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Physalis angulata is a Solanaceae that produces fruits with a high commercial value. The interference of weeds in the cultivation of this species is one of the main factors limiting its growth. There are no herbicides registered for this crop in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides and the use of adjuvants for the cultivation of P. angulata. We conducted three experiments: two in pots, evaluating the selectivity of the herbicides fluazifop-p-butyl, metribuzin, fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl, trifluralin and clethodim; and one in field conditions using the most selective herbicides from previous experiments. In the pots, we performed assessments of phytotoxicity, height, stem diameter, and total chlorophyll content every seven days up to 42 days after application. At the end of the three experiments, we evaluated leaf area, number of fruits, and dry matter of leaves, stems, and fruits. The herbicides clethodim without adjuvant and fluazifop-p-butyl are selective for P. angulata crop. Under field conditions, the application of fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen did not negatively affect crop production and growth, being selective to P. angulata. Metribuzin do not have the potential to be used for this crop. RESUMO Physalis angulata é uma Solanaceae, que produz frutos de alto valor comercial. A interferência de plantas daninhas no cultivo dessa espécie é um dos principais fatores limitantes e não há herbicidas registrados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas e o uso de adjuvantes no cultivo de P. angulata. Foram conduzidos três experimentos: dois em vasos, avaliando a seletividade dos herbicidas fluazifop-p-butílico, metribuzim, fomesafem+fluazifop-p-butílico, trifluralina e cletodim; e um a campo, com os herbicidas mais seletivos dos ensaios anteriores. Em vaso, foram realizadas avaliações visuais de fitotoxicidade, além da altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule e teor de clorofila, a cada 7 dias, até os 42 dias após aplicação. Ao término dos três experimentos, além dessas características, foram avaliados a área foliar, número de frutos e massa seca de folhas, caule e frutos. Os herbicidas clethodim sem adjuvante e fluazifop-p-butil são seletivos para P. angulata. Em condições de campo, a aplicação de fluazifop-p-butil + fomesafen não afetou negativamente a produtividade e o crescimento da cultura, sendo seletivo a P. angulata. O metribuzin não demonstrou potencial para ser utilizado nesta cultura.

Algae is not desirable in hydroponics and creates problems such as reduced yield and decreased dissolved oxygen, and affects the physiology of plants and, thus, needs to be controlled. An experiment was conducted in Ebb and Flow hydroponic systems to investigate the application timing and rates of two hydrogen peroxide products (Zerotol and PERpose Plus). Treatments included 35 mL weekly, 35 mL biweekly, 70 mL weekly, 70 mL biweekly, and a control with no application of hydrogen peroxide using a 40-gallon reservoir of water. Pepper ‘Early Jalapeno’ and ‘Lunchbox Red’ and tomato ‘Geronimo’ and ‘Little Sicily’ were used. The study was conducted in a split-plot design with two replications over time. Plant growth parameters, including plant height, flower number, net CO2 assimilation, fresh weight, and dry weight were recorded. Algae data, including dry weight, algae cell counts, and chl a were also measured. Results indicated that with increasing rate and timing of either product decreased algae counts, dry weight, and chl a values. However, weekly and biweekly application of 70 mL of both products were not different for algae quantification. In pepper, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, and root fresh and dry weight were found to be significantly greater with Zerotol 35 mL biweekly, Zerotol 70 mL weekly, PERpose Plus 35 mL biweekly, and PERpose Plus 70 mL weekly compared with the control. ‘Lunchbox Red’ was significantly greater than ‘Early Jalapeno’ in all growth parameters, except soil plant analysis development (SPAD). ‘Lunchbox Red’ had the greatest flower number, with weekly application of 70 mL PERpose Plus. In tomato, greatest flower number and SPAD were observed in ‘Geronimo’ with a weekly application of 70 mL PERpose Plus and 70 mL Zerotol, respectively. Greater shoot and root fresh and dry weight for both tomato cultivars were recorded with 35 mL biweekly or 70 mL weekly application with either product. The results from both plants as well as algae analysis suggest that weekly application of 70 mL of either Zerotol or PERpose Plus produced the best results in terms of controlling algae and improving the growth of pepper and tomato plants.

The objective was to determine the effect of commercial substrates and organic sources on the production of cape gooseberry seedlings (Physalis peruviana L.). The design was completely randomized with a 2×3 factorial scheme using two commercial substrates (Carolina®, Bioplant®) and three organic sources (control, vermicompost enriched with yoorin thermophosphate and poultry manure) for seedling production. Adding poultry manure to commercial substrates negatively affects precocity and emergence. Carolina® is a suitable substrate for cape gooseberry seedling production without supplements using organic sources. Bioplant® behaves more like an emergence conditioner, requiring supplementation with organic sources (preferably vermicompost). Seedlings that are suitable for transplant can be obtained at 47 days after sowing. RESUMEN El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de los sustratos comerciales y las fuentes orgánicas en la producción de plántulas de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.). El diseño fue completamente aleatorizado, en un esquema factorial de 2×3, con dos sustratos comerciales la producción de plántulas (Carolina®, Bioplant®) y tres fuentes orgánicas (control, vermicompost enriquecido con termofosfato yoorin y estiércol de aves de corral). Agregar estiércol de aves de corral a sustratos comerciales causa efectos negativos sobre la precocidad y la emergencia. Carolina® es un sustrato adecuado para producir plántulas de uchuva sin necesidad de suplementos con fuentes orgánicas. Bioplant® se comporta más como un acondicionador de emergencia, que requiere suplementos con fuentes orgánicas (preferiblemente vermicompost). Las plántulas adecuadas para el trasplante se pueden obtener a los 47 días después de la siembra.

Tomato is a plant belonging to the family Solanaceae , short trunk, and grows well in tropical climates. Tomatoes have vegetative and generative growth phases. The availability of nutrients largely determines the vegetative growth phase. Research on the effect of vermicompost and NPK fertilizer has been carried out from April to July 2021. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of NPK fertilizer and vermicompost: (1) The effect of vermicompost treatment on tomato growth. (2) The effect of NPK fertilizer treatment on tomato growth. (3) The interaction effect between vermicompost and NPK fertilizer on tomato growth. The research was conducted using experimental methods. The research design was a 4 x 5 factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The treatment of NPK fertilizer consisted of four types of treatment doses, while the vermicompost consisted of five types of treatment doses. The results showed that the application of NPK fertilizer had a significant impact on differences in stem diameter, the number of compound leaves, leaf length, and height of tomato plants. The NPK fertilizer treatment of 0.8 grams per plant gave better results in stem diameter, number of compound leaves, leaf length, and height of tomato plants compared to other treatments. The treatment of vermicompost with different doses significantly affected stem diameter, the number of compound leaves, leaf length, and the height of tomato plants. Treatment of 1.8 kg of vermicompost resulted in the best stem diameter, the number of compound leaves, leaf length, and height of tomato plants. The interaction of vermicompost and NPK fertilizer had no significant effect on stem diameter, the number of compound leaves, leaf length, and tomato plant height.

