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Deseterački dvostisi Slavka Jankovića i Luke Lukića vjerodostojni su prikaz života, kulture i običaja na području Slavonije, Baranje i Srijema do sredine 20. stoljeća. Ta vrijedna ostavština s oko 8.000 dvostiha pruža relevantan uvid u leksik toga vremena te pokazuje zastupljenost stranojezičnih elemenata i njegov utjecaj na autohtoni leksički sloj. U disertaciji se istražuju leksičke značajke dvostiha iz prikupljenoga korpusa s osobitim obzirom na polisemičnost, homonimičnost i sinonimičnost te propituje utjecaj posuđenica iz njemačkoga i turskoga jezika na sadržaj i strukturu dvostiha. Posebna je pozornost usmjerena problematici međujezičnih dodira, jezičnom posuđivanju, prilagodbi posuđenica na fonološkoj i morfološkoj, a poglavito na semantičkoj i leksičkoj razini. Prikupljeni korpus čine Jankovićevi tiskani zapisi dvostiha te neistražena i jezično neopisana rukopisna ostavština Luke Lukića čineći tako iznimno bogatstvo gotovo zaboravljenoga pučkog govora Brodskoga Posavlja. Decasyllabic couplets by Slavko Janković and Luka Lukić are an authentic portrait of life, culture and customs in Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem up to the middle of the 20th century. This valuable legacy, which includes around 8,000 couplets, offers a relevant insight into the lexicon of that time and shows the representation of foreign language elements and its effect on the indigenous lexical layer. This dissertation will explore the lexical significance of couplets from the collected corpus with regards to polysemy, homonymy and synonymy, and examine the influence of loan-words from German and Turkish languages on the contents and structure of the couplet. Special attention will be given to the issue of interlingual contacts, linguistic borrowing, adaptation of loan-words on a phonological, morphological, semantic and lexical level. The collected corpus is comprised of Janković’s printed couples and the unexplored and linguistically undescribed handwritten legacy of Luka Lukić, which form the unique treasure of the almost forgotten folk discourse of Brodsko Posavlje. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is an exhaustive overview, description and analysis of the influence of Turkish and German loan-words on the formation of decasyllabic couplets in Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem, with special consideration of the semantic potential of lexemes, and regards to homonymy, synonymy and polysemy in the collected corpus. Likewise, the aim of the dissertation was to use comparative analysis to contrast the writings of the two authors and to describe particular orthographical, grammatical, i.e. phonological, morphological, word-formational, syntactical and lexical features. The first hypothesis argues that the comparison of the two corpora up to the middle of the 20th century shows that polysemy is more widespread than homonymy, and homonymy that synonymy. The second hypothesis argues that Turkish loan-words are more widespread than German loan-words in decasyllabic couplets, from culinary lexicon to clothes and house inventory, botany and gardening and many other agricultural sectors and crafts, and insults, nicknames and characteristics, human relations and emotions. The hypotheses of this dissertation will be tested on the collected corpus comprised of 8,000 couplets from the works of Slavko Janković, one of the most famous Croatian ethnomusicologists of his time, and of the manuscripts of Luka Lukić, the most significant ethnographer, melographer and folklore researcher in Slavonija from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century (Blaževac-Pajkov 2016). This two corpora are differently formed. While Janković's writings are printed in three song-books (Janković 1967, 1970, 1974) and are easily accesible, Lukić's couplets are a part of a manuscript legacy which is kept in The Museum of Brodsko Posavlje at the Etnographic Department in Slavonski Brod. Janković's and Lukić's decasyllabic couplets have not yet been the subject of linguistic study and assessment, therefore detailed analysis, verification and evaluation is needed. The dissertation explores lexical and semantic relationships of lexemes with a particular overview of synonymy, homonymy and polysemy, analyses and determines the cultural and historic framework of languages in contact, the relationships between domestic and loan-words, their absorption and adaptation on a phonological, morphological, semantic and lexical level, and ascertains the level of influence of loan-words on the language of decasyllabic couplets and the semantic areas where they are documented. Through the studied manuscript legacy of Luka Lukić and printed writings of Slavko Janković, the dissertation also implements an analysis of orthography and grammar of traditional discourses and describes particular orthographical, grammar, i.e. phonological, morphological, word-formational, syntactical and lexical features. The couplets are formed spontaneously “alongside life occasions: rituals and customs, work, leisure, jest and momentary elations, weddings, births and deaths...” (Botica 1995), that is, in every circumstance and situation that were a part of everyday traditional life of a Šokac. Since the nature of the