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Campomanesia aurea is a sub-shrub species native to the Pampa Biome, popularly known as “guabirobinha-do-campo”. It has an ornamental potential for use in pots or gardens due to its small size, irregular shape, intense flowering and aroma. One of the main factors for production is an adequate use of fertilizers and balanced fertilizations. The objective was to evaluate the growth of seedlings and nutrient leaf accumulation of C. aurea submitted to doses of controlled release fertilizer (CRF). C. aurea seedlings were transplanted to containers containing composted pinus bark and CRF doses of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g L−1. Height, chlorophyll index, number of stems, base diameter, leaf area, Dickson Quality Index, shoot dry matter, root dry matter and nutrient leaf accumulation were evaluated. For height, base diameter and number of stems, the point of maximum response was at the concentration 6.8, 6.6 and 6.9 g L−1 CRF, respectively. For shoot dry matter, leaf area and chlorophyll, we verified increase up to the concentration 8.1, 7.8 and 8.0 g L−1, respectively. There was a positive quadratic behavior for most nutrients, with the exception of Cu and Mn, which linearly increased with the increase of fertilizer dose. The application of CRF on C. aurea seedlings between 7 and 8 g L−1 substrate promoted an increase on the main growth characteristics of ornamental importance and provides superior results on nutrient leaf content. Resumo Campomanesia aurea é uma espécie sub-arbustiva nativa do Bioma Pampa, conhecida popularmente com guabirobinha-do-campo. Apresenta potencial ornamental para uso em vasos ou jardins devido ao seu pequeno tamanho, forma irregular, floração intensa e aromática. Um dos principais fatores para a produção é o uso adequado de fertilizantes e adubações equilibradas. O objetivo foi avaliar o crescimento de mudas e o conteúdo de nutrientes nas folhas de C. aurea submentidas a doses de fertilizante de liberação controlada (FLC). Mudas de C. aurea foram transplantadas para embalagens contendo casca de pinus compostada e as dose de FLC de: 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10,0 g L−1. Avaliou-se a altura, índice de clorofila, número de ramificações, diâmetro de colo, área foliar, Índice de Qualidade de Dickson, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raiz e acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas. Para altura, diâmetro de coleto, número de hastes, o ponto de máxima resposta foi com a concentração de 6,8; 6,6; e 6,9 g L−1 de FLC, respectivamente. Para a massa seca da parte aérea, área foliar e índice de clorofila verificaram-se aumentos até a concentração 8,1; 7,8 e 8,0 g L−1, respectivamente. Houve comportamento quadrático positivo para a maioria dos nutrientes, com exceção de Cu e Mn, que foi linear crescente com o aumento da dose de fertilizante. A aplicação de FLC em mudas de C. aurea entre 7 e 8 g de substrato L−1 promoveu um aumento nas principais características de crescimento de importância ornamental e proporciona resultados superiores no acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas.

Angelonia integerrima is a native species that has ornamental potential, being cultivated in flowerbeds, flowerpots, pots, or even used as a complement in floral arrangements. Knowledge of mineral nutrition is required for the cultivation of the species, and slow release fertilization have become widespread in recent years, with a lower risk of toxicity to crops, an economy in relation to complementary fertilizers and may be an alternative to cultivation of potted plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of Angelonia integerrima Sprengel in pot under slow release fertilization doses. Acclimatized seedlings with approximately 1 cm height, from in vitro germinated seeds were transplanted into 1 L pots containing substrate composted Pinus bark. Five doses of Basacote ® 9M slow release fertilizer, formulation 16-8-12 (N - P2O5 - K2O), 9 months: control - 0 g L-1, 2.5 g L-1, 5.0 g L-1, 7.5 g L-1 and 10.0 g L-1. The plants were grown in a greenhouse under drip irrigation. The shoot length, length of the largest inflorescence, number of stems, diameter of the largest stem, mean length of the stems, number of open flowers, fruits and senescent flowers, chlorophyll a, b and total, mass of dry matter of shoot and root system were evaluated after 286 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates of six pots per plot. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by polynomial regression by SigmaPlot 11.0. It was possible to adjust a quadratic equation for the variables: shoot length (with maximum response point in 7.2 g L-1), mean length of stems (6.7 g L-1), diameter of the largest stem and the root system (5.9 g L-1), number of open flowers, buds, senescent flowers and total flowers (7.7 g L-1). For the variables, number of stems, number of fruits, chlorophyll a, b and total did not differ between treatments. The slow releaser fertilizer indicated dose for the cultivation of the potted species is 7.2 g L-1.

