abozaid W., Elfagieh M. A., Ali A., Zoobei N. Z., Juwid A., Wafa A., Alatresh O. A., Alashhab M., Elzufri A. M., Aldarrat A. D., Matoug F., Alsellabi B., Alkesa T., Addanfour A., Badi H. B., Elfaghi I. 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V., Bell S., Heather B., Kushakovsky V., Alcock L., Alexander H., Anderson C., Baker P., Brookes M., Cawthorn L., Cirstea E., Colling K., Coulter I., Das S., Haigh K., Hamdan A., Hugill K., Kottam L., Lisseter E., Mawdsley M., McGivern J., Padala K., Phelps V., Stewart K., Towse K., Tregonning J., Vahedi A., Walker A., Baines D., Bilolikar A., Chande S., Dunk N., Kulkarni R., Kumar P., Metodiev Y., Ncomanzi D., Raithatha B., Raymode P., Szafranski J., Twohey L., Watt P., Weatherall L., Weatherill J., Whitman Z., Wighton E., Abayasinghe C., Chan A., Darwish S., Gill J., Glasgow E., Harris C., Kochhar A., Mellis C., Pool A., Riozzi P., Selman A., Smith E.-J., Vele L., Gercek Y., Guy K., Holden D., Watson N., Whysall K., Andreou P., Hales D., Thompson J., Bowrey S., McDonald S., Gilmore J., Hills V., Kelly C., Kelly S., Lloyd G., Abbott T., Gall L., Torrance H., Vivian M., Berntsen E., Nolan T., Vohra A., Brown A., Clark R., Coughlan E., Daniel C., Patvardhan C., Pearson R., Predeep S., 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Mokretar R., Ouanes F., Imessaoudene Z., Khalfallah, Guenane M., Sadat S., Gadi B., Benali D., Chikh N., Laksari M., Boufas F., Akodjenou J., Gbehade O., Mewanou S., Djessouho E., Ahossi R., Abadagan H., Guegni A., Assoum G., Zomahoun L., Oscar K., Souhe R., Dewanou H., Nascimento R., Guezo M., Adjignon S.V., Anani F., Allaye T., Tchegnonsi C., Fanou L., Hadecon R., Atomabe A., Tchaou B., Horugavye E., Habimana L., Nkesha T., Manirimbere C., Ndikumana R., Niyondiko J.C., Minani P., Bigirimana F., Uwiteyimbabazi J., Konwuoh N.D., Ekwen G., Kaggya M., Constance N., Samuel N., Akanyun S., Freeman T., Royas L., Tchoupa M., Simo W.A.G., Ngouane D., Tanjong B.N., Bouya A.P., Carlos F., Gallou P.D., Prosper A., Athombo J.S., Sanduku D.K., Mampangula Y., Nziene V.N., Odia P.K., Mbombo W.D., Wms M., Mukuna P.M., Boloko P.M., Mvwama N.M., Jjn I., Manzombi J.K., Mvwala K.R., Ilunga J.P.M., Mawisa T., Kilembe A.M., Bikuelo C.J., Mwepu I.M., Mwaluka C.N., Sarah H.N., Kukembila A.M., Diyoyo M.P., Ngalala A.M., Kabango R., Kongolo M., Mbayabu M., Namegabe E.S., Bula Bula I.M., Likongo T.B., Pengemale G.N., Bingidimi S.S., Imposo D.H., Matondo P.M., Lelo S.N., Kamanda R.J., Kady N., Ntueba B., Christian M., Badianga E.K., Clc L., Mubeya F.K., Bahta M.T., Kassa S.K., Assefa S.B., Girmaye G.T., Samateh A.L., Janneh L., Sanyang L.N., Nyassi M.T., Grey-Johnson S.V., Villarreal R., Antunez O., Jallow C.S., Roberts C.A., Clegg-Lamptey J.N., Kutor Y.Y., Adu-Aryee N.A., Domoyyeri D.P., Atito-Narh E., Anabah T.W.A., Ndonga A.K.N., Ngumi Z.W.W., Bitta C., Nyawanda H.O., Oduor O.E.O., Okelo O.S., Ogendo S.W.O., Ngari N.B.M., Nyokabi N.N., Chokwe T.M., Gacii V.M., Githae B., Gatheru A.P., Maranga O., Muriithi J.M., Mwangi C.M., Mwiti T.M., Nabulindo S.M., Ndung'u C., Mugambi J., Mtongwe V.M., Kiprop B., Mbadi R., Wambugu P.K., Hersi S., Mutahi S., Aluvale J.S., Gitau S., Kariuki K., Ngatia E., Sitima S., Obadiah S., Mwenda V., Iraya A.M., Waweru E.N., Muturi A., Miima S., Ojujo M., Mossy P., Macharia I., Gakenia A., Mitema F., Manvinder M., Kipng'etich B., Njoroge M., Ndegwa D., Karanja J.K., Muchiri K., Makori O., Kibochi W., Mathangani W., Swaleh A., Wafula A., Maina S.N., Njenga P.W., Okonu N., Maghrabi M., Saed S.S., al Shams E.S., Shkirban A.S., Alakkari E.A., Gweder M.G., Baghni R.B., Alsabri S.A., Hebli S.H., Elghandouri M., Shanin S.H., Rokhsi S., Hensheri M.E.L., Eltaguri M., Elyasir I.E., Alwahedi H.W., Almoraid F., Anjar N., Alkilani A., Ghnain A., Senusi F.S., Elsaity R., Almajbery A., Abokris A., Montenegro L., Mohammed F.A.M., Hammouda M., Elsaadi G., Makhlouf N.M., Elzoway A.Z., Abuzalout T.S., Elmehdawi H., Alhendery A.A., Tarhuni A., Feituri A., Benamour A.S.B., Alkobty F.A., Azzaidey H.M.Z., Mohammed N.M., Elghazal Z.S.E., Alhoty F.F.H., Abugassa S.O.A., Al-Zubaidy K., Ilbarasi M.N., Alalem R., Swayeb E., Zubia N.Z., Mohamed P., Teeka M.O., Sohoub A., Abushnaf A., Mohamed A., Ramadan L., Shubba A., Huwidi O., Al-Serksi M., Eshtiwi M., Hadia E., Ahmed A.-J., Mansour I., Rian J.R., Yousef G., Mohamed S., Ahmed E.-Z., Ahmed B., Jamal Z., Abujanah S.A., Amer A.-A., Yousef O., Abozaid W., Elfagieh M.A., Ali A., Zoobei N.Z., Juwid A., Wafa A., Alatresh O.A., Alashhab M., Elzufri A.M., Aldarrat A.D., Matoug F., Alsellabi B., Alkesa T., Addanfour A., Badi H.B., Elfaghi I.E., Salaheddin E., Hamadi L., Hashmi H., Abd-rouf A., Ahmed M., Karar M., Zidan A., Alraheem A.A., Attia A., Yahya A.A., Otman F., Elmadany H., Gerbel G., Saleh M., Eurayet O., Almesmary R., Mostafa H., Abdurazig S., Dahim L., Jermi K., Koraz M.Y.K., Elghallal A.M., Eshwehdi A.A., Elwerfelli A., Elharati F.T., Elrafifi D., Algbali M., Abuhdema F., Elmadani L., Algedar H.A., Shefren I., Abdulrahman A., Najat N.Z., Elkhwildi R.M., Elgelany S., Abduljalil A., Hdud A., Zentuti H.Z., Khetrish S.B., Zeiton A.Z., Altagazi A.A., Almisslati S.H.A., Gandy Y.G., Jasim I., Alghafoud I.A., Hokoma M., Abusnina S.A., Gwila M., Yahya A.I., Mohammed M., Alqawi O.A., Hasan S.H., Rakotoarison S.R., Albert F., Hery A.H., Mamy R.M., Andriamampionona A.G.B., Judicael M., Ramilson H.E., Eloi H., Athanse V., Zo A., Andrianina L., Judicael R.M., Rakotoarisoa A.H.N., Rakotoarijaona A.H.R., Ramananasoa M.L.R., Angelin R., Hanta R., Raherison R.A.R., Rija F.R., Fanjandrainy R.F., Coulibaly Y., Zie S.Z., Gangaly D., Mahamane D.D., Toure Mamadou K., Simaga Abdoul K., Ibrahim T., Abdoulaye T., Alioune B.S., Souleymane T., Oumar O., Sogoba G., Amadou M., Moussa K., Veerasamy B., Heerah H.M.S.N., Limbajee M.L., Alleesaib S.B.M., Ramchurn T.P.R., Mandarry M.T.M., Joomye S., Thakoor B., Aungraheeta M., Sookun S.S., Lumbala K.F., Ikandi K., Kabongo L.T., Garcia M., Izquirdo P., Castro A.C., Ilunga I.B.B., Imbangu N.A.V., Nakandungile F., Mmasi J.E., Tobiko O., Polishchuk O., Kashuupulwa P.N.K., Kalume S., Sihope S.E., Arrey O., Kakololo S.I., Taiwo N.A., Kairuki P.C.K., Gazmuri O.G.G., Imene A.M., Umenushkin U.A., Kibandwa A., Cisekedi J.C., Nakangombe P., Musiba V.E.M., Gama G.G.N., Mwanga H.A.M., Mgonja L., Rink B., Amisi B.T., Bangure L., Rois W., Rois I., Sabwa H.K., Barongo M.L., Tshisekedi S.M., Mbuyi T., Lyimo T.S.K., Munyika A.A., Kornilov A.A., Rwehumbiza S.S.R., Kumar M., Makopa E.K., Njuguna W., Mavesere H.P., Kabongo A.N., Mutasiigwa M.G.H., Yangazov Y.M., Masiyambiri A.T.M., Jannetjies M.J., Dibwe D.F., Manyere D.V., Gorelyk O., Kabangu J.K., Gagara M., Salaou H., Moutari M., Bori I., Ogboli-Nwasor E.O., Aghadi K., Mohammed I., Sarkin-Pawa A., Yunus A.A., Ibrahim A.I., Edaigbini S.A., Yakubu Y., Sholadoye T., Koledale A.K., Anyanwu L.J.C., Salisu-Kabara H.M., Sheshe A.A., Ekwunife N.C., Ike I.A.R., Anele A., Isiguzo M., Ihezie O., Onyegbule A., Enendu E.O., Akhideno I., Desalu I.S., Bankole O.B., Ojewola R.W., Osinowo A.O., Afolabi B.B., Menkiti I.D., Mofikoya B.O., Osazuwa M.O., Yusuf A.S., Adamu Y.B., Alatise O.I., Arowolo O.A., Adisa A.O., Etuk E.B., Eyelade O.R., Ogunbode O., Shittu O.B., Idowu O.K., Ayandipo O.O., Lawal T.A., Echem R.C., Otokwala J., Jamabo S., Gueye S., Allopi K., Singh U., Bester J.J.A., Saaiman C.R., Alli A., Bischof K.E., Hurri H., Smith O.I., Elghobashy A.M., Omoshoro-Jones J., Murray R., Basson C.H., de Wet J.B., Skinner G.C., Kransingh S., Kuhn W., Madsen A.S.M., Matubatuba J.T., Mayeza S., Naidoo L.C., Narain S.J., Nkuebe T.N., Nabela L., Nkunjana M., Mhatu S., Thomas B.P., Wynne E.E., Davids J.G., Grunewald K.K., Kruger S., Ras W.A.P., Venter P.J., Cacala S.R.C., Kruse C., Mahomva O., Marais L.C., Semenya E.M., Rayne S.R., Alphonsus C.S., Mbuyisa M.W., Torborg A.M., De Lange J.T., Drummond L.W., Dullab K.D., Enicker B.C., Gigabhoy R., Hardcastle T.C., Maharaj A., Majola N., Moopanar M., Mukama I.F., Naicker K., Ngcobo G.K., Ramnarain H., Rocher A.G.L., Singh S., Stoltenkamp H.L., Alberts A.N.J.D., Luthuli L., Lumbamba A.J.M., Anderson P.G.R., du Plessis W.M., Ellis S., Ford L.M., Rousseau F.J., Rousseau N., Steyn G., Steyn H.C., Weideman M., Church B., Holford E.B., Szpytko A.J., Brouckaert N.T., Freeman Y.B.M., Ehouni A., Jithoo S., Naidoo L., Peter A.M., Belhaj S., Tun M., Kapp P., Bwambale Y.B., Holder H., Kasongo K.J.P., Makhanya V., Morapedi M., Mahomedy N.A., Pillay V., Reddy S.R., Mgoqo N., Mrara B., Nibe Z., Ninise E., Pahlana S.M., Usenbo A.O., Malongwe S.M., Nepogodiev, D., Omar, O. M., Glasbey, J. C., Li, E., Simoes, J. F. F., Abbott, T. E. F., Ademuyiwa, A. O., Biccard, B. M., Chaudhry, D., Davidson, G. H., Di Saverio, S., Gallo, G., Ghosh, D., Harrison, E. M., Hutchinson, P. J., Kamarajah, S. K., Keller, D. S., Lawani, I., Minaya-Bravo, A., Moore, R., Morton, D. G., Ntirenganya, F., Pata, F., Pearse, R. M., la Medina, A. R. -D., Tabiri, S., Venn, M. L., Omar, A. B. O. M., Bhangu, A., Siaw-Acheampong, K., Adamina, M., Agarwal, A., Alameer, E., Alderson, D., Alakaloko, F., Alser, O., Arnaud, A. P., Augestad, K. M., Bankhead-Kendall, B. K., Barlow, E., Benson, R. A., Blanco-Colino, R., Brar, A., Breen, K. A., Buarque, I. L., Caruana, E. J., Chakrabortee, S., Cox, D., Cunha, M. F., Dawson, B. E., Desai, A., Drake, T. D., Edwards, J. G., Elhadi, M., Evans, J. P., Farik, S., Fiore, M., Fitzgerald, J. E., Ford, S., Gomes, G. M. A., Griffiths, E. A., Gujjuri, R. R., Halkias, C., Heritage, E., Isik, A., Jenkinson, M. D., Jones, C. S., Khatri, C., Keatley, J. 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W., Wright, N., Hoste, E., Huyghens, L., Jacobs, R., Opdenacker, G., Poelaert, J., Rijckaert, D., De Decker, K., Foubert, L., De Neve, N., Biston, P., Piagnerelli, M., Collin, V., den Blauwen, N., Clauwaert, C., De Crop, L., Verbeke, A., Derumeaux, P., Gardin, C., Kindt, S., Louage, S., Verhamme, B., Druwacopyright, P., Lahaye, I., Rosseel, F., Rutsaert, R., Vanlinthout, L., De Kock, M., Forget, P., Kahn, D., Lois, F., Momeni, M., Yemnga, A. P. B., Jadoul, J. -L., Malbrain, M., Bosinceanu, D., Collard, E., Jorens, P., Reyntiens, D., Smitz, C., Vercauteren, M., Fagnoul, D., Toplice, K., Oremua¡, K., Bea¡lic, G., Duzel, V., Hauptman, A., Peremin, S., Aribar, A., Aupcic, M., Brod, S., Mirkovic, I., Bauer, Z. A., Belavic, M., Blaa¾anin, B., Katua¡in, M. L., Krijan, A. B., Mia¡kovic, P., Aimic-Korac, N., Topic, J., Ailic, A., Aunic, J., Acan, I., Adanic, M., Ivanov, N., Aaric, J. P., Tomulic, K., Viskovic, N., Boa¡njak, S., Drenjancevic, I. H., Kristek, G., Kvolik, S., Markic, S., Rakipovic, A. S., Tot, O. K., Fabris, L. K., Bacak-Kocman, I., Balenovic, I., Bandic, D., Deutsch, P. A. J., Divjak, L., Filipovic, I. G., Gua¾vinec, Z., Krznaric, Z., Loncaric, Y., Magaa¡, J. V., Mitrovic, M., Okic, M., Pavlek, M., Ramov, E., Rezek, K., Sekulic, A., Tomasevic, B., Miric, M., Tomaa¡evic, A., Mahecic, T. T., Vrbanovic, V., Bobinac, M., Boa¾ic, A., Debelic, D., Frkovic, V., Batinica, I. M., Baranovic, S., Gavranovic, A., Kikec, M., Maldini, B., Maric, S., Agnic, I., Delic, N., Dropulic, N., Gaa¡pic, T. K., Ilic, D., Ivancev, B., Karanovic, N., Kua¡cevic, D., Marovic, Z., Milic, M., Nevea¡canin, A., Petkovic, T., Smoje, M., Brozovic, G., Goranovic, T., Jelisavac, M., Matolic, M., Mazul-Sunko, B., Oberhofer, D., Pavicic, A. M., Aakic, K., Bozovic, M. D., Krecek, Z. 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Subjects
Adult, Global Health, SARS‐CoV‐2, Health Services Accessibility, NO, cancellation, Models, COVID‐19, Humans, Pandemics, Bayes Theorem, COVID-19, Elective Surgical Procedures, Health Care Rationing, Health Policy, Infection Control, Models, Statistical, health care economics and organizations, Elective Surgical Procedure, Original Articles, Statistical, elective surgery, Original Article, human activities, Human
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine hospital services globally. This study estimated the total number of adult elective operations that would be cancelled worldwide during the 12 weeks of peak disruption due to COVID-19.A global expert response study was conducted to elicit projections for the proportion of elective surgery that would be cancelled or postponed during the 12 weeks of peak disruption. A Bayesian β-regression model was used to estimate 12-week cancellation rates for 190 countries. Elective surgical case-mix data, stratified by specialty and indication (surgery for cancer versus benign disease), were determined. This case mix was applied to country-level surgical volumes. The 12-week cancellation rates were then applied to these figures to calculate the total number of cancelled operations.The best estimate was that 28 404 603 operations would be cancelled or postponed during the peak 12 weeks of disruption due to COVID-19 (2 367 050 operations per week). Most would be operations for benign disease (90·2 per cent, 25 638 922 of 28 404 603). The overall 12-week cancellation rate would be 72·3 per cent. Globally, 81·7 per cent of operations for benign conditions (25 638 922 of 31 378 062), 37·7 per cent of cancer operations (2 324 070 of 6 162 311) and 25·4 per cent of elective caesarean sections (441 611 of 1 735 483) would be cancelled or postponed. If countries increased their normal surgical volume by 20 per cent after the pandemic, it would take a median of 45 weeks to clear the backlog of operations resulting from COVID-19 disruption.A very large number of operations will be cancelled or postponed owing to disruption caused by COVID-19. Governments should mitigate against this major burden on patients by developing recovery plans and implementing strategies to restore surgical activity safely.La pandemia de COVID-19 ha interrumpido los servicios hospitalarios habituales a nivel mundial. En este estudio se calculó el número total de operaciones electivas para adultos que se cancelarían en todo el mundo durante las 12 semanas de interrupción máxima debido a COVID’19. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio global de respuestas de expertos para obtener proyecciones sobre la proporción de cirugía electiva que se cancelaría o pospondría durante las 12 semanas del pico máximo de disrupción. Se usó un modelo bayesiano de regresión beta para estimar las tasas de cancelación durante 12 semanas en 190 países. Se determinaron los datos de la casuística de casos quirúrgicos electivos, estratificados por especialidad e indicación (cáncer versus cirugía benigna). Esta casuística de casos se aplicó a volúmenes quirúrgicos a nivel de país. Las tasas de cancelación de las 12 semanas se aplicaron a estas cifras para calcular el total de operaciones suspendidas.La mejor estimación fue que 28.404.603 operaciones hubieran sido canceladas o pospuestas durante las 12 semanas del pico de disrupción por COVID-19 (2.367.050 operaciones por semana). La mayoría hubieran sido operaciones por enfermedad benigna (90,2%, 25.638.922/28. 404. 603). La tasa de cancelación general en 12 semanas sería del 72,3%. A nivel mundial, el 81,7% (25.638.921/31.378.062) de la cirugía benigna, el 37,7% (2. 324.069/6.162.311) de la cirugía por cáncer y el 25,4% (441.611/1.735.483) de las cesáreas electivas hubieran sido canceladas o pospuestas. Si los países aumentan su volumen quirúrgico normal en un 20% después de la pandemia, se tardaría una mediana de 45 semanas para eliminar la acumulación de operaciones resultantes de la disrupción por COVID’19. CONCLUSIÓN: Se cancelará o pospondrá un número muy grande de operaciones debido a la disrupción causada por COVID-19. Los gobiernos deberían mitigar esta importante carga para los pacientes mediante el desarrollo de planes de recuperación e implementando estrategias para reiniciar de manera segura la actividad quirúrgica.

