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Alternaria brassicicola is considered a weak pathogen of tomato in the field, but with a high potential for mycotoxin production in fruit. However, this species belongs to a diverse and closely related group of species (Alternaria with small spores), which often makes their morphological identification and control difficult. In the present research, a molecular identification of tomato Alternaria isolates was made using sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the 5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene of the isolates. Isolates were identified as Alternaria brassicicola. They were obtained from samples collected from symptomatic tomato leaves in Loumbila, a locality in the Central Plateau region of Burkina Faso. In vitro antifungal tests with essential oils of Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis showed an inhibitory effect of these oils on A. brassicicola. The inhibition rates recorded by the two essential oils at appropriate doses (1, 5, 10, 50 and 100%) are higher than those obtained with the chemical fungicides Azoxystrobin and Mancozeb. The use of formulations based on these essential oils could be an alternative to hazardous pesticide treatments, thus allowing a safer and more ecological management of field diseases and toxins of Alternaria sp. in tomato fruits. Key words: Alternaria brassicicola, molecular identification, biological fungicide.

Apple scab is one of the most economically important diseases of apple in temperate production regions. In the absence of durable host resistance in commercially preferred cultivars, considerable applications of fungicides are needed to manage this disease. With the sequential development of resistance to nearly all classes of single-site fungicides in the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis, synthetic multisite fungicides, such as mancozeb and captan, often comprise the core of chemical management programs for apple scab. Although these fungicides have demonstrable benefits for both disease and fungicide resistance management, the sustainability movement within agriculture aims to reduce reliance on such fungicides because of their broader environmental impacts. In this study, we establish a framework to enhance the feasibility of chemical management programs that do not rely on use of synthetic multisite protectant fungicides to manage apple scab. Specifically, we wish to evaluate chemical programs that integrate the biopesticide Bacillus subtilis QST 713 (Serenade Opti) in rotation with benzovindiflupyr (Aprovia), a single-site fungicide belonging to the class of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI), to circumvent the need for applications of synthetic multisite fungicides. During implementation of these programs, disease incidence data were taken at biweekly intervals. Regardless of the seasonal challenges presented in the 2 years of this study, when Bacillus subtilis QST 713 was used in place of captan and mancozeb mixtures, we did not observe any significant differences (P > 0.05) in development of apple scab symptoms between any of the management programs for the vertical axis or super spindle orchards in either year. This potential for substituting synthetic multisite fungicides with biopesticides is best realized when the programs are used with a decision support system in a super spindle planting system, where trees have reduced canopy densities. This 2-year study shows the potential to achieve adequate disease control using the integration of SDHI fungicides and biological controls without the use of synthetic multisite fungicides.

Corn (Zea mays) is one of the most widely spread cereals in the world. However, in the Far North Region of Cameroon, the incidence of some maize diseases progress because of farming practices and climate change (rainfall). This work aims to evaluate effect and resistance stimulation of neem extract and Mancozeb fungicide on Brown Spot (PBS) and Stalk Rot (PSR) diseases of corn due to Physoderma maydis in field condition. The experimental design was a two-factor split-plot. The treatments were a combination of Control (T), Mancozeb (Mz) at the concentration of 6g/L and aqueous extract of neem seeds (AENS) at the concentration of 50g/L with CMS 9015 and CMS 8704 varieties. Incidence, severity, rainfall, Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUIPC, AUSiPC) were recorded. Phenol and protein rates, enzymatic activity of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX) and glucanase were carried out. Stalk length and yield were evaluated. Incidence and severity of Physoderma Brown Spot (PBS) and Physoderma Stalk Rot (PSR) increased with time and environmental conditions (rainfall). The highest disease incidence was observed in the control treatments with both diseases, 52.39 and 37.67 % respectively for Brown Spot and Stalk Rot in CMS8704 variety and lower with AENS, 13.5 and 36.01%. AENS reduced PBS incidence and severity by 23.1 and 19.9 %, respectively and Mz by 9.3 and 18.1 %. The AUIPC and AUSiPC of PBS and PSR remained lower with AENS treatment during the growing season and higher with the other treatments. The highest phenol and proteins rates (8.81 and 25.1 mg/g/FM) were recorded for the AENS treatment in CMS9015 and CMS8704 variety, respectively. Enzymatic activity was more enhanced in CMS8704 variety with AENS. 4.22 A470/min/g, 1.55 A470/min/g and 1.15 µmole/min /g were recorded respectively for PPO, POX, and Glucane activities. Stalk length was higher in AENS and Mancozeb treatments with variety CMS8704 (125.13 and 123 cm respectively). A yield increase of 7.44% was obtained in the AENS treatment. The combination or not of aqueous neem extract and CMS8704 could be used in the integrated control of PBS and PSR of maize

Seed-borne pathogens cause incorrect scores determining seed germination rate in safflower. A laboratory experiment was planned to search for an effective fungicide treatment for safflower seeds inhibiting the seed-borne infections during germination and early seedling growth. Two safflower cultivars (Olas and Linas) and five fungicides (Thiram, maneb, mancozeb, metalaxyl, and captan) were tested. Germination, mean germination time, and seedling growth parameters were investigated for determining the effectiveness of the fungicides. Results showed that germination percentage was not adversely affected by the fungicides and a higher germination percentage was obtained from the seeds treated with fungicides. Mean germination time shortened with fungicide treatments and more rapid germination was observed in thiram and metalaxyl. Fungicides increased root and shoot growth, especially in thriam and metalaxyl. The seedling weight of safflower cultivars was not changed by the application of fungicides. The infection rate of two safflower cultivars was different and untreated seeds of cv. Olas were infected. The seeds treated with fungicides successfully prevented the seed-borne infections, the minimum infection rate was obtained from the seeds treated with thiram, maneb and mancozeb. It was concluded that pretreatment of safflower seeds with thriam or mancozeb should be beneficial for avoiding seed-borne pathogens before germination test, and these applications may be tested under field conditions in terms of emergence and seed yield performance.

Seed potatoes in North America are predominantly cut and treated with a fungicide seed potato treatment before planting. Though seed potatoes that have been cut and fungicide-treated have been shown to perform as well or better than single drop seed (whole tubers in the range of 43–85 g) without fungicide seed treatment, no comparisons were made with single-drop seed that had been treated with a fungicide seed treatment. Here we present results from field experiments conducted in Bingham County, Idaho over ten consecutive years (2008–2017) using potato cultivar ‘Russet Burbank’ where both cut and single drop seed were first inoculated with isolates of Fusarium spp. and then treated with a fungicide seed treatment containing both fludioxonil and mancozeb. Single-drop seed outperformed cut seed with respect to emergence, vigor, and Fusarium seed decay, yield of large tubers, and total yield. However, the fungicide seed treatment offered a larger measure of improvement in terms of Fusarium seed decay and Rhizoctonia stem canker. The boost in yield of US No. 1 grade tubers for single drop seed (1.09 t/ha) was smaller than the increase due to an application of a commercial formulation of a mancozeb plus fludioxonil fungicide seed potato treatment (2.34 t/ha). Thus, the most important factor to consider, regardless of seed type, is use of a fungicide seed treatment.

Antracnose causada por espécies de Colletotrichum é uma das principais doenças da soja no Brasil. O objetivo foi avaliar programas de fungicidas no controle de antracnose e produtividade na cultura da soja, em experimento realizado na safra 2018/2019 em Lucas do Rio Verde – MT; utilizando cv. Monsoy 8210 IPRO com 20% de inoculação de sementes com Colletotrichum truncatum. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e aplicação de nove programas de fungicidas aos 30, 45 e 60 dias após a semeadura (DAS). Avaliou-se Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Doença (AACPD), incidência de sintomas em vagens, número de vagens/plantas, desfolha, massa de mil grãos, produtividade e sanidade de grãos. A inoculação do patógeno reduziu o estande de plantas e número de plantas com cotilédones. Os programas de fungicidas reduziram incidência e severidade de antracnose na parte aérea das plantas em R5.3 e R5.5. O programa trifloxistrobina+ciproconazol (30 DAS) e trifloxistrobina+protioconazol+mancozebe (45 e 60 DAS) apresentou menor incidência de sintomas de antracnose em vagens. Os programas de fungicidas reduziram a desfolha no estádio fenológico R6. O programa piraclostrobina+epoxiconazol (30 DAS), fluxapiroxade+piraclostrobina +oxicloreto de cobre (45 DAS) e epoxiconazol+fluxapiroxade+ piraclostrobina+ oxicloreto de cobre (60 DAS); programa com trifloxistrobina+ciproconazol (30 DAS) e trifloxistrobina+protioconazol+mancozebe (45 e 60 DAS); e programa com propiconazol+difenoconazol (30 DAS), difeconazol+ciproconazol+clorotalonil (45 DAS) e azoxistrobina+benzovindiflupir+difeconazol+ciproconazol (60 DAS), reduziram a AACPD de antracnose. Maiores valores de produtividade e peso de mil sementes foram obtidos com o programa trifloxistrobina+ciproconazol (30 DAS) e trifloxistrobina+protioconazol+mancozebe (45 e 60 DAS).