Resumo Devido à dificuldade de obtenção de mudas de Agelonia integerrima, espécie com potencial ornamental, a partir de sementes, por métodos convencionais, foram desenvolvidos estudos com o objetivo de testar a viabilidade da produção de mudas in vitro. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos: a) germinação de sementes armazenadas em dois locais (ambiente refrigerado e bancada de laboratório) e concentrações de sais (100, 75 e 50%) do meio MS; b) multiplicação com benzilaminopurina (BAP) (0,0, 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) (0,0, 0,1 e 0,5 mg L-1); c) enraizamento in vitro com ácido indolbutírico (AIB) (0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,0 mg L-1); d) aclimatização das mudas. Sementes armazenadas sob ambiente refrigerado apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e de plântulas formadas. A germinação não foi afetada pela concentração de sais do meio. Para a multiplicação, houve interação entre as concentrações de BAP e ANA, recomendando-se utilizar 1,0 mg L-1 de BAP e 0,1 mg L-1 de ANA. No enraizamento, foi ajustada uma equação quadrática para as variáveis: porcentagem de formação de calo e enraizamento, sendo que a concentração de 0,83 mg L-1 é o ponto de máxima resposta para a porcentagem de enraizamento. A espécie apresentou 50,8% de aclimatização. Abstract Due to the difficulty of obtaining seedlings of Agelonia integerrima, species with ornamental potential, from seeds, by conventional methods, studies were carried out to test the viability of in vitro seedling production. In order to propagate Angelonia integerrima, studies have been developed to generate information for the in vitro production of seedlings. Four experiments were conducted: a) germination of seeds stored at two locations (refrigerated environment and laboratory bench) and different salt concentrations (100, 75 and 50%) in a MS medium; b) multiplication using benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.0, 0.1 and 0.5 mg L-1); c) in vitro rooting using indolebutyric acid (IBA) (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 mg L-1) and d) acclimatization of seedlings. Seeds stored at refrigerated environment showed higher germination percentages, germination speed indexes (GSI) and plantlets formed. Germination was not affected by the concentration of salts in the medium and can be used at low concentrations. For multiplication, there was an interaction between BAP and NAA. 1.0 mg L-1 of BAP and 0.1 mg L-1 of NAA are recommended. For rooting, a quadratic equation was adjusted for the variables percentage of callus formation and rooting. The concentration 0.83 mg L-1 results in the maximum response point for rooting. The species presented 50.8% of acclimatization.

The aim of this work was to verify the in vitro germination of pollen grains of Angelonia integerrima L., Campomanesia aurea O. Berg and Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth in different culture medium and temperatures. For this purpose, flower buds from which pollen was collected and sprayed on plates containing the three evaluated culture medium: M1 - agar and sucrose; M2 - agar, sucrose and H3BO3; M3 - agar, sucrose, H3BO3, Ca(NO3), MgSO4 and KNO3; and two incubation temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C). Data was subjected to analysis of variance after its transformation to square root and means were compared by Fisher’s test (LSD). For the three species, the temperature of 30 ºC provided the highest percentage of pollen grain germination. For A. integerrima, M1 and M3 promoted the highest germination percentages (40.7 % and 56.5 %, respectively). On the other hand, for C. aurea, M2 provided the highest germination average (43.7 %). At last for S. punicea, M3 was the one that provided the highest average (31.62 %). It was concluded that the evaluated species differ in micronutrient requirements for in vitro germination of pollen grains. The temperature of 30 °C was suitable for all three species.