Kutukebul Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) merupakan hama kosmopolitan pada berbagai jenis tanaman pertanian. Kutukebul dapat menyebabkan kerusakan tanaman dengan cara mengisap bagian tanaman menggunakan stilet dan sebagai vektor virus tanaman. Tanaman cabai merah (Capsicum annuum) dan tomat (Solanum lycopersicum) merupakan tanaman hortikultura penting yang sering diserang oleh B. tabaci. Kutukebul diketahui dapat bereproduksi dengan kopulasi yang menghasilkan keturunan jantan dan betina serta tanpa kopulasi yang menghasilkan keturunan jantan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemampuan reproduksi kutukebul B. tabaci yang berkopulasi dan tidak kopulasi pada tanaman cabai merah dan tomat. Imago B. tabaci diambil dari tempat pemeliharaan di rumah kaca Cikabayan, IPB Dramaga. Satu imago betina yang baru keluar dari pupa atau nimfa instar akhir diinfestasikan pada tanaman cabai merah dan tomat yang ditanam dalam polibag untuk mengetahui keturunan B. tabaci yang dihasilkan tanpa kopulasi. Pengujian untuk mengamati reproduksi B. tabaci yang berkopulasi sama dengan perlakuan tanpa kopulasi, hanya saja pada tanaman cabai merah dan tomat diinfestasikan satu pasang imago (jantan dan betina). Masing-masing perlakuan diulang 5 kali. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap hari terhadap jumlah telur yang dihasilkan oleh satu imago betina setiap harinya, masa inkubasi telur, lamanya periode nimfa untuk tiap-tiap instar, pupa, dan imago. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keperidian B. tabaci yang bereproduksi dengan kopulasi dan tidak kopulasi pada tanaman tomat lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada tanaman cabai, namun tidak ada perbedaan siklus hidup dan nisbah kelaminnya.

Tomato is major horticultural plant consumed worldwide. Biotic stress (nematodes, fungus and bacteria) has negative effect on tomato production due to causing reduced yield or plant death. Rootstocks confer resistance to soil-borne pathogen are considered the most effective and environment friendly approach for such a stress management. Thus, development of genetic resources having multiple resistance genes is essential for sustainable tomato breeding. Solanum habrochaites is one of the most studied wild tomato species due to its high genetic potential for biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, rootstock potential of an interspecific F1 hybrid derived from S. habrochaites was evaluated as using resistance genes (Frl, I-2, I-3, Mi-3, Pto Ty-1, Ty-3 and Sw-5) specific molecular markers for 6 major tomato diseases and 31 fruit quality traits. The study reported that F1 hybrid had resistance alleles for 5 genes (Frl, I-2, I-3, Pto and Sw-5) confer resistance to fusarium crown rot disease, crown – root rot disease, race 2 and 3 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici, bacterial speck and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), respectively. Despite high performance of F1 hybrid for biotic stress, the study pointed S. habrochaites specific graft incompatibility due to poor rate of grafting efficiency, small fruit formation and low yield. This is the first comprehensive study evaluated the horticultural performance of an interspecific hybrid in tomato.

Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) is predominant among the more than 20 tomato-infecting begomoviruses reported in Brazil after the invasion of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (= biotype B) in the early 1990s. ToSRV is currently detected in association and/or displacing other begomoviruses in major tomato-producing areas. The prevalence of ToSRV across many ecogeographical regions is yet elusive. This peculiar ToSRV feature can be partially explained by its large number of alternative hosts, including those not yet characterized. Here, isolates of ToSRV were characterized in four new natural hosts, including Pachyrhizus erosus (Fabaceae), Solanum betaceum (section Pachyphylla, Solanaceae), S. torvum (section Torva, Solanaceae), and Oxalis latifolia (Oxalidaceae family). These results reinforce the notion that the wide host range of ToSRV may play relevant biological and epidemiological roles in explaining the geographical dispersion and large frequency of this virus in tomato crops in the Neotropics.

The article presents a brief history of the establishment of the Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Seed Production of Solanaceae Crops of FSBSI FSVC. The process of development of tomato, pepper, eggplant and physalis breeding is shown from the beginning of the establishment until the present time. Practical selection of Solanaceae crops in FSBSI FSVC is directly connected with the name of Academician VASKhNIL A.V. Alpatyev, who is the founder of scientific research on thermophilic crops. On the basis of conducted scientific researches the technique of creation of cold-resistant, early-ripening cultivars of tomato was developed, including influence of certain conditions on parental forms and hybrid material from its first generations to increase adaptability to new, not characteristic conditions of selected material. Subsequently, this technique was applied to the breeding of sweet pepper, eggplant and physalis. Interspecific hybridisation was used to enrich the gene pool of Solanaceous crops. As a result of distant hybridization, the following cultivars were created: the original tomato cultivar Severyanin with large parthenocarpic fruits on 1 and 2 racemes; an anadrous mutant for use in breeding; ultra-rapid, short-stage forms for obtaining heterosis effect; the cultivar Vkusny with increased content of dry matter in fruits. On the basis of interspecific hybrid of Ph. ixocarpa x Ph. angulata, the cultivars Dessert and Lakomka, characterized by high yield and resistance to diseases, high content of sugars, pectin and absence of bitterness, are created. Types of pepper Capsicum chinense, C. frutescens and C. annuum were used to create resistant forms to viral diseases. Involvement of wild eggplant species (Solanum aethiopicum, S. macrocarpon) to the breeding process allowed to obtain hybrid combinations with flavonoids content 1,3 times higher and phenolcarboxylic acids 1,6–1,7 times higher than in S. melongena.The development of theoretical bases ofSolanaceae crops breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, as well as for high quality production, allowed to create a series of cosmopolitan cultivars, which at present are in demand, both in production and as a source material. The current scientific priorities are to use innovative biotechnology and molecular marking methods to accelerate the breeding process and improve selection efficiency.

The potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a pest of solanaceous crops (order Solanales), including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato (S. lycopersicum L.). Feeding by high populations of nymphs causes psyllid yellows while adults and nymphs are vectors of the plant pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’. Foliar symptoms that were consistent with either ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ infection or psyllid yellows were observed in 2019 on tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.; family Solanaceae) grown within an experimental plot located near Saltillo, Mexico. This study had three primary objectives: 9i) determine whether the foliar symptoms observed on tomatillo were associated with ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ infection, (ii) identify the haplotypes of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ and potato psyllids present in the symptomatic plot, and (iii) use gut content analysis to infer the plant sources of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’-infected psyllids. Results confirmed that 71% of symptomatic plants and 71% of psyllids collected from the plants were infected with ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’. The detection of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ in plants and psyllids and the lack of nymphal populations associated with psyllid yellows strongly suggests that the observed foliar symptoms were caused by ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ infection. All infected plants and insects harbored the more virulent ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ haplotype B but one psyllid was also coinfected with haplotype A. The potato psyllids were predominantly of the central haplotype but one psyllid was identified as the western haplotype. Molecular gut content analysis of psyllids confirmed the movement of psyllids between noncrop habitats and tomatillo and indicated that ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ infection of psyllids was associated with increased plant diversity in their diet.

