Search

Seven promising genotypes of Gladiolus were experimented during the two consecutive years of 2014/15 and 2015/16 in the field of Horticulture Research Division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur (1332 masl) to evaluate the performances of their vegetative, floral and corm characteristics. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The treatments consisted of seven genotypes (ARSDG-01, ARSDG-02, ARSDG-03, ARSDG-04, ARSDG-05, ARSDG-06 and ARSDG-07). Fifty-four corms of each genotype were planted in the crop geometry of 25 x 25 cm. A total of sixteen characters were observed. The pooled results of two years data indicated significantly different except plant height, spike length, rachis length, number of cormels per mother corm and individual corm weight due to the effects of seven evaluated genotypes. Genotype ARSDG-04 was proven as the earliest one for days to the first spike emergence (73.00 days), the full spike emergence (76.50 days) and the first unfurling of florets (83 days). In contrast, ARSDG-01 and ARSDG-06 were late genotypes for the same three characters. The number of florets/spikes was considerably high in two genotypes viz., ARSDG-06 (21.00) and ARSDG-03 (20.50). The number of daughter corms/mother corm was significantly high in ARSDG-05 (3.10) and ARSDG-04 (2.92) whereas it was minimally low in ARSDG-02 (1.66) and ARSDG-07 (1.69). Summing up all sixteen characters of evaluated genotypes, ARSDG-04 as the first, ARSDG-05 as the second and ARSDG-03 as the third have respectively emerged as superior ones as opposed by those of the rest of evaluated genotypes of Gladiolus.

A field experiment was carried out with 109 diverse indigenous genotypes of bread wheat along with four checks in Augmented Block Design for study of character association and path coefficient, divided in to 7 blocks of equal size. Each block had 15 plots of test entries along with 4 checks (viz. LOK-1, HD-2009, WH-147 and DBW-17). The trial was conducted at Main Experimental Station Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during Rabi 2015-16. The observations were recorded on eleven quantitative characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), tillers per plant, spike length (cm), flag leaf area (cm), peduncle length (cm), 1000 grain weight (g), biological yield per plant (g), harvest index (%) and grain yield per plant (g). Results revealed that the experimental field was divided in 7 blocks. Each have had 15 plots of the entries with 4 checks.

This study was carried out in Andro Research Farm, CAU, Imphal to study diallel analysis of yield and its important components in 10 genotype of wheat during two consecutive rabi season 2017-2019. All the 10 genotype and their 45 F1’s cross combination exhibited significant difference in characters under study Combining ability analysis showed that both gca and sca variances value were highly significant for most of traits studied in F1 progenies which suggest importance of both additive as well as non-additive genetic components for the expression of characters under study. VL 3017 was found good general combiner for the characters like fifty percent flowering, days to eighty percent maturity, plant height, total number of tillers per hill, total number of spikelets per spike, spike length, total number of filled grains per spike and grain yield per plant. Among all 45 crosses, cross combination VL 3018 x HS 490 and VL 892 x UP 3017 were good specific combiners for the grain yield per plant character in F1 generation.

Seven bread wheat genotypes were crossed in a7x7half diallel scheme in 2017/2018.Parents and their 21 F1 crosses were evaluated under normal and stress conditions during 2018/2019 in two field experiments. The results of analysis of variance were significant for all studied traits. The highest mean values were detected by parents P1, P1,P2, P3,P2 and p2 for plant height, spike length, No of spikes/ plant, 1000-kernel weight, biological yield/ plant and grain yield/ plant, respectively. While, the highest mean values were recorded with crosses P3xP5 for biological yield/ plant and grain yield / plant. Mean squares for both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability estimates were highly significant for most studied traits. The ratios between GCA and SCA exceeded the unity for all studied traits, except biological yield/ plant under drought, revealing that additive and additive x additive types of gene action are more important than non-additive gene action in controlling these traits. P6 exhibited positive and significant ĝi effects for biological yield/ plant. P7 gave positive and significant combiner for spike length, No of spikes/ plant and grain yield/ plant. The highest desirable SCA effects were obtained with P1 x P6, P1 x P7, P2 x P7, P3 x P5 and P4 x P7for grain yield/ plant which exhibited significant and positive ŝij effects

Dendrobium orchid cv. Singapore White is cultivated commercially for cut flower purpose. The performance of this orchid in response to the different nutrient concentrations was evaluated under the agro-climatic conditions of Kodagu during 2017-2020. Twelve nutrient doses were applied as foliar sprays at weekly intervals to study their effect on vegetative growth, flower production and quality parameters of the cut flowers. Plant height, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area, number of pseudobulbs plant-1, number of spikes plant-1 year-1, number of flowers spike-1 and spike length varied significantly with the nutrient doses. Foliar spray of 30:20:20 NPK 0.1% at weekly intervals recorded the maximum plant height of 53.21cm, number of spikes plant-1year-1 (10.01) with spike length of 44.43 cm and 16.20 flower spike-1.

The present experiment entitled “Effect of pre-plant soaking of corms in bio- regulators on growth, flowering, yield and quality in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. Rani.” was carried out at the Jambuvadi Farm, Department of Horticulture, J. A.U., Junagadh (Gujarat) during 2019 to 2020. The results of the study indicated that, the pre-plant soaking of corms in bio- regulator GA3 (150 ppm) was found effective for earlier sprouting (6.90 days), maximum plant height (78.74 cm) and number of leaves (13.62). Regarding flowering characters, the GA3 150 ppm responded best especially in commercial traits like spike length (86.82 cm), rachis length (40.30 cm), number of floret/spike (10.63), diameter of 2nd floret (13.09 cm) and duration of flowering (22.34 days).

The present investigation entitled “Combining ability studies on terminal heat tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under late sown irrigated condition using Line X Tester design” was carried out during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 at the All India Co-ordinated Wheat and Barley Improvement Project, B.T.C. College of Agriculture and Research Station (IGKV), Bilaspur (C.G.). The experiment was conducted in RBD involving six lines, three testers and 18 F1s hybrids of wheat with two replications for study of character associated with yield and yield contributing traits. The analysis indicated that variance due to treatments was highly significant for all the characters under studied. All the characters except spike weight were highly significant. GCA, SCA and additive effect was found highest for character of harvest index. Among the lines, CG 1015 (Chhattisgarh Gehu)-04 was found good general combining ability (GCA) effect for the character of peduncle length, spike length, number of seed per plant and biological yield per plant. MP 3336 was found good GCA effect for chlorophyll reflection index, harvest index and number of tillers per plant. HD 2285 was found good GCA effect for days to maturity, 1000 seed weight and canopy temperature depreciation. Among the testers, Halna was good GCA effect for the character of days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and spike length. PHSL 10 was good GCA effect for number of tillers per plant, spike weight, seed yield per plant and harvest index. Among the crosses, CG 1015 (Chhattisgarh Gehu-04) X HUW 661 was good specific combining ability (SCA) effect for seed yield per plant. MP 3336 X PHSL 10 was good SCA effect for number of spikelet per spike and number of seed per plant. HD 2932 X Halna was good SCA effect for spike weight and 1000 seed weight and crosses HD 2864 X Halna was good SCA effect for the character of canopy temperature depreciation and biological yield per plant.

The present research work was carried out during the year 2017-18 at College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The experiment consisted of 10 crossandra genotypes, laid out in randomized block design with three replications under open conditions. The observations were recorded on various parameters in which the genotype Arka Shravya exhibited superiority in parameters like plant spread (1407.53 cm2), number of leaves (241.24), Fresh weight of plant (80.83 g), Dry weight of plant (20.21 g), flowering duration of spike (26.33 days), rachis length (12.77 cm) and flower yield per sq. meter (1448.01) whereas, Arka kanaka showed the more spike length (20.90 cm) and longevity of flowers on plants 4.33 days while, Arka Shreeya found to be largest in flower size (8.87 cm) as compared to check and other genotypes.