Published
2020

36. Quality of life after trigeminal nerve block in refractory trigeminal neuralgia: A retrospective cohort study and literature review

Author

Nicolas Jacques, Simon Karoutsos, Loïc Marais, and Nathalie Nathan-Denizot

Subjects
Observational Studies as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Biochemistry (medical), Quality of Life, Humans, Cell Biology, General Medicine, Trigeminal Nerve, Trigeminal Neuralgia, Biochemistry, Clonidine, Retrospective Studies, Levobupivacaine
Abstract

Objective To evaluate the effect of trigeminal nerve block (TNB) on patients’ quality of life (QOL) 15 days after the procedure in patients with refractory TN. Methods This retrospective observational cohort study involved patients receiving TNB (levobupivacaine, clonidine, corticosteroid) between 2014 and 2018 at a postoperative pain clinic in France. Change in QOL from Day 0 (before block) to Day 15 was assessed according to SF-12. Results 21 patients (62 ± 14 y) were included in the study. Most patients (71%) were referred following surgery or dentistry. Of the 9 patients (43%) who exhibited >10% increase in SF-12 scores and so were deemed responders, SF12-physical and SF12-mental were increased by mean differences of 17 and 9 points, respectively. The mean duration of block lasted 15 ± 59 days (range 1 to 90 days) and no severe adverse effects were observed. Conclusion Improved QOL was observed in approximately 50% of patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) two weeks after specific nerve block. The technique was easy to administer and well accepted by the patients.

Published
2022

37. Rehydration and restoration of fingerprint ridge detail in mummified post‐mortem tissue: Literature review and investigation of a simplified formulation

Author

Adriaan A. S. Marais and Adri H van den Dool

Subjects
Pliability, Materials science, Sodium Acetate, Turgor pressure, Carbonates, Mummies, Forensic Medicine, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Ridge (differential geometry), Post mortem brain, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Fingers, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Genetics, Fluid Therapy, Humans, Dermatoglyphics, Composite material, Weak base, Sodium carbonate, Softening, Shrinkage
Abstract

Mummified tissue presents challenges for fingerprinting due to rigidity, shrinkage, and other features obscuring epidermal ridge detail. A new cost-effective in-house solution was developed to obtain good quality fingerprints from mummified remains. The simplified procedure uses a sodium carbonate:sodium acetate mixture easily prepared using commonly available chemical products. An overview of the methods and solutions utilized to date for rehydration and restoration illustrates the main benefits of the developed formulation: the solution provided better tissue pliability and turgor than the sodium carbonate:ethanol formulation of Rüffer previously employed; the prepared solution proved stable for weeks at room temperature and poses minimum hazard risk to users. It functions as a weak base (pH 9.3) and is sufficiently corrosive to allow tissue softening over a flexible timeframe of 1-5 days without causing any damage. The degree of effectiveness for rehydration of mummified tissue and restoration of ridge detail is attributed to three synergistic aspects: increased turgor as provided by a penetrating humectant and water; softening and pliability as a result of pH and any specific chemical interaction that affects calcium in collagen; ridge detail definition as a function of turgor and softening, with some secondary corrosive dependency related to the pH of a solution.

