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The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is globally increasing, and the current available interventions show variable success. Thus, there is a growing interest in additional interventions such as music therapy (MT). Therefore, we aimed to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of music and people with, or at risk of, ASD. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and used PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science as databases, with “music”, “music therapy”, “autism spectrum disorder”, and “ASD” as search terms. Among the identified and screened articles, 81 out of 621 qualified as scientific studies involving a total of 43,353 participants. These studies investigated the peculiarities of music perception in people with ASD, as well as the effects of music and MT in this patient group. Most of the music-based interventions were beneficial in improving social, emotional, and behavioural problems. However, the availability of studies utilizing a rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT) design was scarce. Most of the studies had a small sample size, and the applied therapeutic and scientific research methods were heterogeneous.

Background This study explores live and recorded music listening in the outpatient pain clinic. There is evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of live and recorded music in a hospital setting but a comparison study of this kind has yet to be conducted. Methods A multimethod survey study design was used. A questionnaire utilizing rating scales was self-administered across two outpatient pain clinic waiting rooms. Patients were included through convenience sampling. In one clinic, a playlist of recorded music curated by two of the authors was provided. In the second clinic, a music therapy student played live music using guitar, flute, and voice. The questionnaire gathered data on music's impact on pain and emotional states, as well as attitudes toward music in the waiting room. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data, gathered in the questionnaires open ended question, was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results The questionnaire was completed by 200 adult patients. Patients reported lowered levels of anxiety, stress, and pain in both clinics, as well as a shorter waiting time and more caring experience. Patients in the live music clinic reported that music lowered levels of stress, nervousness, agitation, and pain more than in the recorded music clinic. Conclusions Participants in this study identified that music is a useful tool in the pain clinic waiting room. This study contributes to evidence that music should be considered as a complimentary treatment for people living with pain and in the wider hospital setting. Additional research is warranted with a control group, pre- and posttesting, and studies of music in hospitals in a range of cultural contexts.

Music has beneficial power physically and psychologically. Among Integrative Medicine (IM), music therapy (MT) has been useful, and authors have continued research for IM, MT, and piano-playing. Most pianists do not consider the movement of their fingers, because the memorized process is transformed into automatic action. The function may involve the neural signals from the superior parietal lobule to the primary motor area and dorsal premotor cortex, which is called the sensory-motor transformations. The supplementary motor area (SMA) in the frontal lobe seems to be involved in the function of beat-based timing, expression, and activity of musical behavior.

Objective The importance of integration in psychotherapy is a growing area of research, theory, and practice, especially regarding traumatic events. Although research relates to integration in the context of music therapy with trauma survivors, it has rarely been the main focus of research. The current study investigates which principles and techniques guide music therapists to facilitate integration of trauma survivors. Method Using the phenomenological approach, analysis of semistructured interviews with 41 experienced music therapists working with traumatized populations was conducted to identify themes regarding their perception on integration. Results The findings yielded three different ways of integration. Body integration entails the ability of active music playing to serve as a sensorial stimulus that bypasses linguistic and logical mediation and enables clients to live in peace with their body and feel whole. Event integration relates to a process by which a repressed traumatic event reemerges into consciousness through music and leads to emotional and cognitive integration of that event. Lastly, life story integration relates to the ability to perceive a life story as a whole. The process includes embedding a trauma into the natural flow of a life story through music and achieving emotional and cognitive integration. Conclusions These three ways of integration are conceptualized as a progression of three consecutive levels of integration which may assist music therapists in their work with trauma survivors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE: Menopausal syndrome generally includes psychological problems. Listening to music has been used to cope with changes during this period. This study was conducted to determine the effect of listening to music on the symptoms of menopause and depression levels. METHODS: This randomized-controlled study was carried out between July 2019 and December 2020. The study sample consisted of 48 postmenopausal women (21 in the music group and 27 in the control group). Music was played by the researcher to the postmenopausal women in the intervention group in a total of 18 sessions for six weeks. The data were collected using an introductory information form, Beck depression inventory (BDI), and menopause rating scale (MRS). RESULTS: The posttest MRS scores of the women in the control group were higher than those in the music group, without a statistically significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). Comparison of the post-test BDI scores of the participants in the music and control groups revealed a significant decrease in the depression scores among the women in the music group (P = 0.036). Comparison of the pretest and posttest MRS and BDI differences between the participants showed a statistically significant decrease in the MRS total and sub-scale scores among the women in the music group after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant decrease of posttest BDI scores of the women in the music group but not in the control group. Listening to music can help reduce depression levels and symptoms of menopause in postmenopausal women. Music could be used as a nonpharmacological therapeutic option in nursing care.