A field experiment was undertaken to extrapolate the effect of different polymer and plant protectants based seed treatment on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with cv.HPW-155.The experimental design was randomized block design with three replications. Results interpret that different polymer based seed treatment had significant effect on tillers per plant, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), spikes per plant, spikelet per spike, seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight (g), seed yield per plot (kg), seed yield (q/ha) except days to 50% flowering and days to 75% maturity which had shown non-significant differences. Treatments,T6 - polymer + vitavax 200 @ 2 g/kg of seed and T5 - vitavax 200 @ 2 g/kg seed had shown significant superiority for tillers per plant, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, 1000 - seed weight, seed yield per plot (kg), and seed yield (q/ha) over control (T1- control). Treatment T6 had shown 14.7% gain in seed yield as comapred to untreated control(T1).

The present investigation was carried out at Floricultural Research Station, SKLTSHU under AICRP scheme for testing of new genotypes of crossandra for three consecutive years. The experiment was carried out from 2014-2017 laid out in RBD with five genotypes as treatments viz., Arka Shravya, Arka Ambara, Arka Kanaka, Arka Shreeya and local cultivar as check and replicated four times. The results revealed that among the genotypes maximum plant height (95.84 cm), plant spread (126.60 sq.cm), number of branches per plant (9.34) was recorded in Arka Shravya and minimum was recorded by Arka Kanaka. Similarly Arka Shravya recorded longest spike length (20.84 cm), rachis length (10.04 cm), number of flowers per spike (17.34) and number of pickings per month (18.34). However, flower length (4.24 cm) and 100 flowers weight (7.67 g) was recorded maximum in Arka Shreeya and maximum flower diameter was recorded in Arka Ambara. Based on RHS colour chart Arka Ambara, Arka Shreeya and Local cultivar comes under orange group, Arka Kanaka is a Yellow orange group one and Arka Shravya comes under red group category. It can be concluded that Arka Shreeya and Arka Ambara can be replaced with local variety for loose flower cultivation and Arka Shravya as both loose flower and garden display and Arka Kanaka for garden display and landscaping.

Aegilops tauschii is an important crop wild relative of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its gene pool is currently considered the most important resource for wheat improvement as potential gene donor for drought, disease and pest resistance. Aegilops tauschii subsp. tauschii grows abundantly at several places in Kashmir but is somewhat uncommon. Fourteen germplasm accessions were collected for the first time from diverse locations mainly in Budgam and Srinagar districts of Kashmir and conserved in the National Genebank. Analysis of data recorded on morphological traits of plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to 50% maturity, spike length, spikelets/spike, no. of seeds/spikelet, seed yield/plant and 100-grain weight revealed considerable variability. Significant positive association of days to flowering was observed with spike length and number of spikelets/ spike. Interestingly, spike length revealed a significant positive association with altitude of place from where accessions were originally collected. Principal component analysis revealed that first two components having Eigen values greater than one contributed nearly 60% variance. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into three distinct groups mainly on the basis of spike length. The study provides basic information about this valuable crop wild relative and the information may help in its proper utilization.

Two field experiments were conducted at Etay El-Baroud Experiment station of El-Behira Governorate, Egypt during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons to examine three planting methods of intercropping green and full mature onion with wheat i.e. 1-planting in flat soil (without ridges), wheat was planted in rows 20cm apart and onion was transplanted among the rows of wheat, 2-growing wheat on ridges (60cm apart) in 2 rows on top and northern side of the ridge and onion was transplanted on southern side of the same ridge and 3-growing wheat on the wide ridges (120cm apart) in 4rows and onion was transplanted on both sides of the same ridge and two intercropping systems (100% wheat + 50% green onion and 100% wheat +50% full mature onion as well as sole wheat, sole green and full mature onion. Results show that, planting methods had no significant effect on yield and its components of wheat, except spike length and number of spikes/m2 were significantly affected by planting methods in the two growing seasons while, 1000 grain weight was significantly affected by planting methods in 2018/2019 season only. The tallest spikes length were recorded under planting method {120cm (M3)} while, the highest number of spikes/m2and 1000 grain weight were recorded under planting method {without ridges (M1)}.On the other hand, green and full mature onion per feddan were significantly affected by planting methods, the highest main values were recorded by growing onion on the two sides of ridges {120cm apart (M3)}. Intercropping green and full mature onion had no significant effect on yield of wheat, while the sole onion achieved the highest yield/fed compared to intercropping systems. Generally, growing green onion on the two sides of wide ridges {120cm apart (M3)} with wheat recorded the highest Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), Relative Crowding Coefficient (K) and net returns compared to sole wheat. In all intercropping treatments, wheat was the dominant whereas, onion was the dominated.

This investigation was conducted to understand the response of three newly introduced bread wheat cultivars to Erbil area (V1: FLORKWA, V2: BAJ and V3: FRANKOLIN) to three boron levels sprayed at elongation stage 0, 1 and 1.5 ppm concentration and oriented (South-North and East-West) row directions to study the vegetative and reproductive growth characters of wheat. The results showed that Leaf area, LAI, weight of leaf, light extinction coefficient, flag leaf length, fertility, number of spike and harvest index significantly increased in EW (East-West) compared to SN (South-North) row direction. While, the spike weight, spike length, number of kernels, grain yield and biological yield significantly increased in SN compare to EW row direction. There were not significant differences observed among different level of boron alone and different cultivars in all studied traits except plant height and 1000 kernels weight of V2 increased compared to other cultivars. Interactions of EW direction with both cultivars and levels of boron factors were improved the vegetable characteristics compared to NS direction. Grain yield of interaction between 1.5 ppm × SN, all cultivars × SN and 1.5 ppm boron × V1 × SN row direction were significantly (P

Study was initiated with the objectives to identify high yielder malt barley varieties. The trial has been conducted during 2014 main season and laid out on randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance was computed using SAS, 2002. At Dabat, result showed that highly significant difference among the varieties (p < 0.05) for all agronomic traits. At Debark and Wegera the analysis of variance indicated that highly significant to a significant difference among varieties at p < 0.05 for days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, thousand seed weight and grain yield, and seed per spike. The combined analysis of variance showed that highly significant difference among varieties for days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, and grain yield. The location also contributed the significant effect for all yield components except biomass and grain yield. The interaction of location by genotype showed the highly significant difference on days to maturity and plant height. The average heading days ranged from 70-81 and the average maturity days were ranged from 127-136. Among the tested varieties, IBON-174/03 and SABINI exhibited highest grain yield. The overall combined analysis indicated that IBON-174/03 and SABINI were high yielder and well adapted at the tested sites. Therefore those varieties are recommended for production in the testes sites, and similar agro-ecologies.

Lilium and tuberose are promising geophytic flowers, which have high market demand in global floral markets. A study was conducted to optimize planting densities for cut lilium and tuberose production. Bulbs of Asiatic lily ‘Brunello’ and tuberose ‘Single’ were planted on 7.5 cm, 15.0 cm and 22.5 cm between bulbs while ridge were spaced at 60 cm apart. Lilium bulbs planted at 22.5 cm took 185 d, while tuberose took 101 d to produce flowers as compared to 7.5 cm spacing (173 d and 93 d, respectively). Bulbs of lilium and tuberose planted at 22.5 cm resulted in tallest plants with highest leaf area for both tested species, 69.1 cm and 11.4 cm2 for lilium and 110.6 cm and 30.2 cm2 for tuberose, respectively. Both species had highest number of florets with longer stem/ spike length and stem/spike diameter when planted 22.5 cm apart, while close planting further decrease number of buds/florets and stem/spike length. Similar results were recorded for fresh weight of a stem, while vase life and dry weight of a stem were relatively less affected by plant spacing. However, lilium and tuberose bulbs when planted at 22.5 cm plant spacing produced higher number of best quality stems for market as compared to other planting densities.