couplet is characterized both by being documented and being informative, which therefore provides the ability to reconstruct objective facts, place and date of the action, certain information about history, historic events (Barišić 2016a), politics and political situation, the economy, current economic situation and existing societal issues, it is expected that we find a presence of loan-words in the various lexicon which primarily refers to culinary domain, clothes, decorations, jewelry and textiles, house inventory, garden, botany, agriculture, crafts, military, but also names, human relations and emotions. The initial phase of the research will explore in detail the recent foreign and domestic literature which primarily studies linguistical contacts and complexities of lexical-semantic relationships. Subsequently, from the collected database, which is comprised of printed writings of Slavko Janković and the manuscript legacy of Luka Lukić, a corpus of decasyllabic couplets will be formed. The corpus, comprised of “these small couplets, which melt all the original local, all the lines of force that form local identification” (Botica 2013), will become the backbone of the database study from a linguistic point of view. The dissertation also brings a detailed description and analysis of up to this time unexplored manuscript legacy of couplets of Luka Lukić. The central part of the research will be dedicated to the corpus analysis. Comparative method will be primarily used to describe decasyllabic couplets, and the above-mentioned hypotheses will be verified by an inductive-deductive method. First, the theoretical starting points will be determined and decasyllabic couplets defined, and lexical-semantic relationships with a special overview of synonymy, homonymy and polysemy within the collected corpus will be analyzed. Preliminary research indicates that there are not many synonymous and homonymous lexemes in the body of decasyllabic couplets, while the polysemous lexemes are abundantly represented, and there is large number of those that are not registered in Croatian lexicographic handbooks. An important part of the work will include the linguistics of language contacts as per theoretical points of reference of Croatian contactological literature. Next, the history of Croatian-Ottoman and Croatian-German linguistic contacts will be explored, linguistic borrowing analyzed, its causes, the adaptation of loan-words and their influence on the lexicon of decasyllabic couplets. Finally, main insights and the verification of hypotheses will be synthesized, and considering the unexplored segments of the corpus within the stated areas of lexicology, documentation of lexemes that can be used for supplementation of dictionary description of the Croatian language can be anticipated. Decasyllabic couplets as a kind of lyrical form are most common in Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem and are “an indicator of abundance of Croatian folk treasure” (Botica 1996) and promotors of centuries-long tradition and culture. Because they “have a specific melodic, morphologic, syntactic and semantic recognizability” (Botica 2013) they require a unique approach of particular sciences. While, from an ethnomusicological standpoint, decasyllabic couplets have been described in detail, and there is a certain diversity of approach, subjects of research and scientific engagement with couplets, from a literary theory standpoint, decasyllabic couplets are mostly limited to bećarac (Slavonian humorous-ribald folk song). Several monographies unify them as printed writings, the Josip Užarević monography (2012) classifies them within the literary minimalist genre, Pšihistal (2008) analyses the coding of love in the collection Šokačke pismice Slavka Jankovića, Dragić (2008) briefly defines bećarac while in his magazine article Užarević (2009) discusses the poetics of bećarac and its characteristics. Within this bibliography bećarac is determined as a rhymed decasyllabic couplet, folk vocalinstrumental minimal chant of Slavonija-Baranja-Srijem (Užarević 2009: 111). Bošković-Stulli (1978: 305) suggests that it originated in the second half of the 19th century, and Leskovac (1968: 107) points out that bećarac is situated regionally (from Srijem, Banat and Bačka and Baranja to Slavonija and Šokadija to Kordun and Lika) placing it in an even broader location than it is done in this dissertation. While Botica (2013) considers short decasyllabic chants and rhymes, including bećarac, to be a special and very prolific kind of lyrical chants, according to Dragić (2008: 127) many of the bećaracs belong to folk literature and do not have an aesthetic function. That it is more than merely a folk form of having fun is demonstrated by the fact that Republic of Croatia Ministry of Culture has included it in the List of Protected Cultural Treasures in 2007, and in 2011 it was included in the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Subsequently, it is unclear why decasyllabic couplets have not been the subject-matter of linguistic interest or more detailed research. There are few references about the lexical layer of decasyllabic couplets in the recent linguistical and philological literature. It is therefore necessary to conduct the required research within lexicology. The