Context The analgesic effect of music has long been reported. Objective To assess how anxiety-related psychological states affect the analgesic effect of music using the cold pressor task (CPT). Design A 3-period × 3-sequence crossover design was adopted; three conditions were used: “no sound,” “music-listening,” and “news-listening.” Setting: Participants Forty-nine participants were included. Interventions After completing five anxiety-related psychological instruments (Anxiety Sensitivity Index [ASI]-16, ASI-Revised, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]-S, STAI-T, and Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20), the participants were allocated to the low- or high-anxiety group. The high- and low-anxiety groups were defined based on cutoff points according to the distributions and characteristics of the five instruments. Main outcome measures Pain responses, such as pain tolerance time, pain intensity, and pain unpleasantness, were measured on the CPT. Pain responses in the music-listening condition were also compared to those in the other two conditions via pairwise comparisons within each anxiety group. Results : The Cronbach alpha of the five instruments ranged from 0.866 to 0.95, indicating that they were reliable. Pain responses in the music-listening condition in the low-anxiety groups based on any of the five scales were significantly different from those in the other conditions, but this effect was not found in the high-anxiety groups. This study demonstrates that anxiety-related psychological states can predict the analgesic effect of music on pain responses measured by the CPT and suggests that music may be beneficial as a pain management tool in low-anxiety groups.

Objective: We aim to review existing literature on the effects of background music in waiting rooms on patients. Furthermore, we examine existing neurobiological research for potential mechanisms by which music may affect patients. Background: Music has been studied in healthcare in various forms, from formal interventions such as music therapy to passive listening as therapy. However, music is also present in the healthcare environment in the form of background music in waiting rooms. There has been interest in whether background music in such a setting may have beneficial effects on patient anxiety in order to potentially inform healthcare workers whether and what type of music may be suitable for waiting rooms. Methods: We reviewed existing literature on music in healthcare waiting rooms and the neurobiological mechanisms by which music affects anxiety. Results: We located several small studies performed in a range of settings, including physician office waiting rooms and preoperative waiting areas. The studies generally reported that most patients viewed music in these areas positively; some, but not all, studies showed positive effects on patient anxiety. A variety of theories by which music may impact patient anxiety was noted. Conclusions: We conclude that there exists some evidence to support an anxiety-reducing effect of background music on patients, though studies vary widely in methodology and music selection. A small amount of neurobiological research into the pertinent mechanisms has been conducted, but further research will be required to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which this intervention may reduce anxiety.

Background The majority of breast cancer patients suffer from persistent impairments after completion of their primary oncological therapy. Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in particular is a multidimensional syndrome having a profound negative impact on the quality of life. To counter CRF symptoms, physical activities are suggested as first-line interventions, mind-body therapies have been shown to be effective, and music therapy can also reduce anxiety and stress in breast cancer patients. Tango therapy that combines various elements can have an impact on physical, psychological, and cognitive abilities and could therefore have a beneficial effect on breast cancer patients. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a 6-week tango module is suited as a therapeutic approach for people after primary breast cancer therapy to favorably influence their quality of life, especially CRF levels. Methods Sixty patients with a diagnosis for stage I–III breast cancer 12–48 months before enrollment and with CRF (age > 18) will be recruited and randomized 1:1 to a tango or a waiting-list group. Movement concepts using elements of Argentine tango (self-awareness, musical and spatial perception, self-perception, playfulness, shared experience) will be examined with the participants during six consecutive weekly 1-h tango sessions. The primary outcome will be the improvement of CRF (German version of the Cancer Fatigue Scale), and the secondary outcomes will be the improvement in sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and quality of life (EORTC-QLQ-C30). Patient-reported outcomes will be measured at baseline and 6 weeks later; follow-up will be performed 6, 12, and 24 months after baseline. An evaluation will be performed by means of descriptive data analyses. Discussion Argentine tango, as a music-based movement therapy, can influence different skills and may improve several outcomes. The therapeutic use of Argentine tango in the care of breast cancer patients has not yet been reported. It is anticipated that participants receiving the tango module will have improved CRF, sleep, and quality of life scores compared to a waitlist control. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Registry (DRKS) DRKS00021601. Retrospectively registered on 21 August 2020

BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety disorders are considered to be among the greatest burdens of disease in children and adolescents. Recent literature has reported music therapy to be a safe and potentially effective intervention for the treatment of depression and anxiety. This systematic review examined the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing the symptom severity of depression and/or anxiety among children and adolescents. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were obtained from a systematic search of nine major English databases from inception to January 2021. Studies were categorized by outcome, music therapy technique and follow-up period. RESULTS Seven RCTs (n = 589) were included. Four RCTs had some concern of bias, while three had high risk of bias. Statistical pooling was not appropriate due to clinical heterogeneity. Four studies (n = 428) favoured music therapy for improvement of depressive symptoms at short- and intermediate-term follow-ups compared to control. One study (n = 106) favoured music therapy for improvement of anxiety symptoms at short-term follow-up compared to control. No studies favoured any control over music therapy for symptom improvement of depression and/or anxiety. CONCLUSION Limited evidence suggests music therapy is an effective treatment for improving depression and/or anxiety symptom severity in children and adolescents. More high-quality RCTs are needed to address methodological flaws of current studies.