Twenty genotypes triticale were evaluated in an alpha lattice design and RCBD for eight characters to a comparison of the relative efficiency (RE) of alpha-lattice design and RCBD. Two experiments were analyzed according to alpha lattice design and RCB design. Average estimated (RE) was 12.97, 5.93, 21.79, 35.50, 21.53, 23.96 and 26.69% for number of plants / m2, tillering fertility, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of spikelets / spike, 1000-grain weight (g) and grain yield (g / m2), respectively, the high precision is obtained significantly to estimate treatment effects indicating that using an alpha lattice design in place of RCBD. Mean comparisons for both RCBD and alpha lattice design were performed and two designs confirmed to Dublet, Ulyana, 131/1656 and C259 genotypes were the highest yield (g / m2). Cluster analysis showed that genotypes were isolated into three principle groups and one of these contains one variety (Dublet). This variety was characterized by a high yield over two years. The results showed that alpha lattice more efficient and it can be used it instead of traditional RCB design in the agricultural field trials.

A study was carried out to determine the association between different quantitative characters of eighteen genotypes of tuberose cultivars single. The highest positive and significant association was recorded for spike yield with plant height (0.33), rachis length (0.30), number of florets per spike (0.34), weight of single floret (0.63), matured bud weight (0.66), duration of flowering (0.52). The results of path coefficient analysis indicated that the weight of the floret (1.48) had very high positive direct effect on spike yield per plant followed by length of the floret (0.84) number of florets per spike (0.45) and duration of flowering (0.41). Spike length (0.27) had moderate positive direct effect. Plant height (0.16) and number of leaves (0.17) showed low positive direct effect and rest of the characters had negligible positive direct effect on spike yield per plant. The results of the study indicates that the above mentioned characters can be used for the improvement of tuberose.

This study was conducted to identify the storage characteristics of spikes of five bread wheat cultivars (Abu-Ghraib3, IPA-99, Boohooth-22, Al-Rashid and Al-Wafeer). These spikes were gathered and compacted in cubic box (25×25×25 cm) with different weight masses (0, 3, 6 and 9 kg container -1). A laboratory experiment was carried out in the Seed Technology Laboratory, Department of Field Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences-University of Baghdad. Results revealed significant differences among cultivars, masses levels and their interaction for all studied characters. Abu-Ghraib3 gave the highest mean of spikes number and less mean for the broken spikes and shuttered grains. While Al-Wafeer gave the highest mean of total grains weight resulted from spikes shuttering and grains space. However, Al-Rashid gave the highest mean of broken spikes, shuttered grains and replacement percentage in the container. Increasing the weight masses imposed on the gathered spikes in the container increased all studied characters. It can be concluded that the varieties were different in their spikes morphological characteristics as smaller spikes sizes the less losses resulted from spikes pressure.

Purpose. To determine response of spring barley varieties to action of different concentrations of mutagens in M1. To study effect of the mutagens on the formation of agronomic traits in M1, M2 spring barley varieties. Methods. The experiments with the varieties of Myronivka breeding Virazh and Talisman Myronivskyi were carried out in 2016, 2017 in the conditions of the experimental field of the Scientific-Research Center of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University as well as in laboratory. The seeds were soaked in solutions of mutagen hydroxylamine (HA) at concentrations 1.0 % (high); 0.5 % (medium), and 0.1 % (low) and mutagen nitrosomethylurea (NMU) at concentrations 0.1 % (high), 0.01 % (medium) and 0.001 % (low). Seeds soaked in water were as the control. The exposition was 18 hours. In M1 seed vigor in laboratory conditions and field germination were evaluated. In M2 plant height, main spike length, grain number and grain weight per main spike were determined. Seeds harvested from the control variants in M1 were used as the control in M2. Results. As compared with HA the mutagen NMU at high-concentration caused high level of depression in spring barley seedlings resulted in decrease of field germination for the variety Vіrazh to 24.0 %, for the variety Talisman Myronivskyi to 51.0 %. When treating seeds with NMU at high concentration, in M1 of the variety Vіrаzh the plants with loose and long (12.7 cm) spike were obtained, whereas 10.0 cm in control. In М2 the variety Vіrazh families were obtained (10/4, 11/2б and 11/4) with significant decrease in plant height (53.0–53.3 cm, control 60.2 cm) which were obtained by the action of mutagen NMU at medium and low concentrations. When mutagen HA in low concentration and mutagen HMM in high concentration acting on seeds of the variety Vіrazh, families (5/1 and 9/2) were obtained which significantly exceeded control in main spike length and grains number per main spike. Conclusions. The indices seed vigor, field germination and main spike length were the most informative ones for mutagenic action in spring barley M1. The action of mutagen NMU in high concentrations caused higher level of depression than mutagen HA. Seed germination was influenced by mutagen concentration, mutagen nature and genotype. In M2 of the varieties Virazh and Talisman Myronivskyi the appearance of modified forms in terms of plant height, main spike length, grain number and grain weight per main spike have been marked. The best results were achieved by the action of high concentration of NMU and high and low concentration of HA The genotype, mutagen concentration and the nature of the mutagen influenced on the formation of yield components in M2. Studies on mutant generations will continue in M3 and M4 to search valuable mutations.

The objective of this study was to determine the cycle duration in days and the quantitative parameters, i.e. stem length, spike length and stem diameter of gladiolus floral stems as a function of the planting date and locations in the Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. Field experiments were established between 2014-2015 in three locations (Frederico Westphalen, Itaqui and Santa Maria). The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with six gladiolus cultivars in three distinct planting dates at each location as treatments. The shift from vegetative to reproductive stage, the stem length, spike length and stem diameter were evaluated. Data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. When planted during late July and early August, cultivars of early cycle (‘Purple Flora’, ‘Rose Friendship’ and ‘White Friendship’) and intermediate cycle (‘Green Star’ and ‘Jester’), produced floral stems of gladiolus in the desired patterns besides as well as having a shorter growth cycle than late cultivars (‘Gold Field’), being recommended for commercial cultivation in Southern Brazil. RESUMO O objetivo neste estudo foi determinar a duração do ciclo em dias e os parâmetros quantitativos de hastes florais de gladíolo em função da data de plantio e do local de cultivo no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Experimentos de campo foram estabelecidos entre 2014-2015 em três locais (Frederico Westphalen, Itaqui e Santa Maria). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completamente casualizados, com seis cultivares de gladíolo em três diferentes datas de plantio em cada local como tratamento. Foram avaliadas a mudança do estágio vegetativo para o reprodutivo, o comprimento da haste, comprimento da espiga e diâmetro da haste no ponto de colheita. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pela ANOVA e pelo teste de Tukey. Quando plantadas durante o final de julho e início de agosto, cultivares de ciclo precoce (‘Purple Flora’, ‘Rose Friendship’ e ‘White Friendship’) e intermediário (‘Green Star’ e ‘Jester’) produzem hastes florais de gladíolo dentro dos padrões desejados, além de possuir um menor ciclo de crescimento do que cultivares tardias (‘Gold Field’), sendo recomendadas para cultivo comercial no Sul do Brasil.

