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This study aimed to determine the effect of composition of growing media and types of fertilization on the growth and production of mustard plants. This study was carried out at the Experimental Garden of Uniprima-Sengkang from February to April 2020, using a randomized block design with two treatment factors, namely the growing media consisting of soil (control), manure + soil (1: 1), bokashi + soil ( 1: 1), and soil + manure + Bokashi (1:1:1) and fertilization, namely: without urea and Azotobacter, urea 50 kg ha1 (0.2 g/plant), Azotobacter, urea 50 kg ha-1 (0.1 g/plant+ Azotobacter). The results showed that the composition of the growing medium Soil + Manure + Bokashi (1:1:1) and fertilization with ½ Urea 50 kg ha-1 (0.1 g/plant) + Azotobacter tended to show higher result in the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, leaf width and plant weight than other treatments, however, it statistically showed no interaction between the composition of the growing media and fertilization

Purple cabbage plants require an adequate supply of water in the process of growing. So that if there is a lack of water it can result in stressful conditions then the growth of purple cabbage is disrupted and can even cause death. The purpose of this study was to determine the tolerance limits of purple cabbage to PEG 6000, and to determine the effect of PEG 6000 on the growth of purple cabbage as a simulation of drought stress. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design with the main factor being PEG 6000 with 5 concentration levels: 0 % w/v, 10% w/v, 20% w/v, 30% w/v and 40% w/v with 5 replications. As parameters are plant height, length, width, and number of leaves, also chlorophyll content. Then analyzed with the Levene test, one way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test at 5% level. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that giving PEG 6000 shows that the tolerance limit for purple cabbage plants to PEG 6000 treatment is at a concentration of 10%, then giving PEG 6000 gives a negative response to the growth of purple cabbage which is indicated by a decrease in plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaf, also chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll content.

Leaf area measurement is pivotal for plant physiologists. Hence, accurate measurement of their leaf area is incredibly relevant in agronomic terms. The plant Stevia rebaudiana is a sucrose-free plant species that is now vital to the global production of sucrose-free foods. Here, we estimated S. rebaudiana leaf area using a nondestructive methodology comprising allometric equations. Through leaf length (L), leaf width (W), and/or their product (LW) the leaf area was determined. One thousand leaves were sampled from four distinct S. rebaudiana genotypes for model construction. Linear or power models were generated, and the best equation was selected using a statistical criterion. The statistical criteria indicated that the linear models best suited all genotypes tested, included a function of LW, exhibited increased stability, and precisely estimated coefficients. ANOVA revealed that both generalized and combined equations were feasible. Nevertheless, grouping all genotypes into a single model was not possible as the genotype leaf architectures were very dissimilar.

Present investigation was carried out during the winter season at Horticulture Research block, Department of Horticulture, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. To investigate the effect of GA3 treatment on growth attributes and days taken for germination initiation of walnut. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments. The treatments comprised following levels of GA3 concentrations viz. 500ppm, 1000ppm, 15000ppm and control in three different replications of Horticultural Research Block. Various observations regarding growth parameters such as leaf length, leaf width, shoot length, shoot width and numbers of days taken for germination initiation of walnut were recorded. The result revealed that treatment of GA3 1500ppm of nursery polybag application found to be beneficial for vegetative characters viz, found to be the most effective treatment for increasing leaf length, shoot length and shoot diameter. In another point of view, 1500ppm GA3 treatment in polyhouse was found to be profitable as compared to rest of treatments in terms of number of days taken for germination. Apart from this leaf width of 1000ppm in nursery polybag was found best. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i3.006