International research evidence on the physical, cognitive and social benefits of group singing for older people is growing rapidly. However, singing interventions are inconsistently reported, with...

Purpose To synthesize results from multiple studies to determine the effects of music interventions on chronic pain in older adults. Design This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline to identify and select studies. Methods Relevant studies were identified from nine electronic databases. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists were employed to assess methodological quality. All authors performed screening, data extraction, and synthesis. Inclusion criteria were clinical trials investigating music for chronic pain in older adults aged 65 and older. Findings Eight studies involving 524 older adults were included, comprising five randomized controlled trials and three quasi-experimental studies. Music interventions consisted of live music, recorded music, and active music, with a variety of music styles and genres. Despite the small and short-term effects, five studies presented significantly positive outcomes for reducing chronic pain and its common comorbidities in older adults following music interventions. Three studies reported decreased trends in pain scores although they did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Music has potential to be an effective adjuvant for managing chronic pain in older adults. Clinical relevance Nurses can incorporate music into the care of older adults with chronic pain.

Music has been an indispensable part of our lives for centuries. It has sometimes been used as a substitute for verbal communication. Emotions conveyed through instruments or singing and with sounds through musical notes can have an effect on the sick parts of our body. It is revealed day by day that it affects people mentally, psychologically and physiologically. Especially the applications made in clinical settings prove the effect of music. In recent years, studies in the field of Music Therapy and Music Medicine have been increasing. Positive psychology also appears in our lives with presentations made face-to-face and on digital platforms. People will always need to feel good. This study includes five studies in the field in the last three years and published in indexed journals. Studies under the title of music therapy were examined. The exam anxiety of nursing students, crying of babies of mothers who have recently given birth, discomfort experienced by patients receiving chemotherapy treatment during application, anger of individuals with mental illness, and elimination the anxiety of patients with inguinal hernia surgery are the topics. These studies were not only progressed in a therapeutic process, but it was also seen that music was used just for listening as a medicine. As a result, music is used for therapeutic purposes or for providing instant well-being in the life journey. The field covers from being a student to illness, motherhood and occasional discomfort. It is thought that many studies will be carried out in many areas, with music being easily accessible and therapeutic treatment by its experts.

Introduction: There is evidence to suggest that the use of visual schedules within music therapy practice is beneficial; however, there is a paucity of supporting literature for using these tools i...

Review Question(s) Can music induce craving among people with addictions? Can music serve as a conditioned-cue for drug use? What are various factors (i.e., design, types of music) of the existing research concerning music-induced craving? Rationale In a systematic review of music therapy with individuals in treatment for substance use, Megranahan and Lynskey (2018) found evidence for the use of music therapy to decrease cravings with an effect size of -.054 (Cohen’s d). While several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of music and music therapy targeting several objectives among service users with addictions, little is known about the potential negative effects of music on addiction. Given the successful use of music as a conditioned drug stimulus in animal studies (i.e. Polston et al., 2012) and the rise in alcohol, marijuana, and opioid-related lyrics in popular music (Hanba & Hanba, 2018), we chose to conduct a systematic review to explore the evidence surrounding music induced craving. References Hanba, C., & Hanba, D. (2018). Opioid and drug prevalence in top 40’s music: A 30 year review. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 31(5), 761-767. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2018.05.180001 Megranahan, K. & Lynskey, M.T. (2018) Do creative arts therapies reduce substance misuse? A systematic review. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 57, 50-80. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2017.10.005 Polston, J. E., Pritchett, C. E., Sell, E. M., & Glick, S. D. (2012). 18-Methoxycoronaridine blocks context-induced reinstatement following cocaine self-administration in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. 103, 83-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2012.07.013

Music therapy is becoming increasingly prevalent in rehabilitation programs serving military and Veteran populations in the United States. Music therapy is integrated into interdisciplinary models ...

Perinatal loss poses unique challenges to grief work because of the complexity of dynamics it carries. Historically shrouded in socially and culturally based belief systems often impeding normal grief responses, the barriers to healthy processing have been surmounted in recent decades. The emergence of music therapy in partnership with social work is one such approach to addressing both anticipatory grief and bereavement of parents enduring the death of their infant prenatally. This retrospective article highlights the resourcing of popular music within a clinical music therapy approach to the curation of a perinatal bereavement event within a large hospital system in a metropolitan area. Popular music as a ubiquitous art form lends tangibility and relevance to the complicated themes of perinatal loss in a manner that invites bereft parents into a forum of acceptance and acknowledgment of a loss that for too long has remained in the shadows.

The therapeutic benefits of music are well recognized in care for the elderly and especially for people with dementia (PWD). Currently, music-based programs occur at different levels and by a variety of professionals. The challenge is to ensure that music is provided in a positive and beneficial way. There is a need for clinical practice guidelines, based on research outcomes in order to guarantee reliable music therapy and music-based intervention procedures for people with dementia (PWD) so that these interventions are properly implemented by professional music therapists, other health allied professionals as well as caregivers. This paper reflects on this need in order to guarantee successful best practices in the use of music with PWD.