Published
2021
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38. Increasing TB preventive treatment in children

Author

B. J. Marais, S. Bernays, H. S. Schaaf, and G. J. Fox

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Antitubercular Agents, Isoniazid, Humans, Antibiotic Prophylaxis, Child, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
Published
2022

39. Small bowel intussusception caused by a metastatic testicular germ cell tumour

Author

John, J, Marais, B, Swanepoel, P, Smit, M, Comley, N, and Louw, D

Subjects
intussusception, Adult, Male, orchidectomy, Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal, Testicular Neoplasms, small bowel obstruction, Intestine, Small, choriocarcinoma, Humans, Surgery, testicular mass, germ cell tumour, choriocarcinoma, intussusception, testicular mass, orchidectomy, metastases, small bowel obstruction, metastases, Intussusception, Intestinal Obstruction, germ cell tumour
Abstract

Intussusception from a testicular germ cell tumour is extremely rare. Metastatic gastrointestinal implants outgrow their blood supply leading to central necrosis. This results in erosions and ulcerations, which can be visualised as submucosal polypoid masses. These masses can then serve as a lead point for intussusception. We report a case of a 25-year-old patient with small bowel obstruction due to an intussuscepted choriocarcinoma in the absence of any other apparent retroperitoneal disease. Urologists must exclude gastrointestinal tract (GIT) involvement in testicular cancers, and similarly, surgeons need to exclude testicular tumours in young men with unexplained GIT haemorrhage, bowel obstruction or intussusception.

Published
2022

40. Participant perceptions on the acceptability and feasibility of a telemedicine-based HIV PrEP and buprenorphine/naloxone program embedded within syringe services programs: a qualitative descriptive evaluation

Author

Amy Corneli, Brian Perry, Andrea Des Marais, Yujung Choi, Hillary Chen, Rebecca Lilly, Denae Ayers, Jesse Bennett, Lauren Kestner, Christina S. Meade, Nidhi Sachdeva, and Mehri S. McKellar

Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health, Syringes, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Medicine (miscellaneous), Humans, Feasibility Studies, HIV Infections, Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination, Opioid-Related Disorders, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Telemedicine
Abstract

Background People who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk for HIV and opioid overdose. We piloted PARTNER UP, a telemedicine-based program to provide PWID with access to both oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention and medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) through two syringe services programs (SSPs) in North Carolina. We conducted a qualitative evaluation to assess the acceptability and feasibility of PARTNER UP from the participant perspective. Methods PARTNER UP participants met with a provider for an initial in-person visit at the SSP, followed by weekly telemedicine visits in month 1 and then monthly telemedicine visits until program end at month 6. Using a qualitative descriptive study design, we conducted in-depth interviews with a subsample of PARTNER UP participants at 1 month and 4 months. Informed by the technology acceptance model, we assessed participant perceptions of the usefulness and ease of use of PARTNER UP, as well as their intent to continue to use the program’s components. We audio-recorded all interviews with participants’ permission and used applied thematic analysis to analyze the verbatim transcripts. Results We interviewed 11 of 17 people who participated in PARTNER UP—10 in the month 1 interview and 8 in the month 4 interview. Nearly all participants were motivated to join for consistent and easy access to buprenorphine/naloxone (i.e., MOUD); only a few joined to access PrEP. Most were comfortable accessing healthcare at the SSP because of their relationship with and trust toward SSP staff, and accessing services at the SSP was preferred compared with other healthcare centers. Some participants described that telemedicine allowed them to be honest and share more information because the visits were not in-person and they chose the location, although the initial in-person meeting was helpful to build provider trust and rapport. Most participants found the visit schedule to be feasible, although half described needing to reschedule at least once. Nearly all participants who were interviewed intended to continue with MOUD after the program ended, whereas none were interested in continuing with PrEP. Conclusions Participant narratives suggest that the PARTNER UP telemedicine program was acceptable and feasible. Future studies should continue to explore the benefits of embedding both PrEP and MOUD into SSPs with larger numbers of participants. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT04521920.

Published
2022

42. ImpACT+, a coping intervention to improve clinical outcomes for women living with HIV and sexual trauma in South Africa: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Author

K. J. Sikkema, S. Rabie, A. King, M. H. Watt, M. I. Mulawa, L. S. Andersen, P. A. Wilson, A. Marais, E. Ndwandwa, S. Majokweni, C. Orrell, J. A. Joska, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, and Faculty of Health Sciences

Subjects
Medicine (miscellaneous), HIV, HIV Infections, Antiretroviral therapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, South Africa, Adherence, Randomized controlled trial, Adaptation, Psychological, Sexual Trauma, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Female, Sexual violence, Traumatic stress, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Abstract

Background Addressing sexual trauma in the context of HIV care is essential to improve clinical outcomes and mental health among women in South Africa. Women living with HIV (WLH) report disproportionately high levels of sexual trauma and have higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) may be difficult for traumatized women, as sexual trauma compounds the stress associated with managing HIV and is often comorbid with other mental health disorders, further compromising care engagement and adherence. ART initiation represents a unique window of opportunity for intervention to enhance motivation, increase care engagement, and address the negative effects of trauma on avoidant coping behaviors. Mental health interventions delivered by non-specialists in low- and middle-income countries have potential to treat depression, trauma, and effects of intimate partner violence among WLH. This study will examine the effectiveness of Improving AIDS Care after Trauma (ImpACT +), a task-shared, trauma-focused coping intervention, to promote viral suppression among WLH initiating ART in a South African clinic setting. Methods This study will be conducted in Khayelitsha, a peri-urban settlement situated near Cape Town, South Africa. Using a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation design, we will randomize 350 WLH initiating ART to the ImpACT + experimental condition or the control condition (three weekly sessions of adapted problem-solving therapy) to examine the effectiveness of ImpACT + on viral suppression, ART adherence, and the degree to which mental health outcomes mediate intervention effects. ImpACT + participants will receive six once-a-week coping intervention sessions and six monthly maintenance sessions over the follow-up period. We will conduct mental health and bio-behavioral assessments at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 months, with care engagement data extracted from medical records. We will explore scalability using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Discussion This trial is expected to yield important new information on psychologically informed intervention models that benefit the mental health and clinical outcomes of WLH with histories of sexual trauma. The proposed ImpACT + intervention, with its focus on building coping skills to address traumatic stress and engagement in HIV care and treatment, could have widespread impact on the health and wellbeing of individuals and communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04793217. Retrospectively registered on 11 March 2021.

Published
2022
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43. Awakening the control of the ankle dorsiflexors in the post-stroke hemiplegic subject to improve walking activity and social participation: the WAKE (Walking Ankle isoKinetic Exercise) randomised, controlled trial

Author

Béatrice Ferry, Maxence Compagnat, Jules Yonneau, Laurent Bensoussan, Geoffroy Moucheboeuf, François Muller, Bertrand Laborde, Anne Jossart, Romain David, Julien Magne, Loïc Marais, Jean-Christophe Daviet, Handicap, Activité, Vieillissement, Autonomie, Environnement (HAVAE), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), OmégaHealth (ΩHealth), Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Epidémiologie des Maladies Chroniques en zone tropicale (EpiMaCT), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-OmégaHealth (ΩHealth), Plate forme de bioinformatique et biostatistique (CEBIMER), and Service de cardiologie [CHU Limoges]

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Stroke Rehabilitation, Medicine (miscellaneous), Hemiplegia, Recovery of Function, Walking, Exercise Therapy, Stroke, Treatment Outcome, Clinical Protocols, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Prospective Studies, Ankle
Abstract

Background Stroke is the leading cause of acquired disability in France. While 90% of patients recover the ability to walk, it is often limited with a steady speed of approximately 0.7 m/s. This limitation of walking activity is partly related to a decrease in strength associated with more or less significant spasticity. In particular, it seems that the strength of the dorsiflexor muscles is directly related to walking speed. We hypothesise that a protocol based on gestural repetition targeted at the ankle during the subacute phase potentiates the recovery of motor control, improving walking activity, and participates in recovering better social participation. Methods An estimated total of 60 patients with subacute stroke will be recruited to participate in this multicentre, interventional, prospective, randomised controlled trial. All participants will benefit from conventional rehabilitation. In addition, the experimental group will take part in an ankle isokinetic rehabilitation programme for 6 weeks (at least 25 sessions). The control group will receive the same duration of conventional rehabilitation. The primary outcome measure will be a 10-m walking speed at post-intervention. Secondary outcomes will include social participation, walking spatio-temporal parameters, and dorsiflexor strength. Outcome measurements will be taken at baseline, immediately after treatment (6 weeks), then at 6 months and 1 year of follow-up. Discussion This study aims to provide scientific evidence that a protocol based on an early over-solicitation of the ankle dorsiflexor muscles to promote their “awakening” can serve to achieve a more effective walking activity, which in turn encourages social participation following discharge from the hospital. This protocol should also help optimise physical medicine and rehabilitation practices: the more systematic use of the isokinetic dynamometer as a technique associated with, and integrated into the conventional rehabilitation protocol would allow an objective evaluation of the rehabilitation benefits and should increase the rehabilitation gain in central nervous system disorders. Trial registration Limoges University Hospital is the sponsor of this research (Unique Protocol ID: 87RI18_0010) This research is supported by the French Ministry of Health (PHRC 2020-A03328-31) and is conducted with the support of DGOS (PHRC interregional – GIRCI SOHO). The study protocol was approved by the French Human Subjects Protection Review Board (Comité de Protection des Personnes Nord-Ouest III) on February 23, 2021. The trial was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry (NCT04800601) on March 16, 2021.

Published
2022
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44. Exploring Tuberculosis Riskscapes in a Papua New Guinean 'Hotspot'

Author

Paula Jops, Martha Kupul, Richard Nake Trumb, John Cowan, Stephen M. Graham, Stephen Bell, Suman Majumdar, Herolyn Nindil, William Pomat, Ben Marais, Guy Marks, Andrew J. Vallely, John Kaldor, and Angela Kelly-Hanku

Subjects
Papua New Guinea, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Humans, Tuberculosis, Focus Groups, Qualitative Research
Abstract

This article explores socio-spatial dimensions of risk and how they can enhance understanding of a high burden tuberculosis (TB) context in the South Fly District of Papua New Guinea. We report on select findings from a qualitative study that included 128 semi-structured in-depth interviews and 10 focus group discussions with a wide range of South Fly District community members. Using the conceptual framework of ‘riskscapes’ to examine emic perspectives on risk, space and practice, we map key elements of TB riskscapes on Daru Island, South Fly District, along with solutions for navigating through these riskscapes. Overcrowding, lack of water, sanitation and hygiene, as well as food insecurity and undernutrition, were identified as common elements within participants’ riskscapes, that compounded upon each other to create the perception of an assemblage of risk favourable to TB transmission.

Published
2022

45. The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in rural communities in South Africa: A third regional sample of child characteristics and maternal risk factors

Author

Philip A. May, Marlene M. de Vries, Anna‐Susan Marais, Wendy O. Kalberg, David Buckley, Julie M. Hasken, Omar Abdul‐Rahman, Luther K. Robinson, Melanie A. Manning, Soraya Seedat, Charles D. H. Parry, and H. Eugene Hoyme

Subjects
Rural Population, Fluorocarbons, Alcohol Drinking, Medicine (miscellaneous), Toxicology, Psychiatry and Mental health, South Africa, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pregnancy, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Humans, Female, Child
Abstract

This study is the ninth cross-sectional community study of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) conducted by the multidisciplinary Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Epidemiology Research team in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. It is the third comprehensive study of FASD in a rural, agricultural region of South Africa.Population-based, active case ascertainment methods were employed among a school-based cohort to assess child physical and neurobehavioral traits, and maternal risk factor interviews were conducted to identify all children with FASD to determine its prevalence.Consent was obtained for 76.7% of 1158 children attending first grade in the region's public schools. Case-control results are presented for 95 with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 64 with partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS), 77 with alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), 2 with alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and 213 randomly-selected controls. Four techniques estimating FASD prevalence from in-person examinations and testing yielded a range of total FASD prevalence of 206-366 per 1000. The final weighted, estimated prevalence of FAS was 104.5 per 1000, PFAS was 77.7 per 1000, ARND was 125.2 per 1000, and total FASD prevalence was 310 per 1000 (95% CI = 283.4-336.7). Expressed as a percentage, 31% had FASD. Although the rate of total FASD remained steady over 9 years, the proportion of children within the FASD group has changed significantly: FAS trended down and ARND trended up. A detailed evaluation is presented of the specific child physical and neurobehavioral traits integral to assessing the full continuum of FASD. The diagnosis of a child with FASD was significantly associated with maternal proximal risk factors such as: co-morbid prenatal use of alcohol and tobacco (OR = 19.1); maternal drinking of two (OR = 5.9), three (OR = 5.9), four (OR = 38.3), or more alcoholic drinks per drinking day; and drinking in the first trimester (OR = 8.4), first and second trimesters (OR = 17.7), or throughout pregnancy (OR = 18.6). Distal maternal risk factors included the following: slight or small physical status (height, weight, and head circumference), lower BMI, less formal education, late recognition of pregnancy, and higher gravidity, parity, and older age during the index pregnancy.The prevalence of FASD remained a significant problem in this region, but the severity of physical traits and anomalies within the continuum of FASD is trending downwards.

