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Prapovijesni arheološki lokalitet Kaptol za sada je najznačajnije željeznodobno nalazište na području sjeverne Hrvatske te je i epomnimni lokalitet istoimene najjužnije skupine halštatskoga kulturnog kompleksa. Nekropola na položaju Čemernica istraživana je od 1965. do 1971. godine, kada je istraženo 14 tumula. Nakon toga u tri su navrata provedena kompleksna revizijska istraživanja: 2007. godine bio je istražen tumul XI – najsjeverniji tumul na nekropoli Čemernica, nakon dvije godine tumul III, te 2016. tumul IV. U ovome radu po prvi puta prezentiramo rezultate arheobotaničkih istraživanja halštatskih tumula III i XI na položaju Kaptol – Čemernica. Flotirane su ukupno 674 litre sedimenta iz tumula III i XI te izdvojeno ukupno 16285 karboniziranih biljnih ostataka. U oba tumula apsolutno su najbrojniji nalazi žitarica (preko 90%). Zbog loše očuvanosti materijala, polovica nalaza žitarica determinirana je kao Cerealia (krupnozrne žitarice), među bolje očuvanim nalazima u oba tumula prevladava pšenica (Triticum), a od izdvojenih tipova pšenica najbrojnija je obična ili krušna pšenica (Triticum aestivum). S obzirom na veliku količinu nalaza, prije svega žitarica, može se zaključiti kako je biljna komponenta grobnih rituala u starijem željeznom dobu imala puno veći značaj nego što se to do sada mislilo., The prehistoric archaeological site of Kaptol is the most significant Iron Age site in northern Croatia discovered to date. It has given its name to the southernmost group within the Hallstatt cultural complex. The necropolis at the location of Čemernica was excavated between 1965 and 1971, with 14 tumuli encompassed by the archaeological investigation. Thereafter, three rounds of complex revision excavations were conducted: in 2007, tumulus XI – the northernmost tumulus in the Čemernica necropolis – was excavated; two years later, tumulus III; and, in 2016, tumulus IV. This is the first presentation of the results of archaeobotanical research of Hallstatt tumuli III and XI at the Kaptol – Čemernica site. In total, 674 litres of sediment from tumuli III and XI were floated, resulting in the recovery of 16.285 carbonized plant remains. The overwhelming majority (more than 90%) of finds from both tumuli are those of cereals. Due to the poor preservation of the plant material, half of the cereals have been identified as Cerealia (large-grained cereals). Wheat (Triticum) is predominant among the better-preserved remains from both tumuli, with common wheat (Triticum aestivum) being the most numerous among the types of wheat identified. In view of the large quantity of plant remains, predominantly cereals, the conclusion can be drawn that the plant component of the Early Iron Age burial ritual was much more important than we thought.

Recent years have seen a lot of attention given to mycotoxins, secondary metabolites of molds with toxic effects in humans and other animals. Climate change is one of the main causes of changes in worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins. In addition to increases of temperature and CO2 levels, rainfall is one of the main factors that affect mould growth. Timing, amount, type and intensity of rainfall influence which moulds will develop on crops, in turn deciding the composition of produced mycotoxins. Dry weather conditions favor growth of Aspergillus species, mainly responsible for aflatoxin production. Increased aflatoxin occurrence was observed in Croatia during 2012 and 2013 due to the below average rainfall during flowering of maize, a period when it is most susceptible to mold contamination. Croatian regions which are the greatest producers of maize were stricken by severe drought. Conversely, higher humidity and rainfall during flowering of cereals and harvesting season escalate occurrence of Fusarium species, known producers of trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 & HT-2 toxins, as well as zearalenone, fumonisins, etc. This scenario with increased rainfall and DON occurrence in cereals was recorded during 2014.