Background: Postpartum blues rate for Asia is between 26-85%, while the prevalence in Indonesia is 50-70%. All postpartum women can experience stress, almost 80% of primiparous women experience feelings of sadness after childbirth. Stress can stimulate the sympathetic nerves to trigger the work of the heart and can trigger increased blood pressure. Music raises changes in brainwave status, stress hormones and affects the cardiovascular system. Nature sounds music is music that has a slow tempo and may cause relaxed and comfortable feelings. Objective: To prove the effect of natural music therapy duration on blood pressure among primiparous postpartum women. Method: This study used a true experimental design (pretest-posttest control group design). The sampling technique used Simple random sampling. The respondents of this study were primiparous postpartum women amounted to 39 mothers. The samples in this study were divided into three groups namely the treatment group of music therapy with 15 minutes duration, the treatment group of music therapy with 30 minutes duration and the control group. Analysis to test the effect of duration of nature sounds music on primiparous postpartum women used One-way ANOVA and Kruskall Wallis test Results: The result of study analysis showed that there was differences between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure with p-value 0,010 and 0,009 (p value

This paper defines the common needs of people with dementia, and how these can be addressed through clinical music therapy and music-based approaches. It describes different types of dementia, brain activity, and functioning, as they relate to differential responses of people with dementia to music. The article explores the ways music affects and can affect behavior, and views how the research literature documents responsiveness to music. Implications of these findings for music therapy practices are also provided

This paper is an umbrella review of systematic research reviews investigating music-based interventions for people with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. While the quality of research methodology for many articles is variable, the findings are nevertheless impressive regarding a variety of positive results for music and music therapy. The strongest outcomes include the ability of these interventions to reduce agitation, anxiety, depression, and other behavioral/psychological symptoms in this population. Yet the impact on cognition and memory is mixed, and it is difficult to determine whether observed improvements might be due to reductions in anxiety. The article addresses several specific music-based interventions, service delivery options and caregiver programming that have been effective. Finally, neurological evidence is presented to account for preserved musical ability of people into late stages of Alzheimer’s disease. These findings support the success of music-based interventions, as well as need for clinical and research guidelines to standardize protocols and compare research studies.

Background: Making and listening to music can be beneficial for older adults. However, little is known about how and to what extent those who live in nursing homes have access to music and the functions that music plays in their lives. Methods: This study involved 20 residents who volunteered from six nursing homes in Switzerland. Each resident was interviewed, and the data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: For many residents, their access to music decreased after moving into their nursing home, and many of them wanted more musical experiences in their daily lives, both with music from their pasts and with unfamiliar repertoire. Music was strongly connected to their sense of identity and elicited positive emotions. Musical activities offered by the nursing homes also stimulated social interactions. Conclusions: Music plays a central role in facilitating positive wellbeing and quality of life in nursing homes.

This pilot research study investigated music therapy in a hospital-at-home setting for children in palliative care, focusing on parental and nurses experiences of music therapy. Nine families included in the study were interviewed after receiving a maximum of five individual music therapy sessions at home with a Music Therapist. In addition, a focus group interview with allied health professionals involved in the patients’ care was conducted investigating the multidisciplinary team’s experiences with music therapy. Results revealed that the families drew attention to the feeling of being isolated–yet connected due to music therapy. All the families reported the importance of the relationship to the Music Therapist, while emphasizing flexibility and joint music-making. Music therapy within hospital-at-home treatment was reported as a meaningful and much appreciated form of therapy, while the multidisciplinary teamwork was highly valued by both the health personnel and the families. The results showed the need for a highly skilled Music Therapist to support the families’ complex and dynamic needs within a hospital-at-home setting. The results demonstrated the need for, and the possibilities of, a dynamic music therapy programme adapting not only to the patients’ individual needs but additionally providing family-centred care that considered shifting locations.

Sleep disruption is common among older adults. Non-pharmacological interventions involving music has emerged as a promising approach to address sleep disruption. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of music interventions on sleep outcomes among older adults (age ≥ 50). We searched five databases through May 2020 and found 16 eligible studies focused on two types of music interventions: music listening (n = 11) and multi-component (n = 5). We found mixed evidence in the efficacy of music interventions to improve sleep outcomes in older adults, which included sleep quality, objective and subjective sleep characteristics. Music listening interventions contained relaxing music with research teams personalizing music choice based on participants’ preferences. Multi-component interventions included listening to music in addition to one other approach, such as massage, tai chi, and nature scenes. Future higher-quality studies should provide a detailed description of music interventions and tailor music selections to older adults’ preferences.