The objective of this study is to test stem apex sizes in the in vitro establishing of Angelonia integerrima in order to obtain explants without by fungi and bacteria contamination for further multiplications. The treatments consisted of different stem apex sizes (1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0 mm). At 45 and 90 days of cultivation, a count of contaminated explants and a count of shoots per explant formed were performed. In a second experiment, explants were cultivated in a medium containing different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg L-1). After 56 days of cultivation, the following variables were evaluated: shoot length, shoot fresh mass and number of shoots. During the explant establishment phase (45 days), only stem apexes with 1.0 mm in size were not contaminated. However, in the second subculture (at 90 days), only shoots from initial explants, with 7 mm in size or larger, were contaminated. Regarding multiplication, the presence of BAP showed a positive linear behavior for all variables. It is possible to obtain A. integerrima seedlings free of contamination in vitro by fungi and bacteria, using initial explants less than or equal to 5 mm. IBA provided a linear increment for the multiplication of this species. O objetivo do trabalho foi testar tamanhos de ápices caulinares no estabelecimento in vitro de Angelonia integerrima, a fim de obter explantes sem contaminações por fungos e bactérias para posterior multiplicação. Os tratamentos consistiram de tamanhos de ápices caulinares: 1,0; 3,0; 5,0; 7,0; 9,0 e 11,0 mm. Após 45 e 90 dias de cultivo foi realizada a contagem de explantes contaminados e o número de brotos formados por explante. Em um segundo experimento, explantes foram cultivados em meio contendo diferentes concentrações de benzilaminopurina (BAP): 0,0; 0,05; 0,10; 0,15 e 0,20 mg L-1. Após 56 dias de cultivo foram avaliados: comprimento e massa fresca da parte aérea e número de brotos. Durante a fase de estabelecimento (45 dias), somente explantes com 1,0 mm não apresentaram contaminação, já no segundo subcultivo (aos 90 dias) somente brotações oriundas de explantes com tamanho inicial igual ou superior a 7 mm apresentaram contaminação. Com relação à multiplicação, a presença de BAP apresentou comportamento linear positivo para todas as variáveis analisadas. É possível obter mudas de A. integerrima livres de contaminações in vitro por fungos e bactérias, utilizando explantes iniciais menores ou iguais a 5 mm. O BAP proporcionou incremento linear para a multiplicação da espécie.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da concentração de ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) e substratos no enraizamento de estacas apicais de Angelonia integerrima. Utilizou-se AIB em pó, nas concentrações de 0, 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000 mg kg-1 e dois substratos: casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC) e substrato comercial a base de turfa de Sphagnum. Avaliou-se: número de estacas enraizadas, comprimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, número de folhas novas, volume do sistema radicular, formação de calo na base da estaca, massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (5 concentrações de AIB x 2 substratos). Não houve interação entre as concentrações de AIB e substratos, somente houve diferença para o fator substrato. As estacas apresentaram enraizamento médio de 79%, com formação de calo em 59,4%. O substrato CAC promoveu maior comprimento da parte aérea e maior número de folhas novas. O substrato comercial proporcionou maior volume médio de raiz, maior comprimento de raiz e maior incremento de massa seca radicular. No enraizamento por estaquia de A. integerrima não é necessário usar AIb e pode-se utilizar o substrato comercial à base de turfa ou a CAC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and substrates in the rooting of apical cuttings of Angelonia integerrima. Powder IBA was used at the concentrations 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg kg-1, and two substrates containing carbonized rice husks (CRH) and commercial substrate based on Sphagnum peat were used. The number of rooted cuttings, shoot length, root system length, number of new leaves, root system volume, callus formation at the cutting base, and shoot and root dry matter were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial design (5 IBA concentrations x 2 substrates). There were no interactions between the concentrations of IBA and the substrates. There was a difference only for the factor substrate. The cuttings presented an average rooting of 79%, with callus formation in 59.4% of them. The CRH substrate presented the highest shoot length and the highest number of new leaves. The commercial substrate resulted in a high average root volume, a large root length and a great increase in root dry matter. In the rooting by cutting of A. integerrima is not necessary to use IBA and the commercial substratum based on peat or CRH can be used.

Campomanesia aurea is a potentially ornamental native fruit shrub. There are no studies on the seed germination capacity and fruit properties of the species. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to describe the seed germination and the physical and chemical properties of fruits from two C. aurea accession areas. The study was conducted with fruits collected from two native vegetation areas located in the Morro do Osso Natural Park and in the municipality of Barao do Triunfo, Brazil. Physical and chemical analyzes, seed counting and germination tests were performed. Results were submitted to ANOVA and the means were compared by t test at 5% error probability. C. aurea has oblong-shaped fruits weighting around 1.26 g with a high content of vitamin C. Each fruit usually has four intact seeds of which 3% are polyembryonic. Seed germination averaged 93% in 20 days. It is concluded that the C. aurea fruits collected from two different accession areas differ in the concentration of TSS, TSS/TA ratio and vitamin C content, but not physically. Seeds have shown a high germination rate.