Published
2022

46. Global perspective of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study from the EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC)

Author

Jie Lin, Snejana Tisheva, Ishwar C. Verma, Francesco Cipollone, Liam R. Brunham, Florentina Predica, Perla A.C. Gonzalez, Jocelyne Inamo, André R. Miserez, Belma Pojskic, Michel Farnier, Avishay Ellis, Katia Bonomo, Ibrahim Al-Zakwani, Maria Grazia Zenti, Humberto A. Lopez, Khairul Shafiq Ibrahim, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Alexey Meshkov, Jose P. de Moura, Muthukkaruppan Annamalai, Raul D. Santos, F. Paillard, Maria Del Ben, Jan Lacko, Miguel T. Rico, Ximena Reyes, Laura E.G. de Leon, Noor Shafina Mohd Nor, Ulrich Julius, Mohammed A. Batais, Dieter Böhm, Ta-Chen Su, Takuya Kobayashi, Magdalena Chmara, Marco Gebauer, Marcos M. Lima-Martínez, Ravshanbek D. Kurbanov, Daisaku Masuda, Amro El-Hadidy, Melanie Schüler, Francisco Fuentes, Florian J. Mayer, Helena Vaverkova, F. Ulrich Beil, Juraj Bujdak, Mario Stoll, Isabelle Ruel, Elena Dorn, Thomas M. Stulnig, Abubaker Elfatih, Rano B. Alieva, Jiri Vesely, Valérie Carreau, Cristina M. Sibaja, Sophie Béliard, Olivier Ziegler, Adriana Branchi, Daniel Schurr, G.B. John Mancini, Tai E. Shyong, Eric L.T. Siang, Mafalda Bourbon, Zerrin Yigit, Meral Kayıkçıoğlu, Jacques Genest, Wei Yu, Michal Vrablík, Shavkat U. Hoshimov, Dan Gaita, Antonio Pipolo, Ashraf H.A. AlQudaimi, Walter Speidl, Gianfranco Parati, Zaliha Ismail, Victoria M. Zubieta, René Valéro, Tomas Salek, Hana Halamkova, Gustavs Latkovskis, Nicole Allendorf-Ostwald, Agnes Perrin, Vladimir Soska, Anastasia Garoufi, Francisco Araujo, Nacu C. Portilla, Thomas Segiet, Charalambos Koumaras, Hila Knobler, Fatih Sivri, Hani Altaradi, Ivan Pećin, Long Jiang, Alexander Dressel, Marlena Woś, Jana Franekova, D. Agapakis, Quitéria Rato, Dirk J. Blom, Marcin A. Bartlomiejczyk, Krzysztof Dyrbuś, Maurizio Averna, Phivos Symeonides, Yung A. Chua, Asim Rana, András Nagy, Juan C.G. Cuellar, Alexander Jäkel, Maya Safarova, Neama Luqman, Amalia-Despoina Koutsogianni, Patrick Tounian, Jose A. Alvarez, Ada Cuevas, Corinna Richter, Sybil Charrieres, Vitaliy Zafiraki, Michalis Doumas, Angela Lux, Thanh Huong Truong, Elaine Chow, José Luis Díaz-Díaz, Jesus R.H. Almada, Sabine Füllgraf-Horst, Gustavo G. Retana, Claudio Borghi, Gianni Biolo, Ivajlo Tzvetkov, Patrícia Pais, Mehmet Akbulut, Kumiko Nagahama, Oner Ozdogan, Frank Leistikow, Jianxun He, Alexander R.M. Lyons, Poranee Ganokroj, Luis E.S. Mendia, Ann-Cathrin Koschker, Gabriela A.G. Ramirez, Dainus Gilis, Karin Balinth, José Ramiro Cruz, Paolo Calabrò, Alberico L. Catapano, Emmanouil Skalidis, Hamida Al-Barwani, Genovefa Kolovou, Carolyn S.P. Lam, Yoto Yotov, Yaacov Henkin, Gabriella Iannuzzo, Aimi Z. Razman, Alma B.M. Rodriguez, Hans Dieplinger, Darlington E. Obaseki, Ursulo J. Herrera, Arcangelo Iannuzzi, Christoph Säly, Elena Olmastroni, Francisco G. Padilla, S.A. Nazli, Ioanna Gouni-Berthold, Miriam Kozárová, Urh Groselj, Igor Shaposhnik, Lorenzo Iughetti, Nawal Rwaili, Cinthia E. Jannes, Andrea Bartuli, Mikhail Voevoda, Marat V. Ezhov, Yanyu Duan, Alper Sonmez, Mustafa Yenercag, Ariane Sultan, Natasza Gilis-Malinowska, Tavintharan Subramaniam, Mohamed Ashraf, Jing Pang, Kota Matsuki, Tao Jiang, Gerald Klose, Eduardo A.R. Rodriguez, Lucie Solcova, Riccardo Sarzani, Mahmoud Traina, Alejandra Vázquez Cárdenas, Gordon A. Francis, Adolat V. Ziyaeva, Ronen Durst, Maciej Banach, Francisco Silva, Heribert Schunkert, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Ziyou Liu, Ahmad Bakhtiar Md Radzi, Hana Rosolova, Andrea Bäßler, Abdulhalim Jamal Kinsara, Noël Peretti, Victor Gurevich, Margarita T. Tamayo, Abdullah Tuncez, Florian Höllerl, Ljubica Stosic, Jianguang Qi, Anja Kirschbaum, Jitendra P.S. Sawhney, Michael Scholl, Kausik K. Ray, Mohamed Bendary, Hapizah Nawawi, Adrienne Tarr, Barbora Nussbaumerova, B.C. Brice, Kurt Huber, Noor Alicezah Mohd Kasim, A. Rahman A. Jamal, Vaclava Palanova, Giacomo Biasucci, Pucong Ye, Eva Cubova, Roopa Mehta, Rüdiger Schweizer, Veronica Zampoleri, Jacek Jóźwiak, Alyaa Al-Khateeb, Jing Hong, Katarina Raslova, Kirsten B. Holven, Tatiana Rozkova, Reinhold Busch, Alexander Klabnik, Konrad Hein, Eloy A.Z. Carrillo, Robin Urbanek, Livia Pisciotta, Fatma Y. Coskun, Jose J.G. Garcia, Valerio Pecchioli, Azra D. Nalbantic, Weerapan Khovidhunkit, Jernej Kovac, Michaela Kadurova, Mohammed Al-Jarallah, Vita Saripo, Christos V. Rizos, Jie Peng, Ang L. Chua, Dorothee Deiss, Nor A.A. Murad, Aneta Stróżyk, See Kwok, Gökhan Alici, Gillian J. Pilcher, John J.P. Kastelein, Dmitry Duplyakov, Calin Lengher, Milena Budikova, C. Azzopardi, Christina Antza, Luis E.V. Arroyo, Khalid Al-Jumaily, Ahmad Al-Sarraf, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Erkayim Bektasheva, Arta Upena-RozeMicena, Qian Wang, Xumin Wang, Leah Leavit, Radzi Rahmat, Selim Topcu, Željko Reiner, Lorenzo Maroni, Matija Cevc, Elizabeth R. Cooremans, Masatsune Ogura, Tevfik Sabuncu, Ruy D Arjona Villicaña, Andrea Giaccari, Xuesong Fan, Auryan Szalat, Sanjaya Dissanayake, Etienne Khoury, Anja Vogt, Hermann Toplak, Alexis Baass, Isabel Palma, Gaelle Sablon, Dana A. Hay, Ya Yang, Margus Viigimaa, Erik S.G. Stroes, Dror Harats, Konstantin Krychtiuk, Zesen Liu, Aleksandra Parczewska, Yves Cottin, Yichen Qu, Mathilde Di-Fillipo, Agnieszka Konopka, Lamija Pojskic, Guadalupe J. Dominguez, Ahmet Temizhan, Roberto C. Chacon, Ibrahim E. Dural, Qiang Yong, G. Kees Hovingh, Kang Meng, Sandra Kutkiene, Julie Lemale, Reinhold Innerhofer, Alexandros D. Tselepis, Handrean Soran, Wolfgang König, Bassam Atallah, Olena Mitchenko, Jana Cepova, Eduardo M. Rodriguez, Ulrich Laufs, Norhidayah Rosman, Alena Lubasova, V. Durlach, Frederick J. Raal, Elyor Khodzhiboboev, Cristina Pederiva, Hui Yuan, Ashraf Reda, Fahad Alnouri, Konstantinos Tziomalos, Thanh T. Le, Jana Sirotiakova, Régis Hankard, Hector E.A. Cazares, Betsabel Rodriguez, Lenka Pavlickova, Assen Goudev, Julius Katzmann, Diana Boger, Wael Almahmeed, Katarina T. Podkrajsek, Sabina Zambon, Fahri Bayram, Nadia Citroni, Samir Rafla, Vincent Rigalleau, Aleksandr B. Shek, Hani Sabbour, Berenice G. Guzman, Shoshi Shpitzen, Eric Tarantino, Ahmed Bendary, Fedya Nikolov, Jean Bergeron, Stefan Kopf, Iva Rasulic, Gerald F. Watts, Muhammad I.A. Hafidz, Mehmet B. Yilmaz, Kathrin Biolik, Ira A. Haack, Robert A. Hegele, Sonia Dulong, Bartosz Wasąg, Osama Sanad, Susana Correia, Zhenjia Wang, Dana Biedermann, Christel König, Helena Podzimkova, Ihab Daoud, Mohammad Alghamdi, Dražen Perica, László Márk, Iosif Koutagiar, Volkan Dogan, Vladimir Blaha, Chandrashekhar K. Ponde, Katerina Valoskova, Amer A. Jabbar, Azhari Rosman, Sazzli Kasim, Mesut Demir, Ulugbek I. Nizamov, Aldo Ferreira-Hermosillo, Dilek Yesilbursa, Atef Elbahry, Arshad Abdulrasheed, Omer A. Elamin, Vasileios Athyros, Joanna Lewek, Gergely Nagy, Ursula Kassner, Jian Jiao, Klaus G. Parhofer, Charlotte Nzeyimana, Marcin Pajkowski, Stanislav Zemek, Jose J.C. Macías, Cornelius Müller, G. Sfikas, Leopoldo Pérez de Isla, Yulia Ragino, Fahad Al-Zadjali, Abdul Rais Sanusi, Anna Rita Roscini, Jean Ferrières, Selim Jambart, Jean Pierre Rabes, Laura Schreier, Hofit Cohen, Olivier S. Descamps, N. Lalic, Christine Stumpp, Antonio J. Vallejo-Vaz, Jutta Christmann, Manuela Casula, Mariko Harada-Shiba, Olga Lunegova, Ewa Starostecka, Nicolas D. Oca, Alain Carrié, Achilleas Attilakos, Savas Ozer, Andreea Dumitrescu, Jürgen Merke, Urte Aliosaitiene, Evangelos Liberopoulos, Manuel O. De los Rios Ibarra, Maria J. Virtuoso, Alessandro Lupi, Panagiotis Anagnostis, Ruth Agar, Dorota Ferrieres, George Liamis, José Eduardo Krieger, Mariann Harangi, Fouzia Sadiq, Francois Schiele, Saif Kamal, Mária Audikovszky, Peter Baumgartner, Marta Gazzotti, Daniel Gaudet, Ashanty F. Ortega, Marcin Gruchała, Philippe Moulin, Ljiljana Popovic, Luca Bonanni, E. Kiouri, Mika Hori, Chiara Trenti, Elena Repetti, Carlo Sabbà, Sophie Bernard, Alejandro R. Zazueta, Mirac Vural, Jesus R. Gonzalez, C. Stevens, Francesca Carubbi, Wenhui Wen, Sabri Demircan, Kanika I. Dharmayat, Anne Tybjærg-Hansen, Elizabete Terauda, Claudia Zemmrich, Alphonsus Isara, Fabiola L. Sobrevilla, Anell Hernandez Garcia, Ibrahim Sisic, Justin T. I-Shing, Yvonne Winhofer-Stöckl, Luya Wang, Manfred Mayer, Mohanad Al-ageedi, Judith Wiener, Mohammed Al-Kindi, Anis Safura Ramli, Yan Chen, Denis Angoulvant, Aytekin Oguz, K.H. Wolmarans, Claudio Ferri, Tomáš Freiberger, Lubomira Cermakova, Julieta D.M. Portano, Pierre Henri Ducluzeau, Katerina Vonaskova, Levent H. Can, Mario H.F. Andrade, György Paragh, C. Ebenbichler, Karina J.A. Rivera, Alia Khudari, Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen, Ana C. Alves, Victoria Korneva, Sandra Singh, Georgia Anastasiou, Nur S. Hamzan, Massimo Federici, Lale Tokgozoglu, Hector G. Alcala, Oana Moldovan, Giuseppe Mandraffino, Swarup A.V. Shah, Lukas Burda, Ersel Onrat, Manuel de los Reyes Barrera Bustillo, Mirjana Radovic, Arman Postadzhiyan, Nien-Tzu Chang, Aylin Yildirir, Martin Mäser, Bruno Fink, Svetlana Mosteoru, Ulrike Schatz, Luis A.V. Talavera, Magdalena Dusejovska, Richard Ceska, Faisal A. Al-Allaf, T.F. Ashavaid, Gereon Böll, Sona Machacova, Gonzalo C. Vargas, Antonio Gallo, Elina Pantchechnikova, Lukas Tichy, Gersina Rega-Kaun, Moses Elisaf, Branislav Vohnout, Antonio Bossi, Suad Al-Mukhaini, Natasa Rajkovic, Ursa Sustar, Merih Kutlu, Mohamed Sobhy, Britta Otte, Ana M. Medeiros, Borut Jug, Patrick Couture, Rodrigo