International audience; Although music therapy may engender clinical benefits in patients with neurodegenerative disease, the impacts of social and musical factors of such activities on socio-emotional and motor engagements are poorly understood. To address this issue, non-verbal behaviors of 97 patients with or without major cognitive impairment (CI) were assessed when listening to music or a metronome in front of a musician who was present physically (live) or virtually (video). Socio-emotional engagement was quantified as emotional facial expression production and gaze direction. Motor engagement was quantified as overall body motion and the production of rhythmic movements. In both groups, positive facial expressions were more frequent and rhythmic motor activities lasted longer with music than with a metronome, and during a live performance rather than a video performance. Relative to patients without CI, patients with CI moved less with music, expressed fewer emotions, and spent less time looking at the musician in the video condition and in the metronome condition. The relative reductions in motor and socio-emotional engagements in patients with CI might be markers of disease progression. However, the presence of a live partner induces older adults to engage emotionally and physically in musical activities emphasizing the relevance of using live performance as motivational levers during music therapy.

Background of the study: Music listening is a common, frequent, and universally enjoyed human endeavor. Music therapy is the use of music to improve clients' quality of life. Music therapy is an evidence-based, clinical use of music interventions. Pain is a major concern among postoperative patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of music therapy on pain among post-operative patients Method: A quantitative approach with quasi experimental time serious design was used for the study. The subjects consisted of 20 patients who undergone abdominal surgeries were selected using purposive sampling technique (ten in the experimental group and ten the control group). Music therapy is given to experimental group on the second day of post-operative day and continued for 5 days twice daily. Data was collected by using demographic proforma and pain scale. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Music therapy is an effective intervention in reducing pain score in experimental group as Z value was highly significant at P < 0.001 which revealed effectiveness of music therapy pain at 3rd, 4th and 5th day and 2nd week of surgery. There was no significant association at P

The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of delivering Improvised Active Music Therapy sessions in measuring the impact of acquisition of rhythmic complexity levels on gait performance in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. In this single subject multiple baseline design, the study measured the ability of three right-handed participants with Parkinson’s disease to acquire greater density of syncopation, as a measure of rhythmic complexity levels, while playing uninterrupted improvised music on a simplified electronic drum-set. The music content of the sessions was transformed into digital music data in real-time using Musical Instrument Digital Interface. The Musical Instrument Digital Interface data were analyzed to determine the participants’ and the Music Therapist’s density of syncopation (on acoustic guitar) during baseline and treatment conditions. Results from visual analyses and Pearson’s correlations on the outcomes indicated conflicting and inconclusive outcomes about whether higher acquisition of rhythmic complexity levels improves gait performance in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Despite this, evidence was found to support the overall value of Improvised Active Music Therapy sessions on gait performance. The study design, the intervention, and outcome measures were found to be feasible and could be scaled-up into a larger trial.

Objective: The global incidence of autism has rised up. It can appear the importance of interventions and family struggles, because music is attractive for children we can use it as an effective intervention. The goal of this article is a review of the ASD children problems and interventions and the music effects for treating children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Finally, since music is always accessible and the human body utilizes it on a daily basis, we can use music as a complementary method in occupational therapy. Materials & Methods: Comprehensive electronic search of keywords "music therapy", "autism interventions" and "vagus nerve stimulation" was done in international electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Google Books between 2000 and 2021. In the first part of the search, based on the considered keywords, 30,446 articles were obtained. After reviewing the abstracts of articles, 30,405 articles were discarded due to lack of entry criteria, and finally 41 articles were selected. Among these, 30 articles focused on autism and its interventions and another 11 articles focused on the vagus nerve. Results: children with autism have lots of problems in different aspects and communicate with them is not like normal children. One best way to break this barrier is music. According to Physics, music is placed in energy spectrum as one part of sounds and volumes, which can affect on our body energy. On the other side the rhythmical and compositionality feature of music reinforce this consequence. Due to these features, music is more popular and we can utilize it for children with autism, who don't have enough eye contact and communication. We often use music in our daily lives, for example, from ringing the doorbell to using the phone or waiting in the elevator to reach the desired floor and etc. it is one common and available supplementary way that we can use it for treating beside the other methods. The music plays an important role in activation of Parasympathetic Nervous System via the vagus nerve stimulation. The vagus nerve is a tenth nerve of twelve pairs cerebral nerves. The tenth nerve is one of the most important nerves which originates from the brain and is responsible for innervating face, thorax, abdomen and etc. It is a motor sensory nerve. The vagus nerve is also involved in the Parasympathetic Nervous System. The parasympathetic nerves have a great effect on the relaxation of the body. Vagus nerve has two sensory ganglia that transmits sensory impulses: the superior and the inferior ganglia, by which we can affect on parasympathetic nerves for improvement. Generally these ganglions innervates different part of body such as: ear (where the most stimulations happen in this place) , larynx, heart, pulmonary system, abdomen and abdominal viscera. Because of this innervation vagus nerve stimulation can change the activity of pulmonary system, heart, abdomen, intestine and etc. and contributes to relaxation. The music stimulates the vagus receptors of the ear. Conclusion: Since music is an accessible and attractive resource, it can be used as a complementary method along with medication and other methods, due to which the connection with the child with autism is established and under the shadow of relaxation, learning and more concentration is provided. Keywords: Music Therapy, autism interventions, Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Background: Music has been suggested as a potential sleep aid option in the treatment of depression related insomnia, however, there is a need for research to more fully understand the possible benefits. Objective: To examine experiences of music listening at bedtime for psychiatric outpatients with depression related insomnia. Study design: Qualitative thematic analysis using phenomenological methods applied as microanalysis of interview data. Setting: Outpatient unit for depression in psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. Method: Four adultswith depression and sleep disturbances took part in a semi-structured interview after completing a four-week music intervention as part of a clinical trial. Participants evaluated a specific music listening intervention for sleep improvement. Results: Six themes were highlighted in the analysis: Sleep and relaxation, Distraction, Mood, Habits, Preference and Technology. Three participants reported intervention effective in improving sleep and relaxation and evaluated the distracting effect of music positively with a positive effect on mood. Interactions with technology were important and reported as generally positive. Individual preferences in music selection were also important. This study improved our understanding of the multiple effects of music in depression insomnia and this includes limitations and directions for future research. Music has been suggested as a potential sleep aid option in the treatment of depression-related insomnia; however, research is needed to fully understand the possible benefits. In this study, the objective was to examine experiences of music listening using a new intervention, The MusicStar app, at bedtime for adult psychiatric outpatients with depression-related insomnia. The study design utilized a qualitative thematic analysis using phenomenological methods applied as microanalysis of interview data. Participants were recruited from an outpatient unit for depression in psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. Four adults with depression and sleep disturbances took part in a semi-structured interview after completing a four-week music intervention as part of a clinical trial. The participants evaluated a music listening intervention for sleep improvement. The following six themes were highlighted: Sleep and relaxation, Distraction, Mood, Habits, Preference, and Technology. Three participants reported intervention effective in improving sleep and relaxation. Interactions with technology and music preferences were important. The findings suggest influences of music on relaxation and sleep in depression-related insomnia with examples; Music distracts from inner stimuli, affects mood, arousal, and supports healthy habits potentially improving sleep hygiene. In conclusion, this study improves our understanding of the multiple effects of music in depression insomnia including limitations and directions for future research.