Rotten fruits are known to cause major losses in post-harvest conservation. One of the causal pathogen of pineapple rot was investigated and the antifungal effects of selected plants extracts were evaluated in vitro against fungal pathogen; Pestalotiopsis microspora. The fruits samples were randomly collected from farms after harvest. The samples were collected in Awae; the experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Institute for Development located in Yaounde, Cameroon. The fruits samples were inoculated on potato dextrose agar and pure culture of fungal pathogen responsible for pineapple rot obtained. The pathogen was isolated, and identified on the basis of morphological features. The pathogenicity test was conducted to determine that the fungus is responsible for the rot symptoms. The efficacies of three plant species, namely: Allium sativum, Syzygium aromaticum and Zingiber officinale were tested in vitro at concentrations 20, 40 and 80% on mycelial growth inhibition of the causal agent. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts for concentrations were used. Distilled water and the fungicide Mancozeb 80WP (800 g/kg) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The pathogenicity test confirmed that P. microspora fungus is responsible for pineapple fruit rotting. The non-inoculated controls showed no symptoms of fruit rot. Results of antifungal tests showed that after 08 days, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. sativum and S. aromaticum were the most effective. The mycelial growth inhibition was total with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. sativum for concentrations 20, 40 and 80%. Total inhibition was also recorded with ethanolic extracts of S. aromaticum for all the tested concentrations. The overall result of this study reveals that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of A. sativum and S. aromaticum can be used to control P. microspora as they completely inhibited the growth of the pathogen that can contribute in post-harvest conservation of pineapple fruits. Key words: Ananas comosus, antifungal activities, extracts, pathogenicity test, Pestalotiopsis microspora.

Tomato early and late blight diseases caused by Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans respectively, are constraints to tomato production globally. Conventional use of commercial synthetic fungicides in management of tomato blight disease has become a key input for tomato production among farmers in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. Indiscriminate use and application of sub-lethal doses of fungicides negate disease management efforts, and may lead to gradual fungicide resistance. Yet, local tomato farmers have continued to use the fungicides without periodic evaluation of their effectiveness. This study was carried out in-vitro to evaluate the efficacy of six synthetic commercial fungicides used by farmers around River Ruguti, against two tomato leaf blight pathogens; Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans. The poison food method was used to evaluate fungicides known by trade names and application levels; Mancozeb (640 g kg-1) + Metalaxyl (40 g kg-1), Mancozeb 640 g/kg + Metalaxyl 80 g/kg, Mancozeb, Propineb700 g/kg + Cymoxanil 60 g/kg, Carbendazim and Triticonazole at different concentration (25%, 50% and 75%). The in-vitro plate experiment was laid out in a Complete Randomized Design with 3 replicates, and data on mycelia growth inhibition analyzed through General Linear Model (α=.05) and significant means separated using Least significant difference (LSD) using Scientific Analysis System version 9.4. All the tested fungicides significantly (p≤ 0.05) inhibited mycelial growth of tested pathogen. Percentage inhibition for early blight pathogen (Alternaria solani) was 80.42% compared to late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans at 69.51%. Mancozeb (640 g kg-1) + Metalaxyl (40 g kg-1) and Propineb700 g/kg + Cymoxanil 60 g/kg recorded higher per cent inhibition of mycelia growth of 92.4% and 89.71% respectively. Carbendazim recorded lower per cent inhibition of 39.15%. Mycelia growth inhibition increased with an increase in fungicide concentration. Lower inhibition of 71.78% was observed at 25% concentration as compared to 50% and 75% with 76.77% and 76.36% respectively. Fungicides screened varied in mycelia inhibition against P. infestans and A. solani isolates with Mancozeb (640 g kg-1) + Metalaxyl (40 g kg-1) and Propineb700g/kg +Cymoxanil 60g/kg giving significantly (p≤ 0.05) better inhibition while Carbendazim had the lowest inhibition effect. Increased fungicide concentration effectively inhibited mycelia growth. Thus higher concentration of fungicide application is recommended in cases where there is low efficacy of fungicides.

Walnut blight (WB), caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis,continues to be a serious disease of walnut in northern China, where weather conditions favor disease development. From 2013 to 2017, WB incidences in walnut cv. ‘Liaoning 1’ were investigated in three areas (Dalian,Suizhong and Jianchang areas) in the Liaoning province, northeastern China. WB incidence was high in Dalian (23.72%) and Suizhong (24.31%) but was low in Jianchang (12.98%). Relative humidity is a key meteorological factor that affected the differences between areas. Ten walnut cultivars were surveyed in 2013, 2015, and 2017 for their susceptibility to blight. Lateral-bearing walnut cultivars showed a higher incidence and were found more susceptible to WB compared with terminal-bearing cultivars. In order to test the most effective chemical spray methods, bactericide screening trials were conducted comprising 12 different types of bactericides and mixtures in 2015. The combination of kasugamycin+mancozeb was most effective in controlling WB incidence resulting in lowest fruit disease incidence (2.63%). Subsequently, minimal spray trials were studied to determine the most effective chemical control as well as timing and frequency of application in 2017. The study confirmed these results of studies done in California: the best timing for the first spray application was at 30%–40% pistillate flower emergence and subsequently spray times were at 6 days and 16 days interval. Results of this study provide essential information to better understand the complexity of this walnut disease toward developing effective control management strategies globally.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is attacked by various disease causing micro-organisms. Amongthem Fusarium wilt is the major destructive diseases of tomato. This study was conducted to test theefficacy of different fungicides i.e. metalaxyl+mancozeb, copper oxychloride, benalaxyl+mancozeb,carbendazim and mancozeb at different concentrations (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 g/litre water) against the fusariumwilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and also to observe the impacts offungicides on plant height and yield under tunnel condition. The result revealed that copper oxychloridewas significantly effective in all its doses to control the Fusarium wilt of tomato, the most effective dose was 3 g/l where the disease severity was recorded 6.2 percent only, followed by metalaxyl+mancozeb (4g/l) in which the disease severity was recorded 9.6 percent, other fungicides also showed good result but mancozeb alone was not effective, however it had synergistic effect and could be used as basis with the other product to control the fusarium wilt. Two of the fungicides proved to be the most appropriate chemicals having no severe impacts on plant height and yield. The highest plant height was recorded 10.96 and 9.38 feet whereas the highest yield per plant was recorded 3.97 and 3.67 kg in case of copper oxychloride and metalaxyl+mancozeb respectively.

La muerte descendente del limón ‘Persa’ (Citrus latifolia Tan.) causada por Lasiodiplodia spp., es una enfermedad de alta importancia. La intensidad de las podas en limón incrementa la susceptibilidad y la pérdida anual de hasta 35% de árboles, lo que resulta 60% de reducción de la producción. Durante los años 2016 y 2017, en el municipio de Papantla, Veracruz se evaluó la efectividad del control químico y biológico contra Lasiodiplodia spp., después de la poda. Se realizó un diseño de bloques completo al azar, se aplicaron cinco tratamientos: metil tiofanato (1 g L-1), tiabendazole (2.5 g L-1), clorotalonil (3 g L-1) y mancozeb (4 g L-1), Trichoderma harzianum + Trichoderma viridae (20 ml L-1) y un testigo (sin aplicación). Se realizaron dos aspersiones dirigidas a tronco, ramas y follaje hasta punto de goteo. Se evalúo la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad cada siete días después de la primera aplicación. Con los datos de incidencia se realizó ajuste de modelos epidemiológicos y se calcularon los parámetros descriptivos como: intensidad inicial, tasa de incremento y área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad. El fungicida metil tiofanato tuvo mayor efectividad para el control de la enfermedad, seguido de tiabendazol.