Žitarice na polju i tijekom skladištenja izložene su različitim vrstama plijesni, što za posljedicu može imati kontaminaciju mikotoksinima. Najčešća je kontaminacija hrane i krmiva aflatoksinima, deoksinivalenolom, fumonizinima, ohratoksinom A i zearalenonom u različitim koncentracijama ovisno o okolišnim uvjetima na polju i u skladištu. Cilj ovog rada bio je odrediti pojavnost mikotoksina u hrvatskim žitaricama žetve 2013. U tu svrhu prikupljena su 24 reprezentativna uzorka žitarica (pšenice, ječma i zobi) namijenjena ljudskoj prehrani. Za određivanje mikotoksina korištena je multimikotoksinska metoda tekućinske kromatografije – tandemske masene spektrometrije (LC-MS/MS). Rezultati su utvrdili prisutnost Fusarium mikotoksina, a u manjim koncentracijama detektirani su i mikotoksini rodova Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, ergot alkaloidi te mikotoksini drugih rodova plijesni. Relativno niske prosječne razine kontaminacije dobivene u ovom radu bi se mogle objasniti toplim i suhim vremenom u periodu cvatnje i žetve žitarica. Cereals are naturally exposed to different species of fungi both in the field and during storage, which may result in mycotoxin contamination of cereal grains. Most commonly, food and feeds are contaminated with aflatoxins, deoksynivalenol, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in a wide range of concentrations, dependent on environmental and storage conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals from 2013 harvest in Croatia. Twenty-four representative samples of cereals (wheat, barley and oats) for human consumption were collected for this purpose. The mycotoxins were determined using a multimycotoxin method by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results indicated the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins although lower concentrations of Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, ergot alkaloids and other fungal metabolites were detected as well. Relatively low average contamination levels observed in this study could be associated with a warm and dry weather during flowering and harvest periods.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi koncentracije okratoksina A (OTA) u ječmu iz okolice Slavonskog Broda, područja pojavljivanja Balkanske endemske nefropatije (BEN), te ih usporediti s koncentracijama u ječmu iz „neendemskih“ Osijeka i Nove Gradiške. Tankoslojna kromatografija (TLC) i visokotlačna tekućinska kromatografija (HPLC) bile su korištene za detekciju okratoksina A u uzorcima ječma skupljenim tijekom 2000. i 2002. godine. Maksimalno dozvoljena koncentracija (MDK) okratoksina A u žitaricama je 5 μg/kg. Najviše koncentracije OTA (medijan 25 μg/kg; interval pouzdanosti 20,0-25,0 μg/kg) utvrđene su u ječmu iz Slavonskoga Broda iz 2000. godine, potom u ječmu iz istog područja prikupljenom 2002. godine (medijan 20 μg/kg; interval pouzdanosti 10,0-20,0 μg/kg; p < 0,001). U uzorcima ječma iz Osijeka prosječna koncentracija OTA u uzorcima iz 2000. godine iznosila je 12,5 μg/kg (medijan 12,5 μg/kg; interval pouzdanosti 10,0-20,0 μg/kg), dok niti u jednom uzorku iz 2002. godine, kao i u uzorcima iz Nove Gradiške nije utvrđen OTA. Utvrđena je statistički značajno veća koncentracija OTA u uzorcima sakupljenim 2000. godine u Slavonskom Brodu i Osijeku od onih iz 2002. godine. Uspoređujući međusobno uzorke prema lokaciji uzorkovanja utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika uzoraka iz Slavonskog Broda u odnosu na „neendemska područja“. Vlaga zrna niti u jednom uzorku nije prelazila dozvoljenih 14%. Kontaminacija ječma OTA značajno je viša u okolici Slavonskoga Broda u odnosu na ostala ispitivana područja, te višestruko prelazi dozvoljene koncentracije što govori o mogućoj povezanosti BEN i kontaminacije žitarica OTA i općenito mikotoksinima., The aim of the study was to determine ochratoxin A (OTA) concentration in barley from the Slavonski Brod area endemic for the Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) in comparison with barley from Osijek and Nova Gradiška areas free from BEN. Thin-layered chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography were used on OTA detection in barley samples collected in 2000 and 2002 at Slavonski Brod, Osijek and Nova Gradiška locations. Considering the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of 5 μg/kg for cereals, the highest OTA concentrations were determined in barley samples collected in the Slavonski Brod area in 2000 (median 25 μg/kg; confidence interval 20.0 – 25.0 μg/kg), followed by barley samples collected in the same area in 2002 (median 20 μg/kg; confidence interval 10.0 – 20.0 μg/kg) (p < 0.001). In the Osijek area, the median OTA concentration in barley samples from 2000 was 12.5 μg/kg (confidence interval 10.0 – 20.0 μg/kg), whereas barley samples collected in 2002 were free from OTA as were those collected in both 2000 and 2002 in the Nova Gradiška area. Comparison of barley samples in separate Slavonski Brod and Osijek areas yielded statistically significant differences in OTA concentration between the samples collected in 2000 and 2002. Mutual comparison of samples according to the sampling locations established a statistically significant difference between the samples collected in the Slavonski Brod area and those from non-endemic areas in 2000 and 2002. Grain humidity did not exceed the allowable level of 14% in any of study samples. In the Slavonski Brod area, barley contamination with OTA exceeded MAC several fold and was significantly higher in the Slavonski Brod area than in other study areas which suggests the possible connection between BEN and OTA contamination of cereals and mycotoxins in general.