This work focuses on investigating plant-parasitic nematodes that affect greenhouse vegetables. The study took place in the Rostov region (Russian Federation) between May 2019 and May 2020 and involved 180 samples of soil and roots of 30 different vegetables in the families Cucurbitaceae (6), Solanaceae (8), Umbelliferae (8), Lamiaceae (4) and Allioideae (4) from 20 intensive farming locations. In this study, 11 nematode genera were detected. The most common genus was Meloidogyne, followed by Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, and Scutellonema. The highest Meloidogyne densities were detected in cucumbers, green peppers, carrots, eggplants, basil, and celery. Onions were not infected with Meloidogyne at all. Plant diseases caused by Pratylenchus, Scutellonema and Helicotylenchus were present in 29.7%, 51.5% and 81.6% of all crops examined, respectively. Xiphinema were found exclusively in carrots and celery, while Ditylenchus were only present in tomatoes and carrots (for each, the prevalence was 2.1%). The relative abundance of Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, and Pratylenchus was 58.3%, 10.4%, and 2.1%, respectively. As regards other genera, the relative abundance was less than 1%. The results show that soil properties are as important for the abundance, distribution and structure of the plant-parasitic nematode communities as the host plant. Findings may be helpful in improving the vegetable pest controls.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the agricultural products with highest internal demand in Colombia. However, this crop is affected by a virus complex that have a dramatic effect in yields and on the quality of tuber-seeds. In this work we tested the prevalence of five RNA viruses (PVY, PVS, PVX, PLRV and PYVV) in tuber-seed sprouts and their corresponding plantlets using real-time RT-PCR. Tuber-seeds were obtained from commercial (TC) and informal seed (TNC) distributors. Our results suggest high levels of infection with all five viruses in seed potatoes. Mixed infections, with up to four different viruses, were found with high frequency in certified or registered seed tubers. PVY (74%) and PVS (36%) were the most prevalent viruses using leaf tissues. The combination PVY+PLRV (24%) was the most common mixed infection in commercial tuber-seeds. In non-commercial seeds the most prevalent mixed infections were PVY+PYVV+PVS and PVY+PVS+PLRV at 10%. The phylogenetic affinity of all viruses under study was determined by partial sequencing of their CP genes, which confirmed their close relationship with previously characterized Colombian strains. These results underscore the urgent need to improve the health status in potato seed-tubers used by farmers in Colombia., La papa (Solanum tuberosum) es uno de los productos agrícolas con mayor demanda interna en Colombia. Este cultivo es afectado por un complejo de virus que reduce los rendimientos y la calidad de los tubérculos-semilla. En este trabajo se evaluó la prevalencia de cinco virus de ARN (PVY, PVS, PVX, PLRV y PYVV) en brotes de tubérculos-semilla de origen comercial (TC) y no-comercial (TNC) y en sus plantas derivadas, utilizando RT-PCR en tiempo real. Los resultados evidenciaron altos niveles de infección de los cinco virus en el material de siembra e infecciones mixtas hasta con cuatro virus en los tubérculos comerciales. PVY (74%) y PVS (36%) presentaron los mayores niveles de prevalencia en plantas derivadas de tubérculos-semilla. La combinación PVY+PLRV presentó el mayor nivel de prevalencia en tubérculos-semilla TC (24%), mientras que en TNC las combinaciones PVY+PYVV+PVS y PVY+PVS+PLRV se presentaron en 10% de las muestras. La afinidad filogenética de los virus detectados se evaluó mediante secuenciación Sanger de amplicones de cápside, agrupándose en subclados previamente identificados sobre solanáceas en Colombia. Estos resultados señalan la necesidad de tomar acciones urgentes que permitan mejorar los niveles de sanidad viral de los materiales de siembra de papa cultivados en el país., A batata (Solanum tuberosum) é um dos produtos agrícolas com maior demanda interna na Colômbia. Este cultivo é afetado por um complexo de vírus que reduzem os rendimentos e a qualidade dos tubérculos-semente. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a prevalência de cinco vírus de ARN (PVY, PVS, PVX, PLRV y PYVV) em brotos de tubérculos-semente de origem comercial (TC) e não comercial (TNC) e em plantas derivadas desses brotos, usando RT-PCR em tempo real. Os resultados evidenciaram altos níveis de infecção dos cinco vírus no material de semeadura e infecções mistas com até quatro vírus nos tubérculos comerciais. PVY (74%) e PVS (36%) apresentaram os maiores níveis de prevalência em plantas derivadas de tubérculos-semente. A combinação PVY+PLRV apresentou o maior nível de prevalência em tubérculos-semente TC (24%), enquanto em TCN as combinações PVY+PYVV+PVS e PVY+PVS+PLRV foram detectadas em 10% das amostras. A afinidade filogenética dos vírus detectados foi avaliada por sequenciamento Sanger de amplicons da cápside, agrupandose em subclados previamente identificados sobre solanáceas na Colômbia. Estes resultados indicam a necessidade de tomar ações urgentes para melhorar os níveis de sanidade viral dos materiais de semeadura de batata no país.

Golovinomyces longipes is a widespread powdery mildew on Solanaceae (Nicotiana, Petunia and Solanum spp.). In the past, it has been reported only once on Verbena (Verbenaceae), a non-solanaceaous host. Recently, this powdery mildew has been found on the composite Matricaria chamomilla. The identification of the powdery mildew species on this unusual host has been proved by morphological studies and DNA sequence analysis. Both datasets coincide with the characteristic data for G. longipes on Solanaceae. First inoculation experiments with further composites resulted in an infection of Brachyscome hybrid ‘Surdaisy’. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. lonigpes on hosts belonging to the important family of Asteraceae and an additional proof of the broader host range of G. longipes beyond the Solanaceae.

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne luci generates serious damages on economically important crops. However, the knowledge on host status of cultivated plants to this nematode species is highly limited. In this study, 71 cultivars of 43 plant species and varieties from Alliaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae and Solanaceae families were screened for their host status to an isolate of M. luci in pot assays under controlled greenhouse conditions. Host status of plant cultivars was determined based on nematode reproduction factor. Of the tested cultivars, five cultivars were identified as non-hosts (Rf = 0), 20 cultivars as poor hosts (0

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most extensively cultivated horticultural crops in the world. Factors such as yield, size, taste, and lycopene content are important criteria that may impact the selection of tomato cultivars for different production systems. The aim of the current study was to evaluate different slicer and cherry tomato cultivars for production under greenhouse and open field conditions. Three cultivars of slicer (BHN 964, Trust, and Geronimo) and cherry (BHN 268, Favorita, and Sakura) tomatoes were tested using randomized complete block design in 2019 and 2020. Results showed that the performance of tested cultivars differed under greenhouse verses open field conditions. Among cherry tomato cultivars in 2020, BHN 268 and Sakura produced significantly greater yield under open field conditions, while under greenhouse conditions yield of BHN 268 was the lowest. Similarly, cherry tomato fruit size from ‘BHN 268’ and ‘Sakura’ was also significantly greater than ‘Favorita’ under field conditions, whereas under greenhouse conditions, the fruit size of ‘Sakura’ was significantly greater than both ‘BHN 268’ and ‘Favorita’. Among slicer tomato cultivars, BHN 964 produced significantly greater yield and had a greater average fruit size than the other two cultivars under greenhouse conditions in 2020 while, Geronimo produced significantly similar or larger yield and had a similar average fruit size compared with BHN 964 under open field conditions. Tomatoes produced under open field conditions were rated significantly greater for taste compared with those produced under greenhouse conditions. Lycopene content in both slicer and cherry tomato cultivars was influenced by the interaction of production type, cultivars, and harvest time. Therefore, it can be concluded that BHN 964 and Geronimo were the highest in lycopene among slicer tomato cultivars for greenhouse and open field production, respectively. Among cherry tomato cultivars, BHN 268 was the highest in lycopene for open field production and Sakura for greenhouse production. Additionally, open field–produced tomatoes taste better than greenhouse-produced tomatoes, but lycopene content may be constrained for mid- and late-season fruits due to high temperature conditions under open field conditions.

