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RESUMO A olivicultura é uma atividade recente no Rio Grande do Sul, com poucas informações sobre os insetos associados. A dinâmica populacional de Saissetia oleae (Oliver) e seu parasitismo natural foram avaliados em pomar de Olea europaea L., cultivar Arbequina, mantidos sob manejo convencional, situado em Caçapava do Sul (30°30'43? S, 53°29'27? O)-RS, Brasil. As amostragens foram mensais, de abril de 2012 a março de 2013. Em cada ocasião, em 20 plantas sorteadas, e dos quadrantes da copa (norte, sul, leste e oeste), foram retirados dois ramos aleatórios (20 a 30 cm de comprimento, com no mínimo 20 folhas), um interno e outro externo. A maior abundância de S. oleae foi na primavera e no verão, e a temperatura foi o fator que interferiu nesta dinâmica. Saissetia oleae distribuiu-se de forma uniforme entre os quadrantes e entre os ramos internos e externos da copa. Nas folhas, observou-se maior abundância de ninfas de primeiro e segundo instares, e nos ramos de ninfas de terceiro instar, adultos e adultos com ovos. A taxa de parasitismo foi de 3,40%. ABSTRACT Oliviculture is a recent activity in Rio Grande do Sul with little information on associated insects. The population dynamics of Saissetia oleae (Oliver) and its parasitism was evaluated in olive orchard, Olea europaea L., cultivar Arbequina, kept under traditional management, situated in Caçapava do Sul (30°30'43? S, 53°29'27? W), RS, Brazil. Samples were monthly collected from April 2012 to March 2013. At each occasion 20 trees were randomly selected and, from each quadrant of their canopies (northern, southern, eastern and western) two branches (20 - 30 cm - length and containingat least 20 leaves) were removed randomly, one inside and one outside the tree. The greater abundance of S. oleae was in the spring and summer and the temperature was the factor that interfered in this dynamic. Saissetia oleae was distributed in a uniform way between quadrant and between the internal and external branches. In the leaves were observed with greater abundance S. oleae of first and second nympal stages, while in the branches third instar nymphs, adults and adults with eggs. The parasitism rate was 3.40%.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of some biopesticides for controlling the olive black scale insect, Saissetia oleae (Olivier) on olive trees at Giza Governorate, Egypt during April, 2010. Four biopesticides (Biover, Stanes-biocatch, Stanes-biomagic and Bioranza) and one plant extract (Nimbecidine) were tested. The obtained results showed that all tested biopesticides and one extract were able to decrease the infestation with the olive black scale insect on olive trees through the three post treatment counts. Data clearly showed no significant differences among their efficiency (over 85%) and Nembicidine gave 80%.