corpus of decasyllabic couplets in this dissertation consolidates printed writings from collections Šokačke pismice Slavka Jankovića (1967, 1970, 1974) and the unpublished manuscript of Luka Lukić - a total of 8,000 decasyllabic couplets of bećarac, drumarac, svatovac, pokladarac and other minimalistic forms of spoken folk expression. Preliminary research confirms some similarities and differences of those sources. Lukić’s manuscript is older in origin, and considering that Janković analyzed Lukić’s Popijevke iz okolice Slavonskog Broda (1919), it is not surprising that his song-book repeats many of those couplets. Lukić registered couplets of Brodsko Posavlje, including Oprisavci, Varoš, Kaniža, Klakar, Ruščica and Donja Bebrina, and Janković described and collected couplets from certain places in Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem. In addition to the collected couplets, both record music notes for particular couplets. Janković termed all the couplets as pismice, that is, decasyllable couplets, while Lukić categorized them as priskočnice or chants. Literary historians accept the suggested terminology, identifying pismice with “decasyllabic couplets” (Bošković-Stulli 1978: 305). This paper accepts the term decasyllabic couplets while not limiting it exclusively to bećarac or other individual kinds, because the couplets differentiate only in the occasion for which they are written or the lyrical subject that is producing them. All forms of decasyllabic couplets are characterized by the same structure, minimalism, intermediality, rhyme, humorous context and out-singing, and therefore it cannot be justified to single out just one form. As the paper is focused primarily on lexical characteristics, relationships between words and loan-words within the decasyllabic couplets structure will primarily be analyzed. Decasyllabic couplets abound in the latter, as shown in preliminary research. German and Turkish loan-words comprise approximately 70% of the corpus and their analyses will constitute a majority of the paper. When defining loan-words, this paper will incline towards the term Turkish loan-words, rather than Oriental loan-words, and the statement by Hanka Glibanović-Vajzović (1986: 141) that “Turkish loan-words are all words of Oriental and other origin received through Turkish language agency, regardless of their deeper etymology”. After initial research, it has been established that the area of Slavonija, Baranja and Srijem has been subjected to German and Turkish influence during its long and prolific history, which has left trace in Croatian language as well. The reasons for this can be found in long-term presence of Ottomans in the Slavonian area since the 14th century when Croatian language came into contact with the Ottoman influence, and later when the Ottomans were forced out in the 18th century in the establishment of the Military Border (Vojna krajina) which served as a military-police district for the defense from the Ottomans (Moačanin and Valentić 1981). It was then that one language was substituted for another, German (Žepić 1996). As a result of age-long historical events and political changes, German loan-words have, because of certain cultural, political and other reasons, become a language necessity among the members of immigrant German people and the native population. Their usage improved mutual understanding, but also the need to vocally express new elements of extra-linguistic reality which were introduced by interlocking the two cultures (Kordić 2006). Considering these facts, German and Turkish loan-words will be analyzed on a phonological, morphological, semantic and lexical level, using primarily the principles of contact linguistics (Filipović 1979, Filipović 1986, Dabo-Denegri 1998, Sočanac 2004, Stojić 2008). In order to make the analysis more complete, phonological and morphological systems of contact languages will be compared and it will be determined how a loan-word, when being integrated in the receiving language system, shaped its meanings, and how those meanings relate to the meanings in the model of the donor language, the changes that occurred in the adaptation process and why those changes occurred. The best way to detect the effect of language contacts of two languages and to determine which part of the lexicon was significantly influenced by loan-words is by analyzing the lexical level of language structure (Barišić 2016b). The dissertation will research in detail the lexical-semantic relationships of lexemes with special regards to synonymy, homonymy and polysemy. As opposed to synonymy (Melvinger 1984, Petrović 2005) and polysemy (Raffaelli 2015, Tafra 2017) for which there is extensive recent literature, the phenomenon of homonymy (Samardžija 1989, Dobričević 2000, Tafra 2016) has not yet received adequate attention within the Croatian language, and therefore polysemy has not even been unambiguously defined (Hudeček, Mihaljević 2009), which leaves enough space to more thoroughly and systematically analyze homonymy in this dissertation. The paper is expected to note new meanings conditioned by existing decasyllabic couplets which could complete the lexical database and thereby contribute to the semantic description of lexemes in the lexicographic descriptions of the Croatian language.