An experiment was conducted at the research field of the Department of Agricultural Botany, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali under the Agro-ecological zone-13 (AEZ-13) during the period from November 2012 to February 2013. The aim of the study was to identify the most effective irrigation level for obtaining the better growth and higher yield performance of BARI Gom-25 that are suitable to cultivate under coastal region of Patuakhali, Bangladesh. So, the present study was consists of five irrigations levels including control viz. control or no irrigation (T 0 ), one irrigation at 25 DAS (T 1 ), two irrigations at 25 and 40 DAS (T 2 ), three irrigations at 25, 40 and 55 DAS (T 3 ) and four irrigations at 25, 40, 55 and 70 DAS (T 4 ). The seeds of BARI Gom-25 were collected from the BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur on 22 November, 2012. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design (RCBD) with four replications and analysis was done by the MSTAT-C package program where means were separated by DMRT at 5% level of probability. Data were recorded on various growth and yield attributing traits. The plot size was 5 m 2 (2.5 × 2.0 m) where row to row and seed to seed distances were 20 and 10 cm respectively. Data were collected on various morpho-physiological growth, yield and yield attributing traits. Results obtained from the present study, whole characters of the study were significant at 5% by the moisture (irrigation) levels where three irrigations given at 25, 40 and 55 DAS had most effective than that of other moisture levels and no irrigation. From the results investigation, it was found that the tallest plant (76.86 cm), maximum requiring days to anthesis (61.00 days), maturity (109.0 days) and maximum number of effective tillers (5.00 hill -1 ),the highest grain growth (3.11g at 36 DAA) and grains (44.00 spike -1 ) were obtained with three irrigation (T 3 ) levels. Similarly, T 3 further showed the greater performance on spike length (17.28 cm), 1000-seed weight (50.16 g), grain (4.16 t ha -1 ), straw (5.89 t ha -1 ) and biological yield (10.05 t ha -1 ) as well as the higher harvest index (41.39%). Investigated above whole characters were produced lower performances under no moisture (irrigation) treatments. These results indicated that irrigation at three times (T 3 ) would be most advantageous irrigation levels for wheat production under the studied non saline ecosystem of coastal region. Progressive Agriculture 29 (2): 99-106, 2018

FERTILIZANTE ORGÂNICO COMPOSTO E ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE TRIGO IRRIGADO POR GOTEJAMENTO ANA CAROLINA BARBOSA1 KUMMER; HELIO GRASSI FILHO2; THOMAZ FIGUEIREDO LOBO3 E RODOLLPHO ARTUR DE SOUZA LIMA4 1 Enga. Agrícola, Doutora, Profa. Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa – UEPG. Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti,4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa/ PR; ackummer@hotmail.com.2 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Prof. Departamento de Solos e Recursos Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – FCA/UNESP. Rua José Barbosa de Barros, n.º 1780, CEP 18610-307, Botucatu/SP; heliograssi@fca.unesp.br.3 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Prof. Departamento de Ciência Extas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Sagrado Coração – USC. R. Irmã Arminda, 10-50, Bauru/SP; thomaz.lobo@superig.com.4 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutorando, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense – UENF. Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 – Horto, CEP 28013-602, Campus do Goytacazes/RJ; rodollphoartur@hotmail.com. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito do uso de fertilizante orgânico composto (lodo de esgoto compostado - LEC) em plantas de trigo irrigadas com água residuária proveniente da saída de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em parcela subdividida, adotando-se nas parcelas dois tipos de água para a irrigação (água potável – AP e água residuária – AR) e nas subparcelas 7 níveis de adubação nitrogenada, assim descritos: T1, sem adubação nitrogenada; T2, 80 kg ha-1 de N via ureia; T3, 40 kg ha-1 de N via ureia + 40 kg ha-1 de N via LEC; T4, T5, T6 e T7 corresponderam à 80, 120, 160 e 200 kg ha-1 de N via LEC, respectivamente. A irrigação com água residuária na ausência de adubação nitrogenada promoveu incrementos de 36, 100, 48 e 77% na massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), número de perfilhos (NP), número de espigas por planta (NE) e no rendimento de grãos (RG), respectivamente. O uso conjunto de AR e doses de N acima de 80 kg ha-1 via LEC no solo, promoveu decréscimos no comprimento de espiga (CE), MSPA e RG. Os resultados apontam para a substituição de 100% da adubação nitrogenada química (dose de 80 ka ha-1 de N), pelo equivalente em N via LEC (100% lodo), sem prejuízos à cultura do trigo. Palavras-chave: efluente, lodo, compostado, nitrogênio, irrigação. KUMMER, A. C. B.; GRASSI FILHO, H.; LOBO, T. F.; LIMA, R. A. S.ORGANIC COMPOUND FERTILZER AND WASTEWATER IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHEAT IRRIGATED BY DRIPPING 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic compound fertilizer use (composted sewage sludge - CSS) in wheat plants irrigated with wastewater from the output of a sewage treatment plant. Completely randomized design was used in a split plot, adopting in the plots two types of water for irrigation (drinking water - DA and wastewater - WW) and in subplots seven nitrogen fertilization levels, described as follows: T1 without nitrogen fertilization; T2, 80 kg ha-1 of N of urea; T3, 40 kg ha-1 N of urea + 40 kg ha-1 N of CSS; T4, T5, T6 and T7 corresponded to 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg ha-1 N of CSS, respectively. Irrigation with WW promoted increments of 36, 100, 48 e 77% of dry matter (DM), number of tillers (NT), number of spikes per plant (NS) and grain yield per plant (GY), respectively. The use of wastewater with doses of nitrogen above 80 kg ha-1 from composed sewage sludge, promoted decreases in spike length, dry mass and grain yield. The results point to the substitution of 100% of the chemical nitrogen fertilization (dose of 80 ka ha-1 of N), by the equivalent in N from CSS (100% sludge), without damages to the wheat crop. Keywords: wastewater, sludge, compound, nitrogen, irrigation.

This investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Gemmeiza Agriculture Research Station, Egyptduring the three successive seasons,i.e., 2015/2016, 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 to study nature of gene action for yield andits components, heterosis expression, heritability and expected genetic advance under normal and water stress conditions.Six populations model (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) was used in this study for three crosses; (I) Gemmeiza 11× Giza168, (II) Giza 171× Shandawel 1 and (III) Gemmeiza 9× Misr1. Means of the six generations were recorded for eightcharacters, i.e. number of spikes per plant, plant height, main spike length, number of spikelets per main spike, number ofkernels per main spike, main spike yield, grain yield per plant and 1000- kernels weight. Results revealed that thecoincidence of sign and magnitude of heterosis and inbreeding depression was also detected for most characters in thethree crosses under both conditions. Study of generation means analysis revealed that additive, dominance and epistasiceffects were involved in the inheritance of yield and its components. Additive (a) and dominance (d) genes effects weresignificant for most studied characters under both conditions. High heritability estimates in broad sense were detected forall studied characters in the three crosses under both conditions, except, main spike yield in the first cross under stress.Narrow sense heritability estimates were found to be high for most characters under both conditions. Moderate to highgenetic advance (Δg%) was detected for all characters of the three crosses under the two environments, except, plantheight for the three crosses under normal condition and first and second cross under stress condition. The highestestimates of narrow sense heritability associated with highest genetic advance for most of the studied characters in most ofcrosses under both conditions indicated sufficient improvement of the variable characters. These results indicated thepossibility of practicing selection in early generations for these characters.