Alonso, Wolfgang Seeger, Guzal J. Abdullaeva, Ahmet Celik, Nasreen Al-Sayed, Béla Benczúr, Petra E. Khoury, Rafezah Razali, Ma L.R. Osorio, Ruiying Zhang, Monica M.N. Usme, Humberto Garcia Aguilar, Ceyhun Ceyhan, Antje Spens, Christoph J. Binder, Volker Schrader, Terrance C.S. Jin, Neftali E.A. Villa, Aleksandra Michalska-Grzonkowska, Francesco Purrello, Marshima M. Rosli, Vincent Maher, Dilshad Rasul, Ines Colaço, Ornella Guardamagna, Giuliana Mombelli, Khalid F. AlHabib, Fahmi Alkaf, Marianne Benn, Youmna Ghaleb, Arsenio V. Vazquez, Lakshmi L. Reddy, Salih Kilic, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir, E. Bilianou, Rossella Marcucci, Sandro Muntoni, Kurt Widhalm, Evangelos A. Zacharis, Kuznetsova T. Yu, Eric Bruckert, Antonia Sonntag, Katerina Rehouskova, Josè Pablo Werba, Leobardo Sauque-Reyna, Myra Tilney, Dov Gavishv, A.M. Fiorenza, Zdenka Krejsova, Hong A. Le, Andrey V. Susekov, Isabel Klein, Mai N.T. Nguyen, Andrejs Erglis, Muge Ildizli, Diane Brisson, Salmi Razali, Winfried März, Ovidio Muñiz-Grijalvo, Justyna Borowiec-Wolna, Ingrid Buganova, Ngoc T. Kim, Yue Wu, István Reiber, Jose C.A. Martinez, Pavel Malina, Sandy Elbitar, Stephan Matthias, Ali F. Abdalsahib, Zlatko Fras, Wilson E Sadoh, Lucas Kleemann, Tayfun Sahin, Martin P. Bogsrud, Fabio Pellegatta, Mohamed A. Shafy, Yuntao Li, Martine Paquette, Zuhier Awan, Arturo Pujia, Xiantao Song, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Ioannis Skoumas, Roman Cibulka, Tadej Battelino, Mariusz Gąsior, Ghada Kazamel, Lahore S.U. Shah, Eran Leitersdorf, Niki Katsiki, Daniel Elías-López, Khalid Al-Rasadi, Grete Talviste, Sarka Mala, Rocio M. Alvarado, Pavel Kraml, Gerret Paulsen, Angelina Passaro, Zsolt Karányi, Carine Ayoub, Vera Adamkova, Ivo Petrov, Turky H. Almigbal, Rohana Abdul Ghani, Franck Boccara, Brian W. McCrindle, François Martin, Jamshed J. Dalal, Shitong Cheng, Khalid Al-Waili, Chaoyi Zhang, Ramon M. Prado, Lubica Cibickova, Lubomira Fabryova, Tobias Wiesner, Thuhairah Hasrah Abdul Rahman, Tan J. Le, Marcello Arca, Sabine Scholl-Bürgi, Juan R. Saucedo, Georgijs Nesterovics, Carla V.M. Valencia, Alexander Stadelmann, Vasileios Kotsis, Lina Badimon, Shizuya Yamashita, Jose C.M. Oyervides, Lay K. Teh, Susanne Greber-Platzer, Marianne Abifadel, Ruta Meiere, Wibke Reinhard, Pablo Corral, Nina Schmidt, Alain Pradignac, A. David Marais, Marta Jordanova, Marzena Romanowska-Kocejko, Johannes Scholl, Brian Tomlinson, Laura G.G. Herrera, Loukianos S. Rallidis, Pedro Mata, Sameh Emil, Matej Mlinaric, Emile Ferrari, Suraya Abdul Razak, Alexandra Ershova, Andrie G. Panayiotou, Alinna Y.R. Garcia, Kairat Davletov, Katarina Lalic, Doan L. Do, Krzysztof Chlebus, Ricardo A. Carrera, Daniel I.P. Vazquez, Nikolaos Sakkas, Liyuan Xu, Mays Altaey, Aysa Hacioglu, Alexandro J. Martagon, Marta Żarczyńska-Buchowiecka, Michael Schömig, Jürgen Homberger, Andrea Benso, Bertrand Cariou, Ardon Rubinstein, Omer Gedikli, Emre Durakoglugil, Mei Chong, Bahadir Kirilmaz, Suhaila Abd Muid, Jose M. Salgado, Berenice P. Aparicio, Mutaz Alkhnifsawi, Bruno Vergès, Cécile Yelnik, Goreti Lobarinhas, Zaneta Petrulioniene, Sylvia Asenjo, Aytul B. Yildirim, László Bajnok, Vallejo-Vaz A.J., Stevens C.A.T., Lyons A.R.M., Dharmayat K.I., Freiberger T., Hovingh G.K., Mata P., Raal F.J., Santos R.D., Soran H., Watts G.F., Abifadel M., Aguilar-Salinas C.A., Alhabib K.F., Alkhnifsawi M., Almahmeed W., Alnouri F., Alonso R., Al-Rasadi K., Al-Sarraf A., Al-Sayed N., Araujo F., Ashavaid T.F., Banach M., Beliard S., Benn M., Binder C.J., Bogsrud M.P., Bourbon M., Chlebus K., Corral P., Davletov K., Descamps O.S., Durst R., Ezhov M., Gaita D., Genest J., Groselj U., Harada-Shiba M., Holven K.B., Kayikcioglu M., Khovidhunkit W., Lalic K., Latkovskis G., Laufs U., Liberopoulos E., Lima-Martinez M.M., Lin J., Maher V., Marais A.D., Marz W., Mirrakhimov E., Miserez A.R., Mitchenko O., Nawawi H., Nordestgaard B.G., Panayiotou A.G., Paragh G., Petrulioniene Z., Pojskic B., Postadzhiyan A., Raslova K., Reda A., Reiner, Sadiq F., Sadoh W.E., Schunkert H., Shek A.B., Stoll M., Stroes E., Su T.-C., Subramaniam T., Susekov A.V., Tilney M., Tomlinson 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Jiao J., Wu Y., Wen W., Xu L., Zhang R., Qu Y., He J., Fan X., Wang Z., Chow E., Pecin I., Perica D., Symeonides P., Vrablik M., Ceska R., Soska V., Tichy L., Adamkova V., Franekova J., Cifkova R., Kraml P., Vonaskova K., Cepova J., Dusejovska M., Pavlickova L., Blaha V., Rosolova H., Nussbaumerova B., Cibulka R., Vaverkova H., Cibickova L., Krejsova Z., Rehouskova K., Malina P., Budikova M., Palanova V., Solcova L., Lubasova A., Podzimkova H., Bujdak J., Vesely J., Jordanova M., Salek T., Urbanek R., Zemek S., Lacko J., Halamkova H., Machacova S., Mala S., Cubova E., Valoskova K., Burda L., Bendary A., Daoud I., Emil S., Elbahry A., Rafla S., Sanad O., Kazamel G., Ashraf M., Sobhy M., El-Hadidy A., Shafy M.A., Kamal S., Bendary M., Talviste G., Angoulvant D., Boccara F., Cariou B., Carreau V., Carrie A., Charrieres S., Cottin Y., Di-Fillipo M., Ducluzeau P.H., Dulong S., Durlach V., Farnier M., Ferrari E., Ferrieres D., Ferrieres J., Gallo A., hankard R., Inamo J., Lemale J., Moulin P., Paillard F., Peretti N., Perrin A., Pradignac A., Rabes J.P., Rigalleau V., Sultan A., Schiele F., Tounian P., Valero R., Verges B., Yelnik C., Ziegler O., Haack I.A., Schmidt N., Dressel A., Klein I., Christmann J., Sonntag A., Stumpp C., Boger D., Biedermann D., Usme M.M.N., Beil F.U., Klose G., Konig C., Gouni-Berthold I., Otte B., Boll G., Kirschbaum A., Merke J., Scholl J., Segiet T., Gebauer M., Predica F., Mayer M., Leistikow F., Fullgraf-Horst S., Muller C., Schuler M., Wiener J., Hein K., Baumgartner P., Kopf S., Busch R., Schomig M., Matthias S., Allendorf-Ostwald N., Fink B., Bohm D., Jakel A., Koschker A.-C., Schweizer R., Vogt A., Parhofer K., Konig W., Reinhard W., Bassler A., Stadelmann A., Schrader V., Katzmann J., Tarr A., Steinhagen-Thiessen E., Kassner U., Paulsen G., Homberger J., Zemmrich C., Seeger W., Biolik K., Deiss D., Richter C., Pantchechnikova E., Dorn E., Schatz U., Julius U., Spens A., Wiesner T., Scholl M., Rizos C.V., Sakkas N., Elisaf M., Skoumas I., Tziomalos K., Rallidis L., Kotsis V., Doumas M., Athyros V., Skalidis E., Kolovou G., Garoufi A., Bilianou E., Koutagiar I., Agapakis D., Kiouri E., Antza C., Katsiki N., Zacharis E., Attilakos A., Sfikas G., Koumaras C., Anagnostis P., Anastasiou G., Liamis G., Koutsogianni A.-D., Karanyi Z., Harangi M., Bajnok L., Audikovszky M., Mark L., Benczur B., Reiber I., Nagy G., Nagy A., Reddy L.L., Shah S.A.V., Ponde C.K., Dalal J.J., Sawhney J.P.S., Verma I.C., Altaey M., Al-Jumaily K., Rasul D., Abdalsahib A.F., Jabbar A.A., Al-ageedi M., Agar R., Cohen H., Ellis A., Gavishv D., Harats D., Henkin Y., Knobler H., Leavit L., Leitersdorf E., Rubinstein A., Schurr D., Shpitzen S., Szalat A., Casula M., Zampoleri V., Gazzotti M., Olmastroni E., Sarzani R., Ferri C., Repetti E., Sabba C., Bossi A.C., Borghi C., Muntoni S., Cipollone F., Purrello F., Pujia A., Passaro A., Marcucci R., Pecchioli V., Pisciotta L., Mandraffino G., Pellegatta F., Mombelli G., Branchi A., Fiorenza A.M., Pederiva 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Rahmat R., Hamzan N.S., Azzopardi C., Mehta R., Martagon A.J., Ramirez G.A.G., Villa N.E.A., Vazquez A.V., Elias-Lopez D., Retana G.G., Rodriguez B., Macias J.J.C., Zazueta A.R., Alvarado R.M., Portano J.D.M., Lopez H.A., Sauque-Reyna L., Herrera L.G.G., Mendia L.E.S., Aguilar H.G., Cooremans E.R., Aparicio B.P., Zubieta V.M., Gonzalez P.A.C., Ferreira-Hermosillo A., Portilla N.C., Dominguez G.J., Garcia A.Y.R., Cazares H.E.A., Gonzalez J.R., Valencia C.V.M., Padilla F.G., Prado R.M., De los Rios Ibarra M.O., Villicana R.D.A., Rivera K.J.A., Carrera R.A., Alvarez J.A., Martinez J.C.A., de los Reyes Barrera Bustillo M., Vargas G.C., Chacon R.C., Andrade M.H.F., Ortega A.F., Alcala H.G., de Leon L.E.G., Guzman B.G., Garcia J.J.G., Cuellar J.C.G., Cruz J.R.G., Garcia A.H., Almada J.R.H., Herrera U.J., Sobrevilla F.L., Rodriguez E.M., Sibaja C.M., Rodriguez A.B.M., Oyervides J.C.M., Vazquez D.I.P., Rodriguez E.A.R., Osorio M.L.R., Saucedo J.R., Tamayo M.T., Talavera L.A.V., Arroyo L.E.V., Carrillo E.A.Z., Isara A., Obaseki D.E., Al-Waili K., Al-Zadjali F., Al-Zakwani I., Al-Kindi M., Al-Mukhaini S., Al-Barwani H., Rana A., Shah L.S.U., Starostecka E., Konopka A., Lewek J., Bartlomiejczyk M., Gasior M., Dyrbus K., Jozwiak J., Gruchala M., Pajkowski M., Romanowska-Kocejko M., Zarczynska-Buchowiecka M., Chmara M., Wasag B., Parczewska A., Gilis-Malinowska N., Borowiec-Wolna J., Strozyk A., Wos M., Michalska-Grzonkowska A., Medeiros A.M., Alves A.C., Silva F., Lobarinhas G., Palma I., de Moura J.P., Rico M.T., Rato Q., Pais P., Correia S., Moldovan O., Virtuoso M.J., Salgado J.M., Colaco I., Dumitrescu A., Lengher C., Mosteoru S., Meshkov A., Ershova A., Rozkova T., Korneva V., Yu K.T., Zafiraki V., Voevoda M., Gurevich V., Duplyakov D., Ragino Y., Safarova M., Shaposhnik I., Alkaf F., Khudari A., Rwaili N., Al-Allaf F., Alghamdi M., Batais M.A., Almigbal T.H., Kinsara A., AlQudaimi A.H.A., Awan Z., Elamin O.A., Altaradi H., Rajkovic N., Popovic L., Singh S., Stosic L., Rasulic I., Lalic N.M., Lam C., Le T.J., Siang E.L.T., Dissanayake S., I-Shing J.T., Shyong T.E., Jin T.C.S., Balinth K., Buganova I., Fabryova L., Kadurova M., Klabnik A., Kozarova M., Sirotiakova J., Battelino T., Kovac J., Mlinaric M., Sustar U., Podkrajsek K.T., Fras Z., Jug B., Cevc M., Pilcher G.J., Blom D.J., Wolmarans K.H., Brice B.C., Muniz-Grijalvo O., Diaz-Diaz J.L., de Isla L.P., Fuentes F., Badimon L., Martin F., Lux A., Chang N.