Aims: Production of chili (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus; Solanaceae) in rain-fed regions of Nepal during the winter is constrained by the limited availability of soil moisture. Mulching has been a proven tool to conserve soil moisture and enhance yield. A field study was conducted in the winter of 2019 to identify the most suitable mulch that enhances the yield and yield attributing parameters of chili. Study Design: Seven treatments with three replications were evaluated under the randomized complete block design. Among the treatments, rice straw (5 kg/plot) and water reed (5 kg/plot) were used as natural mulches. While, plastic mulches: transparent (25 µ), silver (25 µ), black (25 µ), and black thick (50 µ) (double thickness) were used as synthetic mulches. Only soil with no mulch was the control. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Bangau, Dang, Nepal from November 2019 to May 2020. Methodology: We measured soil temperature at 10 cm depth using soil thermometer, and calculated soil moisture through oven dry method. Similarly, weight of ten fresh and ten dry fruits was recorded from each plot using an electronic scale. Number of fruits per plant was also counted. All the data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated following a post hoc test. Results: The highest soil moisture (18.38%), number of fruits per plant (24.91), fruit fresh weight per ten fruits (59.86 g), and fruit dry weight per ten fruits (14.65 g) were recorded in black thick plastic mulched plots. Furthermore, the lowest fresh weed weight (95.30 g) was also measured in black thick plastic mulched plots. Whereas, the highest soil temperature (18.92°C) was recorded in transparent plastic mulched plots. Conclusion: This study concludes black thick plastic as the most effective among the treatments tested in this study in enhancing yield and yield attributing parameters of chili.

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a novel tobamovirus initially reported in Jordan and Israel, and, more recently, in Europe, China, the USA and Mexico, which causes severe symptoms in tomato and pepper, as well as in other members of Solanaceae. ToBRFV can cause important losses so early detection is crucial to help thwart its dispersal, more so in countries where this virus is emerging as an important pathogen, as is the case in Mexico. Therefore, precise diagnostic is required to distinguish this virus from other members of this family that are not quarantined. We have analyzed the sequence of ToBRFV and compared to several other tobamoviruses and identified regions that are amenable for specific primer design. Regions in the replicase (p126 and p183), movement and coat proteins (MP and CP, respectively) genes were selected. Preliminary results indicated that CP primers provided the most consistent results. Furthermore, these primers were also used to detect ToBRFV via real-time qRT-PCR in leaf samples from tomato. The method was used successfully to detect 20 copies of viral transcript.

Tomato is more prone to Tuta absoluta invasion and damages as compared to other host plants but the mechanism behind this preference has not been elucidated. Here, two contrasting host preference plants, tomato and eggplant, were used to investigate biochemical and transcriptomic modifications induced by T. absoluta infestation. Biochemical analysis at 0–72 h post T. absoluta infestation revealed significantly reduced concentrations of amino acid, fructose, sucrose, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and total phenols in tomato compared to eggplant, mainly at 48 h post T. absoluta infestation. Transcriptome analysis showed higher transcript changes in infested eggplant than tomato. Signaling genes had significant contributions to mediate plant immunity against T. absoluta, specifically genes associated with salicylic acid in eggplant. Genes from PR1b1, NPR1 , NPR3, MAPKs , and ANP1 families play important roles to mitigate T. absoluta infestation. Our results will facilitate the development of control strategies against T. absoluta for sustainable tomato production.

El tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), es una hortaliza perteneciente a la familia de las solanáceas. Este cultivo es importante en varios países, principalmente por su alto valor económico reflejado en su gran demanda, con mercados para consumo fresco o industrializado. Debido a su importancia comercial, se realizan investigaciones de sus cultivos, para obtener plántulas de buena calidad. El ácido salicílico ha sido propuesto como un regulador de crecimiento vegetal, debido a los efectos inducidos en algunos procesos fisiológicos de las plantas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de ácido salicílico sobre la germinación y calidad de plántulas de tomate. Las pruebas de imbibición de las semillas y la preparación del ácido salicílico se realizaron en el laboratorio de fisiología y biotecnología vegetal del Intituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Yucatán, durante 2016-2017. Se utilizaron semillas de tomate variedad Río Grande con hábito de crecimiento determinado. Las semillas se sometieron a un proceso de imbibición durante 24 h en condiciones de laboratorio controladas. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron 0, 1, 0.01 y 0.0001 μM de ácido salicílico (AS) y como control uno sin imbibición. Con los resultados se realizó un análisis de varianza, así como la prueba de comparación de medias por el método de Tukey (p≤ 0.05), mediante el paquete estadístico SAS ver 9.3. Los resultados demostraron que el tiempo de imbibición de semillas en concentraciones de ácido salicílico no inhibe la germinación y estimula la diferenciación de raíces secundarias en concentraciones de 1 y 0.01 μM AS.

Chilto (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a traditional Andean crop, appreciated for its high nutritional and commercial value. Despite it is cultivated in many countries, the information about the diversity, and conservation of wild populations is still missing. The objectives of this work were to characterize wild populations of the species in northwestern Argentina, regarding the morphological traits of fruits and seeds, to decompose the observed phenotypic variability, and to look for associations between morphological and geographical distances. Fruit weight, length and equatorial diameter, pericarp thickness, pH, total soluble solids were measured in fruits from nine populations, and then a intra and inter population comparison was performed. The phenotypic variance was decomposed by a nested ANOVA. The associations between geographical and morphological distances were assessed by the Mantel test. A wide variability was found in fruit weight, pericarp thickness, and fruit length (24, 19 and 13% coefficient of variation, respectively). Nested ANOVA revealed significant differences in all fruit and seed traits among and within populations (p

Aims: To investigate the antioxidant activities, total phenolic and oxalate contents in two varieties of eggplant (Solanum melongena) (terung telunjuk (TT) and terung rapuh (TR)) at different maturity stages. Study design: Each sample was extracted three times (n=3) for the antioxidant activities, total phenolic and oxalates content. All the data were analysed by using ANOVA and Tukey Pairwise tests. Place and duration of study: Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), between December 2019 and October 2020. Methodology: Two varieties of eggplant (TT and TR) were cultivated and the samples were tagged and the fruits were harvested according to their maturity stages (stage 1 – stage 4). Samples were freeze dried and extracted to evaluate the antioxidant activities as well as the total phenolic and oxalate contents. Results: Total phenolic contents (TPC) in TR were lower from stage 1 to stage 3 but high at over mature stage (stage 4) meanwhile TPC in TT increased upon maturity. The DPPH assay from the fruit extracts of TT in all maturity stages showed a stronger antioxidant activity as compared to TR, in which fruit of TT from stage 3 was double in antioxidant activity as compared to TR. The FRAP assay of both eggplants showed extracts of TT having a higher ferric reduction power in all stages as compared to TR. Meanwhile, both eggplant varieties showed different total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents in all maturity indices. TT had the highest total oxalate content at stage 1 as compared to TR while the soluble oxalate content increased in TR in all maturity stages. The highest percentage of soluble oxalate content was observed in TR at stage 4 with 95.5%. Conclusion: Phytochemical findings from these eggplant varieties showed their potentials to improve livelihood and public health. More comprehensive studies on the bioactive compounds, structural elucidation and pharmacological evaluation are to be conducted to understand the possible effects of these phytochemical results.