Nigerosylmaltooligosaccharide (Nmo) has different degrees of polymerarization (DP) of nigerosyl oligosaccharides and maltooligosaccharides. We investigated the effects of treatments with Nmo, glucose, sucrose, and their combinations on the vase life of cut snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) flowers. To apply these sugars, the cut ends of flower spikes were dipped into these sugar solutions. Treatment with 30 g L−1 Nmo promoted bud development, resulting in flower opening at the upper part of the spikes. The Nmo treatment also extended the vase life of cut snapdragons more than glucose and sucrose treatments when vase life was evaluated as the time to when all flowers wilted. However, there were few open flowers, flowers were smaller and aurone levels were lower in the Nmo treatment, suggesting that treatment with Nmo alone is not sufficient for improving the vase life of cut snapdragons. Combined treatments of Nmo with glucose and sucrose increased the number of open flowers and significantly extended vase life more than treatment with glucose or sucrose alone. The deleterious effects of Nmo, such as the reduction in flower size and suppression of pigmentation, were alleviated by these combined treatments. Nmo was fractionated using a carbon celite column into DP2, DP3, DP4, and DP> 4. Spike length was significantly increased by fractions DP4 and DP>4, suggesting that oligosaccharides containing these fractions largely contribute to the development of spikes. In conclusion, Nmo is a readily available oligosaccharide that could be used in the manufacture of preservatives to improve the vase life of cut snapdragons.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate 4 cultivars of Gladiolus BARI Gladiolus 1, BARI Gladiolus 3, BARI Gladiolus 4 and BARI Gladiolus 5at experimental farm, On Farm Research Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Alamnagar, Rangpur during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. The aim of study was to evaluate the adaptability and performance of cultivar under the climatic conditions of Tista Mendar Floodplain Agro Ecological Zone in Bangladesh. Among the varieties BARI Gladiolus-5 performed excellent in terms of spike production in 2015-2016 and BARI Gladiolus-4 performed excellent in terms of spike production in 2016-2017. Among the varieties BARI Gladiolus-4performed excellent in terms of market value in both the years. Maximum spike length was observed in cultivars BARI Gladiolus-4 and BARI Gladiolus-5 remain attractive for longer time. Keeping in view the vegetative and reproductive characteristic cultivars BARI Gladiolus-4 was performed better and recommended for general cultivation. In 2015-2016 the highest gross return (BDT. 1383800 ha-1) as well as gross margin (BDT. 1005144 ha-1) was recorded in BARI Gladiolus-4. In 2016-2017 the highest gross return (BDT. 1318553ha-1) as well as gross margin (BDT. 927153 ha-1) was recorded in BARI Gladiolus-5.The lowest gross return as well as gross margin was obtained from yield BARI Gladiolus-1 in both the yearsTherefore, it could berecommended for commercial cultivation of gladiolusBARI gladiolus 4 and BARI gladiolus 5varietiesare best for Tista Meander Floodplain Agro-Ecological Zone in Bangladesh.Progressive Agriculture 28 (3): 198-203, 2017

This research was conducted in order to identify the best barley genotypes that can be grown under water stress conditions. This experiment was conducted in a split plot design with three replications at Experi­mental Farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, (ARC), Egypt, during the two successive seasons 2014/15 and 2015/16. Ten barley genotypes (Giza 123, Giza 126, Giza 129, Giza 130, Giza 131, Giza 132, Giza 133, Giza 134, Giza 135 and Giza 136) were evaluated for drought tolerance by measuring yield performance under normal irrigation and water stress conditions. The results indicated that, all the studied characters were significantly affected by stress in both growing seasons, except for total chlorophyll, spike length, no of grains/spike and harvest index, in both seasons. Stress reduced grain yield (ardab/fad.) by reducing the number of spikes/m2 and 1000-kernel weight. This study showed that, the best genotypes of barley for all parameters studied under stress condition were Giza 133 followed by Giza 134 in both seasons.

The research studies on heritability estimates were conducted to evaluate the performance of grain yield and various yield components of six F4 segregating population originated from four parental varieties of bread wheat. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications. The results for six F4 segregating populations and their four parental wheat varieties for the traits revealed highly significant differences at P< 0.01 and P< 0.05 level of probability. Different progenies showed different response for different traits. The progeny Sarsabaz x Bhittai took significantly more days to 75% maturity (128.3), more spike length (14.0 cm) and more spikelets spike-1 (21.6). Progeny Sarsabz x FD-83 showed significant increase in grain yield plant-1 (29.0g), 1000-grain weight (48.0 g) and tillers plant-1 (13.67) as compared to other progenies and the parental lines. The parent varieties Sarsabaz and Bhittai showed good performance with respect to number of tillers plant-1 (15.33) and spikelets spike-1(24.3). The progeny FD-83 x Bhittai revealed significant in number of grain spike-1 (56.7) and biological yield kg ha-1 (22960) as compared to their respective parental lines. Two progenies Nesser x Bhittai and Nesser x FD-83 showed the highest heritability coupled with more genetic advance (GA) for most of the traits measured i.e., days to 75% maturity, spike length, grains spike-1 and grain yield plant-1. Four progenies viz., Sarsabaz x Bhittai, FD-83 x Bhittai, Sarsabz x FD-83 and Nesser x Sarsabz showed better performance highest heritability associated with high genetic advance for other characters tillers plant-1, spikelets spike-1,1000-grain weight and biological yield kg ha-1. These results suggest that more effective selection could be obtained from these segregating populations for specific traits originated after these combinations. Keywords: Agro-climatic condition; Heritability; Wheat http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80066

The object of the study was the evaluation of the morphological variability of 92 wheat germplasm (Triticum aestivum L.) part of ex situ collection of Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Agricultural University of Tirana. Principal components and cluster analysis were carried out involving 8 quantitative traits, such as tiller capacity, plant height, spike length, number of spikelet per spike, number of seeds per spikelet, number of seeds per spike, seed size and of seeds per spike. Plant height showed positive significant correlation with yield contributing traits as spike length (r = 0.560) and the number of spikelet’s per spike (r = 0.305). The number of grains per spike had a significant positive relationship with the mass of grains per spike. Three principal components exhibited about 66.42 % of variability where two PCs components influenced mostly the variability (PC1 with 28.1 % and PC2 with 24.43 %). Accessions were grouped into three major clusters based on complete linkage, suggesting for a variance at the level of 27.50 % within a class and 72.50 % between classes. The results suggested that plant height, spike length, number of spikelet per spike were the most important characters in differentiating the genotypes.

Screening experiment was performed on twelve genotypes of bread wheat (Ttriticum aestivum L.) to select the most stem rust resistant genotype (Misr1) and the most stem rust susceptible genotypes (Line 37 and Line 92) according to stem rust reaction. Crosses were carried out between the resistant parent (Misr1) with each of the susceptible parents as well as between the two susceptible parents (Line 37 and Line 92) to obtain the F1 kernels. Some of the F1 kernels were sown in the field and selfed to obtain the F2 kernels for each cross. These three selected parents, their F1 and the most resistant and susceptible F2 plant groups for the three crosses were evaluated for their response to stem rust resistance by recording some stem rust–related traits. However, infected condition caused a reduction in the values of all traits except spike length and number of spikelets per spike traits. The three parents, their F1 plants and some individual plants of the two contrasting F2 plant groups (the most resistant and the most susceptible F2 groups) for the three crosses were used to develop some molecular genetic markers associated with stem rust resistance using SSR and STS markers. The results indicated the presence of two positive markers out of the three SSR and three STS primers which used in this study. Sr2 (SSR) and Sr25 (STS) primers gave positive markers at fragment sizes of 120 and 130 bp, respectively, for stem rust resistance that could be considered as reliable markers for stem rust resistance in bread wheat (Ttriticum aestivum L.).