Introduction: The concept of dialogue is frequently used in music therapy. Our literature survey reveals that studies discussing the term dialogue in relation to music therapy have focused almost e...

Objectives: Short-stay residents of nursing homes experience high rates of mental health (MH) distress compared to community dwelling counterparts, yet MH interventions are difficult to implement and sustain. We modified a music therapy framework to Effective Music in Psychotherapy. Using the modified model, we integrated music listening into MH group intervention and evaluated MH outcomes. This pilot study reports the development and evaluation of the Mental Health and Music Group for short-stay nursing homes residents.Method: The group was developed and refined to be non-sequential and non-cumulative, specific to the needs of short-stay nursing home residents. Pre-/post-session ratings examined affect, quality of life, and pain. Leaders monitored engagement across and between sessions. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a selection of attendees.Results: Findings indicated decreases in irritation and worry, and increases in mood, energy, and self-as-a-whole from pre- to post-session. There were no changes in pain, perception of physical health or life-as-a-whole, energetic, sad, or happy affect, or differences in engagement. Qualitative interviews demonstrated benefits of group modality and music to group cohesion and highlighted the relevance of music for mental health outcomes.Conclusion: The Mental Health and Music group was designed around a framework of Effective Music in Psychotherapy, for short-stay nursing home settings, and demonstrated promising results. Future research can solidify the interventions generalizeability to medical and rehabilitation settings addressing the specific population needs and preferences.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1935463 .