U ovome doktorskome radu iz područja dodirnoga jezikoslovlja opisan je utjecaj njemačkoga jezika i germanofonih doseljenika u Varaždinu te su prikazani rezultati dodirnojezikoslovne analize posljedica njemačkih-hrvatskih jezičnih dodira u varaždinskom kajkavskom govoru na fonološkoj, morfološkoj i semantičkoj razini. Doktorski rad počinje kronološkim pregledom nekadašnjih i suvremenih civilizacijskih, društveno-kulturnih, upravno-administrativnih, gospodarskih i političkih veza zemalja njemačkoga govornoga područja i Varaždina. Slijedi teorijski okvir s definicijama osnovnih pojmova i pojavnosti koje se proučavaju u okviru dodirnoga jezikoslovlja i sociolingvistike. Treće poglavlje tematizira rezultate analize adaptacijskih procesa varaždinskih germanizama na fonološkoj, morfološkoj i semantičkoj razini. Glosar varaždinskih germanizama čini četvrti i najopsežniji dio doktorske disertacije, a ustrojen je abecedno prema njemačkome modelu. Nakon glosara slijedi abecedni popis varaždinskih replika te popis dijafonskih parova. Budući da dosadašnja istraživanja posljedica njemačko-hrvatskih civilizacijskih i jezičnih dodira u Varaždinu nisu obuhvatila varaždinsku arhivsku i muzejsku pisanu te tiskanu ostavštinu, naše je istraživanje započelo pregledom dostupne građe kako bi se utvrdio i opisao utjecaj njemačkoga jezika kroz varaždinsku povijest. Tekstovi tiskani i pisani na varaždinskoj kajkavštini u razdoblju od druge polovice 19. stoljeća do prvog desetljeća dvadeset i prvog stoljeća potvrdili su intenzivan utjecaj njemačkoga jezika na varaždinski gradski govor. U tim su tekstovima na varaždinskom govoru identificirane leksičke posljedice njemačko-hrvatskih dodira u Varaždinu – varaždinski germanizmi. Na tom korpusu, prikazanome u radu u obliku glosara ustrojena abecedno prema njemačkome modelu, provedena je dodirnojezikoslovna analiza adaptacijskih procesa na fonološkoj, morfološkoj i semantičkoj razini. Even the earliest historical documents of the City of Varaždin, dating from the 13th century and preserved in the Varaždin City Museum and Varaždin State Archives, provide evidence of intense German-Croatian civilisation and language contacts in the area. Our research on the influence of the German culture and language throughout centuries started with the study of Varaždin’s history by gathering information on the first German settlers in the Middle Ages. We determined that from the 13th century onwards various types of GermanCroatian contacts occurred in Varaždin, becoming more intense from century to century, especially under the Habsburgs. The influence of the German language and culture in Varaždin reached the peak from the second half of the 18th to the end of the 19th century. Thus, the first chapter of this doctoral thesis provides information on social, historical, cultural and political background of the German-Croatian language contact in Varaždin. The second chapter of the doctoral thesis presents theoretical framework comprising language phenomena belonging to the scientific field of contact linguistics and sociolinguistics. Some of linguistic phenomena defined and dealt with are bilingualism, multilingualism, codeswitching, diglossia, lingua franca, pidgin, creole, mixed languages, language borrowing, donor language, recipient language, model, replica, interference, adaptation processes, integration and loanwords. The research confirmed that the influence of the German culture and language in Varaždin was so strong that in the second half of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century the language situation in Varaždin was characterised by diglossia in which German was used in favour of Croatian. Bilingual people of Varaždin used to associate the German language with prestige and education and as a result started using German loanwords in the local Kajkavian dialect. Up to the present time, systematic linguistic research into German loanwords found in historical as well as more modern sources written in the vernacular of Varaždin people has not been conducted. The first written forms of the Varaždin vernacular date back to the second half of the 16th century; however, the language material from the second half of the 16th century to the Illyrian movement (1835) is excluded from the research as this is the period when the Kajkavian dialect was the standard literary language used in the then Croatia. In order to be able to conduct research on German loanwords in the vernacular of Varaždin people, we had to compile a corpus. Thus, the identified German loanwords were compiled with the context of their use from the following sources written in the Varaždin vernacular: Varašdinski kolendar/Varaždinski kolendar (1864 – 1900), Ivan-čića (first half of the 20th century), Štefek z mustači (1905 – 1906), Smola naroda (1919), Plitvička oblast (1928), Filarka (1929), Varaždinske vijesti (1998 – 2011), and Rječnik varaždinskoga kajkavskog govora (Tomislav Lipljin 2013). Next, we excerpted the loanwords from the context, identified their German models and compiled a glossary structured alphabetically according to the German model. Altogether, in the written sources of the Varaždin vernacular, we identified 6.682 German loanwords. The first step in the analysis of German loanwords in the vernacular of Varaždin people was to conduct the contrastive analysis of the language systems in contact. Due to this method, we were able to predict the interference at the phonological level of language. When analysing morphological adaptation processes of German loanwords in the Varaždin vernacular, the description of syntagmatic characteristics was applied instead of the contrastive analysis. Furthermore, we introduced the classification of German loanwords according to the type of morphological adaptation of loanwords in the Varaždin vernacular. Moreover, we also provided information on grammatical features of the Varaždin vernacular. The analysis of the loanwords at the semantic level of language included the description of the adaptation of meaning of loanwords. In order to analyse the relations of meanings of a German word and its Croatian equivalent, we applied dictionary definitions of the word meaning. Due to the fact that our research was conducted on the language material dating from several centuries, it was also necessary to apply diachronic approach in the analysis of certain loanwords. Thus, in the third chapter of the doctoral thesis the results of the linguistic analysis of German loanwords in the vernecular of Varaždin people at phonological, morphological and semantic levels of language, including the classification of the loanwords according to their morphological adaptation, are presented. While we were conducting research on German loanwords at different levels of language, we were also entering the results of phonological, morphological and semantic analysis under each German model and its Croatian equivalent. We also provided the context of use for the majority of loanwords from our corpus. In this way we compiled a glossary of German loanwords in the speech of Varaždin people which later became the fourth chapter of our doctoral thesis. The fifth chapter is actually a shortened list of German loanwords in Varaždin speech, structured alphabetically according to the loanwords. Next to each loanword we also give its model word from the German language. The sixth chapter of our doctoral dissertation is complementary to the analysis of German loanwords at the phonological level of language. In this chapter we provide information on the sound environments in which phonological adaptation of borrowed German language material occurs. The chapter comprises a list with diaphonic pairs unpredictable by the contrastive analysis of the phonological systems of the languages in contact. The appendix is complementary to the first chapter of the doctoral thesis as it provides photos of historical documents confirming the strong influence of the prestigious German language in Varaždin throughout history. The photos also give proof of bilingualism of the majority of Varaždin people in various centuries which contributed to the borrowing of German words into the Varaždin vernacular. Thus, aside from providing authentic knowledge on German loanwords in the speech of Varaždin people, this doctoral thesis resulted in compiling a glossary with 6.682 German loanwords, including results obtained from the linguistic analysis of adaptation processes at the phonological, morphological and semantic level of language. In this doctoral thesis we also provide answers to many questions in connection with the intensity of German-Croatian language and civilisation contacts in the City of Varaždin throughout the history