Bu araştırmada farklı azot dozu seviyelerinin virgina tütününde verim ve bazı verim özellikleri üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deneme 2019 yılı tütün yetiştirme periyodunda Bornova ekolojik koşullarında dış ortam saksı denemesi olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 6 farklı azot (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 kg/da) dozu içeren toprağa Virginia tütün fideleri dikilmiştir. Araştırmada bitki boyu (cm), yaprak sayısı (adet/bitki), yaprak boyu (cm), yaprak eni (cm), sap kalınlığı (mm), çap oranı, ovalite katsayısı, yaş ve kuru yaprak ağırlığı (g/bitki) ve toplam alkaloid (nikotin) (%), gibi özellikler incelenmiştir. Uygulanan azot dozlarının sap kalınlığı ve çap oranı hariç incelenen tüm özellikler üzerinde önemli etkilerinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bornova iklim şartlarında dekara 12 kg azot uygulamasının Virginia tütününün verimini yükselten en uygun azot seviyesi olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Bundelkhand region is rich in biodiversity for wood apple but less harnessed. The agro-climatic conditions of Bundelkhand have great potential for its commercial cultivation. Keeping these points in view, twenty-five genotypes of wood apple, fruit sample with shoot were collected from diverse areas of Bundelkhand region of utter Pradesh and analysed for various physic-chemical attributes and results of study revealed wide range of variability in morphological quantitative qualitative and biochemical etc. The quantitative variability of different genotypes in wood apple viz for fruit length (4.22 cm to 7.46 cm), fruit width (3.06 cm to 6.41 cm), shell thickness (0.10 cm to 0.31 cm), fruit weight (65.9 g to 238.7 g), leaf length (2 cm to 4.3 cm), leaf width (.97 cm to 2.3 cm), seed length (4.7 mm to 8.0 mm), seed width (2.97 mm to 4.77 mm), seed weight (23.76 g to 30.4 g), and No. of seed per fruit (102 to 614). The bio-chemical parameters also showed wide range of variation i.e. TSS (10.87 0Brix to18.09 0Brix), acidity (2.3% to 6.25%), total sugar (1.55% to 2.38%), reducing sugar (0.86% to 1.28%), non-reducing sugar (0.69% to 1.25%), ascorbic acid (12.63 mg/100g to 35.56 mg/100g). Therefore, on the basis of morphological quantitative and bio-chemical quality attributes, genotypes FS/WA-3, FS/WA-4, FS/WA-5, FS/WA-6, FS/WA-8, FS/WA-10 and FS/WA-25 were screened as promising genotypes. These promising genotypes can be recommended for commercial multiplication, growing at farmer’s field and conservation in the field gene bank for further evaluation and crop improvement.

Five amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) accessions from central and southern region of Malawi were characterised at Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources using agro-morphological traits. A total of thirteen descriptors, defined by Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), were used to characterise the amaranth accessions under study. Field experiments were carried out for two seasons in August to November, 2018 and January to March, 2019. The experiments were laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD), which was replicated four times. The qualitative (plant growth habit, leaf colour, inflorescence colour, stem colour, inflorescence spininess, seed colour) and quantitative traits (plant height, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width, inflorescence length, days to 80% flowering, grain yield, leaf yield, and days to 80% maturity) evaluated were significant in defining the uniqueness of different amaranth accessions evaluated. Significant differences (P versity of amaranth accessions in Malawi, it could be exploited in future breeding purposes and deserving conservation.

The objective of this study was to determine the agronomic diversity of gamma-ray at 50 Gray dose during the phase of embryogenetic callus in napier grass cv Taiwan. This research used a randomized blok design (RBD) of gamma-ray and without radiation elephant grasses (P. purpureum cv Taiwan). There were 51 numbers in irradiated elephant grass, each number three replicated and five plant per number each. Without irradiation control used elephant grass (P. purpureum cv Taiwan); there were 10 clumps in one block and each line number had been repeated three times. Gamma radiation showed no impact on plant height and stem weight (dry weight) at P>0.05, but had a significant effect on number of tillers, leaf length, leaf width, total weight, fresh weight, leaf (dry weight), weight of stem (fresh weight). Gamma ray irradiation selection does not have to generate high output but can be developed on sub optimal soil or extreme weather conditions such as tolerant felling, which requires less high plant. Key words: diversity, forage, irradiation