This study was carried out to study the in-vitro efficacy of different chemical fungicides leaf spot of marigold, caused by Alternaria alternata. The results of present study showed that the disease incidence from various locations of district Hyderabad Sindh was observed Ghangra Mori 35%, TandoHyder 30%, Rahooki 25%, Moosa Khatyan20%, and Hosri 15%. Upper limit disease occurrence was observed from Ghangra Mori and lower limit sickness was recorded from Hosri. The chemical fungicide Nativo observed 43%, 25.5% and 18.5% linear colony growth of Alternaria alternata at 100, 200 and 400 ppm, respectively. Aliete observed 52, 31.5 and 21 respectively. Carbandazm observed 52.5, 29.5 and 21mm respectively and Mancozeb observed 51, 28.5 and 20mm respectively. Lower limit growth of Alternaria alternata were judge in 400 ppm instead Nativo pursuited by Mancozeb, Carbandazm and Aliete, separately. In control there was 90mm was recorded. It was concluded that chemical fungicide ‘Nativo’ were full effective to stop the disperssion of Alternaria alternata in 400 ppm. Anytime the plant infusion, Neem infusion show good effect opposite linear colony growth of Alternaria alternata on 6% solution

Aims: The aim of this work was to evaluate effect of Mancozeb 80 WP against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the agent responsible of anthracnose of cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.). Study Design: The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed in Laboratory of Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maroua during six months. Field trial was carried out in Kelo, Chad during three months. Methodology: Isolates were obtained from diseased organs (leaves and fruits) from Kélo in Chad and Maroua in Cameroon. The concentrations used in the laboratory were C1 (5 mg/ml), C2 (0.5 mg/ml), C3 (0.05 mg/ml), C4 (0.005 mg/ml), C5 (0.0 mg/ml). Radial growth, sporulation, conidial germination and pathogenicity were used to characterize and evaluate the effect of Mancozeb on the isolates in vitro. The preventive test was performed on three-month-old plants previously treated with Mancozeb. The concentration of 5 g/l was applied to the field and the incidence and severity were used to calculate the AUIPC (Area Under Disease Incidence Progress Curve) and AUSiPC (Area Under Disease Severity Index Progress Curve) curves. Results: Mancozeb reduced radial growth of all isolates at concentrations C1 (5 mg/ml), C2 (0.5 mg/ml) and C3 (0.05 mg/ml). The percentages of inhibition ranged from 50 to 100%. Mancozeb 80 WP completely (100%) inhibited the germination of C. gloeosporioides conidia in vitro. Mancozeb has protected cashew plants in vivo at the concentration C1 (5 mg/ml). AUIPC and AUSiPC were higher on control plants and lower on Mancozeb-treated plants. Conclusion: Mancozeb 80 WP may be associated in integrated pest management strategy against anthracnose.

Ramularia blight, caused by Ramularia foeniculi Sybille’s a highly destructive fennel disease and may cause complete failure of the crop. The use of chemicals especially mancozeb to manage Ramularia blight increases the load of residues in seed and reduces the export and market price. Removal of lower yellow leaves would not only help in reducing the load of Ramularia pathogen but, also increase the aeration in fennel crop. To manage this disease, field trial was conducted for three consecutive kharif seasons (2017-18, 2018-19 & 2019-20) with agronomical practices i.e. removal of lower yellow leaves at different stages and different spraying schedules of chlorothalonil 75WP. Removal of lower yellow leaves at 50 % flowering stage and grain filling stage with two sprays of chlorothalonil 75WP @ 0.15% (20 g/ 10 lit. water) first spray at just appearance of disease and second spray at15 days after first spray was found effective not only in terms of management of disease (10.91 % disease incidence), yield (2078 kg/ha) and quality aspects but also reduced the load of fungicide on seed which promote the export. Thus, limited use (2 sprays) of chlorothalonil with the removal of lower yellow leaves helps to meet out the quality standards for export promotion with respect to residual limits in the said commodity.

Sudden death syndrome (wilt) disease of soybean caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. virguliforme. In vitro evaluation of different ten fungicides against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. virguliforme. All the test fungicide at the concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 ppm were found effective against the test pathogen. The average mycelial growth inhibition was ranged from 50 to 100 per cent. The highest average mycelial growth inhibition was recorded with the fungicides viz., Propiconazole, Hexaconazole, Penconazole, Thiophanate methyl and Azoxystrobin i.e. 100 per cent. The combi-fungicide Carbendazim 12% WP + Mancozeb 63% WP was found comparatively less effective with minimum mycelial inhibition i.e. 50 per cent amongst tested fungicides.

Penyakit karat daun anggur yang disebabkan oleh Phakopsora euvitis merupakan salah satu penyakit penting tanaman anggur. Pengendalian dengan pestisida nabati untuk penyakit ini penting dikembangkan karena pemanfaatannya dapat menekan penggunaan pestisida kimia sintetik yang selama ini diaplikasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak lengkuas sebagai fungisida nabati terhadap perkembangan P. euvitis, dan dibandingkan dengan fungisida mankozeb. Metode meliputi persiapan ekstrak lengkuas dalam metanol yang diuapkan, uji daya racun ekstrak lengkuas dan pestisida secara in vitro, penentuan LC50, dan pengujian in planta menggunakan bibit anggur di dalam polibag. Penentuan LC50 dilakukan dengan menggunakan program SAS JMP Statistical Discovery. Uji in planta dilakukan dengan cara penyemprotan suspensi spora (urediniospora) dengan kerapatan 1 x 106 spora.mL-1 dan penyemprotan ekstrak lengkuas atau mankozeb tiga hari setelah inokulasi pada konsentrasi LC90. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan ekstrak lengkuas dapat menghambat perkecambahan spora P. euvitis. LC50 ekstrak lengkuas diperoleh sebesar 18,33 ppm dan LC90 sebesar 53.72 ppm; sementara LC50 mankozeb sebesar 65,52 ppm dan LC90 sebesar 190.71 ppm. Pada uji in planta, penggunaan ekstrak lengkuas dengan konsentrasi 53.72 ppm (LC90) dapat menurunkan intensitas penyakit karat daun pada anggur sebesar 16% pada hari ke-18, sementara fungisida mankozeb dengan konsentrasi 190.71 ppm (LC90) menurunkan intensitas penyakit sebesar 26,4% dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif atau tanaman sakit tanpa perlakuan. Ekstrak lengkuas memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai pestisida nabati terhadap penyakit karat daun anggur

The study was undertaken to identify best microbial and soil amendment in seedbeds that yielded quality transplants and to determine the effect of microbial and soil amendments in the seedling production.The following treatments were evaluated: T1 - Bacillus subtilis at 25 g; T2 - Trichoderma spp. (Asperellum and longibrachiatum) at 25 g; T3 – Vermicompost at 1.0 kg; T4 - Composted goat manure at 1.0 kg; T5 - Mancozeb M-45 at 10 g and T6 – Untreated (no application). The trial was laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Observations were done at 10 DAS for % seed germination, 16 DAS and 25 DAS for % damping off, % seedling survival at 30 DAS, seedling height, root length and fresh weight of seedlings at pulling stage (35 DAS). The result of the study showed Red Pinoy onion variety has the lowest percentage of dumping off disease from the application of Vermicompost at 16 DAS and 25 DAS. Highest percent seed germination at 10 DAS, highest percent seedling survival at 30 DAS, tallest seedlings and heaviest weight of seedlings were produced by the application of composted goat manure. For Yellow Granex onion variety, Trichoderma spp. obtained lower percentage of dumping off at 25 DAS statistically similar to the effect of standard control Mancozeb M-45. Composted goat manure produced highest percent seed germination and Vermicompost obtained higher percent seedling survival comparable to the standard control Mancozeb M-45. Results obtained showed a significant (P=0.05) effect on the treatments on the different characters measured. Based on result, application of all treatments have shown fungal activity that promoted better growth and quality of onion seedlings for transplant.

Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) is a perennial leguminous forage crop cultivated worldwide. Unique water-soaked brown spots surrounded by yellow haloes were reported extensively on leaves of alfalfa crop from the farmer fields of Hafizabad and Bahawalpur districts in 2018. Olive gray colonies of a fungus, isolated with 95% frequency from the symptomatic tissues, were identified as Curvularia sp. based on morphocultural characteristics. Thus, representative Curvularia isolate “FMB-ALF2-MS” was subjected to molecular analysis to validate its phylogeny. Four genetic regions, ITS, LSU, TEF1-α, and GAPDH, were directly sequenced. BLASTn search showed 100% homology to C. buchloes strain CBS 246.49. Phylogenetic analysis is also identified and congruent with this isolate as C. buchloes with 100% bootstrap support. Four repeated pathogenicity tests were carried out with C. buchloes, and the etiology of the leaf spots was determined. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of C. buchloes causing leaf spots on alfalfa from Pakistan. The new and emerging foliar disease's occurrence and intensity were documented across the Punjab province during 2018–2019. The highest D.I (57%) with an average D.S of 78.5% was recorded from the Bahawalpur district. Eight different (four contact and four systemic) fungicides were tested against the pathogen under in vitro conditions at 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm concentration. Among all the tested fungicides, maximum inhibition (95%) was recorded through mancozeb (contact fungicide), followed by 92% pathogen growth inhibition through propiconazole (systemic fungicide) at 200 ppm. Characterized pathogenic fungal isolate was deposited to the Culture Collection (FMB-CC-UAF) with accession number FMB0177.

Potato brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler is one of the most destructive diseases of potato worldwide. The present study was conducted to identify the causal agent, and to test the efficacy of several fungicides with different modes of actions against A. alternata. Five different chemical fungicides including; Copper oxychloride (Sufer Copper Oxychloride® 50% WP), Carbendazim (Carbendazim Aria® 60% WP), Penconazole (Penconazole® 20% WE) , Mancozeb (Qadri Mancozeb® 80% WP) and Flutriafol 6.94% + Tebuconazole 20.8% (Topgaurd® 30% SC) were tested at four different concentrations of; 20, 100, 300 and 500 mg\ l, using the poisoned food technique. Among the tested fungicides, the highest in vitro inhibition (%) of mycelial growth of the pathogen was recorded on using Flutriafol 6.94% + Tebuconazole 20.8% causing complete inhibition (100 %) at 100, 300 and 500 mg\ l, followed by Penconazole causing 100 % inhibition at 300 and 500 mg\ l; moreover, it caused strong inhibition of 90.17 % at 100 mg\ l. Both fungicides proved to be the most effective expressing strong inhibition potency of 93.75 % even at the lowest concentration of 20 mg\ l after 5 days of fungal incubation, although the inhibitory efficacy decreased slightly over time after 10 days of incubation. Mancozeb was the third effective fungicide causing strong mycelial inhibition of (41.91, 75.24 and 84.21 %) at 100, 300 and 500 mg\ l, respectively. The least mycelial growth inhibition was observed with Copper oxychloride (8.77 %) followed by Carbendazim (21.05 %) at maximum concentration of 500 mg\ l. For the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata as the fungal causal agent of potato brown spot in Afghanistan.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of different biocontrol agents, botanicals and fungicides on crop yield and stem gall disease of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), caused by Protomyces macrosporus Unger. The effectiveness of plant leaf extracts, fungicides and bioagents were evaluated against the test fungus under in vitro conditions by using poisoned food technique and further evaluated under field conditions for disease management and crop yield improvement. Among the biocontrol agents and botanicals evaluated, Pseudomonas fluorescens and datura leaf extract were most effective in in inhibiting the pathogenic growth; whereas amongst fungicides, metalaxyl + mancozeb @ 0.2% and copper oxychloride @ 0.2% were significantly superior with 100% pathogenic growth inhibition under in vitro conditions. Under field conditions, seed treatment and foliar spray of metalaxyl + mancozeb and copper oxychloride @ 0.2% proved most effective in managing the disease as well as improved crop yield (1493.06 and 1284.72 kg ha-1, respectively) in comparison to the control (729.17 kg ha-1).

Bipolaris Sorokiniana (Teleomorph Cochliobolus sativus) is the causal agent of spot blotch of wheat. The fungus is one of the most important foliar diseases for wheat growing areas and causes significant yield losses particularly in South Asia’s intensive “irrigated wheat-rice” production system. In West Bengal as well as all Eastern India, one of the most concerning disease is spot blotch of wheat. Intensive efforts in many countries are now underway to develop effective management strategies. However, current practices mostly rely on chemical fungicides which are costly as well as environmentally harmful. Naturally available plant protectants, such as essential oils (EOs) which show antimicrobial properties, have low mammalian toxicity and are environment-friendly, could be used as alternatives for chemical fungicides. Five botanical oils [Ginger oil, Eucalyptus oil, Clove oil, Til oil and Neem oil] and one fungicide (Mancozeb 75% WP) were tested against the Bipolaris sorokiniana causing spot blotch of wheat, at five different concentrations: 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2500 ppm, and 3000 ppm. Among them, Clove oil exhibited strongest fungal toxicity followed by Ginger oil, Eucalyptus oil, Til oil and Neem oil, at all concentrations. The fungistatic ability increased with an increase in concentration of the plant protectants. All the essential oils showed fungistatic activity while maximum inhibition of the pathogen was observed at a concentration of 3000 ppm.

Chrysanthemum {Dendranthema indicum (= Chrysanthemum indicum L.)}, crop is being affected by several fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode induced diseases. However, leaf blight, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler has been common occurrence, causing quantitative as well as qualitative losses in chrysanthemum. Therefore, present in vitro study was planned in CRD with two separate experiments (Contact and systemic and combi-fungicides) in vitro, in 13 treatments replicated thrice, to assess the efficacy of fungicides against Alternaria alternata, at the Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Latur (MS), during Rabi, 2019-20. Results revealed that, all of the six systemic (each @ 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm), five contact and two combi-products fungicides (each @ 1000, 2000 and 2500 ppm) evaluated in vitro were found fungistatic and exhibited significant mycelial growth inhibition of A. alternata, causing Alternaria leaf blight of chrysanthemum. However, the systemic fungicides viz., Propiconazole 25% EC and Hexaconazole 5% EC (100%), followed by Difenconazole 25% EC (87.81%), Penconazole 10% EC (86.13%) were found most effective against the test pathogen. Whereas, among contact / combi – fungicides the most effective fungicide found were Carbendazim 12% WP + Mancozeb 63% WP with highest growth inhibition (81.96%), followed by Mancozeb 75% WP (78.05%), Copperoxy chloride 50% WP (69.36%), respectively.

Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is an important disease of wheat. A laboratory experiment was conducted at Plant Pathology Division, Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Khumaltar, Nepal to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available fungicides viz, Saaf ( Carbendazim 12%+ Mancozeb63%), Sectin (Fenamidone 10%+ Mancozeb 50%), Angel (Metalaxyl 8%+ Mancozeb 64%), Diathane M-45 (Mancozeb 75%), G-MIL( Cymoxanil 8%+ Mancozeb 64%) tested in two different concentration i.e. 50ppm and 100 ppm except Curex (Copper oxychloride 50%) tested in the concentration of 100ppm and 200ppm and Tilt (propiconazole 25%) tested in 15ppm and 30 ppm concentration with a control test by employing poisoned food technique against spot blotch pathogen of wheat Bipolaris sorokiniana. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The result revealed that all concentrations of different fungicides successfully inhibited the radial mycelial growth of the pathogen under in vitro condition. Based on the measurement of fungal radial growth, fungicide Tilt of 30ppm and 15 ppm concentration were the most effective followed by Sectin 100ppm, Diathane M-45 100ppm, Angel 100 ppm and Saaf 100ppm. G-MIL 50 ppm in poisoned food technique was the least effective. Use of safer and economical chemical fungicides can provide an effective and long-term solution against plant diseases in agricultural farming.