Tijekom svoje povijesti jezik se razvija, mijenja i oblikuje pod različitim utjecajima. Kao rezultat različitih gospodarskih, političkih i kulturnih dodira te utjecaja u srednjoj i jugoistočnoj Europi na slavensko govorno područje, izuzetno velik utjecaj imala je njemačka kultura i njemački jezik. U kojoj mjeri je došlo do zastupljenosti germanizmima, posuđenica iz njemačkoga jezika, koje se koriste u hrvatskom i slovačkom jeziku, utvrdit ćemo u ovome završnome radu. Pomoću literature na hrvatskom, njemačkom i slovačkom jeziku te provedenog upitnika istražit ćemo učestalost korištenja germanizama u već navedenim jezicima te samim time doći do rezultata koji pokazuju postoje li određene sličnosti i razlike u njihovoj uporabi, s obzirom na zemljopisnu udaljenost dviju zemalja. Cilj provedenog istraživanja je utvrditi kvantitativnu zastupljenost uporabe posuđenica iz njemačkoga jezika te odrediti te posuđenice s obzirom na njihova pripadajuća semantička polja. Throughout its history, language evolves, changes and is shaped under various influences. As a result of different economic, political and cultural touchpoints and influences in the middle and the southeastern Europe, one great influence on Slavic languages speaking territories has been the German language and German culture. In this paper, it will be established to what extent there is a representation of Germanisms or words borrowed from the German language, in use in both Slovak and Croatian languages. Using literature in Croatian, Slovak and German, as well as a questionnaire, the frequency of Germanism use in the languages already mentioned will be investigated, which will lead to results showing whether there are certain similarities and differences in their use, given the geographical distance between the countries. The aim of this research is to establish the quantitative representation of the use of loanwords from the German language and to determine those loanwords with respect to their associated semantic fields.