Host plant and climatic influences on Saissetia oleae were evaluated in Crete, Greece, by comparing the distribution of the scale population within the olive tree before and after a heat wave. Samples of branches from different parts of the tree permitted the characterization of the feeding site of each scale; moving scales and parasites were caught in glue rings applied to the branches. Living scales were more abundant in sheltered microhabitats such as the lower canopy and the lower surface of the leaves. The older immature stages especially were more frequent on the more vigorous growth of the exterior canopy than in the interior. They preferred the older leaves over the young ones, regardless of their position in the tree. Parasites did not affect the scale distribution since they attacked scales only according to the host density and did not prefer special sites on the plant. A heat wave in July 1977 immediately killed a large proportion of the scale population, especially on the exposed plant parts. In addition, migration of scales from the new leaves towards the interior of the tree was observed. Because the survivors of the heat wave were pushed back to the nutritionally less suitable feeding sites, such as branches, the collapse of the S. oleae population still continued after the direct influence of the summer heat had ceased. By winter, the population had failed to reach the new vegetation. Because of leaf drop, only few females survived, and by March 1978 the population was reduced to 0.3% of its initial density in June 1977. Zusammenfassung Verteilung und Populationsdynamik von Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) (Hom., Coccidae) in der Krone von Olivenbaumen Der Einflus von Wirtspflanze und Klima auf Saissetia oleae wurde in Kreta, Griechenland, anhand der Verteilung einer Schildlauspopulation in Olivenbaumen vor und nach einer Hitzewelle untersucht. Auf Astproben aus verschiedenen Teilen der Krone wurde dabei der genaue Standort jeder einzelnen Schildlaus bestimmt. Ferner wurden kriechende Schildlause sowie ihre Parasiten in Leimringen, die auf den Asten angebracht wurden, gefangen. Lebende Schildlause fanden sich zahlreicher an geschutzten Stellen, wie im unteren Teil der Krone oder auf der Blattunterseite. Die alteren Larvenstadien waren haufiger auf den Blattern kraftig wachsender Aste der Kronenausenseite als im Innern des Baumes. Unabhangig von der Lage innerhalb des Laubdaches zogen sie alte Batter den neuen vor. Parasiten hatten keinen mesbaren Einflus auf die Verteilung der Schildlause, da sie diese entsprechend deren Dichte befielen und keine Bevorzugung fur einzelne Pflanzenteile zeigten. Eine Hitzewelle im Juli 1977 vernichtete einen hohen Anteil der Schildlauspopulation, besonders auf den der Sonne ausgesetzten Pflanzenteilen. Zusatzlich wurde eine geringe Abwanderung von Schildlausen von den jungen Blattern gegen das Innere des Baumes hin festgestellt. Weil diejenigen Schildlause, welche die Hitzewelle uberlebten, auf die von der Ernahrung her schlechteren Stellen, wie z. B. Aste, zuruckgedrangt wurden, nahm die S. oleae Population nach der Sommerhitze noch weiter ab. Bis zum Winter konnte die Population denn auch den neuen Pflanzenwuchs nicht in genugendem Mas besiedeln. Wegen Blattfalles suberlebten deshalb nur wenige Weibchen, und die Population schrumpfte bis Marz 1978 auf 0,3% ihrer ursprunglichen Dichte im Juni 1977 zusammen.

From 1975 to 1979 the population dynamics of Saissetia oleae were followed on olive trees, the only important host of this scale in Crete, by monthly recordings of population numbers, parasitization rates, climatological data, and effects of insecticide applications. Outbreaks, i. e. high scale densities, were frequent mainly in humid regions of the island. Differences in the scale density between the minimum in spring and the maximum in the following winter were in the order of 100 times. The olive variety Tsounati was the preferred host by nearly two to one over Koroneiki. In all areas populations increased during a cool and humid summer. The collapses in the following year were reinforced by hot and dry weather, but basically the cyclic population changes were attributed to the changing condition of the host plant. Parasites exhibited a delayed density dependent reaction in time in each of several localities. Density dependence was also found when parasitization rates of different areas were compared at the same time. Parasite activity was reduced in the mountains. Overall, the cyclically changing scale populations were higher in an area where parsitism was reduced because of insecticide drift from nearby table grapes. Parasitization rates were also lowered in areas which were treated from the air against the olive fly, as compared to orchards which were treated from the ground and/or where insecticide applications were reduced. A total of eight primary and six secondary parasites were reared from S. oleae. The three common primary parasites accounted for 96.9% of all specimens, while all hyperparasites together reached only 1.1%. Several exotic parasites were released against S. olease. Though they were established, they had only a small impact on the scale populations. Zusammenfassung Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) und seine Parasiten in Kreta (Griechenland) Die Populationsdynamik von Saissetia oleae auf Olivenbaumen, dem einzigen wichtigen Wirt dieser Schildlaus in Kreta, wurde von 1975 bis 1979 verfolgt, indem monatlich die Populationsdichte, der Parasitierungsgrad, Klimadaten und die Wirkung von Insektizidbehandlungen gemessen wurden. Periodisch auftretende hohe Schildlauspopulationen wurden vor allem in den feuchten Gegenden der Insel festgestellt. Dabei war die Schildlausdichte zur Zeit des Minimums im Fruhling rund 100mal kleiner als wahrend des Maximums im folgenden Winter. Die Olivenvarietat Tsounati wurde den Koroneikibaumen im Verhaltnis 2:1 vorgezogen. In allen Gegenden nahmen die Populationen in einem feuchten, kuhlen Sommer stark zu. Der Zusammenbruch dieser Populationen begann bereits im folgenden Winter, wurde dann aber durch einen besonders heisen Sommer noch gefordert. Der zyklische Wechsel in der Populationsdichte wird vor allem auf die wechselnde Qualitat der Wirtspflanze zuruckgefuhrt. Die Grose der Parasitenpopulationen war abhangig von der Dichte der Wirtspopulationen (“delayed density dependence”). Diese Abhangigkeit wurde sowohl zwischen zeitlich getrennten Proben desselben Ortes als auch bei gleichzeitiger Probenahme an verschiedenen Orten festgestellt. In den Bergen litten die Parasiten unter den kuhlen Wintern. Ferner zeigten die zyklischen Populationsschwankungen hohere Mittelwerte dort, wo der Parasitierungsgrad wegen Insektiziddrift von nahen Tafeltraubenfeldern verringert wurde. Weniger Parasiten fanden sich auch in Olivenhainen, welche gegen die Olivenfliege aus der Luft gespritzt wurden, im Vergleich zu solchen, wo die Spritzungen vom Boden ausgefuhrt und/oder wo die Anzahl der Insektizidbehandlungen vermindert wurde. Im Ganzen wurden acht verschiedene primare und sechs sekundare Parasiten von S. oleae festgestellt. Die drei wichtigsten Primarparasiten stellten 96.9 %, alle Hyperparasiten zusammen nur 1.1% aller aufgezogenen Zehrwespen. Mehrere exotische Parasiten wurden gegen S. oleae losgelassen, doch blieb ihre Wirkung auf die Schildlauspopulationen gering.