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi koncentracije okratoksina A (OTA) u ječmu iz okolice Slavonskog Broda, područja pojavljivanja Balkanske endemske nefropatije (BEN), te ih usporediti s koncentracijama u ječmu iz «neendemskih» Osijeka i Nove Gradiške. Tankoslojna kromatografija (TLC) i visokotlačna tekućinska kromatografija (HPLC) bile su korištene za detekciju okratoksina A u uzorcima ječma skupljenim tijekom 2000. i 2002. godine. Maksimalno dozvoljena koncentracija (MDK) okratoksina A u žitaricama je 5 μg/kg. Najviše koncentracije OTA (medijan 25 μg/kg ; interval pouzdanosti 20, 0-25, 0 μg/kg) utvrđene su u ječmu iz Slavonskog Broda iz 2000. godine, potom u ječmu iz istog područja prikupljenom 2002. godine (medijan 20 μg/kg ; interval pouzdanosti 10, 0-20, 0 μg/kg ; p

Wheat is sown in Croatia on an average 220.000 ha each year. Additonally barley, rye, oats and triticale are sown on approximately 44.000 ha. These crops are attacked by many insect pests. Among them are Frankliniella tritici (Fitc) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Eurygaster austriaca Schrank (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) E. maura (L.) Sitobion avenae Fab. (Homoptera:Aphididae), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae), Metopolophium dirhodum Walker (Homoptera:Aphididae), Zabrus tenebrioides Goeze (Coleoptera:Carabidae), Oulema melanopus L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), O. gallaeciana (Heyden) and a complex of poorly known cereal flies. Information on the pest complex in Croatian cereals will be presented. However, more detailed data on cereal aphids, including data on the flight dynamics based on catches in the standardised R.S. Agaphid station will be presented. Moreover, the Croatian decision tresholds for control of aphids in cereals will be explained. The most important pest in cereals in Croatia are cereal beetles, especially O. melanopus. Data on their dynamics, control and decission treshold will be presented.

The aim of the paper is to simulate the future development of the Croatian cereals market using the method of AGEMEMOD partial equilibrium model. The results present the historical (2010-2016) and projected development (2016-2030) of the production and trade in wheat, corn, barley, oats and rye markets. Simulation results show an increase in productivity per hectare and surface stability with the exception of individual culture. Wheat production in the projection period, same as corn, recorded a production increase and change in the trade balance. Croatia remains a net exporter of corn and wheat. For barley, as a third important cereal, the model results show a constant level of production by 2030, but also a positive foreign trade balance til the end of the projection period. Oats and rye, as less significant grains, still retain the status of imported products at the Croatian market. Domestic prices follow the EU prices trends, but will generally remain at a lower level than the average EU price. Despite the price competitiveness in the EU market, the domestic cereal sector is facing problems. In the domestic cereal sector there is a trend of relatively cheap grain export on common market, with expensive final products and processed products import., Cilj rada je prikazati simulaciju razvoja tržišta žitarica korištenjem AGMEMOD modela parcijalne ravnoteže. Rezultati u radu prikazuju povijesni (2010-2016) i projicirani razvoj (2016.-2030) tržišta pšenice, kukuruza, ječma, zobi i raži. Rezultati projekcije prikazuju povećanje produktivnosti i stabilnost površina uz iznimke kod pojedinih kultura. Proizvodnja pšenice u razdoblju projekcije, kao i kukuruza, bilježi povećanje i promjenu vanjskotrgovinske bilance. Hrvatska i dalje ostaje neto izvoznica kukuruza i pšenice. Kod ječma, kao treće žitarice po važnosti, rezultati modela pokazuju stagnaciju razine proizvodnje do 2030., ali i pozitivnu vanjskotrgovinsku bilancu do kraja razdoblja projekcije. Zob i raž kao manje zastupljene žitarice i dalje zadržavaju status proizvoda koje će hrvatsko tržište uvoziti. Domaće cijene prate trendove cijena u EU, ali će uglavnom ostati na nižoj razini od prosječnih cijena na zajedničkom tržištu. Unatoč cjenovnoj konkurentnosti na tržištu EU, domaći sektor žitarica susreće se s problemima. U sektoru je prisutan trend izvoza relativno jeftine sirovine, uz uvoz skupih finalnih proizvoda i prerađevina tog sektora.