-T., Ganokroj P., Akbulut M., Alici G., Bayram F., Can L.H., Celik A., Ceyhan C., Coskun F.Y., Demir M., Demircan S., Dogan V., Durakoglugil E., Dural I.E., Gedikli O., Hacioglu A., Ildizli M., Kilic S., Kirilmaz B., Kutlu M., Oguz A., Ozdogan O., Onrat E., Ozer S., Sabuncu T., Sahin T., Sivri F., Sonmez A., Temizhan A., Topcu S., Tuncez A., Vural M., Yenercag M., Yesilbursa D., Yigit Z., Yildirim A.B., Yildirir A., Yilmaz M.B., Atallah B., Traina M., Sabbour H., Hay D.A., Luqman N., Elfatih A., Abdulrasheed A., Kwok S., Oca N.D., Reyes X., Alieva 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B., Stoll, M., Stroes, E., Su, T. -C., Subramaniam, T., Susekov, A. V., Tilney, M., Tomlinson, B., Truong, T. H., Tselepis, A. D., Tybjaerg-Hansen, A., Vazquez Cardenas, A., Viigimaa, M., Wang, L., Yamashita, S., Kastelein, J. J. P., Bruckert, E., Vohnout, B., Schreier, L., Pang, J., Ebenbichler, C., Dieplinger, H., Innerhofer, R., Winhofer-Stockl, Y., Greber-Platzer, S., Krychtiuk, K., Speidl, W., Toplak, H., Widhalm, K., Stulnig, T., Huber, K., Hollerl, F., Rega-Kaun, G., Kleemann, L., Maser, M., Scholl-Burgi, S., Saly, C., Mayer, F. J., Sablon, G., Tarantino, E., Nzeyimana, C., Pojskic, L., Sisic, I., Nalbantic, A. D., Jannes, C. E., Pereira, A. C., Krieger, J. E., Petrov, I., Goudev, A., Nikolov, F., Tisheva, S., Yotov, Y., Tzvetkov, I., Baass, A., Bergeron, J., Bernard, S., Brisson, D., Brunham, L. R., Cermakova, L., Couture, P., Francis, G. A., Gaudet, D., Hegele, R. A., Khoury, E., Mancini, G. B. J., Mccrindle, B. W., Paquette, M., Ruel, I., Cuevas, A., Asenjo, S., Wang, X., Meng, K., Song, X., Yong, Q., Jiang, T., Liu, Z., Duan, Y., Hong, J., Ye, P., Chen, Y., Qi, J., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Peng, J., Yang, Y., Yu, W., Wang, Q., Yuan, H., Cheng, S., Jiang, L., Chong, M., Jiao, J., Wu, Y., Wen, W., Xu, L., Zhang, R., Qu, Y., He, J., Fan, X., Wang, Z., Chow, E., Pecin, I., Perica, D., Symeonides, P., Vrablik, M., Ceska, R., Soska, V., Tichy, L., Adamkova, V., Franekova, J., Cifkova, R., Kraml, P., Vonaskova, K., Cepova, J., Dusejovska, M., Pavlickova, L., Blaha, V., Rosolova, H., Nussbaumerova, B., Cibulka, R., Vaverkova, H., Cibickova, L., Krejsova, Z., Rehouskova, K., Malina, P., Budikova, M., Palanova, V., Solcova, L., Lubasova, A., Podzimkova, H., Bujdak, J., Vesely, J., Jordanova, M., Salek, T., Urbanek, R., Zemek, S., Lacko, J., Halamkova, H., Machacova, S., Mala, S., Cubova, E., Valoskova, K., Burda, L., Bendary, A., Daoud, I., Emil, S., Elbahry, A., Rafla, S., Sanad, O., Kazamel, G., Ashraf, M., Sobhy, M., El-Hadidy, A., Shafy, M. 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U., Klose, G., Konig, C., Gouni-Berthold, I., Otte, B., Boll, G., Kirschbaum, A., Merke, J., Scholl, J., Segiet, T., Gebauer, M., Predica, F., Mayer, M., Leistikow, F., Fullgraf-Horst, S., Muller, C., Schuler, M., Wiener, J., Hein, K., Baumgartner, P., Kopf, S., Busch, R., Schomig, M., Matthias, S., Allendorf-Ostwald, N., Fink, B., Bohm, D., Jakel, A., Koschker, A. -C., Schweizer, R., Vogt, A., Parhofer, K., Konig, W., Reinhard, W., Bassler, A., Stadelmann, A., Schrader, V., Katzmann, J., Tarr, A., Steinhagen-Thiessen, E., Kassner, U., Paulsen, G., Homberger, J., Zemmrich, C., Seeger, W., Biolik, K., Deiss, D., Richter, C., Pantchechnikova, E., Dorn, E., Schatz, U., Julius, U., Spens, A., Wiesner, T., Scholl, M., Rizos, C. V., Sakkas, N., Elisaf, M., Skoumas, I., Tziomalos, K., Rallidis, L., Kotsis, V., Doumas, M., Athyros, V., Skalidis, E., Kolovou, G., Garoufi, A., Bilianou, E., Koutagiar, I., Agapakis, D., Kiouri, E., Antza, C., Katsiki, N., Zacharis, E., Attilakos, A., Sfikas, G., Koumaras, C., Anagnostis, P., Anastasiou, G., Liamis, G., Koutsogianni, A. -D., Karanyi, Z., Harangi, M., Bajnok, L., Audikovszky, M., Mark, L., Benczur, B., Reiber, I., Nagy, G., Nagy, A., Reddy, L. L., Shah, S. A. V., Ponde, C. K., Dalal, J. J., Sawhney, J. P. S., Verma, I. C., Altaey, M., Al-Jumaily, K., Rasul, D., Abdalsahib, A. F., Jabbar, A. A., Al-ageedi, M., Agar, R., Cohen, H., Ellis, A., Gavishv, D., Harats, D., Henkin, Y., Knobler, H., Leavit, L., Leitersdorf, E., Rubinstein, A., Schurr, D., Shpitzen, S., Szalat, A., Casula, M., Zampoleri, V., Gazzotti, M., Olmastroni, E., Sarzani, R., Ferri, C., Repetti, E., Sabba, C., Bossi, A. C., Borghi, C., Muntoni, S., Cipollone, F., Purrello, F., Pujia, A., Passaro, A., Marcucci, R., Pecchioli, V., Pisciotta, L., Mandraffino, G., Pellegatta, F., Mombelli, G., Branchi, A., Fiorenza, A. M., Pederiva, C., Werba, J. P., Parati, G., Carubbi, F., Iughetti, L., Iannuzzi, A., Iannuzzo, G., Calabro, P., Averna, M., Biasucci, G., Zambon, S., Roscini, A. R., Trenti, C., Arca, M., Federici, M., Del Ben, M., Bartuli, A., Giaccari, A., Pipolo, A., Citroni, N., Guardamagna, O., Bonomo, K., Benso, A., Biolo, G., Maroni, L., Lupi, A., Bonanni, L., Zenti, M. G., Matsuki, K., Hori, M., Ogura, M., Masuda, D., Kobayashi, T., Nagahama, K., Al-Jarallah, M., Radovic, M., Lunegova, O., Bektasheva, E., Khodzhiboboev, E., Erglis, A., Gilis, D., Nesterovics, G., Saripo, V., Meiere, R., Upena-RozeMicena, A., Terauda, E., Jambart, S., Khoury, P. E., Elbitar, S., Ayoub, C., Ghaleb, Y., Aliosaitiene, U., Kutkiene, S., Kasim, N. A. M., Nor, N. S. M., Ramli, A. S., Razak, S. A., Al-Khateeb, A., Kadir, S. H. S. A., Muid, S. A., Rahman, T. A., Kasim, S. S., Radzi, A. B. M., Ibrahim, K. S., Razali, S., Ismail, Z., Ghani, R. A., Hafidz, M. I. A., Chua, A. L., Rosli, M. M., Annamalai, M., Teh, L. K., Razali, R., Chua, Y. A., Rosman, A., Sanusi, A. R., Murad, N. A. A., Jamal, A. R. A., Nazli, S. A., Razman, A. Z., Rosman, N., Rahmat, R., Hamzan, N. S., Azzopardi, C., Mehta, R., Martagon, A. J., Ramirez, G. A. G., Villa, N. E. A., Vazquez, A. V., Elias-Lopez, D., Retana, G. G., Rodriguez, B., Macias, J. J. C., Zazueta, A. R., Alvarado, R. M., Portano, J. D. M., Lopez, H. A., Sauque-Reyna, L., Herrera, L. G. G., Mendia, L. E. S., Aguilar, H. G., Cooremans, E. R., Aparicio, B. P., Zubieta, V. M., Gonzalez, P. A. C., Ferreira-Hermosillo, A., Portilla, N. C., Dominguez, G. J., Garcia, A. Y. R., Cazares, H. E. A., Gonzalez, J. R., Valencia, C. V. M., Padilla, F. G., Prado, R. M., De los Rios Ibarra, M. O., Villicana, R. D. A., Rivera, K. J. A., Carrera, R. A., Alvarez, J. A., Martinez, J. C. A., de los Reyes Barrera Bustillo, M., Vargas, G. C., Chacon, R. C., Andrade, M. H. F., Ortega, A. F., Alcala, H. G., de Leon, L. E. G., Guzman, B. G., Garcia, J. J. G., Cuellar, J. C. G., Cruz, J. R. G., Garcia, A. H., Almada, J. R. H., Herrera, U. J., Sobrevilla, F. L., Rodriguez, E. M., Sibaja, C. M., Rodriguez, A. B. M., Oyervides, J. C. M., Vazquez, D. I. P., Rodriguez, E. A. R., Osorio, M. L. R., Saucedo, J. R., Tamayo, M. T., Talavera, L. A. V., Arroyo, L. E. V., Carrillo, E. A. Z., Isara, A., Obaseki, D. E., Al-Waili, K., Al-Zadjali, F., Al-Zakwani, I., Al-Kindi, M., Al-Mukhaini, S., Al-Barwani, H., Rana, A., Shah, L. S. U., Starostecka, E., Konopka, A., Lewek, J., Bartlomiejczyk, M., Gasior, M., Dyrbus, K., Jozwiak, J., Gruchala, M., Pajkowski, M., Romanowska-Kocejko, M., Zarczynska-Buchowiecka, M., Chmara, M., Wasag, B., Parczewska, A., Gilis-Malinowska, N., Borowiec-Wolna, J., Strozyk, A., Wos, M., Michalska-Grzonkowska, A., Medeiros, A. M., Alves, A. C., Silva, F., Lobarinhas, G., Palma, I., de Moura, J. P., Rico, M. T., Rato, Q., Pais, P., Correia, S., Moldovan, O., Virtuoso, M. J., Salgado, J. M., Colaco, I., Dumitrescu, A., Lengher, C., Mosteoru, S., Meshkov, A., Ershova, A., Rozkova, T., Korneva, V., Yu, K. T., Zafiraki, V., Voevoda, M., Gurevich, V., Duplyakov, D., Ragino, Y., Safarova, M., Shaposhnik, I., Alkaf, F., Khudari, A., Rwaili, N., Al-Allaf, F., Alghamdi, M., Batais, M. A., Almigbal, T. H., Kinsara, A., Alqudaimi, A. H. A., Awan, Z., Elamin, O. A., Altaradi, H., Rajkovic, N., Popovic, L., Singh, S., Stosic, L., Rasulic, I., Lalic, N. M., Lam, C., Le, T. J., Siang, E. L. T., Dissanayake, S., I-Shing, J. T., Shyong, T. E., Jin, T. C. S., Balinth, K., Buganova, I., Fabryova, L., Kadurova, M., Klabnik, A., Kozarova, M., Sirotiakova, J., Battelino, T., Kovac, J., Mlinaric, M., Sustar, U., Podkrajsek, K. T., Fras, Z., Jug, B., Cevc, M., Pilcher, G. J., Blom, D. J., Wolmarans, K. H., Brice, B. C., Muniz-Grijalvo, O., Diaz-Diaz, J. L., de Isla, L. P., Fuentes, F., Badimon, L., Martin, F., Lux, A., Chang, N. -T., Ganokroj, P., Akbulut, M., Alici, G., Bayram, F., Can, L. H., Celik, A., Ceyhan, C., Coskun, F. Y., Demir, M., Demircan, S., Dogan, V., Durakoglugil, E., Dural, I. E., Gedikli, O., Hacioglu, A., Ildizli, M., Kilic, S., Kirilmaz, B., Kutlu, M., Oguz, A., Ozdogan, O., Onrat, E., Ozer, S., Sabuncu, T., Sahin, T., Sivri, F., Sonmez, A., Temizhan, A., Topcu, S., Tuncez, A., Vural, M., Yenercag, M., Yesilbursa, D., Yigit, Z., Yildirim, A. B., Yildirir, A., Yilmaz, M. B., Atallah, B., Traina, M., Sabbour, H., Hay, D. A., Luqman, N., Elfatih, A., Abdulrasheed, A., Kwok, S., Oca, N. D., Reyes, X., Alieva, R. B., Kurbanov, R. D., Hoshimov, S. U., Nizamov, U. I., Ziyaeva, A. V., Abdullaeva, G. J., Do, D. L., Nguyen, M. N. T., Kim, N. T., Le, T. T., Le, H. A., Tokgozoglu, L., Catapano, A. L., Ray, K. K., and EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC), Borghi C