The time of year the adults (flight period) of the parasitoids of S. oleae: Μetaphycus helvolus, Μetaphycus lounsburyi, Scutelista cyanea and Moranila californica and the predator Chilocorus bipustulatus are present, was determined in three areas of Corfu island: Lima, Kontocali and Avliotes. M. helvolus apparently has two flight periods: the first is from A­pril till July and the second from November till December. All the other natural enemies have only one flight period per year. The flight period of M. lounsburyi is from April till August, while S. cyanea flies from August till the end of September or the first days of Oc­tober, and M. californica adults are present from July till the middle of December. Adults of C. bipustulatus appeared from July till December or the middle of January.

The particle film technology based on processed kaolin sprays has been recently introduced for the control of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), the key pest of olive groves. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2005 to 2007 at Villarejo de Salvanés, Spain to assess the efficacy of a kaolin-based product (Surround WP) for controlling B. oleae and two other olive insect pests the olive black scale Saissetiaoleae (Olivier) and the olive psyllid Euphylluraolivina (Costa). The effects of Surround WP on the arthropod community of olive trees and on natural enemies were also evaluated. In a high olive fruit fly pressure year (2007), Surround WP sprays significantly reduced the incidence of B. oleae and that of S. oleae. However, Surround WP treatments did not have any effect on E. olivina populations. Both the abundance and the diversity of arthropods were reduced by Surround WP treatment. The principal response curve (PRC) analysis revealed a significant deleterious effect of Surround WP on the natural enemy arthropod community of the olive grove. The most affected taxa were the following the coccinellids Scymnus mediterraneus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, Stethorus punctillum Weise and Hyperaspis reppensis (Hbst.); the mirid Brachynotocoris ferreri n. sp. Baena (in litteris); different species of Orius and the families of Philodromidae, Scelionidae, Pteromalidae, Chrysopidae and Aphelinidae. Processed kaolin is proposed as an alternative to chemical control of the olive fruit fly. However, the effect of processed kaolin treatments on natural enemies should be taken into account in a rational pest control programme. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