Rječnik germanizama hrvatskih govra donosi germanizme utvrđene u govorima diljem Republike Hrvatske pri čemu se navodi utvrđeni oblik, morfološke značajke i značenje potvrđeno u korištenim znanstvenim radovima, u rječnicima mjesnih govora u Republici Hrvatskoj te dodatnim provjerama kod govornika raznih mjesnih govora diljem Hrvatske. Sadrži 5372 natuknice njemačkih posuđenica u hrvatskim govorima koje su prezentirane abecednim redom radi jednostavnoga i lakšega pronalaženja tražene riječi.

U radu se prikazuju dva 2015. godine izrađena zvučna atlasa hrvatskoga jezika: "Austrijacizmi i germanizmi u hrvatskome jeziku" i "Zvučni atlas hrvatskih govora". Opisuju se metodologija, korpus, ustroj, odabir informanata, svrha te mogućnosti primjene.

Zbog u prošlosti intenzivnih političkih, gospodarskih i kulturnih veza govornika hrvatskoga i njemačkoga jezika u hrvatskome jeziku, osobito u njegovim organskim govorima, postoji vrlo velik broj germanizama. Premda su u prošlosti germanizmi bili predmetom pojedinačnih istraživanja, još ne postoji sustavno i jedinstveno istraživanje koje bi obuhvatilo taj sloj leksičkih posuđenica u povijesnim tekstovima, u književnom jeziku i u organskim govorima, kao ni rječnik germanizama u hrvatskome jeziku. U radu se daje kratak pregled istraživanja germanizama u hrvatskome jeziku, s obzirom na izvanjezičnu realnost (stav prema tom sloju posuđenica), te opseg i znanstvenu kvalitetu istraživanja. Pokušava se odrediti i poželjan smjer daljnjih istraživanja te tematike.

U ovome su radu opisani povijesni okviri hrvatsko-njemačkih jezičnih dodira na području ramskoga kraja te su razrađeni rezultati ankete provedene na ovome području radi istraživanja primjene i prepoznavanja germanizama. Napravljena je usporedba uporabe germanizma prema dobnim skupinama, stručnoj spremi, spolu te prema boravku na njemačkome govornome području i učenju njemačkoga jezika u školi ili fakultetu. Pokušalo se i otkriti koliko ispitanici prepoznaju i koliko su svjesni da u svome govoru koriste upravo njemačke posuđenice, koliko su posuđenice prisutne u svakodnevnome govoru te znaju li ispitanici uopće hrvatsku riječ za pojedini germanizam, a ako znaju, koriste li se u svome govoru tom riječju ili germanizmom. Na kraju su popisani i podijeljeni na različita područja uporabe germanizmi koji se koriste na području ramskoga kraja.

U članku se raspravlja o nekoliko modela prikaza morfološke prilagodbe leksičkih posuđenica. Na temelju spoznaja dobivenih istraživanjem germanizama u kajkavskome književnom jeziku, predlažu se modifikacije i inovacije u postojećim modelima., In the paper the models of R. Filipović, J. Ajduković, J. Grotzky and V. Piškorec are analyzed. According to the author the basic drawbacks of the existing models are that they start from the assumption that in linguistic borrowing the word formation of the model is analyzed and that adaptation processes and word formation processes motivated by the loan in the recipient language are not sufficiently differentiated. On the basis of the analysis of Germanisms in the Kajkavian literary language the author modifies the existing models and introduces terminological innovations such as: initial form, contactological transcategorization, perceptual univerbization, contactological compenzation. She determines that the relationship between the forms of the replica and the model can be described as the relationship of etalone and the methaplasm, where the methaplasm is formed by zero process, addition, substitution or most frequently change. She concludes that transmorphemizational analysis has to be adapted to certain word classes, i. e. that its starting point have to be grammatical categories specific for each of them (i. e. in nouns gender in verbs aspect). She also stresses that it is important to differentiate between transmorphemization and word formation motivated by loans.

Višestoljetni intenzivni njemačko-hrvatski jezični dodiri na području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske ostavili su traga u lokalnim kajkavskim govorima u vidu brojnih posuđenica iz njemačkoga jezika. Molvarski govor, što ga hrvatska dijalektologija ubraja u zapadne govore podravskoga dijalekta kajkavskoga narječja, nije u tome nikakva iznimka. Društveno-povijesni okvir njemačko-hrvatskoga jezičnoga dodira u Podravini i Molvama jest razdoblje Vojne krajine od sredine 16. pa sve do osamdesetih godina 19. stoljeća. U Vojnoj je krajini njemački jezik bio zapovjednim i službenim jezikom pa se od domaćeg hrvatskog stanovništva, napose vojno sposobnih muškaraca od 16 do 60 godina, očekivalo da imaju barem elementarno znanje njemačkoga jezika kako bi se mogli sporazumijevati s nadređenim časnicima. To se znanje stjecalo najčešće u školama na njemačkome, osnivanima u sredinom 18. stoljeća, te tijekom vojne službe. Germanizmi identificirani u molvarskom govoru zastupljeni su u gotovo svim semantičkim područjima, no većina označava koncepte povezane s materijalnom izvanjezičnom zbiljom kao što su alati, namještaj, odjeća, obuća i prehrana. Iako su svi identificirani germanizmi integralan segment suvremenoga molvarskoga govora, neki se više ne koriste – djelomično zbog utjecaja hrvatskoga standarda, a dijelom zbog toga što više nisu aktualni predmeti i apstraktni koncepti koje su označavali. U našemu radu potanko opisujemo metodološki okvir našega istraživanja, ukratko prikazujemo društveno-povijesni okvir njemačko-hrvatskoga jezičnoga dodira u Molvama i Podravini te se usredotočujemo na procese fleksijsko-morfološke adaptacije. Na kraju rada donosimo iscrpan popis njemačkih replika i njihovih posuđeničkih ekvivalenata u molvarskom govoru.