Southern blight or collar rot of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., is a serious disease that results in significant yield losses annually. A pot experiment was carried out for the management of this disease using dry biomass of Datura metel, a medicinal plant of the family Solanaceae. The soil was amended with 0.5, 1.0, …, 3.0% dry biomass of D. metel with and without the inoculation of S. rolfsii. The highest disease incidence (100%) was recorded in the positive control where the soil was inoculated with S. rolfsii without any soil amendment. The disease was completely controlled by 2% soil amendment. This soil amendment treatment enhanced bell pepper yield by 30% over the negative control (without any inoculation or amendment) and 136% over the positive control. Activities of defense-related enzymes namely polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were significantly increased in the positive control. However, the activities of these enzymes were significantly dropped due to the soil amendment with D. metel. This study concluded that the application of 2% dry biomass of D. metel can control collar rot disease resulting in a significant increase in the yield of bell pepper.

Steroid alkaloid solasodine is a nitrogen analogue of diosgenin and has great importance in the production of steroidal medicines. Solanum erianthum D. Don (Solanaceae) is a good source of solasodine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cytokinins on the production of secondary metabolites, especially solasodine in the in vitro culture of S. erianthum. For solasodine estimation, field-grown plant parts and in vitro tissues were extracted thrice and subjected to high-performance liquid Chromatography. Quantitative analysis of different secondary metabolites showed that the amount was higher in the in vitro regenerated plantlets compared to callus and field-grown plants. The present study critically evaluates the effect of the type of cytokinin used in the culture medium on solasodine accumulation in regenerated plants. The highest solasodine content (46.78±3.23 mg g-1) was recorded in leaf extracts of the in vitro grown plantlets in the presence of 6-γ,γ-dimethylallylamino purine in the culture medium and the content was 3.8-fold higher compared to the mother plant.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a tuberous crop from the Sola-naceae family which is a source of starch and food to many in Nige-ria, however, its production is being hampered in field and storage by bacterial pathogen which causes rot of the stored tubers. To this end, the study aimed at screening potatoes from different stores within Ibadan for the evaluation and diversity of bacteria pathogens responsible for rot in potatoes. Damaged stored potato samples were collected from different locations in Ibadan for studies, these samples were isolated for bacterial pathogen and characterized bio-chemically and observed under the microscope for identification. Three genera of bacteria were observed to be responsible for potato rot in the study and they include Pectobacterium carotovorum, Pseu-domonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum. Of all the isolated bacteria, Pectobacterium carotovorum has the highest occurrence with a frequency of 60%, while Pseudomonas syringae has a fre-quency of 33% and Ralstonia solanacearum has a frequency of 27%. The pathogenicity of the isolates were tested and this revealed that Pectobacterium carotovorum is the most virulent with a severity score of 4.3, while Ralstonia solanacearum follows with a score of 3.3 and a score of 2.7 was recorded for Pseudomonas syringae, while the control had a score of 0. The diversity and differences shown in the isolated bacteria indicated that potato rot is a serious disease which is caused by different bacteria and need an integrated ap-proach for its control from the field of harvesting to the storage house.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena) falls under the fruit species under the family of Solanaceae. It is grown widely throughout tropical and subtropical Zones in the world. It is a good source of phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins, calcium and protein. Due to its high nutritional properties, the demand for eggplant is increasing annually. However, due to limited planting space, it is difficult for the producers to increase the production in order to meet the demand. Thus, the objective of this study is to improve the growth and development of selected physiological characteristics of eggplant with chitosan and salicylic acid. The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications. This experiment was conducted at Field 15, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The plants were treated with chitosan and salicylic acid at four different rates; 0, 2, 4 and 6 ml/L for chitosan and 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L for salicylic acid. The treatments were applied either alone or in combination. Results revealed that the application of chitosan combined with salicylic acid influenced the physiological characteristics of the eggplant compared to the control group. Combination of 4 ml/L chitosan with 150 mg/L salicylic acid gave the highest mean values of plant height (107.13 cm), number of branches (14.91), number of leaves (136.08), total number of flowers per plant (101.8), compared to other treatments. Therefore, due to cost effectiveness and better impact on physiological characteristics the combination of 4 ml/L chitosan and 150 mg/L salicylic acid as foliar fertilizer is recommended to improve the growth and development of eggplant. Keywords: Solanum melongena, chitosan, salicylic acid, physiology

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world, belonging to the family solanaceae and is an important starchy food crop in both sub-tropical and temperate regions. Potato plants are subjected to attack by numerous diseases wherever the crop is grown. Among them, late blight of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de-Bary is of major cause of concern in potato production at present. An experiment was conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, C S A U A & T, Kanpur. During Rabi season 2016-17 to control. The antifungal activity of different fungicides was evaluated in-vitro through Food poison technique. The experimental finding showed that radial growth of mycelium of Phytophthora infestans was inhibited by fungicides over control. At 100 ppm, the minimum radial growth of mycelium was found in Equation Pro treatment as 5.3, 8.2, 11.4, 14.2, 16.2, 18.4 and 22.6 mm over control against 12.3, 19.1, 26.1, 35.9, 42.5, 51.4 and 64.8 mm at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days after inoculation respectively. Similarly, 500 and 1000 ppm the minimum radial growth of mycelium was found in Equation Pro treatment. Efficacy of bio-control agents on the radial growth of Phytophthora infestans was evaluated using Dual Culture Methods. Among the different concentrations 1000 ppm was found most effective than 100 and 500 ppm. Among the different bio-agents, T. harzianum able to reduced maximum radial mycelial growth of fungus showing 4.6, 8.8, 10.1, 13.2, 15.6, 19.3 and 23.5 mm against 12.3, 19.1, 26.1, 35.9, 42.5, 51.4 and 64.8 mm at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days after inoculation, respectively.