Bu çalışma, 03-05 Mayıs 2010 tarihleri arasında Ankara[Türkiye]’da düzenlenen 1. International Workshop in Taxonomic Acarology’da bildiri olarak sunulmuştur. This study was conducted to determine the population fluctuations and interactions between predatory mites and pests on leaves, shoots, and flower buds of olive trees. Studies were carried out at weekly intervals in four unsprayed olive orchards at Bursa (Turkey), which were located in different ecological areas, during 2007 and 2008. Population fluctuations of predators and pests were monitored by counting individuals on ten 25-cm long shoots collected at different heights from 10 trees in each olive orchard. The mites and mobile small insects were extracted in Berlese funnels and then examined under a stereomicroscope. In this study, the most common pest species found were: Brevipalpus oleae, Aceria oleae, Thrips tabaci, Liothrips oleae, Parlatoria oleae and Saissetia oleae. Although several mite predators, representing the families Phytoseiidae, Erythraeidae, Cheyletidae and Stigmaeidae, were found, members of the family Phytoseiidae dominated. Among the phytoseiid species, Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) athiasae and Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) recki were found more often, whereas T. (A.) involutus was rarely encountered. Observations conducted at Bursa during the 2 years suggested that in these olive orchards the phytoseiids exist in a clear numerical response to pest species such as B. oleae and the thrips species. In addition, the results indicated that the large phytoseiid populations were a response to the secretions of the scale insects.

This study reports some data from periodic surveys of vegetation in a typical Umbrian olive grove (Central Italy) over a two-year period, 1983–84. The descriptive analysis of the data shows that: — the insect population present on leaves is always higher than that on twigs; — the ratio between the number of living and dead insects increases with the age of the coccid even if the ratio depends on how long the coccid remains in a particular instar or stage of development; — the extent of parasitization was rather modest; — the insect winters mainly in the form of 3rd instar larva or, less frequently, as 2nd instar larva or young female. A statistical model was formulated based on the assumption of constant birth, mortality and drop rates between two successive surveys. This model can be used to estimate the extent of the birth, mortality and drop rate in a sample unit of vegetation. In particular the application of the above model showed that: — mortality is highest for 1st instar larvae and it is associated with periods marked by high temperature; — the extent of drops increases with instar stage and is most intense in the rainy periods. Zusammenfassung Zur Populationsdynamik von Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) (Homoptera, Coccidae) auf Olivenbaumen Die vorliegende Studie stutzt sich auf Daten, die mittels periodischer Stichprobenentnahmen in einem typisch umbrischen Olivenhain (Mittelitalien) in den Jahren 1983/84 gewonnen wurden. Die Analyse der Daten ergab: — die Population auf den Blattern war immer groser als die auf den Zweigen; — das Verhaltnis Lebende/Tote wuchs im Verhaltnis zum Larven- und Entwicklungsstadium der Kokzidien, auch wenn es von der Verbleibdauer derselben im entsprechenden Stadium abhing; — das Ausmas des Befalls erwies sich als recht gering; es uberwinterten hauptsachlich die Larven III, gefolgt von den Larven II und den jungen Weibchen. Es wurde ein statistisches Modell erstellt, das sich auf in regelmasigem Abstand zueinander stehende Geburts-, Sterbe- und Loslosungsraten zwischen zwei aufeinander folgenden Kontrollen stutzt, und das dazu benutzt werden kann, die Vermehrung, die Sterblichkeit und das Loslosen einer Versuchseinheit zu schatzen. Die Anwendung des Modells hat insbesondere ergeben: — die Sterblichkeit war am hochsten fur die Larven I; das galt besonders fur die Zeiten mit hohen Temperaturen; — das Ausmas der Loslosungen wuchs mit dem Typ des Larvenstadiums; ganz besonders gros war es in regenreichen Zeiten.