Thirty wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated for 11 morphological and yield trait for analysis of character association (phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficient), path analysis and cluster analysis. The experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2014-2015 in a randomized block design with three replication. Days to 50% heading showed positive and significant correlation with flag leaf area and number of spiklet per ear; flag leaf area showed positive and significant correlation with 1000 grain weight; Plant height showed positive and significant correlation with spike length; spike length showed positive and significant correlation with 1000 grain weight. Phenotypic path analysis showed biological yield and number of grain per spike had highly positive and direct effect on grain yield. Direct and highly positive effect on grain yield was shown by number of productive tillers, plant height, spike length, number of spikelet per spike genotypic path coefficient. Biological yield and grains yield per plant show highly positive and direct effect on yield with number of productive tillers, plant height, number of spikelet per spike and spike length. In cluster analysis the intra cluster distance ranged from 1.61 (cluster II) to 2.37 (cluster III and VI ). Thus the member of cluster II were least divergent and similarly the member of cluster III and IV were most divergent The maximum inter cluster distance was between cluster II and III followed by cluster IV and V , cluster VI and III and cluster VI and V that order therefore the accessions grouped in the five pair of cluster may be considered as most divergent.

In order to study the effect of salts stress on the growth and yield of wheat (cv. Inqalab), a pot experiment was conducted in the wire-house of the Department of Soil Science, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam. The soil was artificially salinized to a range of salinity levels i.e . EC 2.16, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 dS·m-1 with different salts (MgCl2 + CaCl2 + Na2SO4). The salinized soil used for the experiment was sandy clay in texture, alkaline in reaction (pH > 7.0) and moderate in organic matter (0.95%) content. The results showed that with increasing salinity there was an increase in the ECe, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- and decrease in the K+, SAR and ESP values of the soil Increasing salinity, progressively decreased plant height, spike length, number of spikelets spike-1 1000 grain weight and yield (straw and grain). Adverse effects of salts on plants were associated with the accumulation of less K+ and more Na+ and Cl- in their flag leaf sap, grains and straw. This resulted in lower K+:5Na+ ratio in flag leaf sap, grains and straw of wheat plants. These results indicated that the effects of salts stress were greater at 10 than at 8, 6 and 4 EC dS·m-1.

An experiment was conducted at West Belessa district of Northwestern Ethiopia during 2013 main cropping season in order to identify and promote well adapted and promising genotypes of teff. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The data recorded were plant height, spike length, number of tillers per plant, grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index. The data was analyzed using SAS software and means were separated using least significant difference. The analysis showed that varieties varied significantly for plant height, spike length (P

Breeding activities in Lebanon have attributed limited interest to barley and landraces have not been exploited before. In this study, 50 Lebanese barley landraces were experimented rainfed in Northern Bekaa in comparison with two checks, Assi and Rihane-3. Two field trials were conducted, the first at 1000 m a.s.l. and 171.6 mm precipitations, and the second at 648 m a.s.l. and 119.4 mm. Out of the 50 landraces, five named LR9, LR12, LR16, LR30 and LR32 were early in heading and maturity in both trials, similarly to checks. Landraces showed a large variability for yield components, particularly grain number per spike and thousand grain weight. Number of spikes per plant and grain weight per plant were twice greater in Kfardan than Qaa location. The best plant productivity in Kfardan was 3.8 g/plant recorded for LR11 vs. 3.46 g/plant obtained with LR33 in Qaa. The higher yield was recorded in Qaa trial with 255 g/m2 for LR31 and 244 g/m2 produced by LR32, while 211 and 200 g/m2 were recorded in Rihane-3 and Assi checks respectively. Principal components analysis allowed to distinguish several landraces that were clustered next to the checks sharing similar features of plant height, spike length and yield per m2. At the level of individual plants and based on the grain yield per plant, a set of 47 plants were found to be similar or even greater to the checks. These plants should be further evaluated for their agronomic performance within national breeding program.

The field experiments were conducted out during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons at the Experimental Station Farm of Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt to evaluate the morphological (quantitative and qualitative) characteristics for identifying 5 genotypes of wheat and their F1 single crosses. The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV, 2012 was used to evaluate the genetic purity of wheat genotypes and their F1 single crosses) technique was used to evaluate the genetic purity of wheat genotypes and their F1 single crosses. The aim of these experiments was to evaluate the morphological (quantitative and qualitative) characteristics for identifying 5 genotypes of wheat and their F1 single crosses. The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants The obtained results showed that the five studied wheat genotypes i.e. P1(Gemmiza 7), P2 (Sakha 93), P3 (Giza 168), P4 (Gemmiza 9) and P5 (Sids 13) were significantly differed in flag leaf length, flag leaf area, plant height, stem diameter and the length of the bare region. Spike length, spike weight, number of spikelets/spike, number of grains/spike, grains weight/spike, 1000– grain weight and biological yield/plant Coleoptile coloration with anthocyanin, plant growth habit, spike color, spike density, awns length at tip of spike, glume beak length, grain coloration with phenol and grain color for the five identified wheat genotypes and their F1 crosses were recorded.the aime the studay significantly

The aim of this field study was to evaluate genotype ? year interaction for spike length, 1000 seed weight, seed number per g and hectoliter mass in perennial ryegrass, using eight divergent genotypes across two growing seasons. Interaction was evaluated using AMMI (Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction) model. All traits schowed additive (genotype, year) and non additive (genotype ? year interaction) variation. On the basis od AMMI1 biplot genotype G4 showed most stability for all examined traits, so it can be recommended for sowing in different environmental conditions. Also, the genotype G4 could be used in the creation of new local varieties of perennial ryegrass.

A field trail was conducted at the Field Crop Research Station, Abu-Graib of Agricultural Research Office during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 in order to investigate the relationship between flag leaf and yield of four wheat varieties. Split plot arrangement with RCBD three replications was used. Varieties (Fatih, Abu-Graib3, Mexipack and IPA 99) was occupied main plots while, flag leaf removal treatments (control treatment (no removal), removal at complete emergence flag leaf (24 March), 29 March, 3 April, 8 April, 13 April and 18 April) was occupied as sub plots. The results showed significantly effect of flag leaf treatments to all studied characteristics (except spike length at second season only). The highest impact reached for removal at emergence flag leaf soon (24 March). Spike length reduced 10.31 and16.85, spikelet number per spike 15, 13%, number of grain per spike 24, 28%, grain weight 7.04, 9.65% and spike yield 30.1, 35.29% for first and second season respectively. Can be show reduced of flag leaf impact when advanced to maturity. Varieties were differed significantly in all characteristics studied. The highest spike length was attained for IPA-99, Fatih, number of spikelet per spike for Fatih, IPA-99, number of grain per spike for Mexipack, grain weight for Abu-Graib3, IPA-99 and spike yield for Mexipack for first and second season respectively. Significant interaction was occurred for all studied characters between flag leaf treatments and varieties. Mexipack and Abu-Graib3 varieties with control treatment gave the highest spike yield (2.130 and 2.15 g) for first and second season, respectively. It can be conclude the importance and significant of vital role of flag leaf to contribution of spike yield about 30.1-35.29% especially at early complete emergence stage of flag leaf in wheat.

Forty nine genotypes of wheat were evaluated for 12 quantitative and one quality traits during 2010-11. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications at Crop Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut. The mean, range, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance correlation and path analysis were analyzed. Plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, spike length, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index were significant and positive correlated with grain yield per plant. The phenotypic and genotypic path coefficients exhibited high positive direct contribution of number of productive tillers per plant, plant height, harvest index and 1000-grain weight towards grain yield.The positive indirect effect of plant height on grain yield was registered via days to maturity, number of spikelets per spike, 1000-grain weight and biological yield per plant. Number of productive tillers per plant revealed contribution on grain yield via number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index revealing that indirect selection of these characters would be effective in improving grain yield per plant. Higher genotypic coefficient of variance along with high heritability and genetic advance for grain yield per plant, plant height, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight would also be of great use for indirect selection for improvement in yield per plant.