Elementary school students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) possessed low self-eesteem that impacted on their academic failure. This study aims to describe the use of a children’s music therapy to enhance the self-esteem of ADHD students. Using a qualitative case study to garner the data from ADHD students, this study included pre-field stages, activities during the field, and post empirical stages. Data were analyzed using observations and interviews. The results of the research show that the children’s music therapy can be used as an alternative in developing the self-esteem of ADHD children in an elementary school. It can be seen from their development of several aspects including ability (competence), meaning (significance), goodness (virtue), and strength (power). Therefore, elementary school teachers are advised to use the music therapy to enhance the self-esteem of ADHD children. As a medium of healing and to overcome anxiety, such therapy could allow students to gain self-acceptance, get acceptance by others, be able to complete tasks, be able to make decisions, be able to control themselves, and have better self-awareness. Keywords: a children's music therapy , self-esteem, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Abstrak Siswa sekolah dasar dengan Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) memiliki harga diri yang rendah yang berdampak pada kegagalan akademik mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan terapi musik anak untuk meningkatkan harga diri siswa ADHD. Menggunakan studi kasus kualitatif untuk mengumpulkan data dari siswa ADHD, penelitian ini meliputi tahap pra-lapangan, kegiatan selama lapangan, dan tahap pasca empiris. Teknik analisis data menggunakan observasi dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terapi musik anak dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif dalam mengembangkan harga diri anak ADHD di sekolah dasar. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari perkembangannya dari beberapa aspek antara lain kemampuan (competence), makna (significance), kebaikan (virtue), dan kekuatan (power). Oleh karena itu, guru sekolah dasar disarankan untuk menggunakan terapi musik untuk meningkatkan harga diri anak ADHD. Sebagai media penyembuhan dan mengatasi kecemasan, terapi tersebut dapat memungkinkan siswa untuk memperoleh penerimaan diri, mendapatkan penerimaan oleh orang lain, mampu menyelesaikan tugas, mampu mengambil keputusan, mampu mengendalikan diri, dan memiliki kesadaran diri yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: terapi musik anak, harga diri, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Aging societies have been observed in Japan and other developed countries worldwide. In the light of anti-aging medicine, authors have continued several approaches such as Integrative Medicine (IM), music therapy, art therapy, frailty, rehabilitation, sports medicine and masters’ athletics. For successful aging, three important factors are necessary, which are i) no illness or disability, to maintain physical/cognitive function, to continue social participation and contribution. Music has large power similar to language and communication and clinical effects physically, psychologically and socially. Various plays of the activities for elderly such as music and sports can bring processes towards achieving successful aging.

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (JACM) officially withdraws the article entitled, “Music Therapy: A Core Service in Integrative Palliative Care” by Noah Potvin, Molly Hicks, a...

My study will be conducted to see if music affects mood.

This study examines piano training as a cognitive intervention for older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment

Music therapy is a relatively new therapeutic practice, with the emergence of music therapy being described, officially as a profession only after the Second World War. However, it is believed that music had already been used as a means of therapeutic treatments many centuries before. Since antiquity, around 5,000 BC, the use of music by priest-physicians in attempts to rehabilitate patients with depression and some neurodegenerative disorders is mentioned among Egyptian peoples. In recent years, interventions with the use of music have been widely used in health environments to reduce pain, anxiety and stress for patients and health professionals. These practices can be an important complement as a therapeutic activity, bringing improvement in the quality of life for people undergoing treatments for anxiety disorders and mood disorders with greater social interaction and also among the elderly, in the prevention and assistance in the treatment of common diseases in this age group. and its comorbidities. Music therapy has many advantages in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, with positive effects on reducing anxiety and pain and decreasing physiological stressors. established at each moment according to the demands of the patient or group and the therapeutic relationship. In this context, music therapy can be performed in health environments in an active way, through practices with sound-rhythmic-musical elements, examples being: singing alone or in a group, learning to play an instrument (flute, guitar, etc.), and passively just listening to music or practicing an exercise with musical guidance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the physiological and therapeutic effects of music therapy on the central nervous system in different clinical studies.

This is a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the results of studies that have assessed the effects of music therapy on sleep quality.

The importance of personal choice in music listening interventions for pain management has been replicated across several high-quality studies and meta-analyses (Bradt et al., 2015; Basiński, et al., 2021; Lee, 2016; Tsai, et al., 2014). More recently, the role of perceived choice has been shown to increase pain tolerance in an experimental setting using the cold pressor task as a proxy for pain (Howlin & Rooney, 2021). The main aim of this study is to test the extent to which the finding that perceived control of music increases pain tolerance extends beyond a lab setting. This study will also explore whether there are additional analgesic benefits from music that is specifically designed and composed to relieve pain at a population level. In line with models of empirical aesthetics, music complexity will be examined as a mediator of analgesic benefits, due to enhanced engagement mediated by optimal complexity. Finally, this study will examine the role of individual attributes, namely musicality, empathy, and age, in mediating the analgesic benefits for pain.

Until now, music therapy is still widely used to help children with autism. In this literature study, various music therapy research will be explained and explicitly given to help children with an autism spectrum disorder. This literature study using two academic electronic search engines: Taylor Francis Online dan EBSCOhost Academic Research Database. For this literature study, researcher using five research studies from abroad, and three research studies from Indonesia. Besides, this literature study is expected to help parents with autistic children, children with needs precisely, as well as music therapists, to get information about the types of therapy and to get therapy music choices that fit the goals to be achieved.

Background: Diagnosis and treatment of cancer and blood disorders in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood has a significant impact on patients and families. The Psychosocial Standards of Care project, initiated in 2012, resulted in 15 Psychosocial Standards (PSS) that guide the care patients and families receive throughout treatment. As members of the multidisciplinary psychosocial care team, music therapists play an important role in the advancing the PSS. Most surveys have focused on other commonly provided services (e.g., social work, child life), leaving gaps in our understanding about the availability and use of music therapy services to advance PSS. This paper offers an initial description of how music therapy services contribute to the provision of care under these Standards. Methods: We analyze how music therapy services promote PSS through synthesis of a music therapy clinical practice survey, published literature, and scope of practice documents. A brief overview of music therapy services structure, PSS that music therapy services currently address, and two clinical program descriptions are included. Results: Music therapy services address 9 of the 15 PSS and are well integrated within the larger program of psychosocial care. Findings suggest integration of music therapy services can help ensure personalized, comprehensive care and efficient use of often-limited psychosocial care resources. Discussion: Nurses, as members of the psychosocial and medical teams are uniquely positioned to identify patient and family care needs and refer patients for services. Understanding how music therapy services address PSS and most importantly, the needs of patients and families, will optimize their care.