During the season 2020, the biological efficacy of fungicides propamocarb hydrochloride + fluopicolide, cymoxanil, mandipropamide + difenoconazole and dimothomorph + mancozeb in the control of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in tomato, was investigated. The experiments were conducted in the localities of Sovljak (Ub), Belosavci (Topola) and Garaši (Aranđelovac). The experiments were carried out as a randomized block system in four replication (EPPO, 1996). A total of five treatments and two assessments were performed at each location. Favorable conditions resulted in a significant disease intensity on untreated plots, which amounted from 17,5-41,3% in the first, and 28,8-95,0% during the second assessment. Fungicide mixture propamocarb-hydrochloride+fluopicolide, showed the efficacy from 94,5-99,4% at the first, and 92,3-97,9% at the second assessment. Fungicide cymoxanil, showed the efficacy of 83,0-92,9% at the first, and 80,0-89,5% at the second assessment. Fungicide mixture mandipropamide+difenoconazole achieved the efficacy from 89,1-99,7% at the first, and 88,2-98,5% during the second assessment. By a combination of dimothomorph+mancozeb the efficacy was ranged from 94,1-97,8% at the first and from 90,7-97,7% at the second assessment.

Dracaena, is an ornamental plant which helps in air purification. The foliage is damaged by innumerable diseases. Various carbon containing media viz. Potato dextrose agar, Peptone salt agar, Czepek’s Dox Agar, dextrose in Czepek’s Dox Agar medium was replaced by the same amount of sucrose and lactose and Oat meal agar was used to study the radial growth of Colletotrichum fragrans from Dracaena. Among these six carbon media, the most effective medium for its rapid growth was Peptone salt agar medium. Also, the morphological characters differed with change in media constituents, wherein Oat meal agar medium was found to be effective for the production of acervuli, conidia, setae of higher dimensions. Bioassay was conducted using four fungicides viz. Blitox, Mancozeb, Chlorothalonil and Difenoconazole with six different concentrations, Difenoconazole with EC50 value 299.2µ/ml gave best results. Also, in-vivo studies confirmed that Difenoconazole could inhibit the diseased lesion most effectively than others.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is one of the well known oil crop produced and Ethiopia is one of the major producer country of the crop in the world. The Field experiment was conducted for two years (2015/2017 GC) at Delo-mena site of Sinana Agricultural Research Center (SARC) with the objective of identify effective fungicides for the management of Cercospora leaf spot of Sesame. The trial was arranged in RCB Design with three replication and the treatment fungicides were; Odeon 825 WDG, Mancozeb 80% WP, Natura 250 EW, Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG, RexDuo, Tilt 250 EC and unsprayed control were included for treatment comparison. The highest Cercospora leafspot disease severity of 41.11% and the lowest (5.00%) were recorded from unsprayed control and Tilt 250 EC treated plots, respectively. Similarly, the highest AUDPC (1474.67%-days) and r (0.038292 units-1) and the lowest AUDPC (165.67%-days) and r (-0.004976units-1) were similarly calculated from unsprayed control and from Tilt 250 EC treated plots, respectively. Regarding yield and yield related traits; ANOVA has shown significant variations (P

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important pulse crop grown all over India. Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri is one of the major disease on chickpea in Northern Karnataka, which is soil and seed borne. Heavy inoculum in the soil and favorable environment condition results in the death of infected plant and therefore total yield loss. Experiment was conducted for selection of superior fungicides for the management of chickpea wilt disease, three combi product fungicides, three systemic fungicides and three non-systemic fungicides were evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri in in-vitro condition with two concentrations each. Among the non-systemic fungicides copper oxychloride was effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth with 82.97% and 86.02% at 2000 and 3000 ppm concentration. Among the systemic fungicides carbendazim exhibited 79.81% and 82.03% inhibition of mycelial growth at 1000 and 2000 ppm concentration. Among the combi product fungicides Carbendazim12%+ Mancozeb 63% exhibited 100% inhibition of mycelial growth at 1000 and 2000 ppm concentration.

False smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens are the most common diseasethat can devastating the yield of rice up to 5-85 per cent in India. In the recent years, the false smut was highly emerging disease and the climate changes, high yield varieties and high use of nitrogenous fertilizers are the most favourable conditions for the development of this disease. The present study was conducted to understand the activity of different chemical fungicides on growth of U. virens on the artificial media. Five fungicides Carbendazim (Bavistin 50 WP), Trifloxystrobin+Tebuconazole (Nativo 756WG), Propiconazole (Tilt 25 EC), Carbendazim (12%)+ Mancozeb (63%) and Tricyclazole 75% WP were evaluated at different five concentration 60ppm, 125ppm, 250ppm, 500ppm and 1000 ppm against U. virens using food poison technique on the potato dextrose yeast agar (PDYA) media.The percent zone of inhibition of the pathogens shows that Tilt 25EC (Propiconazol) and Nativo 75WG (Tryfloxystrobin + Tebuconazole) at all tested concentration followed by Baan 75WP (Tricyclazole) @250ppm show 100% zone of mycelium growth in vitro condition. Tilt 25EC (Propiconazol) and Nativo 75WG considered as best fungicide and remaining tested fungicide were less effective but superior over control.

The viability of commercial Rhizobium strains (SB-14 and SB-12) were inoculated and fungicides (Mancozeb and Ridomil) were used as seed dressed on soybean seed to investigate their effect on nodulation, plant growth and seed yield of soybean. Application of Rhizobial inoculants alone gave the highest nodulation and shoot dry weight performance as well as seed yield of soybean on both sites. SB-12 inoculant had significantly shown to be more effective than SB-14 inoculant in increasing nodulation and thus produced higher plant growth and seed yield. Rhizobial survival on the seeds was severely affected by both fungicides, resulting in decreased nodulation, plant growth and seed yield for both inoculants. However, Ridomil fungicide gave the lowest nodulation and seed yield when applied with either SB-12 or SB-14 Rhizobial strains. The strains differed in their sensitivity to Mancozeb fungicide that with strain SB-12 showed a slight effect or no effect on survival of rhizobium, nodulation and yield of soybean. Seed-dressing of mancozeb and ridomil resulted in reduction of seed yield by 882.8 kg ha-1 and 1154.7 kg ha-1, respectively with SB-12 strain. The present results indicate that inoculated Rhizobium inoculants differ in their capacity to develop resistance to the two dressed fungicides. Seed treatment with Mancozeb in combination with SB-12 strain slightly affected the survival of the inoculated strain. Consequently, mancozeb fungicide may be compatable with survival of the inoculated SB-12 Rhizobia. The results also indicate that the suppressive effects of seed-applied fungicides on Rhizobium strains survival and nodulation development depend on specific strain and fungicide. Soybean seeds inoculated with SB-12 may not need management with fungicides or lower concentration of Mancozeb that could be compatible with SB-12 to suppress soil-borne pathogens for both Assosa and Begi sites, western Ethiopia.