Subjects
Male, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Arterial disease, Cross-sectional study, Adult population, Coronary Disease, Disease, Global Health, Medical and Health Sciences, Doenças Cardio e Cérebro-vasculares, Anticholesteremic Agent, Monoclonal, Prevalence, Registries, Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Humanized, Stroke, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, LS2_9, Studies Collaboration, Anticholesteremic Agents, General Medicine, Heart Disease Risk Factor, Middle Aged, FHSC global registry data, Europe, Treatment Outcome, Lower prevalence, Guidance, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Female, Proprotein Convertase 9, Familial hypercholesterolaemia, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Combination therapy, FHSC global registry, heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, Cardiovascular risk factors, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Insights, Antibodies, NO, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, Clinician, Medicine, General & Internal, Internal medicine, General & Internal Medicine, Health Sciences, medicine, Humans, EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC), Cross-Sectional Studie, Science & Technology, Global Perspective, business.industry, Cholesterol, LDL, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitor, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, business
Abstract

Background The European Atherosclerosis Society Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) global registry provides a platform for the global surveillance of familial hypercholesterolaemia through harmonisation and pooling of multinational data. In this study, we aimed to characterise the adult population with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and described how it is detected and managed globally. Methods Using FHSC global registry data, we did a cross-sectional assessment of adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of probable or definite heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia at the time they were entered into the registries. Data were assessed overall and by WHO regions, sex, and index versus non-index cases. Findings Of the 61 612 individuals in the registry, 42 167 adults (21 999 [53.6%] women) from 56 countries were included in the study. Of these, 31 798 (75.4%) were diagnosed with the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria, and 35 490 (84.2%) were from the WHO region of Europe. Median age of participants at entry in the registry was 46.2 years (IQR 34.3-58.0); median age at diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia was 44.4 years (32.5-56.5), with 40.2% of participants younger than 40 years when diagnosed. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increased progressively with age and varied by WHO region. Prevalence of coronary disease was 17.4% (2.1% for stroke and 5.2% for peripheral artery disease), increasing with concentrations of untreated LDL cholesterol, and was about two times lower in women than in men. Among patients receiving lipid-lowering medications, 16 803 (81.1%) were receiving statins and 3691 (21.2%) were on combination therapy, with greater use of more potent lipid-lowering medication in men than in women. Median LDL cholesterol was 5.43 mmol/L (IQR 4.32-6.72) among patients not taking lipid-lowering medications and 4.23 mmol/L (3.20-5.66) among those taking them. Among patients taking lipid-lowering medications, 2.7% had LDL cholesterol lower than 1.8 mmol/L; the use of combination therapy, particularly with three drugs and with proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitors, was associated with a higher proportion and greater odds of having LDL cholesterol lower than 1.8 mmol/L. Compared with index cases, patients who were non-index cases were younger, with lower LDL cholesterol and lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (all p, Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning Change [16157823]; Amgen; Merck Sharp Dohme; Sanofi-Aventis; Daiichi Sankyo; Regeneron; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, UK; NIHR; Czech Ministry of Health [NU20-02-00261]; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Austrian Heart Foundation; Tyrolean Regional Government; Gulf Heart Association, The EAS FHSC is an academic initiative that has received funding from a Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning & Change 2014 (16157823) and from investigator-initiated research grants to the European Atherosclerosis Society-Imperial College London from Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi-Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron. KKR acknowledges support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, UK. KID acknowledges support from a PhD Studentship from NIHR under the Applied Health Research programme for Northwest London, UK (the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the Department of Health). TF was supported by a grant from the Czech Ministry of Health (NU20-02-00261). JG receives support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The Austrian Familial Hypercholesterolaemia registry has been supported by funds from the Austrian Heart Foundation and the Tyrolean Regional Government. The Gulf Familial Hypercholesterolaemia registry was done under the auspices of the Gulf Heart Association.

Published
2021
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47. Adiposity and the development of dyslipidemia in APOE epsilon 2 homozygous subjects

Author

Britt E. Heidemann, Charlotte Koopal, Frank J. Wolters, Eke G. Gruppen, Frank L.J. Visseren, Maryam Kavousi, A. David Marais, Robin P. F. Dullaart, Epidemiology, and Radiology & Nuclear Medicine

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Apolipoprotein E, EXPRESSION, medicine.medical_specialty, APOE genotype, Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, APOLIPOPROTEIN E2, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, DIAGNOSIS, 03 medical and health sciences, Rotterdam Study, 0302 clinical medicine, Insulin resistance, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Internal medicine, Hyperlipidemia, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, FAMILIAL DYSBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, Dyslipidemias, Adiposity, III HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA, RISK, business.industry, medicine.disease, Lipids, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Metabolic syndrome, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Body mass index, LIPID-LEVELS, Dyslipidemia
Abstract

Background and aims: Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD), characterized by remnant lipoprotein accumulation and premature cardiovascular disease, occurs in homozygous carriers of the APOE epsilon 2 allele, but genetic predisposition alone does not suffice for the clinical phenotype. Cross-sectional studies suggest that a second metabolic hit-notably adiposity or insulin resistance-is required, but the association between these risk factors and development of FD has not been studied prospectively.Methods: For this study, we evaluated 18,987 subjects from two large prospective Dutch population-based cohorts (PREVEND and Rotterdam Study) of whom 118 were homozygous APOE epsilon 2 carriers. Of these, 69 subjects were available for prospective analyses. Dyslipidemia-likely to be FD-was defined as fasting triglyceride (TG) levels >3 mmol/L in untreated subjects or use of lipid lowering medication. The effect of weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-TG metabolic syndrome on development of dyslipidemia was investigated.Results: Eleven of the 69 epsilon 2 epsilon 2 subjects (16%) developed dyslipidemia-likely FD-during follow-up. Age-, sexand cohort-adjusted risk factors for the development of FD were BMI (OR 1.19; 95%CI 1.04-1.39), waist circumference (OR 1.26 95%CI 1.01-1.61) and presence of non-TG metabolic syndrome (OR 4.39; 95%CI 1.04-18.4) at baseline. Change in adiposity during follow-up was not associated with development of dyslipidemia.Conclusions: Adiposity increases the risk of developing an FD-like lipid phenotype in homozygous APOE epsilon 2 subjects. These results stress the importance of healthy body weight in subjects at risk of developing FD.