A large number of people suffer from anxiety in modern society. As an effective treatment with few side effects, music therapy has been used to reduce anxiety for decades in clinical practice. Yet therapists continue to perform music selection, a key step in music therapy, manually. Considering the growing need for music therapy services and social distancing amid public emergencies, an automatic method for music selection would be of great practical utility. This paper marks the first effort to identify music with therapeutic effects on anxiety reduction via a novel music scoring model. We formulate the calculation of a therapeutic score as a quadratic programming problem, which minimizes score variance among known therapeutic songs while maintaining their superiority over other songs. The proposed model can uncover common features that contribute to anxiety reduction by learning from small and unbalanced data. Using a music therapy experiment, we find that the proposed model outperforms existing techniques in predicting therapeutic songs. Feature analysis is also conducted, revealing that high-frequency spectrums are important in therapeutic scoring.

Family integrated music therapy approaches may contribute significantly to the prevention and management of procedural pain in infants, and the discipline of music therapy requires more sophistication in understanding how and why. In this perspective article, we advocate for the unique role parents play in neonatal pain management and for the importance of supporting and educating parents to actively engage in music therapy as procedural support. Infant-directed singing can be an apt medium for parents and infants to communicate in affective mutual relationship during painful procedures. Music therapists can collaborate with parents in a way that positions parents as experts and assures they are empowered in their roles. In doing so, music therapy both coordinates with and extends the interdisciplinary team’s initiatives to provide individualized, family integrated developmental care. Neonatal pain research is an interdisciplinary field where music therapy has just started to publish results. Theory development is essential in advancing music therapy research and practice in this field. In our perspective paper, we present the theoretical underpinnings of a family integrated approach to music therapy as neonatal procedural support where parents are the primary (re)sources for nurture and pain alleviation.Keywords: music therapy, parental infant-directed singing, family integrated care, procedural support.

Parents of neonates represent an integral area of potential clinical focus for practice consideration in NICU care. Fostering parents’ music as a unique forum, pre-emptive to the music they use for bonding with their infant, or for/with them exclusively, when their infants are not referred, can open many doors of critical relevance. Assessing the impact that early birth may have, and recognizing the experience of trauma that may potentially linger, can infringe upon valuable NICU time for parents and their infants. To address stress, and the potential of trauma, along with its definition and possible impact warrants knowledge of its symptomatology. In this article, stress will be defined, and the potential for acute stress and post traumatic stress disorder will be exemplified prior to addressing the potential parameters for music therapy involvement. Music psychotherapy for referred parents, with focused relevance to the ways in which impending fragility can be addressed with a holding environment of musical nurturance may provide meaningful moments of secured support. These moments, in turn, may likely serve as a safe space for the emergence of music connection with their infants. Our multi-disciplinary team will reflect upon experiences of collaborative practice with families who have experienced trauma related to premature birth. A case vignette highlighting the focal features of music psychotherapy with two parents and a video excerpt exemplifying their experience utilizing song of kin will follow. Keywords: NICU MT, neonatology, song of kin, music medicine, infant stimulation, trauma

A new scientific discipline, neuromusicology, connects the scientific research of music and that of the nervous system, in particular of the brain. It studies the effects of music on the brain; the present paper relates to this particular field. Initially, the right hemisphere was associated with the process of music reception and it was considered that the activation of the left hemisphere was the responsibility of language. Neuroimaging, however, demonstrates that the elements of musical language activate various brain areas in both hemispheres, simultaneously generating the perception of music and emotions. Research in the field of psychoacoustics has revealed that listening to music triggers the production of neurotransmitters in the body that relieve pain, reduce stress and anxiety. Another effect determined by listening and studying music is the structural changes that occur at brain level due to brain neuroplasticity. Pathological changes at brain level have consequences in perception and influence all human activities. Disease alters the artistic creativity of people suffering from various pathologies, biographies of many artists proving that neurological diseases influenced their artistic activity. Decoding the functioning of the brain in the presence of music and its effects on brain activity make it possible to use music therapy as a complementary method to medical treatment. The harmful effects of the current Covid-19 pandemic on the brain are obvious and are already reported in completed or ongoing research studies. The adoption of music as a therapeutic tool in the current global epidemiological crisis highlights its undeniable qualities in multiple pathologies and updates its mental and somatic benefits, complementary to medicine. All this provides an important drive in the reassessment and reconfiguration of the need to amplify the interference strategies between the field of music and that of medicine, implicitly that of neurology.