Brinjal and tomato are the most important transplanted vegetable crops of the Solanaceae family. The successful cultivation of these crops is vital for meeting the nutritional dietary requirement of India’s population and earning foreign exchange for the country by exporting vegetables to foreign countries. However, there are several abiotic and biotic impediments in the cultivation of these crops. Among biotic impediments , plant-parasitic nematodes have become one of the critical factor adversely affecting the cultivation of these vegetables. In general, Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematode) is the most common, widespread and economically damaging plant parasitic nematode species in tomato and brinjal crop. In addition to the damage caused by root – knot nematode, it stimulates the entry of soil-borne pathogens leading to development of the disease complex. The present study was undertaken to study the interaction effect of soil & soilless growing media viz. cocopeat and vermicompost along with organic amendments i.e., Trichoderma, AM fungus, and Cabbage residue incorporated individually as well as in different combinations for eco-friendly root-knot nematode management in brinjal and tomato nursery. The results indicated that treatment C-8 (Cocopeat + Trichoderma + AM fungus + Cabbage residues) recorded the superior germination count, germination percentage, days to 50% germination, root length, shoot length, fresh weight, root weight, shoot weight and root: shoot ratio. It is pertinent to mention that the soilless media, along with various organic amendments, were found to be superior for all the root and shoot attributes as compared to the conventional soil media for growing healthy nursery of tomato and brinjal in root knot nematode infested geographies. Our findings provide an effective and sustainable method of growing healthy plant nursery in nematode infested regions.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill; Solanaceae) is one of the major horticultural crops cultivated in India. In order to ensure year-round availability of tomatoes, farmers are shifting to protected cultivation practices. Although the name ‘protected cultivation’ suggests freedom from biotic as well as abiotic hindrances in crop cultivation, incidence of pests have been reported in crops grown under polyhouses. This causes net house cultivators to use more chemical insecticides. Thus, an environmentally safe and economical method, comprising sticky traps, was evaluated for the management of sucking pests of tomato grown under protected conditions. Sticky traps of different shapes (rectangle, circle and triangle) and colours (yellow, blue and silver) were evaluated against sucking pests of tomato in 2018. The sticky trap, which found most efficient during 2018, was installed at different rates (2, 4 and 6 traps/250 m2) in the year 2019. Among the various sticky traps evaluated, yellow colour and rectangular trap proved best among the other shapes and colours against the aphids and whiteflies infesting tomato under protected conditions. On standardization of yellow-rectangular trap in 2019, a rate of installation of 4, 6 and 2, 4, 6 traps per 250 m2 were effective in reducing the population of aphids and whiteflies, respectively. Hence it could be concluded that yellow-rectangular sticky trap installed at a rate of 4 per 250 m2 proved effective against sucking pests of tomato grown under protected conditions.

The tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechuidae) is native to South America and has now become the main tomato pest in Europe, Africa and Asia. The wide range of host plants attacked by this pest has been reported as one of the main reasons for the success of this important insect species. However, the information currently available on the biological performance of T. absoluta on Solanaceae has been obtained from a limited number of host species. The Solanaceae family is composed of thousands of species, many of which are potential hosts for T. absoluta. Our results showed that the highest oviposition rates occurred on cultivated tomato plants, potato and wild tomato. The lowest rates occurred on “gilo”, “jurubeba”, green pepper and pepper. The highest survival rates of the immature stages occurred on potato and the lowest on pepper, green pepper and “jurubeba”. Female fertility, following infestation of the different plant species, was highest for insects that developed on tomato or potato and the lowest rates were seen on American black nightshade. The net reproductive rate and the intrinsic growth rate were highest on potato and tomato. Cluster analysis grouped tomato and potato as highly susceptible to attack, American black nightshade, juá, eggplant, gilo and wild tomato as moderately susceptible, whilst pepper, green pepper and jurubeba were categorized as resistant to T. absoluta. These results clearly demonstrate that the choice of solanaceous host plant species has a direct impact on the fitness parameters of the tomato pinworm as well as survival potential, dispersion and establishment at new sites. These results are important for the planning of integrated pest management strategies.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) belonging to Solanaceae family, which is one of the popular vegetable crops of the world including India, grown in most of the parts of the country which is widely used for culinary purpose. Tomato generally grown in three season viz. kharif, rabi and summer. In kharif and rabi Season due to market glut the price of tomato drastically fall down and farmer couldn’t get his even input cost. But in summer season, as it is off season farmer can get high market rate. So there is large scope to find out best suited hybrid which can perform well in the summer season as the net income is increased and the farmer is get benefited. In this present investigation the different hybrids were studied for their performance in the summer season with respect to quality and quantity parameters thorough plot experiment conducted during summer season of 2018. The experiment consisted of twenty-one hybrids and one hybrid check (TO 1057) were planted in Randomized Block Design in two replication. The observations recorded on different quantitative characters such as plant height, number of branches, number of days to 50 percent flowering, fruit set, number of fruits per plant, equatorial and polar diameter, average fruit weight, pericarp thickness, number of locules, yield per plant. The overall result indicates that the hybrids viz. 9 X 6, 9 X 3, 7 X 3, 3 X 6 and 6 X 7 appears to suitable for fruit setting under high temperature as they gave substantially higher yield with more number of good size fruits.

The infestation of the root system by nematodes ( Meloidogyne incognita ) and Fusarium solani to the rootneck hinders the production of tree tomato ( Solanum betaceum Cav.), an Andean native fruit consumed in Ecuador and other countries. This paper evaluates the potential of different Ecuadorian Andean Solanaceae species ( Solanum auriculatum , Solanum asperolanatum , Solanum arboreum and Nicotiana glauca ), such as tree tomato rootstocks towards Fusarium and nematode resistance through controlled inoculation trials. The experimental design used was complete randomized in factorial arrangement with three factors. The variables were: fungus incubation time, incidence and lesion size, increase in nematode population, plant height increase and plant fresh weight. The most promising results for an extended open field evaluation were N. glauca (no incidences of Fusarium and 0.36 times increase in nematode population), followed by S. auriculatum . Fruit of these plants were assessed for chaconine and solanine content. The results indicated that the two rootstocks did not induce toxic substances in the fruits, they are suitable for commercial production zones, enhance crop yield, increase productive plant life and use fewer chemicals to control soil pathogens.

El objetivo fue determinar el efecto del riego deficitario aplicado en la etapa inicial y de desarrollo del cultivo de Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae), sin que afecte el rendimiento. Los tratamientos fueron 70%, 80%, 90%, y 100% (Control) de la evapotranspiración del cultivo (Etc). Se tuvo como material experimental al hibrido Quetzal, sembrado a un distanciamiento de 1,0 m x 0,5 m. El riego se realizó por goteo con una frecuencia de dos días y los cálculos de la Eto se realizaron mediante la evapotranspiración de referencia del tanque evaporímetro tipo A. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron en un diseño DCA con cuatro réplicas. Se midieron: el uso eficiente del agua (kg/m3), altura de planta (cm), peso del fruto (g), numero de frutos por planta y rendimiento (kg/ha). Con la aplicación del 80% de la Etc se obtuvo un mayor uso eficiente con 12,5 y 12,6 kg/m3. La altura de planta presentó diferencia significativa (p < 0,05) a los 27 y 37 ddt (días después del trasplante), siendo la reducción del 20% el de mayor promedio. El número de frutos por planta y el rendimiento (t/ha) mostraron diferencias estadísticas (p < 0,05) por la acción del riego deficitario, el 80% de la Etc presentaron los mayores rendimientos con 8,8 frutos/planta y 20,1 t/ha. El peso (g) del fruto fue similar en todos los tratamientos, entre 112,2 y 114,1 g/fruto. El cultivo de C. annuum tolera una reducción del 20% de la lámina de riego sin que afecte la producción y de esta manera obtener una mayor eficiencia del uso de agua.