Rice blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae is a major threat to the farmers as the disease severity may lead upto 80% crop loss in severe conditions. A laboratory experiment was conducted at National Plant Pathology Research center of NARC, Khumaltar,Lalitpur for testing the efficacy of different fungicides adopting poisoned food method against the pathogen Pyricularia oryzae causing rice blast disease. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments including control following 3 replications of each. Two concentrations (50 ppm and 100 ppm) each of different fungicides viz. Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb 75%W.P), Bavistin (Carbendazim 50 % W.P), Antracol (Propineb 70%W.P) , Diamethmorph 50%WP, Sectin ( Fenamidone 10%+ Mancozeb 50%W.G),Protector ZN ( Chlorothalonil 75% W.P), Safaya (Carbendazim 12%+ mancozeb63% W.P) , Nativo 75% W.G (Tebuconazole 50%+ Trifloxystrobin25%W.G) and Topcare ( Azoxystrobin 50% W.D.G) were evaluated against the growth of the pathogen. Results showed that lower concentration (50ppm) of Bavistin and Safaya fully inhibited the growth of the pathogen while Nativo at higher concentration (100 ppm) was shown to exhibit 100% inhibition of the pathogen. The fungicides significantly inhibited the mycelia growth with the increase in concentration of fungicide. However, the fungicides found effective for mycelia inhibition of P.oryzae should be further tested in field conditions to verify their efficacy as well the optimum dozes of fungicide should be re-evaluated.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an important and most widely grown fruit crop of both tropics and subtropics of the world, belonging to the family Caricaceae and ranks third in importance among fruits. Papaya fruits lose their market value due to damage caused by many fungi. These fungi by their prolific growth, deteriorates fruit quality. Among these, fruit rot caused by Fusarium incarnatum adversely affects the fruit quality, quantity and ultimately reduces the market value. The fruit rot of papaya causes enormous yield losses, often in field and markets. Detailed investigations on various aspects were carried out in the present study during 2019-20. The papaya fruits showing typical characteristic symptoms of fruit rot were collected from Pachkandil vegetable market, Dhule. Infected fruits exhibited water-soaked spots at stem-end portion and also showed softening and mummification of fruits. In severe cases, rotten fruit showed white creamy growth of the pathogen. The pathogen was isolated by standard tissue isolation method and purified by single spore technique. Pathogenicity of fungus was proved by following Koch’s postulates. The fruit rot causal fungus was got identified by Agharkar Research Institute (An Autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune – 411 004) as Fusarium sp. aff. F. semitectum Berk & Ravenel (Current name- Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc.) (ID.NO.3/426/2019/MYC/1135). In vitro efficacy of fungicides, revealed that carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP (0.2%) and hexaconazole 5% EC (0.1%) completely inhibited mycelial growth of the test fungus, followed by carbendazim 50% WP (0.1%), propineb 70% WP (0.25%), mancozeb 75% WP (0.25%). Whereas, it was least with thiophanate methyl 70% WP (0.1%).

Sunflower is an important oilseed crop of Pakistan, comprising 20% proteins and 38-45% oil contents. Alternaria leaf blight (ALB) caused by Alternaria alternata , is one of the devastating diseases of sunflower. Six different fungicides viz., difenoconazole, hexaconazole, azoxystrobin, dimethomorph + mancozeb, myclobutanil and Sulphur were tested at different concentrations (10, 20, 30 ppm) in the laboratory and the greenhouse. Fungicides performed best in the laboratory were also investigated in greenhouse against Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower. In in vitro study, Hexaconazole showed 100 % growth inhibition of A. alternata at 30 ppm followed by 70% at 20 ppm and 62% at 10 ppm. Difenoconazole proved as the 2 nd best fungicide with 77% fungal inhibition at 30 ppm, 75.8% at 20 ppm and 71% at 10 ppm. Azoxystrobin was the least effective fungicide with 24%, 28%, 34% fungal inhibition at 10, 20 and 30 ppm, respectively. Twelve cultivars of sunflower were screened against blight disease in pot experiment to check the fungicides at a different level of susceptibility in the greenhouse. Screening result showed that FH 702 was the highest susceptible variety with mean value 7.6. Greenhouse study of disease inhibition effect of fungicides also showed that hexaconazole fungicide produced the best results against A. alternata with 42% disease reduction in FH 702 cultivar and 25 % in FH 696 cultivar as compared to control (83%). The results showed that no fungicide provided full disease inhibition, so, further investigation is needed to find the new chemistry against blight disease of sunflower crop.

Tomato late blight is an economic disease that causes 100 % yield loss of tomato in Cameroon. The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of mancozeb and Ocimum gratissimum extract in managing late blight disease in Nadira and Rio-grande tomato varieties. Seedlings of each tomato variety were planted in replicates of three in a complete randomized block design comprising of three treatments (T1 –Ocimum gratissimum extract (1666.7 g/15 L); T2 –Mancozeb (50 g/15 L); T3 –control. Fifty grams of mancozeb (50g) and 1666.7 g of O. gratissimum extract dissolved and mixed with water in a 15 L knapsack sprayer was applied to control tomato late blight from the onset of blight symptoms, at two days intervals, to control Data for the disease incidence, severity, and yield parameters were collected at weekly intervals for four weeks from plants in the middle of the ridges. Mancozeb and O. gratissimum extract significantly reduced the disease severity of Nadira and Rio-grande tomato varieties by 0.2., resulting in a mean fruit number of 18.31 and 16.31 fruits and fruit weight of 1.44 g and 1.13 g. There was no significant difference (p =0.05) between plants sprayed with Mancozeb and O. gratissimum extract. The Nadira variety was resistant to the tomato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. Thus biopesticides (O. gratissimum) can be effectively used as alternatives to synthetic fungicides (mancozeb) –which pose risks to human and environmental health.

The use of synthetic mancozeb fungicide has not been effective in the control of okra leaf spot (Pseudocercospora abelmoschi) disease amidst critical issues of environmental concerns. Therefore, this study evaluated the compatibility of mancozeb 75 WP with some botanicals in the integrated management of the disease. Laboratory assay was a 3×4×2 factorial laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications, while the field experiment was a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments. Four extract concentrations, 15, 30, 45 and 50% w/v and 0.5 g/l Mancozeb 75 WP were evaluated. The application of Syzygium aromaticum extract at 50% w/v concentration had the highest mycelial growth reduction of 71.89% of the pathogen. The soil textural class was sandy loam and treatments effect on okra growth indices did not differ significantly (p>0.05). The highest pod yield of 15.48 t/ha-1 was obtained in treatment inoculated with P. abelmoschi. but treated with a combination of S. aromaticum and Mancozeb. The same treatment had the lowest disease incidence of 4.01%, while combined application of C. papaya, S. aromaticum and Mancozeb recorded significantly (p

Mango decline is a serious disease in production areas in Burkina Faso. The aim of this study was to contribute to the management of the disease through the use of plant aqueous extracts. Antifungal activities of Azadirachta indica, Calotropis procera, Gmelina arborea, Jatropha curcas, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and the synthetic fungicide (Mancozeb) were tested against Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae associated to mango decline in Burkina Faso. Three different concentrations of leaf extracts which 25%, 50%, 75% and 500 ppm of Mancozeb were tested for their antifungal activity in vitro. The results showed that leaf extracts have an inhibitor effect on the growth of the two Lasiodiplodia species. The aqueous extract of G. arborea was the most effective with average inhibition rates of L. theobromae of 42.62%, 73.84% and 74.23% respectively with the concentrations of 25 g/l, 50 g/l and 75 g/l. The aqueous extract of A. indica against L. pseudotheobromae showed maximum percentage inhibition with 50 g/l of 63.10% and with 75 g/l of 72.02%. Mancozeb completely inhibits the mycelial growth of both species of fungi. Ours findings showed that aqueous extracts from plants could be tried for the eco-friendly management of mango decline pathogens.Keywords: Antifungal, plants extract, Lasiodiplodia spp., mango decline, Burkina Faso.

Two faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars namely Giza 716 and Giza 40 were investigated for their response to foliar application with some botanical extracts and salicylic acid to improve vegetative growth, yield, and its relation to chocolate spot disease caused by Botrytis fabae Sard. Garlic cloves (GE), onion bulb (OE), eucalyptus leaves (EE) extracts (50 and 100 ml/L) and salicylic acid (SA 100 and 200 ppm) were used during two successive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Etay El-Baroud Agricultural Research Station Farm, El-Beheira Governorate. Under field conditions Giza 716 had better values of growth, agronomic parameters and higher leaves content of chlorophyll a, b, (a+b), seed content of total carbohydrates %, protein %, leaves peroxidase and catalase activities and total phenols in both seasons. GE, OE, EE and SA increased faba bean growth and yield compared to Mancozeb and control treatments. SA 200 ppm increased leaf area /plant after 95 days in the first season. It had the first grade of shoot dry weight after 75 and 95 days and seed weight/plant in the second season and increased leaf area /plant after 75 days, plant height, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield/fed in both seasons. It increased chlorophyll a in the first season, chlorophyll b in the second season and chlorophyll a+b in both seasons. As well as, it had the highest catalase activity, total phenols content and protein %. In this respect, GE 100 ml/L significantly increased shoot dry weight /plant after 75 days and leaf area/plant after 95 days in the first and second seasons, respectively. It significantly increased shoot dry weight/plant after 95 days and seed weight/plant in the first season only compared to Mancozeb and control treatments. B. fabae spore suspension was applied using two techniques; foliar spray and droplet on leaflets. Using detached leaf test in the laboratory, Giza 716 had lower disease severity % (DS %) and spot diameter than Giza 40. In case of spore suspension foliar spray technique the treatments of GE 100 ml/L, SA 200 ppm and Mancozeb had the least DS %. In case of spore suspension droplet technique the treatments of OE 50 and OE100 ml/L and Mancozeb had the least spot diameter values. Under field conditions, disease severity increased with increasing periods from 75 to 105 days. Giza 716 had the lower DS % after 75, 90 and 105 days from sowing in both seasons than Giza 40. SA 200 ppm and OE 100 ml/L had the lowest DS % values in the first and second seasons, respectively.