To estimate genetic parameters and heritability in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) genotypes, seventeen genotypes (16 exotic from ICARDA and local variety (Buhooth 7)) were included in this study. This experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications at Field Crops Research Station, Abu-Graib, Office of Agricultural Research, during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. The results revealed significant differences among genotypes for the studied characters at both seasons. The best genetic/environmental variance ratio attained for spike length (11.90) and no. of spikes. m-2 (9.22) in the first season, and grain yield (8.82) then harvest index (4.87) in the second season. High GCV observed for grain yield (15.68), no. of spikes. m-2 (15.18) in the first season, and harvest index (16.89) and grain yield (14.22) in the second season. High heritability estimates associated with high genetic advance for no. of spikes. m-2, in the first season. While, moderate h2bs estimates associated with high GA for same trait in the second season. Expected response to selection ranged from 0.93 to 84.6, also selection index ranged from 1.23 to 106.44 for grain yield and number of spikes. m-2, respectively in the first season also the same pattern was observed for value of second season. Characteristics like no. of spikes. m-2, plant height, no. of grains. Spike-1 and grain weight showed high heritability coupled with high genetic progress. Therefore, these characters should be given top priority during selection breeding in durum wheat.

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of different doses of gamma rays (15, 25, 35 and 45 Krad) on various morphological and biochemical parameters of two wheat varieties (Batoor and Janbaz). A comparison of the results of different doses with control showed that gamma irradiations significantly affected various parameters. Days to germination were non-significantly delayed in Batoor while significantly decreased at 45 Krad in Janbaz. Germination percentage decreased significantly at 15 Krad in both varieties. Days to spike initiation significantly decreased at 45 Krad in Batoor but increased significantly at 45 Krad in Janbaz variety. Days to spike maturation were increased significantly at 45 Krad in both varieties. Plant height increased significantly at 15 Krad but decreased expressively at 25 Krad and 35 Krad in Batoor. In Janbaz plant height increased significantly at 45 Krad but decreased at 35 Krad. Number of nodes/plant decreased significantly at various doses in Batoor. While in Janbaz number of nodes/plant increased significantly at 15 Krad. Gamma radiation significantly increased number of fertile tillers/plant at 15 Krad in Batoor and at 45 Krad in Janbaz. Number of spikes/plant increased significantly at 15 Krad in Batoor and at 45 Krad in Janbaz. Number of spikelets/spike increased at 15 Krad in Batoor while a decreasing trend was seen in Janbaz with increasing doses. Spike length was non-significantly affected by gamma radiation in Batoor variety. However spike length was significantly increased at 45 Krad in Janbaz. Number of grains/spike increased significantly at 15 Krad in Batoor but decreased significantly at higher doses in both varieties. 1000 grain weight significantly increased at 45 Krad in Batoor and at 15 Krad and 25 Krad in Janbaz. Biochemical analysis revealed that gamma irradiation decreased the ash contents significantly at all the doses in both varieties. Moisture contents decreased significantly in Batoor through gamma irradiation except at 45 Krad which showed non-significant effect. However, in Janbaz moisture contents increased significantly at 25 Krad. Proteins contents were non-significantly decreased in Batoor, while in Janbaz, proteins contents decreased significantly at 35 Krad. Keywords: Gamma irradiation; Morphology; Biochemical; Batoor; Janbaz http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2017.60017

An experiment was conducted in the field to study the response of gladiolus ‘Sancerre’ to different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus application with respect to growth and yield parameters at Floriculture Research Farm, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari for three years (2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) which included nine treatment combinations consisting of two factors, viz., three levels of nitrogen (200, 250 and 300 kg/ha) and three levels of phosphorus (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha). All treatments were replicated thrice and data were analyzed for each year as well pooled. Gladiolus plants fertilized with 250 kg N/ha recorded significant improvement in number of tillers/corm, plant height, number of leaves/plant, number of florets/spike, spike length, floret diameter, vase-life, number of spikes per pant and per hector, size of corm, number of corms per plant and per hector. Among all the different levels of phosphorus, treatment receiving 150 kg P2O5/ha was found superior for almost all the growth, quality and yield parameters. The results revealed that all the growth parameters, quality characters and yield parameters were remained unaffected due to interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus levels.

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of planting densities (60 × 10 cm, 60 × 20 cm, 60 × 30 cm) and mulching method (polyethylene plastic (P.E.), open) for 2 years in sorghum field. In P.E. plots, culm length, culm diameter and fresh weight were higher than non-mulched plot. Additionally, spike length, seed weight per hill and thousand seed weight were also higher at P.E. plot than non mulched plot. The seed yield of sorghum were higher 116% and 132% at P.E. plot than non-mulched plot in 1 and 2 year, respectively. In mulched plot with 60 × 30 cm planting distance, culm length were 21.5 and 23.3 cm in 1 and 2 year which were higher than non-mulched plot, however culm diameter were higher in non-mulched plot than mulched plot without statistical significance. The growth characteristics were positively related with planting density, however, yield related characteristics, spike length, seed weight per hill and thousand seed weight, were negatively related with planting density. The seed yield was highest at 60 × 20 cm plot 451 and 357 kg 10 a− in 1 and 2 year, respectively. And it was followed by 60 × 10 cm plot and 60 × 30 cm plot.

In the study of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in gladiolus, wide differences were found in mean performance of genotypes for almost all the characters. Variety Adagio possessed maximum plant height with highest number and width of leaves while Friendship White had the shortest height. Variety Jessica was the earliest in emergence of flower spike, showing colour of basal floret and opening of basal floret. Variety White Prosperity possessed maximum spike length, rachis length and number of florets with highest bloom life. Maximum range of variation was observed for length of spike whereas the minimum was recorded for spike diameter. Characters such as weight of corm exhibited maximum co-efficient of variation (GCV and PCV) coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean followed by number of florets per spike, diameter of corm, rachis length and difference between two florets which could be relied upon for effective selection and crop improvement in gladiolus.

Spike length (SL) is one of the most important components of spike morphology, and the uppermost internode represents an ideal organ to study the transportation system. We performed conditional and unconditional quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in two unrelated recombinant inbred line populations to precisely detect QTLs for uppermost internode length (UIL) and SL, and to dissect the genetic relationship between these two factors with plant height (PH). Both of the populations were derived from crosses with synthetic wheat. Ten repetitive QTLs for UIL and six environment-independent QTLs for SL were identified in this study, and twelve of these were completely independent of PH. Conditional QTL mapping analysis indicated that SL was more independent to PH than UIL was. The results indicated that the conditional QTL mapping method could evaluate PH component effects on PH, and thus accelerate the selection of suitable loci that improve commercial wheat morphology yet avoid changes to PH.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth, flowering and vase life of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorous L.) cv. American Beauty at the farm of the Department of Horticulture, C.C.R (P.G.) College, Muzaffarnagar (Uttar Pradesh). The treatments comprised of four levels of nitrogen (0, 40, 60, 80 kg/acre) in a randomized complete block design with factorial concept and replicated four times. The results revealed that minimum days taken for spike initiation (86.89 days), days taken for first flowering (99.37 days) were observed under control treatment N0 whereas, maximum plant height (49.21cm), spike length (127.17 cm), rachis length (61.31 cm), number of florets per spike (18.00) and vase life (11.73 days) was found with N2 (60 kg/acre Nitrogen). The result shows that using 60 kg/acre nitrogen can improve the growth and yield of gladiolus cv. American Beauty like vegetative, flowering and vase life attributes. Hence, this optimum nitrogen level can be recommended for the commercial cultivation of gladiolus.