Leksik je više nego bilo koji drugi sastavni dio jezika izložen stalnim promjenama. Zahtjevi koje pred jezik postavlja njegova komunikativna uloga zahtijevaju stalne promjene u jeziku: pojavljuju se nove riječi, koje zamjenjuju stare ili oblici starih riječi dobivaju nove sadržaje. Tema ovoga rada je opis posebno odabrane grupe germanizama koje smo utvrdili u hrvatskom jeziku sjeverne Dalmacije, a cilj rada je bio prikazati nove tendencije koje se javljaju pri upotrebi tih posuđenica u svakodnevnom govoru. Kao podloga istraživanja poslužilo nam je preko sto izdanja različitih lokalnih novina iz Zadra i Šibenika u posljednjih deset godina, a kao izvor germanizama koristili smo također različite svakodnevne govorne situacije, te dijelom emisije lokalnih, gradskih TV-postaja, kao i ankete provedene među studentima. Ovim istraživanjem došli smo do zaključka da se u sjevernodalmatinskom arealu pojavljuje paralelna upotreba različitih njemačkih i talijanskih konkurentnih oblika, nadalje, dio posuđenica iz njemačkoga jezika, koje nemaju terminološki karakter, dobivaju nova značenja, a većina promjena je od pozitivnog ili neutralnog značenja dobila negativno ili pejorativno značenje. Određeni broj germanizama je izgubio svoje prvotno, specifično značenje. U radu su također predstavljene posuđenice iz njemačkoga jezika koje u mas-medijima pokazuju posebna fono-stilistička i izražajna svojstva u odnosu prema talijanizmima u ovom području.

Rad raščlanjuje građu prikupljenu anketom u kojoj se od mostarskih govornika tražilo da procjenjuju uporabu germanizama u vlastitome govoru. Pokušava se otkriti kako na stavove o germanizmima utječu dob (mlađi, srednji i stariji) stručna sprema (niska, srednja i viskoga)i boravak u zemljama njemačkoga govornoga područja (nikada, do godinu dana, više od godinu dana)

Rad je prevedena, proširena i uredničkim predgovorom popraćena verzija doktorata Thea Bindera "Die deutschen Lehnwörter in der kroatischen Essegger Mundart", obranjenog na Sveučilištu u Beču 1956. godine.

Rad je podijeljen u sedam cjelina. U prvom poglavlju predstavljeni su osnovni pojmovi dodirnoga jezikoslovlja i istraživanja posuđenica. U drugom poglavlju obrađen je sociolingvisticki okvir njemacko-hrvatskoga jezicnoga dodira u đurđeveckoj Podravini. Trece poglavlje sadrži opis metodologije istraživanja, dok cetvrto obuhvaca vise od 900 clanaka o pojedinim germanizmima razvrstanih prema njemackim leksickim modelima. U petom su poglavlju popisani germanizmi prema obliku hrvatske replike, a u sestom se nalaze popisi dijafonskih parova. U sedmom poglavlju prikazani su rezultati istraživanja germanizama u tiskanim tekstovima na govorima đurđevecke Podravine

U radu se obrađuje fonološka adaptacija germanizama u govorima đurđevečke Podravine. Ti govori pripadaju podravskom dijalektu kajkavskoga narječja, za koji je karakteristično fiksno mjesto naglaska u naglasnoj riječi. U uvodnome dijelu rada daje se kratak pregled društvenopovijesnoga konteksta njemačko-hrvatskoga jezičnoga dodira u đurđevečkoj Podravini te se navode mjesni govori u kojima su istraživani germanizmi. Drugi dio rada sadrži komentirani pregled literature o fonologiji posuđenica, konstrastivnoj analizi fonoloških sustava jezika u dodiru i fonološkoj interferenciji. Treći dio rada obuhvaća empirijske podatke o procesima fonološke adaptacije i klasifikaciju dijafonskih parova u istraženim germanizmima. Posebna pozornost posvećena je analitičkim, supstitucijskim, elizijskim i epentetskim dijafonskim parovima, ilustriranima primjerima iz istraženog korpusa.