1. Spatial distribution patterns of Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) are analysed at the plant level on olive tree in Granada, and biological interpretation is given. 2. S. oleae tends to be distributed in colonies as a result of its characteristic mode of reproduction and dispersal: mass deposition of eggs followed by limited mobility of subsequent stages. 3. Grouping tendency decreases with the increasing age of the insect, as a consequence of both the action of mortality factors and dispersal during the biological cycle. However, positive values of Iwao's α-parameter all along the cycle indicate that even at a very low density several individuals tend to live together in the same quadrat. 4. The value of Iwao's β-parameter may indicate a weak tendency of aggregation in the dispersion pattern of colonies due to the response of the insect, through movements or survival, to the heterogeneous conditions of its habitat. 5. The constancy of β during the insect cycle suggests no density dependence of the process of dispersal and the operation of mortality factors. 6. Most samples fit the negative binomial distribution. Zusammenfassung Zur raumlichen Verteilung verschiedener Entwicklungsstadien von Saissetia oleae (Oliv.) auf Olivenbaumen in Granada 1. In einer Ohvenplantage in Granada wurden raumliche Verteilungsmuster von Saissetia oleae analysiert und unter biologischen Aspekten diskutiert. 2. Infolge eines charakteristischen Reproduktions- und Verteilungsverhaltens — massierte Eiablage, gefolgt von einer eingeschrankten Mobilitat in den folgenden Entwicklungsstadien — tendiert S. oleae dazu, in Kolonien zu leben. 3. Die Tendenz der Kolonie-Bildung nimmt mit zunehmendem Alter infolge von Mortalitat und weiterer Verteilung im Laute des Entwieklungszvklus ab. Jedoch zeigen die positiven Werte des Iwao α-Parameters, das die Individuen wahrend des gesamten Entwicklungszyklus selbst bei sehr geringer Dichte dazu tendieren, im selben Quadrat zu leben. 4. Der Wert des Iwao β-Parameters scheint eine schwache Tendenz zur Aggregationsbildung fur das Verteilungsmuster der Kolonien anzuzeigen, was auf die Reaktionen des Insekts auf heterogene Habitatbedingungen beruht. 5. Die Konstanz des β-Werts wahrend des gesamten Entwicklungszyklus weist darauf hin, das die Verteilung und die Mortalitatsfaktoren dichteunabhangig sind. 6. Die meisten Stichproben entsprachen einer negativen Binomial-Verteilung.

1. The Mediterranean black scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) was the most suitable host for the imported Metaphycus aff. stanleyi Compere and Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) and for the local Metaphycus flavus (Howard). 2. Difficulties were encountered in the mass rearing of the introduced parasitoids, particularly M. aff. stanleyi, on the hemispherical scale Saissetia coffeae (Walker) and on the brown soft scale Coccus hesperidum L., because many of the eggs were encapsulated. 3. Although all the eggs of M.aff.stanleyi were encapsulated shortly after being deposited in S.coffeae, some larvae developed, broke out of the capsule and developed normally. 4. The incidence of parasitized scales containing only encapsulated eggs of any of the three Metaphycus species, increased with the stage of the host.

Encapsulation of eggs of the encyrtid parasite Metaphycus swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt (= M. aff. stanleyi Compere) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in the Mediterranean black scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier), was more frequent in the rubber stage of the host than in the young female. Encapsulation frequency in young females did not differ at 24° or at 28°, but increased considerably at 32°. In the rubber stage of S. oleae. the % scales wherein encapsulation completely prevented parasite development increased from 20.5 at 24° to 96.7 at 32°. Intentionally weakened Coccus hesperidum L., as opposed to healthy hosts, allowed the development of M. swirskii due to a reduction in the host's encapsulation capacity and, as a result, the mass rearing of the parasite on such a host was made possible. Egg encapsulation in the weakened C. hesperidum was more frequent in mature scales than in younger stages of the host. None of the eggs of M. swirskii, deposited in Coccophagus − parasitized C. hesperidum, became encapsulated. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, No. 164-E, 1981 series. RESUME Etudes complementaires sur la formation de capsules autour des oeufs de Metaphycus swirskii par les cochenilles molles (Coccidae) La formation de capsule autour des oeufs du parasitoide encyrtide, Metaphycus swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt (= M. aff. stanleyi Compere), par la co-chenille noire de l'olivier, Saissetia oleae (Olivier), est plus frequente chez les hotes au stade precedant la ponte que femelle jeune. Cette frequence, identique chez les jeunes femelles a 24° et a 28°, augmente considerablement a 32°. Au stade precedant la ponte de 5. oleae, le % des cochenilles, chez lesquelles les capsules arretent completement le developpement du parasite, augmente de 20.5 a 24° pour atteindre 96.7 a 32°. Des Coccus hesperidum L., affaiblis, contrairement a des individus sains, permettent le developpement de M. swirskii par suite de leur aptitude reduite a former des capsules. Ceci permit d'utiliser C. hesperidum pour l'elevage de masse du parasitoide. La formation de capsules par C. hesperidum affaibli autour des oeufs est plus frequente chez les cochenilles mures qu'aux stades jeunes. Aucun oeuf depose par M. swirskii dans C. hesperidum deja parasite par Coccophagus n'a provoque la formation de capsule.