Purple blotch disease of Allium spp. crops caused by Alternaria porri has remained a major concern in agriculture for both farmers and research fraternity as it severely damages the crops and drastically reduces the yield. The symptoms appear after 1–4 days of infection and bulb rot begin, and eventually turn into dark reddish-purple and then brownish/black lesions. Many factors like season, time of sowing, humidity and temperature, stage of crop, and plant architecture have a huge impact on the progression of purple blotch disease. Many genic markers based on amplification of an Alta1 gene sequence have been designed for identification and differentiation of different Alternaria species groups. Among the most commonly used fungicides, mancozeb, tebuconazole, difenaconazole and azoxystrobin were found to be the ideal for the management of purple blotch disease and increased garlic yield. Many biological approaches such as plant extracts and bio-control agents were found partially effective for controlling the disease. A report on QTL mapping for purple blotch resistance discovered that purple blotch resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene ApR1. To completely understand the purple blotch disease resistance for crop improvement, a study is required at transcriptome level for hunting purple blotch resistant genes by gene annotation and mining. Genetic engineering and genome editing are other approaches that can be done for engineering disease resistance in Allium crops for genetic improvement.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is an important vegetable crop cultivated in almost all the areas of the country. Tomato, early blight caused by Alternaria solani has been known to cause severe yield losses. Hence, attempts were made to develop an effective strategy to manage the disease. Present investigations were carried out at Jagannath University Chaksu during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20. Early blight infected leaves of tomato were collected from near by areas of Jaipur, Dausa, and Tonk districts of Rajasthan revealed the association of the Alternaria pathogen. In the present studies the efficacy of some newer molecules like Difenconazole, Propiconazole, Hexaconazole Azoxystrobinn, Picoxystrobin, Pyraciostrobin along with commonly used chemical Mancozeb against early blight of tomato were tested using Pusa Ruby as a cultivar. A control plot with no application of fungicide was used as a check. Average yield was calculated after final picking. All the fungicidal application was found significantly superior over control in minimizing the disease. Hexaconazole (@500ml/ha.) was found significantly superior over all other treatments showing disease severity (8.50%) which is closely followed by Propiconazole (@ 500ml/ha.) with PDI (10.47%). Per cent reduction of early blight was noted to the tune of 68.91 and 61.70% respectively. (2018-19). Similar trends were also obtained in (2019-20) with PDI 3.81 and 5.60% in both the treatments. Per cent reduction in disease was recorded 83.91 and 82.12% when the crop was sprayed by Hexaconazole and Propiconazole respeively. All the treatments were significantly enhance the yield over control. The maximum yield (34.01 and 33.56 T/ha) was recorded when the crop was sprayed by Hexaconazole in both the year of testing which was followed Propiconazole having yield of (32.66 and 30.19 T/ha.) in both the years of testing.

Ginger, a basic Indian spice widely used in Indian culinary and alternative medicines as well. An experiment on screening of fungicides against the major test pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi was performed in vitro by poisoned food technique using contact and systemic fungicides. The fungicides tested at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Amid fungicides tested, carbendazim + mancozeb @ 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25%, carbendazim @0.1 and 0.15% and copper oxychloride @ 0.25% were found best in inhibiting the pathogen growth by 89.97 and 85.14 per cent respectively and recorded highest inhibition (%) over other treatments at 24h, carbendazim+mancozeb@ 0.25% noticed a significant inhibition of 89.97 per cent after 48h of incubation, similarly, carbendazim+mancozeb (0.25%) proved its inhibition ability and found with highest inhibition of 85.42, 79.42 per cent at 72h and 96h respectively over control.

L’helminthosporiose est l’une des maladies fongiques majeures, à l’origine des pertes de production rizicole en Côte d’Ivoire. Dans le but de réduire ces pertes, une étude portant sur l’évaluation de l’efficacité du fongicide ANTRACOL 70 WP (Propineb 70%) a été réalisée sous pression naturelle de maladie. Trois doses du fongicide ANTRACOL 70 WP (1,5 kg ha-1, 2 kg ha-1, 2,5 kg ha-1) et une dose du fongicide de référence COGA 80 WP (mancozèbe, 800 g/kg) à 2 kg ha-1 ont été évaluées. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les gains de rendement dus à l’utilisation du fongicide sont en moyenne de 80,05%. La note de sévérité (2) enregistrée dans la parcelle traitée avec l’ANTRACOL 70 WP a été identique à celle obtenue dans la parcelle traitée au COGA 80 WP. Ce résultat montre que l’ANTRACOL 70 WP a été efficace contre l’helminthosporiose du riz. Les rendements en paddy acquis sous les différents traitements fongicides ont montré qu’à la dose de 2,5 kg ha-1, l’ANTRACOL 70 WP a permis de doubler au moins le rendement en paddy (2,72 t ha-1) par rapport aux parcelles traitée au COGA (1,36 t ha-1) et non traitée au fongicide (0,89 t ha-1).Mots clés : Riz pluvial, helminthosporiose, sévérité, ANTRACOL 70 WP, Côte d’Ivoire. English Title: Field efficacy of ANTRACOL 70 WP, a fungicide based on Propineb 70%, under natural pressure of rice leaf brown spot disease caused by Bipolaris oryzaeBrown spot is one of the major fungus diseases inducing yield losses of rice in Côte d’Ivoire. In order to reduce those losses, a study to assess the effectiveness of the fungicide ANTRACOL 70 WP (propineb 70%) was carried out under disease natural pressure. Three doses of the fungicide ANTRACOL 70 WP (1.5 kg ha-1, 2 kg ha-1, 2.5 kg ha-1) and a recommended dose of a reference fungicide COGA 80 WP (mancozeb, 800 g / kg) at 2 kg ha-1 were evaluated. The results obtained showed that the average yield gains due to the use of this fungicide was 80,05%. The severity score recorded in the plot treated with ANTRACOL 70 WP (note = 2) was identical to that obtained in the plot treated with COGA 80 WP. This result shows that ANTRACOL 70 WP was effective against brown spot disease of rice. The paddy yields recorded under the various fungicidal treatments have shown that at a dose of 2.5 kg ha-1, the ANTRACOL 70 WP allowed to at least double the paddy yield (2.72 t ha-1) compared to plots treated with COGA (1.36 t ha-1) and not treated with fungicide (0.89 t ha-1).Keywords: Rainfed rice, brown spot disease, severity, ANTRACOL 70 WP, Côte d´Ivoire.