Autorice analiziraju tipove semantičke adaptacije modela iz šest europskih jezika kao jezika davatelja u procesu njihova posuđivanja u hrvatski kao jezik primatelj. Primijenjena metodologija temelji se na teoriji jezika u kontaktu Rudolfa Filipovića (1986), koji uvodi podjelu na primarnu i sekundarnu adaptaciju u procesu adaptacije značenja posuđenica. Analizirani jezici raspoređeni su kronološki počevši od onih s kojima je hrvatski dolazio u dodir u ranijim razdobljima svoje povijesti (mađarski, njemački, talijanski), do jezika s kojima je dolazio u doticaj u novije doba (francuski, ruski i engleski). Članak je rezultat istraživanja na projektu 'Hrvatski u dodiru s europskim jezicima', čiji je pokretač i voditelj bio R. Filipović, The authors present different aspects of the semantic adaptation of loanwords from six European donor languages in Croatian as the recipient language. The analysis is based on the theory of languages in contact of R. Filipović (Filipović 1986). The results reveal considerable differences between languages that Croatian had lasting and intense historical contacts with (Hungarian, German, Italian) and those whose impact can be traced to a later date (French, Russian, English). The former group largely belongs to intimate borrowing, resulting from everyday communicative needs in bilingual/multilingual communities, while the latter belong to cultural borrowing, filling the lexical gaps in the recipient system. While the early language contacts affected dialectal and substandard usage to a large extent, the impact of recent contacts is mainly limited to standard Croatian

U članku se iznose rezultati analize adaptacije posuđenica iz šest europskih jezika u hrvatskom na semantičkoj razini primjenjujući podjelu R. Filipovića na primarnu i sekundarnu adaptaciju. Razlike između bliskog i udaljenog (kulturnog) posuđivanja osobito dolaze do izražaja u procesu semantičke adaptacije.

Autorica ukratko prikazuje povijest dodira hrvatskog s njemačkim jezikom, te status, zemljopisnu i društvenu rasprostranjenost germanizama danas. Nadalje, analizira adaptaciju germanizama na fonološkoj, ortografskoj, morfološkoj i semantičkoj razini.

U radu se prikazuju germanizmi u kajkavskim govorima sjeveroistočno od Karlovca.

U radu se opisuju germanizmi u području kulinarstva.

U radu se analiziraju germanizmi u podravskom dijalektu kajkavskoga narječja hrvatskoga jezika s osobitim osvrtom na govore Đurđevca, Kalinovca, Ferdinandovca, Virja, Molvi i Podravskih Sesveta. Raščlamba germanizama obuhvaća fonološku, morfosintaktičku i semantičku adaptaciju, a toj raščlambi prethodi opis društvenopovijesnoga konteksta njemačko-hrvatskoga jezičnoga dodira u đurđevečkoj Podravini. Rad sadrži glosar zabilježenih germanizama, popis dijafonskih parova te korpus germanizama u pisanim tekstovima.

Posvećeno akademiku Rudolfu Filipoviću Autorice analiziraju tipove ortografske adaptacije modela iz šest europskih jezika (francuskog, njemačkog, engleskog, ruskog, talijanskog i mađarskog) kao jezika davatelja u procesu njihova posuđivanja u hrvatski kao jezik primatelj., The authors present the orthographic adaptation of models from six European donor languages (French, German, English, Russian, Italian and Hungarian) in Croatian as the recipient language. The analysis is based on the theory of languages in contact by Rudolf Filipović. The orthographic form of the French, German, English, Russian, Italian and Hungarian loanwords is formed on the basis of a) pronunciation of the model, b) spelling of the model, e) combination of pronunciation and spelling, d) the influence of an intermediary language.

The authors present the orthographic adaptation of models from six European donor languages (French, German, English, Russian, Italian and Hungarian) in Croatian as the recipient language. The analysis is based on the theory of languages in contact by Rudolf Filipović. The orthographic form of the replica is formed on the basis of a)pronunciation of the model, b)spelling of the model, c) combination of pronunciation and spelling, d)the influence of an intermediary language.

Na temelju teoretskih postavki, iznesenih u uvodnom članku o principima transmorfemizacije, u članku se analizira transmorfemizacija modela iz šest europskih jezika (francuskog, njemačkog, engleskog, ruskog, talijanskog i mađarskog) pri njihovu prijelazu u hrvatski jezik., On the basis of the new theory of languages in contact (Filipović 1986) models from six European languages are analysed on the morphological level following three types of transmorphemization : zero, compromise or partial and complete. The models of six European languages change into six kinds of isms (gallicisms, germanisms, anglicisms, russianisms, italianisms and hungarisms). The analysis has shown that three parts of speech (substantives, verbs and adjectives) can be adapted following three types of transmorphemization: a) zero transmorphemization, b) compromise or partial transmorphemization, and c) complete transmorphemization.

Na temelju prikupljenoga korpusa u radu se iznose zapažanja o adaptaciji nekih germanizama u hrvatskome jeziku, posebice u pojedinim govorima.