Published
2021

48. Melanoma models for the next generation of therapies

Author

Ze'ev Ronai, Leonard I. Zon, Carmit Levy, Meenhard Herlyn, Marcus Bosenberg, Amanda W. Lund, David B. Lombard, Jean-Christophe Marine, Richard M. White, Yardena Samuels, Charles K. Kaufman, Christin E. Burd, Shaheen Khan, Marc Hurlbert, Kristen L. Mueller, Eleonora Leucci, Andrew E. Aplin, Sheri L. Holmen, Iwei Yeh, Ashani T. Weeraratna, David J. Adams, Martin McMahon, Corine Bertolotto, Florian A. Karreth, Sebastian Kobold, Glenn Merlino, Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza, Ping Chi, Jessie Villanueva, Niroshana Anandasabapathy, Kerrie L. Marie, Maria S. Soengas, Jiyue Zhu, Richard Marais, Craig J. Ceol, and E. Elizabeth Patton

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Skin Neoplasms, medicine.medical_treatment, Drug resistance, Article, Targeted therapy, Metastasis, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy, Tumor Microenvironment, medicine, Tumor Microenvironment/immunology, Animals, Humans, Melanoma/drug therapy, Melanoma, neoplasms, Immunity/immunology, Tumor microenvironment, business.industry, Immunity, Cell Biology, Immunotherapy, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Clinical trial, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Genetically Engineered Mouse, Immunotherapy/methods, business
Abstract

Summary There is a lack of appropriate melanoma models that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic modalities. Here, we discuss the current state of the art of melanoma models including genetically engineered mouse, patient-derived xenograft, zebrafish, and ex vivo and in vitro models. We also identify five major challenges that can be addressed using such models, including metastasis and tumor dormancy, drug resistance, the melanoma immune response, and the impact of aging and environmental exposures on melanoma progression and drug resistance. Additionally, we discuss the opportunity for building models for rare subtypes of melanomas, which represent an unmet critical need. Finally, we identify key recommendations for melanoma models that may improve accuracy of preclinical testing and predict efficacy in clinical trials, to help usher in the next generation of melanoma therapies.

Published
2021
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49. The importance of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics assessment in Phase IIB/III trials for MDR-TB treatment

Author

Hannah Yejin Kim, Ben J. Marais, Anne-Grete Märtson, and Alffenaar Jw

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, business.industry, Antitubercular Agents, MEDLINE, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Internal medicine, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant, medicine, Humans, business, Tb treatment
Published
2021
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50. Outcomes after perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with proximal femoral fractures: an international cohort study

Author

Khatri, C, Ward, AE, Nepogodiev, D, Ahmed, I, Chaudhry, D, Dhaif, F, Bankhad-Kendall, B, Kaafarani, H, Bretherton, C, Mahmood, A, Marais, L, Parsons, N, Bhangu, A, Metcalfe, A, Siaw-Acheampong, K, Dawson, BE, Evans, JP, Glasbey, JC, Gujjuri, RR, Heritage, E, Jones, CS, Kamarajah, SK, Keatley, JM, Lawday, S, Li, E, Mckay, SC, Pellino, G, Tiwari, A, Simoes, JFF, Trout, IM, Venn, ML, Wilkin, RJW, Ademuyiwa, AO, Agarwal, A, Al Ameer, E, Alderson, D, Alser, O, Arnaud, AP, Augestad, KM, Bankhead-Kendall, B, Benson, RA, Chakrabortee, S, Blanco-Colino, R, Brar, A, Bravo, A Minaya, Breen, KA, Buarque, I Lima, Caruana, E, Cunha, MF, Davidson, GH, Desai, A, Di Saverio, S, Edwards, J, Elhadi, M, Farik, S, Fiore, M, Fitzgerald, JE, Ford, S, Gallo, G, Ghosh, D, Gomes, GMA, Griffiths, E, Halkias, C, Harrison, EM, Hutchinson, P, Isik, A, Kolias, A, Lawani, I, Lederhuber, H, Leventoglu, S, Loffler, MW, Martin, J, Mashbari, H, Mazingi, D, Mohan, H, Moore, R, Moszkowicz, D, Ng-Kamstra, JS, Metallidis, S, Moug, S, Niquen, M, Ntirenganya, F, Outani, O, Pata, F, Pinkney, TD, Pockney, P, Radenkovic, D, Ramos-De la Medina, A, Roberts, K, Santos, I, Schache, A, Schnitzbauer, A, Stewart, GD, Shaw, R, Shu, S, Soreide, K, Spinelli, A, Sundar, S, Tabiri, S, Townend, P, Tsoulfas, G, van Ramshorst, G, Vidya, R, Vimalachandran, D, Wright, N, Mak, JKC, Kulkarni, R, Sharma, N, Nankivell, P, Tirotta, F, Parente, A, Breik, O, Kisiel, A, Cato, LD, Saeed, S, Pathanki, AM, Almond, M, Kamal, M, Chebaro, A, Lecolle, K, Truant, S, El Amrani, M, Zerbib, P, Pruvot, FR, Mathieu, D, Surmei, E, Mattei, L, Marin, H, Dudek, J, Singhal, T, El-Hasani, S, Nehra, D, Walters, A, Cuschieri, J, Ho, M, Wade, RG, Johnstone, J, Bourke, G, Brunelli, A, Elkadi, H, Otify, M, Pompili, C, Burke, JR, Bagouri, E, Chowdhury, M, Abual-Rub, Z, Kaufmann, A, Munot, S, Lo, T, Young, A, Kowal, M, Wall, J, Peckham-Cooper, A, Winter, SC, Belcher, E, Stavroulias, D, Di Chiara, F, Wallwork, K, Qureishi, A, Lami, M, Sravanam, S, Mastoridis, S, Shah, K, Chidambaram, S, Smillie, R, Shaw, AV, Bandyopadhyay, S, Cernei, C, Jeyaretna, D, Ganau, M, Piper, RJ, Duck, E, Brown, S, Jelley, C, Tucker, SC, Bond-Smith, G, Griffin, XL, Tebala, GD, Neal, N, Vatish, M, Noton, TM, Ghattaura, H, Maher, M, Fu, H, Risk, OBF, Majd, Soleymani H, Sinha, S, Shankar, S, Aggarwal, A, Kharkar, H, Lakhoo, K, Verberne, C, Senent-Boza, A, Sanchez-Arteaga, A, Benitez-Linero, I, Manresa-Manresa, F, Tallon-Aguilar, L, Melero-Cortes, L, Fernandez-Marin, MR, Duran-Munoz-Cruzado, VM, Ramallo-Solis, I, Beltran-Miranda, P, Pareja-Ciuro, F, Anton-Eguia, BT, Dawson, AC, Drane, A, Oliva Mompean, F, Gomez-Rosado, J, Reguera-Rosal, J, Valdes-Hernandez, J, Capitan-Morales, L, del Toro Lopez, MD, Patel, M, Shabana, A, Alanbuki, A, Usman, O, Tang, A, Beamish, AJ, Price, C, Bosanquet, D, Magowan, D, Solari, F, Williams, G, Nassa, H, Smith, L, Elliott, L, Mccabe, G, Holroyd, D, Jamieson, NB, Mariani, NM, Nicastro, V, Li, Z, Parkins, K, Spencer, N, Harries, R, Egan, RJ, Motter, D, Jenvey, C, Mahoney, R, Fine, N, Minto, T, Henry, A, Gill, C, Dunne, N, Sarma, DR, Godbole, C, Carlos, W, Tewari, N, Jeevan, D, Naredla, P, Khajuria, A, Connolly, H, Robertson, S, Sweeney, C, Di Taranto, G, Shanbhag, S, Dickson, K, McEvoy, K, Skillman, J, Sait, M, Al-omishy, H, Baig, M, Heer, B, Lunevicius, R, Sheel, ARG, Sundhu, M, Santini, AJA, Fathelbab, MSAT, Hussein, KMA, Nunes, QM, Jones, RP, Shahzad, K, Haq, I, Baig, MMAS, Hughes, JL, Kattakayam, A, Rajput, K, Misra, N, Shah, SB, Clynch, AL, Georgopoulou, N, Sharples, HM, Apampa, AA, Nzenwa, IC, Sud, A, Podolsky, D, Coleman, NL, Callahan, MP, Dunstan, M, Beak, P, Gerogiannis, I, Ebrahim, A, Alwadiya, A, Goyal, A, Phillips, A, Bhalla, A, Demetriou, C, Grimley, E, Theophilidou, E, Ogden, E, Malcolm, FL, Davies-Jones, G, Ng, JCK, Mirza, M, Hassan, M, Elmaleh, N, Daliya, P, Williams, S, Bateman, A, Chia, Z, A'Court, J, Konarski, A, Faulkner, G, Talwar, R, Patel, K, Askari, A, Jambulingam, PS, Shaw, S, Maity, A, Hatzantonis, C, Sagar, J, Kudchadkar, S, Cirocchi, N, Chan, CH, Eberbach, H, Bayer, J, Erdle, B, Sandkamp, R, Breen, K, Velmahos, G, Maurer, LR, El Moheb, M, Gaitanidis, A, Naar, L, Christensen, MA, Kapoen, C, Langeveld, K, El Hechi, M, Mokhtari, A, Main, B, Maccabe, T, Newton, C, Blencowe, NS, Fudulu, DP, Bhojwani, D, Baquedano, M, Caputo, M, Rapetto, F, Flannery, O, Hassan, A, Ward, A, Tadross, D, Majkowski, L, Blundell, C, Forlani, S, Nair, R, Guha, S, Brown, SR, Steele, C, Kelty, CJ, Newman, T, Lee, M, Chetty, G, Lye, G, Balasubramanian, SP, Shah, Sureshkumar N, Sherif, M, Al-mukhtar, A, Whitehall, E, Giblin, A, Wells, F, Sharkey, A, Adamec, A, Madan, S, Konsten, J, Van Heinsbergen, M, Sou, A, Simpson, D, Hamilton, E, Blair, J, Jimeno Fraile, J, Morales-Garcia, D, Carrillo-Rivas, M, Toledo Martinez, E, Pascual, A, Landaluce-Olavarria, A, Gonzalez De Miguel, M, Gomez Cruzado, Fernandez L, Begona, E, Lecumberri, D, Calvo Rey, A, Prada Hervella, GM, Dos Santos Carregal, L, Rodriguez, 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Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Multivariate analysis, MORTALITY-RATES, hip, SURGERY, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), MULTICENTER, COVIDSurg Collaborative, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Cohort Studies, Medicine, General & Internal, Internal medicine, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Dementia, Humans, Prospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, COMPLICATIONS, Science & Technology, HIP-FRACTURES, business.industry, Hip Fractures, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, 1103 Clinical Sciences, General Medicine, Femoral fracture, Perioperative, medicine.disease, Heart failure, trauma management, Medicine, Surgery, business, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Femoral Fractures, Kidney disease, Cohort study, 1199 Other Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

ObjectivesStudies have demonstrated high rates of mortality in people with proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, but there is limited published data on the factors that influence mortality for clinicians to make informed treatment decisions. This study aims to report the 30-day mortality associated with perioperative infection of patients undergoing surgery for proximal femoral fractures and to examine the factors that influence mortality in a multivariate analysis.SettingProspective, international, multicentre, observational cohort study.ParticipantsPatients undergoing any operation for a proximal femoral fracture from 1 February to 30 April 2020 and with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection (either 7 days prior or 30-day postoperative).Primary outcome30-day mortality. Multivariate modelling was performed to identify factors associated with 30-day mortality.ResultsThis study reports included 1063 patients from 174 hospitals in 19 countries. Overall 30-day mortality was 29.4% (313/1063). In an adjusted model, 30-day mortality was associated with male gender (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.68 to 3.13, p80 years (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.31, p=0.013), preoperative diagnosis of dementia (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.16, p=0.005), kidney disease (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.55, p=0.005) and congestive heart failure (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.48, p=0.025). Mortality at 30 days was lower in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.6 (0.42 to 0.85), p=0.004). There was no difference in mortality in patients with an increase to delay in surgery (p=0.220) or type of anaesthetic given (p=0.787).ConclusionsPatients undergoing surgery for a proximal femoral fracture with a perioperative infection of SARS-CoV-2 have a high rate of mortality. This study would support the need for providing these patients with individualised medical and anaesthetic care, including medical optimisation before theatre. Careful preoperative counselling is needed for those with a proximal femoral fracture and SARS-CoV-2, especially those in the highest risk groups.Trial registration numberNCT04323644

Published
2021

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