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Aims: Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is important in normal prostate and prostate tumor tissues. Thus, the new therapeutic strategies targeting ARs may also be important for treatment of prostate cancer (PC) and its biology. The studies have shown that miRNAs to be dysregulated in PC progression. Therefore, in the present study, differentially expressed miRNAs that predictively target the ARs were identified and investigated by in silico analysis. Main methods: Cellular proliferation, qPCR, western blot and apoptosis assays were performed to investigate the molecular mechanism of the selected miRNAs in the PC cells. Key findings: In our miRNA qPCR study, several miRNAs were found to be differentially regulated in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells (LNCaP-Abl and LNCaP-104R2) compared with androgen dependent (AD) cells (LNCaP). The expression levels of miR-625-5p and miR-874-3p were significantly increased in LNCaP-Abl (2.62-fold, p = 0.0002; 4.00-fold, p = 0.00002, respectively) and LNCaP-104R2 (2.44-fold, p = 0.0455; 3.77 fold, p = 0.0383, respectively) compared with AD cells. The expression levels of AR and prostate specific antigen were increased in PC cells compared with AD cells. Furthermore, transfection of PC cells with anti-miRs suppressed their proliferation and AR protein levels (p < 0.05). Significance: Several differentially regulated miRNAs were identified in CRPC cells, including miR-625-5p and miR-874-3p that are potentially involved in PC progression. These results may provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying CRPC cells and miRNA applications may constitute a new and alternative method to prevent development of CRPC cells in the future., Ege University Scientific Research Projects Fund [2012/TIP/045], Acknowledgements This study was supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Fund which is Grant Number 2012/TIP/045.

Purpose: We tried to establish the predictive factors influencing the initial response, as well as its duration, and time to castration resistance (CR) for primary advanced prostate cancer (PC) with bone metastasis. Methods: We evaluated all patients initially receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for primary advanced PC with bone metastasis. A total of 982 patients with complete medical records available for analysis from 18 centers were included in this study. Age, initial PSA, Gleason score (GS) and extent of bone involvement (EBI) were recorded in a database. Results: Among all the patients, 896 (91.2%) responded to ADT initially. Pretreatment PSA and EBI were significant predictors in the multivariate model. Among the 659 patients who progressed into a CR state, the mean duration of response was 22.4 months. There was a significant correlation between the CR state and nadir PSA (nPSA) level and time to nPSA. Pretreatment PSA, EBI, GS, highest tumor volume in biopsy cores (%), number of positive biopsy cores, percent positive biopsy cores and time to nPSA were proven to be significant to predict a nPSA. Pretreatment PSA, GS and EBI were statistically significant predictors of PSA normalization in multivariate analysis. The limitation of the study depends on the retrospective design and a model was developed for low standardization as a result of using multicenter data. The patients enrolled in this study were from a relatively long period of time (1989–2008). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that it is possible to predict the initial response to ADT by pretreatment PSA levels and EBI, while the duration of response can be reflected by a multitude of clinical factors including nPSA, TTnPSA, percent positive cores, biopsy GS and EBI.

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of single or double epirubicin instillation during the early postoperative period (EPP) in intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive urothelial cancer. Methods: Patients with primary and solitary or multiple (3 or less) Ta (grade 2–3) or T1 (grade 1–2) tumors were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive either a single dose of 100 mg epirubicin instillation within 6 h or a second 100 mg epirubicin instillation during the 12th–18th hours after a complete TUR-BT. At the end of the 60-month follow-up period, the available data were statistically analyzed. The end-points of the study were determined as disease-free survival, progression and recurrence rates, time to recurrence, and time to progression. Results: A total of 299 patients from 24 institutions were randomized between January 2002 and June 2004. There were 143 patients from 18 institutions who met the eligibility criteria. The follow-up and disease-free survival periods were 16.9 months and 16 months, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the demographic properties and the end-points between the groups. Conclusions: A single dose of intravesical 100 mg epirubicin chemotherapy during the early postoperative period for primary intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive urothelial cancer achieved 16 months of mean disease-free survival. A second intravesical epirubicin instillation did not provide any significant benefit.

Prostate cancer is a risk for men aged 40+ even if it is rarely seen among men under the age of 50. It is asymptomatic disease in its early period and if the person does not have an enlarged prostate it will be overlooked without screening. Consequently, the only way to diagnose prostate cancer in its early period is to determine the serum PSA (prostate-specific antigen) level of men aged 40+ and to do a digital rectal examination (DRE).The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of prostate cancer among men aged 40+, to mention the significance of DRE and PSA by means of a training to be done with the aid of a booklet about early diagnosis, and to encourage men to consult a doctor and get the right treatment at the right time.The research was a descriptive field study. carried out among 660 men aged 40+ out of 3,285 men who live in Osman Gazi Health Care District, connected with the Presidency of Training and Research Health Group of Bornova. This group was selected as the smallest sample size by the systematic sampling method within the frame of setting the prevalence of prostate cancer at 10%, the confidence interval as 95%, the standard error as 2%. A total of 264 men of the sample group (participation rate 40%) agreed to a survey of International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) projected by the study, and underwent DRE and PSA with a blood sample.Increase in the serum PSA level (4 ng/mL) was determined in 10 men. Nodules were detected in 3 men together with the increase in PSA. One further nodule was detected only in DRE one examination of 12 participants. In the light of these data, it was decided to conduct a biopsy on 25 people, who had an increase in PSE and/or whose abnormalities were detected during DRE, in company with TRUS, and prostate cancer was detected in the biopsies of 5 people (1.89%).It can be thought that before a decision is made on routinizing prostate cancer screening, it may be more suitable to make randomized controlled screening trials for prostate cancer.

Objective: Although Partin tables were developed in United States to predict the stage of prostate cancer preoperatively, they are used by many clinics throughout the world assuming that these figures apply to their population as well. However the predictive value of current Partin tables, which was updated in 2001, has not been validated in most of the countries as well as in Turkey. Therefore, we evaluated the validity of 2001 Partin tables, for the ability to predict the pathological stage in Turkish patients. Patients and Methods: The clinical and pathological findings of 1043 patients who have had radical prostatectomy were assessed. Serum PSA values, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score and the pathological features of the radical prostatectomy specimens were collected from each clinic and evaluated. The predictive value of Partin nomogram and pathological findings of prostatectomy specimens were compared and analyzed according to Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis. Results: Median age of the patients was 60 (45–74). In the presented study, percentage of patients with clinical stage T1c was 43%. Patients with Gleason score of 2–4 in biopsy constituted 23.4% of the study group. In the present study, the ratio of the patients with serum PSA higher than 10ng/ml was 39.6%. Organ confined disease, seminal vesicle involvement, lymph node metastases ratios were 64.7%, 10.3%, 1.8% respectively. Area Under Curve (AUC) values for organ confined disease, seminal vesicle involvement and lymph node involvement were calculated as 0.665, 0.733 and 0.759 respectively. Conclusion: It appears that Partin tables have a reasonable predictive value for the final pathological features like organ confined disease, seminal vesicle and lymph node involvement in Turkish patients. This multicenter study showed that current Partin tables could also be used in Turkish patients with comparable accuracy.