Experiments were made to determine if black scale found on citrus trees in a part of the San Gabriel Valley, California are more difficult to control than black scale found in other districts. Scale from the so-called resistant district and from districts outside this area were established on small potted seedling orange trees and fumigated with hydrocyanic acid simultaneously and under the same covering. It was concluded that the black scale from the so-called resistant district are a hardy strain more difficult to kill than those in other districts. This hardy strain may be called resistant but not immune. It was possible to kill them all by a high dosage of cyanide.

does not appear. First page follows. Resistance to fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas (HCN) in the red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), was first noted in 1914; and resistance in black scale, Saissetia oleae (Bern.), in 1915 (Quayle, 1938).5 Sufficient experimental data have accumulated to establish definitely the existence of two strains or races of red scale in the citrus areas of California: one race that is susceptible and another that is tolerant to HCN fumigation. These two races have been reared in the laboratory for the past seven years, under identical conditions in separate insectproof rooms, through an average of nine generations per year, or a total of some sixty generations; and they are still maintaining the original differential in susceptibility to HCN. As (Dickson (1941)) demonstrated, this difference in susceptibility depends on a single gene or group of closely linked genes in the X chromosome and therefore is sex-linked. The black scale has been less studied, because of the difficulties involved in rearing it from generation to generation; but, according to recent work by (Lindgren and Dickson (1943)), the resistant and the nonresistant black scale differ as much in their tolerance to HCN as do the two races of red scale, or even more. In an effort to determine the basis for the difference in the reaction of the resistant and nonresistant races of scale insects to HCN fumigation, two lines of investigation were followed in the present experiments. In the first, the fumigation experiments, an attempt was made to evaluate separately the influence of HCN concentration and of exposure on the mortality of the two races of red scale. In the second, the sorption experiments, an attempt was made to correlate the mortality of fumigated resistant and nonresistant races of both red and black scales with the amounts of HCN sorbed (as measured by the amounts recovered); the effects of varied dosages, exposures, and pre-treatments on sorption and mortality were studied. Materials and Methods In the experiments here reported, studies were made of resistant and nonresistant mature adult female red scale, reared under controlled laboratory conditions, in insectproof rooms. The variation in age of the insects was less than 24 hours, since the scale crawlers were transferred to grapefruits from the stock cultures several times daily.

Larval stages of 2 diaspids, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) and Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and 2 coccids, Saissetia oleae (Olivier) and Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, were sprayed with the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron and methoprene. No effect of diflubenzuron on the development of the insects tested was noticed. Methoprene at a concentration of 0.015% inhibited emergence of male C. aonidum when applied to 1st or 2nd instars, and at 0.1% prevented emergence of male A. aurantii when treated as 2nd instars. Development of female C. aonidum treated as 1st instars was inhibited after application of 0.05% methoprene. Females of the 2 armored scales were not affected when subjected to methoprene as 2nd instars. The development of S. oleae and C. floridensis , which are uniparental in Israel, was severely affected by methoprene treatment at a concentration of 0.015 and 0.03%, respectively.

The history of citrus culture indicates that citrus has many serious or potentially serious pests in each of the citrus growing areas of the United States. Some of those that were most injurious are no longer considered of importance by growers because populations have been reduced to below economic injury levels by introduced biological enemies. Notable examples of major citrus pests that have been reduced in status as citrus pests in California by biological agents include the cottonycushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell, brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum L., several species of mealybugs, black scale, Saissetia oleae (Bernard), and yellow scale, Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett). Purple scale Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) and Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) are under biological control in Florida.