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the LED light source on the growth and flowering characteristics in potted chrysanthemum ‘Orange Egg’ during cultivation in a closed growth chamber with a constant temperature of 22℃ and a photoperiod consisted of 11 hours light and 13 hours darkness. Each LED light source of blue (444 nm), red (652 nm), or mixed LED (blue:red:white=2:5:1) was supplied separately. As a result, the plant height of the pot-mum 'Orange Egg' grown in red LED was longest with an average of 9.43 cm. And the plant height in blue LED was shorter than in mixed LED, but there was not statistically significant between them. The plant width and leaf width were also largest in plants grown under red LED similar to the growth response of the plant height. But the number of leaves and leaf lengths were more and longer in monochromatic LED such as blue or red than mixed LED. Flower bud differentiation was completed around 16 to 17 days after short-day treatment regardless of LED light source. However, pot-mum plants grown in red and blue LED did not develop flower buds normally and reach final flowering although those grown in mixed LED were fully flowered around 5 weeks after short-day treatment. Therefore, it is considered that the mixed LED consisting of blue, red and white is useful as LED light source for producing potted chrysanthemums in plant factories.

Pakcoy is one of popular vegetable croop in Indonesia. Effort to increase the growth of pakcoy can be done by fertilizing. Research on the vegetative growth of fakcoy due to different dosages of bokashi and NPK fertilizer has been carried out in Terong Tawah Village, Wes Lombok Regency. The objectives of this research were to determaine: (1) vegetatif growth of pakcoy due to different dose of bokashi, (2) vegetatif growth of pakcoy due to different dose of NPK fertilizer, (3) the effect of the interaction between bokashi and NPK fertilizer on pakcoy growth. In this research a two factor design was used. The first factor was the dose of bokashi and the second was the dose of NPK fertilizer. The growth parameters were plant height, number of leaves, leaf lenght and leaf width of pakcoy. The research data was analyzed using analaysis of variance. The result showed that: (1) different dose of bokashi significantly affected plant height, number of leaves, leaf lenght and leaf width of pakcoy, (2) different dose of NPK fertilizer significantly affected plant height, number of leaves, leaf lenght and leaf width of pakcoy, (3) interaction between bokashi and NPK fertilizer has no significant effect on all measured growth parameters.

Mutated genetic resources play a crucial role and are of utmost importance in gene/allele characterization. Currently, hexaploid wheat mutated resources are rarely available. In the present investigation, a mutated population comprising 1,536 EMS-induced mutation lines (M7 generation) of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used as an experimental material. Mutant population was developed and maintained at G.B.P.U.A.T, Pantnagar. The experiment was conducted in augmented block design II. in season 2019-20 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre G.B.P.U.A.T, Pantnagar. The study revealed that number of tillers per plant recorded significantly higher direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by number of grains per spike, thousand grain weight, plant height, ear length, flag leaf width, grain length, flag leaf area and number of spikelet per spike. The association between grain yield per plant and these characters was significant. The direct negative effects on grain yield was observed by grain width, flag leaf length and peduncle length.

Estimation of leaf area by using leaf length and leaf width variables could be done without destruction of the leaves from plants and more practical than using the leaf areameter. Surface area is a function of the variable length and width, so the leaf area can be measured based on leaf length and leaf width variables. The purpose of this research is to get the leaf area estimator model with nondestructive method. Taro plants were observed by using 12 accessions/varieties taken from the germplasm collection in Gene Bank Collection of ICABIOGRAD, IAARD. Observations of the length, width, and area of leaf were carried out on 10-12 leaf samples for each accession/variety from taro cultivation which was about 4 months old. The length (P), width (L), and area (Y) of each taro leaf were measured. The estimation of taro leaves area by regression equation was analyzed by using one (P or L) and two (P and L) independent variables. Estimation using two variables, leaf length and width, is better than only use one variable. Taro leaf area (Y) of each leaf can be determined by the equation Y = 0.9462 P x L for ratio of P/L less than 1.10, Y = 0.9109 P x L for ratio of P/L between 1.10-1.19, and Y = 0.8860 P x L for ratio of P/L equal or greater than 1.20. Keywords: model estimation, leaf area, taro