RESUMO:A espécie Polygonum punctatum Elliott (Polygonaceae) é amplamente utilizada pela população como planta medicinal. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de avaliar o potencial genotóxico e mutagênico de P. punctatum utilizando raízes de bulbos e radículas em sementes germinadas de Allium cepa através do teste in vivo, e realizar comparações da extração do material vegetal por calor (infusões) e extração a frio (extrato). Para isso, foram preparadas dois tipos de soluções, infusões e extratos foliares de P. punctatum, em duas concentrações 0,4 g mL-1 e 2,4 g mL-1. A infusão foi preparada pela adição das folhas secas em água destilada fervente (100ºC), permanecendo por 10 minutos enquanto o extrato foi preparado através da maceração das folhas secas em água destilada fria. Para o teste em A. cepa foram utilizados, para cada tratamento, seis grupos de quatro bulbos e seis caixas gerbox com 50 sementes em cada caixa. Duas lâminas para cada tratamento foram obtidas através da técnica de esmagamento das raízes e coradas com orceína acética 2%. Foram contadas 2000 células por grupo de bulbos e 3000 células por grupo de sementes, observando-se a ocorrência de interrupções em metáfases, alterações cromossômicas estruturais, bem como a inibição ou aumento da divisão celular. Os valores do índice mitótico foram calculados e analisados estatisticamente pelo Teste χ2(p≤0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que as infusões e os extratos de folhas apresentaram redução nos valores de índices mitóticos nas concentrações utilizadas em relação ao controle em água destilada. Foram identificadas alterações cromossômicas na divisão celular, tais como pontes anafásicas, em todas as concentrações de infusões e extratos indicando assim que P. punctatum possui atividade antiproliferativa e genotóxica. ABSTRACT:The species Polygonum punctatum Elliott (Polygonaceae) is widely used by the Brazilian population as a medicinal plant. The aims of this study are to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of P. punctatum, using its root bulbs and rootlets in germinated seeds of Allium cepa by in vivo testing, and to compare the extraction of plant material by heat (infusions) and cold (extract). Thus, two types of solutions - infusions and leaf extracts - of P. punctatum were prepared at the two concentrations of 0.4 g ml-1 and 2.4 g mL- 1. The infusion was prepared by addition of dry leaves in boiling distilled water (100ºC), remaining for 10 minutes, while the extract was prepared by maceration of dried leaves in cold distilled water. For the A. cepa, we used for each treatment six groups of six bulbs and six seedling boxes with 50 seeds each. Two slides for each treatment were obtained by the technique of crushing the roots, and they were stained with 2 % acetic orcein. For the analysis, 2000 cells per group of bulbs and 3000 cells per group of seeds were counted, and we noted the occurrence of interruptions in the metaphase, chromosomal aberrations, as well as inhibited or increased cell division. The values of the mitotic index were calculated and statistically analyzed by the χ2 test (p ≤ 0.05). The results showed that the infusions and extracts of leaves showed reduced values of mitotic indices in the concentrations used compared to the control in distilled water. Chromosomal alterations were identified in the cell division, in all concentrations of infusions and extracts, thus indicating that P. punctatum has an antiproliferative and genotoxic activity.

Calceolaria x herbeohybrida Voss (pocketbook plant, calceolaria) is an herbaceous perennial and floriferous species that can be grown in pots or beds. Nitrogen is usually the most required nutrient, being necessary to conduct studies in order to provide useful information for agronomic practices. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate nitrogen doses in the growth of Calceolaria x herbeohybrida in pots. Initially, assorted and pelleted calceolaria seeds were sow in multicellular trays containing a commercial substrate based on peat and kept in a floating irrigation system in a protected environment. At the greenhouse, seedlings with four true leaves were transplanted into 1 L pots containing the same substrate and a drip irrigation system. The treatments consisted of different nitrogen doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 g of N L-1) applied weekly using ammonium nitrate as source. Fertilization with P and K was also done, and all treatments received de same dose. At the end of the experimental period, shoot length, leaf area, shoot and root dry matter, number of buds and flowers, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications and five plants per plot. The data were treated with ANOVA and the means were treated with regression analysis using the SigmaPlot 11.0 software. There was no survival of plants at the highest N dose (4.0 g L-1). Shoot length showed a quadratic behavior, with a maximum point at 1.25 g L-1, where plants reached 13.3 cm. There was a similar behavior for the variable leaf area, with the highest point at 1.24 g L-1. Shoot dry mass presented the maximum point at a dose of 1.20 g L-1, resulting in 4.21 g of dry matter. Regarding root dry matter, no equation could be adjusted. For the variable number of buds and flowers, the highest point was at a dose of 1.20 g L-1, with 35.86 buds and flowers per plant. For chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, the maximum point was at 1.5 g L-1. The ideal nitrogen dose is between 1.2 and 1.5 g L-1 for most variables.