Physalis angulata is a medicinal plant with potential to treat several diseases due to the presence of secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds. The influence of the application of different abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations on the composition of phenolic compounds and gas exchange was evaluated on the Physalis angulata leaves. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil, with potted plants. At 45 days after sowing, the plants were separated into groups and the following treatments were applied: 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 μmol L−1 of ABA. Two days after the treatments application, the gas leaf exchange (liquid photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, mesophilic CO2 concentration and the relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and mesophilic CO2 concentration) between 9:00 and 11:00 was measured using an infrared gas analizer (IRGA). Four days after ABA spraying, some plants showed senescence symptoms, and therefore they were collected and taken to the stove until reached a constant dry mass. The total phenolics, caffeic acid, rutin, and trans-cinnamic were evaluated in response to the ABA. The ABA application increased the synthesis of total phenolic compounds up to 50 μmol L−1 concentration. The ABA application did not interfere with the caffeic acid synthesis. However, the rutin concentration increased regardless of ABA concentration that was applied and for trans-cinnamic acid, there was an increase up to the concentration of 100 μmol L−1. The ABA application caused stomatal closure and, consequently, the leaf gas exchange of Physalis angulata reduced.

Thysanoptera species can transmit virus to Solanaceae family vegetables, including tomato plants for industrial processing, causing the disease known as Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). Thrips resistance to insecticides indicate the urgent need of techniques adequate for Integrate Pest Management practices. The objective was to evaluate the control efficiency (CE%) against Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb), the resistance inducer potassium silicate (KSil) and the chemical insecticide profenophos + cypermethrin (PC) isolated, or in binary mixtures. The treatments were foliar spraying on tomato plants with Bb (T1), KSil (T2) and PC (T3) isolated or in mixtures of Bb+KSil (T4), PC+KSil (T5) and Bb+PC (T6). Thrips were sampled with white plastic trays at 0, 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after application (daa). The CE% of each product (isolated or in mixtures) differed at all time intervals. The Bb+KSil treatment had highest CE% from 24 hours of application, until the end of the experiment, ranging from 95% (1 daa) to 41.5% (21 daa). The CE% decreased in all treatments with a quadratic curve behavior, throughout time. PC insecticide, isolated, showed a decreased CE% through a linear regression. Grouping analyzes indicated the Bb+KSil effect was more dissimilar than the other evaluated treatments. Synergism between Bb and KSil, in mixture, indicate its potential for Integrated Pest Management programs of F. schultzei in tomato plants for industrial processing. RESUMO Espécies de Thysanoptera podem transmitir vírus para vegetais da família Solanaceae, incluindo plantas de tomate para processamento industrial, causando a doença vira-cabeça do tomateiro (TSWV). A resistência dos tripes a inseticidas indica a necessidade urgente de técnicas adequadas às práticas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. O objetivo foi avaliar a eficiência de controle (CE%) de Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) com o fungo Beauveria bassiana (Bb), o indutor de resistência silicato de potássio (KSil) e o inseticida químico profenofós + cipermetrina (PC) isolados, ou em misturas binárias. Os tratamentos foram aplicados via foliar nas plantas de tomate com Bb (T1), KSil (T2) e PC (T3) isolados ou em misturas binárias Bb+KSil (T4), PC+KSil (T5) e Bb+PC (T6). Os tripes foram amostrados com bandejas plásticas aos 0, 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação (daa). A CE% de cada produto (isolado ou em misturas) diferiu em todos os intervalos de tempo. O tratamento Bb+KSil teve alta CE% desde as primeiras 24 horas da aplicação até o final do período experimental, variando entre 95% (1 daa) a 41,5% (21 daa). A CE% diminuiu em todos os tratamentos com um comportamento quadrático ao longo do tempo. O inseticida PC, isolado, apresentou uma diminuição para a CE% através de uma regressão linear. Análises de agrupamento indicaram que o efeito do Bb+KSil foi mais heterogêneo do que o dos outros tratamentos avaliados. O sinergismo entre Bb e KSil, em mistura, indica seu potencial em programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas de F. schultzei em plantas de tomate para processamento industrial.

Potato virus X (PVX) causes severe losses in worldwide crops of family Solanaceae. Dramatic biochemical changes in virus infected plants due to decrease in qualitative and quantitative of yield crops. The current study demonstrate the changes of biochemical responses as a defense level and resistance genes in infected plants against virus infection. PVX isolate was confirmed by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) . This study was performed on five cultivars of imported seeds potato PVX tested, Diamond , Hermes , Lady Rosetta , Nicola , and Spunta . All potato cultivars were infected with PVX isolate. The five potato cultivars showed variations symptoms development, disease severity and virus concentration .The potato cultivars against PVX infection exhibited significantly increase in physiological alterations (electrolyte leakage, cell membrane stability and transpiration rate) and biochemical responses defense (total proline, stabilizing phenols, scavenging enzymes, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, activities) and RX1 , RX2 , RX3 genes resistance compared to healthy ones. According to viral assessment, physiological parameters, biochemical responses and RX resistance genes , the five potato cultivars were divided to resistant cv., Diamond, tolerant cv., Hermes, Lady Rosetta, Nicola and susceptible cv., Spunta

The phylogenetic relationships and distribution of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Ralstonia solanacearum sequevars were analyzed in 108 strains of Solanaceae in three mesoregions of the Pernambuco State, Brazil. These mesoregions are characterized by a semiarid climate and account for 88.20% of the area of the state. Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (phylotype I, biovar 3) was predominant in Agreste, and R. solanacearum (phylotype II, biovar 1) was predominant in Sao Francisco and Sertao. Two haplotypes of R. pseudosolanacearum were identified by analysis of the haplotype network of the partial egl gene sequences and were phylogenetically related to sequevars I-17 and I-18. Five haplotypes of R. solanacearum were identified; two haplotypes were related to sequevar IIA-50, and three haplotypes were related to new sequevars IIA-61, IIA-62, and IIA-63. In Brazil, sequevars I-17, IIA-61, IIA-62, and IIA-63 were detected exclusively in the semiarid climate of Pernambuco, unlike sequevars I-18 and IIA-50, which were detected in other regions of Brazil. Furthermore, R. pseudosolanacearum (phylotype I) and sequevar IIA-50 were detected in the Sertao mesoregion. Sequevar I-18, IIA-61, and IIA-62 strains were prevalent in the Agreste mesoregion, and sequevars I-17 and IIA-50 were prevalent in the Sao Francisco mesoregion. The virulence variability of the strains toward tomato was related to species and sequevars. Introduced R. pseudosolanacearum strains of sequevar I-18 had higher estimated virulence compared to that of the native R. solanacearum strains of sequevar IIA-50. This is the first study that analyzes the variability of Ralstonia spp. in the semiarid region of Brazil.