Present study was investigate the effect of different UV-doses on morphological defending system features of two palm species Phoenix dactylifera L. and Washingtonia filifera (Lindl.) H. Wendl. The results showed that the morphological and biomass traits of both palm species grown for 30 days under UV-B with a rate of 2 hrs.day-1 were almost improved. Where, the highest leaf width was recorded (1.1 and 0.7 cm) respectively. Conversely, UV-treatment (4-10 hrs.day-1) has adversely affected on almost morphological and biomass features of both species. Where, the less leaf widths were recorded 0.95, 0.8, 0.73, 0.45, 0.43 and 0.40 cm in both palm species. Besides, results also spotted changes in leaf’s surface appearances. However, present investigation concluded that morphological features and biomass of both species were unaffected with low dose of UV-radiation (2 hrs.day-1). But, date palm (P. dactylifera L.) was capable to survive at high dose of radiation conditions reaches 8 hrs.day-1 for 30 days.

The study investigated the emergence and early seedling development of Monodora myristica in six different growth media viz: mixture of river sand/top soil, river sand/saw dust, top soil/saw dust, saw dust only, top soil only and river sand only. Results obtained recorded highest percentage germination (63%) in seeds sown in saw dust only. Early seedling growth was observed for four months. The results of this study showed that seedlings sown in mixture of top soil/saw dust recorded highest mean plant height (16.83cm), stem girth ( 2.50mm), and leaf area (46.18cm2) at the end of the experimental time. Seedlings on top soil only had the highest number of leaves (3.89). River sand had the least seedling performance in all the growth parameters examined; plant height (13.27cm), stem collar girth (1.99mm), leaf length (8.61cm), leaf width (4.77cm) and leaf area (30.83cm2). The study established that the % emergence of Monodora myristica seedlings was best in saw dust medium while mixture of top soil/saw dusts is recommended for enhancing early seedling growth of this plant in the nursery.

The main roles of plant growth was nutrition. This research aims to determine the concentration of nutrients that can provide the best growth and yield on various mustard. The research method used is a factorial Complete Randomized Design (RBD) with three replications and then analyzed using the Least Significant Difference test (LSD) at a level of 5%. The treatment of vegetable types is as follows: S1 = mustard pakchoy, S2 = mustard samhong, S3 = mustard pagoda, S4 = mustard pakchoy mini. Treatment with nutrition is the AB mix fertilizerzs number of leaves solution as follows: N1 = 1000 ppm, N2 = 1200 ppm, N3 = 1400 ppm, N4 = 1600 ppm, N5 = 1800 ppm. The results showed that plant height, number of leaves, leaf width and wet weight of the pagoda and mini pakchoy plants were not significantly different at 1000 ppm, 1200 ppm, 1400 ppm, 1600 ppm and 1800 ppm. Number of leaves of pakchoy significantly different at 1400 ppm. While the number of leaves and leaf width of samhong plants were not significantly different at each treatment, but were significantly different from plant height at 1600 ppm and significantly different from the wet weight at 1400 ppm

Ria RP, Lakitan B, Negara ZP. 2020. Effects of water table, seedling density and transplanting time on vegetative growth of black sticky rice at floating seedbed. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9(2): 167-174.Study on black sticky rice cultivation in South Sumatera is seldom carry out. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water table and population density on the growth of rice during seedling preparation at floating seedbed; furthermore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of transplanting time on vegetative growth of black sticky rice. The research was started in May 2018 in Palembang. Black sticky variety used in this research was Toraja variety. The raft used is made from 1,5 l plastic bottles which are arranged to reach 2x1 meters in size. This study was conducted by two stages. The first stage was for water table and population density treatments laid on split plot design. The second stage was for transplanting time utilizing completely randomized factorial design. Statistically, results showed water table and population density significantly influensced root length of black sticky rice and transplanting time 14 DAS haad an effect on the leaf length , leaf width and leaf area.