Two field experiments were conducted at Giza Agric. Res. Station, Agric. Res. Centre during the two seasons of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011. The study aimed to investigate the productivity of four bread wheat cultivars, namely Giza-168, Sakha-94, Gemmeiza-10, and Sids-12 under different nitrogen levels i.e. 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg N/fad. The strip-plot design in three replicates was used. The obtained results showed significant differences among the tested wheat cultivars in the two seasons for number of spikes/m2, spike length, kernels number/spike, kernels weight/spike, weight of 1000 kernels, and grain and straw yields/fad. Gemmeiza-10 along with Sids-12 produced the highest weight of 1000 kernels surpassing the other cultivars in the second season only. Gemmeiaza-10 was the superior cultivar for producing higher grain yield, but statistically leveled with Sakha-94 in the 1st season and with Sids-12 in the 2nd one. Moreover, straw yield of Giza-168 was higher than each of other cultivars in the 1st season, while Gemmeiza-10 along with Sids-12 gave the maximum straw yield in the 2nd season. Increasing N up to 75 kg/fad increased yield and its attributes of wheat in both growing seasons. All yield attributes significantly influenced by the interaction between wheat cultivars and N levels in both growing seasons, except kernels number/spike in the 1st season and spike length in the 2nd one. The maximum agronomic efficiency (AE) was recorded with Gemmeiza-10 and with application of 50 kg N/fad. Grain yield response index showed that each of Giza-168 in 2009/2010 and Sids-12 in 2010/2011 was belonging to efficient-responsive group.

Vegetative reproductive and corm characteristics of Gladiolus grandiflorus as affected by different corm sizes, large sized corm (3 to 3.5 cm), medium (2 to 2.5 cm) and to small (1 to 1.5 cm) were evaluated under natural agro-climatic conditions of Faisalabad. The experiment was laid out in accordance with Complete Block Design with two factorial arrangements. Regarding vegetative parameters it was observed that sprouting percentage, plant height, number of leaves per plant and days required for 25% flowers, large sized corm perfume the best as compared to medium and small sized corms with maximum values (96.67%), (56.02 cm) and (7.720) in variety red majesty (150.0 days) in variety Early Yellow respectively. Similar results were observed with reproductive characters, similar number of spikes per plant in both varieties in all corm sizes maximum thickness (1.023 cm) of spike was observed in cvs. Early Yellow when large sized corms, spikes of maximum length in both cultivars being 47.55 cm and 47.50 cm in cv. Red Majesty and 45.56 and 43.11 cm in cvs. Early Yellow respectively, a significant difference was also in observed in number of florets per spike and intact flower life. In case of corm characters more number of cormels per plant was produced by plants raised by corms of large sized and corms size was increased with increase corm size

espanolRESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue verificar la influencia de la distancia de plantacion y de la poblacion de plantas, en los compo nentes fenologicos y en la productividad de diferentes materiales geneticos de maiz. El experimento fue conducido en el municipio de Jau/SP, localizado en la latitud 22° 17' S, longitud 48° 34' W y altitud media de 680 msnm. Fueron estudiadas dos distancias de plantacion: 0,45 m y 0,90 m, tres densidades poblacionales 50, 75 y 100 mil plantas ha-1, y cuatro materia les geneticos: hibrido simple DKB 333C, hibrido triple DKB 466, hibrido doble AG 2060 y la variedad AL Bandeirantes® en esquema factorial 2x3x4 con cuatro repeticiones en bloques al azar. La reduccion en la distancia entre lineas de plantio y el aumento de la poblacion de plantas influenciaron significativamente en el porcentaje de plantas acamadas y quebradas del maiz. Espacio entre lineas de 0,45 m, poblacion de 75.000 plantas ha-1 y material hibrido simple presentaron la mayor productividad de granos con promedio de 9.077 kg ha-1. Se observaron interacciones significativas de los factores distancia entre lineas versus poblacion de plantas, y poblacion de plantas versus materiales para el factor productividad de granos. Los componentes fenologicos de produccion: largo de la mazorca, diametro de la mazorca y diametro de la tusa (marlo) fueron influenciados por el aumento de poblacion de plantas ha-1. EnglishABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the influence of planting distance and the population of plants, phenological components, and productivity in different maize genetic material. The experiment was conducted during the 2003/04 agricultural year in the city of Jau/SP, located at latitude 22° 17'S, longitude 48° 34' W and altitude 680 m. Average Were studied, planting distances of 0.45 m and 0.90 m, three densities 50, 75 and 100 000 plants ha-1, and four genetic materials: simple hybrid DKB 333C, triple hybrid DKB 466, AG 2060 and double hybrid the variety AL 2x3x4 factorial scheme Bandeirantes in with 4 replications in randomized blocks. The reduction in the planting row spacing and increasing plant population significantly influenced the percentage of lodged plants and broken corn. Line spacing of 0.45 m, population of 75,000 plants ha-1 and single hybrid material showed the highest productivity of grains with an average of 9077 kg ha-1. Significant interactions were observed line spacing factors versus population of plants and plant population versus materials for grain productivity factor. Phonological components of production: spike length, shank diameter and the diameter of the cobs were influenced by increased plant population ha-1. The experiment was conducted during the agricultural year of2003/04 in the city of Jau/SP, located at latitude 22° 17'S and longitude 48° 34' Wand an average altitude of 680 m. Were tested, two spacing 0.45 m and 0.90 m, three densities 50, 75 and 100 thousand plants ha-1, and four genetic materials simple hybrid DKB 333C, triple hybrid DKB 466, double hybrid and variety AG 2060 in AL Bandeirantes® factorial design 2x3x4 with 4 replications in randomized blocks.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of most suitable cultivar under the climatic conditions of Bagh. Five cultivars of Gladiolus namely Amsterdam, Applause, Fidelio, Peter pears and Priscilla were evaluated for their adoptability and performance. Results on vegetative characteristics showed that cultivars Applause and Amsterdam took less number of days for sprouting, Fidelio and Priscilla produced more plants per corm and Applause obtained maximum plant height. Results on floral characteristics showed that cultivar Applause and Peter pears were earlier for spike emergence, Priscilla and Peter pears took minimum days to flowering, maximum florets were produced by Peter pears and Applause, Applause obtained maximum spike length and Peter pears remained attractive for longer time. Results on corm and cormels characteristics showed that Peter pears produced more corms, Applause produced maximum cormels and gained maximum corm size, maximum corm weight was recorded in Fidelio. From the results we conclude that keeping in view the vegetative and reproductive characteristics Applause, Peter pears and Fidelio are recommended for general cultivation.

This study was carried out at the research fields of The University of Haripur, during 2014-15 to evaluate three high yielding genotypes on the basis of their morphological characters using randomized complete block (RCB) design in three replications. Data were documented on ten traits viz., days to maturity (days), plant height (cm), flag leaf area (cm), days to flowering initiation (days), stem girth (mm), number of tillers plant (#), spike length (cm), spikelet’s spike (#), seeds spike (#) and 1000-seed weight (g). Highly significant differences were detected among the tested wheat genotypes for all the studied traits. Data for days to maturity ranged from 166 to 171 days, for plant height 82.3 to 103.6 cm, for flag leaf area 67.8 to 88.2 cm, for days to flower initiation 104 to 114.7 days, for stem girth 4.8 to 5.2 mm, for number of tillers plant 12 to 15.6 tillers, for spike length 11.9 to 12.0 cm, for spikelets spike 19.4 to 22.3 spikelets, for seeds spike 50.3 to 58.2 seeds and for 1000-seed weight 38.2 to 53.8 g. Generally, high heritability was estimated for the studied traits which varied from 57 % to 99 %. Days to flower initiation exhibited highest heritability value, whereas, minimum heritability was recorded for number of tillers plant. Based on the results of the current study, genotype Pirsabak-08 could be recommended for general cultivation in the agro-climatic conditions of Haripur.