Physalis angulata is considered an important crop in Mexico, established for commercial production due to its nutritional and medicinal properties. This study’s objective was to develop an efficient method for the mass multiplication of P. angulata and cryopreservation of apical meristems by droplet-vitrification. In vitro propagation was given in MS basal culture medium supplemented with 2.22, 4.43, and 6.65 μM 6-Benziladenine (BA) in combination with 2.32, 4.64, and 6.96 μM Kinetin (Kin). Root induction was obtained by dipping shoots in an auxin medium 1.07, 2.68, 5.37, and 8.05 μM 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 1.41, 2.85, 5.70, and 8.55 μM Indoleacetic acid (IAA). The plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse. Results showed an efficient proliferation with an offshoot number of 6.57 ± 0.46 with 4.43 µM BA in combination with 2.32 µM Kin. Efficient rooting was obtained with 1.07 µM NAA with an average of 30.51 ± 0.94 roots. For cryopreservation, the effect of dehydration was evaluated by exposing shoot-tips to plant vitrification solution 2 at different times; 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min were tested before and after immersion to liquid nitrogen, and the highest percentage of regrowth (90%) was observed at 30 min. Experimental micropropagation by shoot proliferation system with cytokinins interaction (BA/Kin), rooting stimulation with auxins (NAA or IAA), successful acclimation, and cryopreservation by the droplet-vitrification procedure of Physalis angulata apical meristems.

Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop that belongs to the family Solanaceae. Root-knot nematodes reflect the highly critical economically damaging genera of phytoparasitic nematodes on tomato plants. In this study, the eco-nematicide activity of freshwater green macroalga Cladophora glomerata aqueous extract and their synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) against root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne javanica was investigated on tomato plants. The formation and chemical structure of Ag-NPs was examined. The aqueous extract from C. glomerata was applied against the root-knot nematodes besides the biosynthesized green silver nanoparticles with 100, 75, 50, and 25% (S, S/2, S/3, S/4) concentrations. To investigate the plant response toward the Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles (GSNPs) treatment, expression profiling of Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL), Poly Phenol Oxidase (PPO), and Peroxidase (POX) in tomato were examined using Quantitative Real-Time PCR (Q-PCR). The results indicated that GSNPs from C. glomerata exhibited the highest eco-nematicide activity in the laboratory bioassay on egg hatchability and juveniles (J2S) mortality of M. javanica compared with the chemical commercial nematicide Rugby 60%. Also, results showed a significant reduction in galls number, egg masses, females per root system/plant, and mortality of juveniles. The results of PAL and PPO enzyme expression for the control plants remained relatively stable, while the plant inoculated with nematode M. javanica as well as the activity of genes in scope was increased from 14 to 28 Days after Nematode Inoculation (DANI). These activities were improved in inoculated plants and treated with C. glomerata extract and their green syntheses of Ag-NPs and the other plants treated with Rugby 60% (4 mL/L). The greatest activities of the three enzymes were evident after 14 days after the nematode inoculation. It can be concluded that the green synthesized nanoparticles using C. glomerata could be used as potent nematicides against M. javanica which induces the immune system to defend against nematode infection.

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable which belongs to the family Solanaceae. An experiment on “Correlation and path analysis assessment for yield traits in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)” was conducted in the field of Department of Vegetable Science at Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Belagavi district (Karnataka). The research results indicated that fruit yield per plant had positive and high significant (at p=0.01) association with number of fruits per plant (rg=0.802 and rp=0.707), average fruit weight (rg=0.473 and rp=0.585), fruits girth (rg=0.401) and also it had positive and significant (at p=0.05) association with fruits girth (rp=0.214), plant height at 120 DAT (rg=0.184). But it had negative and high significant (at p=0.01) association with days to fifty per cent flowering (rg= -0.335). Among the eighteen traits chosen for path analysis, plant height at 60, 90 DAT, number of primary branches per plant at 60, 90 DAT, stem girth at 120 DAT, days to first flowering, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and fruit length had significant positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant. Therefore, direct selection for these traits would be rewarding for improvement of fruit yield.

Increasing plant growth by arbuscula mycorrhizal fungi depends on the fungus and plant spesies. The aim of this study was to determine the efectivity of fungal mycorrhizal fungus on the growth of cayenne pepper, tomato and eggplant which are Solanaceae family members. The study was conducted by Completely Randomized Design method.with two factors. The fisrt factor was species of experimental plant consisted of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The second factor was addition of Glomus clorum inokulum consisted of with and without inoculum addition. The result showed that there was no effect of inoculum addition on plant growth of three experiemal plants. The quality of inoculum used for this experiment was not good enough furthermore fungi could not germinate and colonize plant root.

International audience; Key message Fe-SOD + ACTis the most suitable combination of reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization and accurate quantification of miRNAs and their targets during tamarillo somatic embryogenesis induction, embryo development and conversion stages.Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR is a powerful tool for precise gene expression quantification. Using suitable reference genes is crucial for a proper normalization and interpretation of results, particularly in dynamic transcriptional networks with the involvement of several miRNAs and their targets, such as somatic embryogenesis (SE). Here, we aimed to identify genes to be used as internal controls for quantitative detection of miRNAs and mRNAs during the SE process inSolanum betaceum. The expression ofEF1 alpha,GAPDH,ACT,UBQ10,Fe-SOD, U6,snoR14,miR159a, miR162 and miR166a was tested in nine time-points of the SE process, particularly during induction, embryo development and conversion. Analyses of transcriptional stability were performed using RefFinder tool that integrates geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and Delta-Ct algorithms. Among these candidates,Fe-SOD,ACTandU6emerged consistently as the most suitable to normalize gene expression, whereas miR166a was the most appropriate for normalization incallisamples. In order to validate these results, expression of miR396 andGRF1was quantified and normalized with the most and the least stable genes and also with the most stable miRNA.Fe-SOD + ACTrevealed to be the optimal combination for precise quantification of miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression during SE in tamarillo.

Pepper (Capsicum anuum L.) is a one-year-oldr plant from theSolanaceaefamily.Due to its long vegetation (April to November) it represents the most profitable vegetable culture in greenhouses and is one of the most represented crops in the greenhouse production of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Pepper as a year-round culture has several ways of growing. The experimental part of the work was carried out in the Plant nursery Ltd Tuzla, with the aim of growing three different pepper hybrids on three different growing forms and determining which hybrid is best suited for a particular cultivation in terms of the number, size and quality of the fruits, ie. the yield of the plant and the speed of frut maturation. The tested pepper hybrids (´Vedrana F1´, ´Blondy F1´ i ´Bobita F1´) responded in various ways to the removal of offshoots and thus to the formation of different growing forms. The pruning of plants into a growing form with three trees accelerated the development of fruits in the hybrids 'Blondy F1' and 'Bobita F1'. Hibrid 'Vedrana F1' had slower growth than the other two hybrids during the experiment. The pruning of the plants also affected the weight of the fruit, so the heaviest fruits of the hybrid 'Vedrana F1' were in the growing form 3V, the 'Blondy F1' in the growing form 1V, while the hybrid 'Bobita F1' had the heaviest fruit in the 2V growing form. The growing form of the plants also affected the share of market and non-market fruits.