In this study, the fungicidal activities of the fungicides azoxystrobin, difenoconazole + propiconazole, carbendazim, flutriafol, fluopyram + tebuconazole, mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl against rice blast and dirty panicle pathogens were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Mancozeb exhibited the highest level of fungicidal activity against the blast pathogen Pyricularia oryzae, with an EC50 value of 0.25 parts per million (ppm). The combination of two fungicides, fluopyram + tebuconazole, showed the strongest fungicidal effect against Bipolaris oryzae and Curvularia lunata, with EC50 values of 0.587 ppm and 0.435 ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, carbendazim and flutriafol demonstrated the best level of fungicidal activity against Fusarium incarnatum, with the lowest EC50 values of 0.211 ppm and 0.214 ppm, respectively. The results showed that the fungicides, triazole and strobilurin, had significant effects against rice blast and dirty panicle diseases. The combination of fluopyram + tebuconazole, when applied twice, was the most effective in reducing dirty panicle disease by up to 60% and increasing rice yield by 29% more than the untreated control. Fluopyram + tebuconazole, difenoconazole + propiconazole, flutriafol and azoxystrobin achieved stronger fungicidal activity against rice blast disease, reducing its severity by 32–33% when applied twice by foliar spraying. However, carbendazim, mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl had low to moderate fungicidal activity against both rice diseases in this study.

Quinoa black stem is a new disease that affects the stems of quinoa plants and is more likely to develop under cool conditions (15 to 25°C, RH = 55 ± 2%). The typical symptoms include the formation of black necrotic lesions on the stem, which can completely wrap around the stem, causing lodging and blanking (development of ‘empty’ and sterile grain on the panicle). Furthermore, the pycnidia form small round protrusions on the surface of the lesions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that representative isolates LMHS-3 and LMHS-5 were closely related to Ascochyta caulina (teleomorph: Neocamarosporium calvescens). Comprehensive morphological and molecular characterizations confirmed A. caulina as the pathogen that caused quinoa black stem. A. caulina mainly infected quinoa stems and could produce many pycnidia, but it rarely infected quinoa leaves. Pathogenicity testing showed that the most suitable temperature for the onset of quinoa black stem was from 15 to 25°C. When the temperature was increased above 30°C, the conidial germination of A. caulina became malformed, and when the temperature was decreased below 5°C, mycelium growth of A. caulina became extremely slow; thus, both extreme high and low temperatures affected the pathogenicity of A. caulina. Mancozeb and azoxystrobin fungicides were revealed to have had the strongest inhibitory effects on the conidial germination of A. caulina, and in some cases caused malformations in conidial germination. Tebuconazole and difenoconazole had the strongest inhibitory effects on A. caulina mycelial growth and less on the effects on the conidial germination. The results of the present study provide a basis for the recognition and management of quinoa black stem.

Over 200,000 ha of citrus are grown in Vietnam, and many orchards have been impacted by Phytophthora disease, leading to tree decline and death. Phytophthora palmivora has recently emerged as a serious problem in mandarin (Citrus reticulata) orchards in northern Vietnam, and producers are looking for management solutions. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of a range of commercial fungicides and biological agents on the growth of P. palmivora in vitro and for P. palmivora disease management in 6-month-old C. reticulata seedlings and in a 2-year-old C. reticulata orchard. In the in vitro experiment, potassium phosphonate, metalaxyl-M, mancozeb, and Trichoderma viride strongly inhibited the growth of P. palmivora. For diseased seedlings, the percentage recovery of seedlings 50 days after being treated with metalaxyl-M was 70.9%, potassium phosphonate, 69.1%, and mancozeb 57.1%. The percentage recovery of mandarin trees declining from P. palmivora in the orchard 6 months after the first application of potassium phosphonate was 50.0%, metalaxyl-M 45.9%, and mancozeb 30.6%.

Sheath blight of rice is one of the most damaging diseases of rice worldwide causing serious yield losses. Several fungicide molecules with different mode of actions are available in the market. The present study was undertaken to find the best and most economical combination of fungicides in managing this disease. Hence, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and economics of flusilazole 12.5% + carbendazim 25% SC, difenoconazole 11.4% + azoxystrobin 18.2% SC, tebuconazole 18.3% + azoxystrobin 11% SC, tricyclazole 18% + mancozeb 62% WP, zineb 68% + hexaconazole 4% WP, trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG, mancozeb 50% + carbendazim 25% WS and epoxiconazole 62.5 g/l + fluxapyroxad 62.5 g/l EC against sheath blight of rice under the field conditions. Results of the present study revealed that, out of the different fungicidal combinations, two foliar sprays of difenoconazole 11.4% + azoxystrobin 18.2% SC @ 1 ml/lit was found to be most economic that provided best incremental net benefit ratio of 6.17:1.00. It was followed by two foliar sprays of epoxiconazole 62.5 g/l + fluxapyroxad 62.5 g/l EC @ 1.5 ml/l, tebuconazole 18.3% w/w + azoxystrobin 11% SC, zineb 68% + hexaconazole 4% WP and trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG.

Tomato, (Solanum lycopersicum), flowering plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), cultivated extensively for its edible fruits. Labelled as a vegetable for nutritional purposes, tomatoes are a good source of vitamin C and the phytochemical lycopene. The area under tomato cultivation in Manipur accounts for about 0.15 million hectares with an average production of 2.10 million tonnes and productivity of 12.02 tonnes ha-1 during 2016-17. Present research was carried out to study the effect of different culture media and pH on mycelia growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Among seven culture media that were tested, the fungus grew best on Oat meal agar and Coon’s media. The most suitable pH for growth of fungus was 6.0 and 7.0. Native Trichoderma spp. has good effect on growth parameters like plant height, plant canopy, no of branches and yield in kgs.

Background Ascochyta blight caused by a fungal pathogen, Ascochyta rabiei, is a serious disease of chickpea in most chickpea growing areas of the world. The disease can be controlled by fungicides to reduce the environmental pollution. Main body This study reports the control of Ascochyta blight by using extracts and dry biomass of a weed plant, Withania somnifera (Family Solanaceae). In a laboratory bioassay, a 0.2% concentration of methanolic leaf extract of W. somnifera significantly inhibited the pathogenic fungal growth. Methanolic leaf extract was fractionated with 4 organic solvents of different polarities namely n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The effect of different concentrations (3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg ml−1) of the 4 organic solvent fractions was assessed on in vitro growth of the pathogen. Among these, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions completely inhibited the fungal growth. Ethyl acetate fraction was further subjected to thin layer chromatography to separate the potent antifungal compounds A and B. Compound A was found highly effective against the targeted fungal pathogen with MIC 31.25 μg ml−1, followed by B with MIC value of 250 μg ml−1 as compared to 7.81 μg ml−1 MIC of a commercial fungicide mancozeb. In pot trial, the soil was amended by 1, 2, and 3% dry leaf material of the test plant species. Disease incidence was significantly reduced in 3% dose. Conclusions This study concludes that W. somnifera contains potent antifungal compounds that can be effectively exploited for the control of A. rabiei.

Charcoal rot disease of soybean caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is a serious problem in most of the soybean growing area of Madhya Pradesh. In this study, seven plant extracts viz., leaves of Azadirachta indica, Citrus limon, Polyalthia longifolia, Parthenium hysterophorus and Ricinus communis, bulb of Allium sativum and Allium cepa and eight fungicides viz., Captan (0.25%), Mancozeb (0.25%), Carbendazim + Mancozeb (25%), Thiophanate Methyl (0.1%), Pyraclostrobin (0.2%), Carbendazim (0.1%) and Blue copper (0.3% ) were evaluated for an effective management of charcoal rot of soybean caused by M. phaseolina (Tassi) Goid under in vitro and in vivo condition. Among plant extracts, garlic clove extract was found most effective showing 77.3 % growth inhibition and poor microslerotia formation of M. phaseolina by 77.3 % followed by parthenium leaf extract (75.2% inhibition) at 15 % concentration. Two soil drenching of garlic clove extracts @ 15.0 % concentration also found most effective for the management of disease under field condition recorded minimum disease incidence (13.5%) and highest yield (14.6q/ha). Among fungicides, Carbendazim (0.1%) and Thiophanate Methyl (0.1%) showed 100 % inhibition of radial growth and microsclerotia production of M phaseolina under in vitro condition. Two soil drenching of Carbendazim @ 0.1% found to be most effective for the management of charcoal rot of soybean under field condition showing minimum disease incidence (5.36%) and producing highest yield (16.0 q/ha) followed by Thiophanate Methyl. These results suggested that the toxic effect of Carbendazim and Thiophanate Methyl and A. sativum inhibited maximum mycelium growth in vitro and provide management of charcoal rot disease under field conditions.