Acclimatization is one of the important processes in banana micro propagation before plantlets/planting materials are ready to be cultivated in the field. Trichoderma sp. are well known as plant promoter fungi that can promote plant growth and increase survival rate of plantlets. The study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors and four replications. The first factors was covering type i.e. 1) individual covering and 2) mass covering. The second factor was the proportion of Trichoderma addition into manure, namely A) manure without the addition of Trichoderma sp. (control), B) Trichoderma sp. : manure = 1 : 400 (w/w), C) Trichoderma sp. : manure = 1 : 800 (w/w) and D) Trichoderma sp. : manure = 1 : 1,200 (w/w). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Trichoderma sp. applications and covering types in the growth of banana plantlets cv. Barangan during the acclimatization process. The results showed that the best treatment to induce plantlet growth during the acclimatization process was the addition of Trichoderma sp.: manure with 1 : 400 (w/w) proportion and individual covering. The combination of Trichoderma sp. : manure with 1 : 400 (w/w) proportion and individual covering produced plant height and leaf length 8.5 cm and 4.4 cm, respectively, compared to the treatment without Trichoderma sp. addition that produced plantlets with 6.6 cm height and 3.4 cm leaf length. No significant interaction was shown between Trichoderma sp. proportions and covering types on leaf width, the number of leaves and root length parameters.

Shoot morphology in rice plants changes in response to P deficiency. However, how genotypic variations in these morphological changes affect the canopy development and biomass production have hardly been explored. The study aimed to identify specific shoot morphological traits that confer biomass production under P deficiency. Four rice genotypes, including AZ-97 (WAS 63���22-5-9-10-1), which exhibits high performance under highly P-deficient fields in Madagascar, were grown for 56 days in flooded pots over several P application rates to simulate P-sufficient and moderately, severely, and extremely P-deficient conditions. AZ-97 had superior shoot P contents and biomass than Takanari, a high-yielding cultivar, and X265, a common high-yielding cultivar in Madagascar at severely to moderately P-deficient conditions. Shoot biomass was highly correlated with projected leaf area (PLA) from the early growth stage, and tiller number, leaf width, and leaf elongation rate explained the variations in PLA. These morphological traits reduced significantly with decreased P application rates, while reduction in AZ-97 was small relative to the other genotypes, even for equivalent shoot P contents. As the result, AZ-97 had greater PLA per unit of shoot P content at equivalent shoot P contents. The result indicates that lower sensitivity and degrees of change in shoot morphology when exposed to P deficiency stress could be a key trait facilitating the maintenance of captured radiation and subsequently influencing genotypic differences in external P uptakes and biomass production. AZ-97 is a potential donor with such traits that can offer an additional avenue for genetic improvement toward P-efficient rice production.Abbreviations DAT: days after transplanting; LN: leaf number in the main stem; PLA: projected green leaf area; PUE: phosphorus use efficiency; SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa.

espanolEl ajonjoli es una planta importante en la produccion de aceite comestible de alta calidad por su gran valor nutricional y terapeutico. La caracterizacion de accesiones es necesaria para la identificacion de parentales con caracteristicas de interes para la obtencion de nuevos materiales geneticos. Se caracterizaron 160 accesiones de ajonjoli en el Centro de Investigacion Nataima, municipio de El Espinal (Tolima), manejadas por el Sistema de Bancos de Germoplasma de la Nacion para la Alimentacion y la Agricultura, de las cuales, 136 fueron colectadas en 25 paises. La caracterizacion incluyo 81 descriptores: 30 cuantitativos y 51 cualitativos. Se examinaron factores para datos mixtos y se generaron grupos homogeneos mediante analisis de conglomerados para cinco grupos de variables: planta y plantula, tallo y raiz, hoja, semilla y capsula y flor. Se seleccionaron 25 variables discriminantes de las estructuras anteriores y se realizo un nuevo analisis de conglomerados que genero cinco agrupaciones principales influenciadas por las variables cualitativas: tipo y habito de crecimiento, color del tallo, forma de la hoja, tipo de ramificacion, color interno de la corola, posicion de las capsulas y color de la semilla, y cuantitativas: altura, longitud de internudos, numero de ramas principales y secundarias, numero de capsulas por nudo, numero de capsulas por planta, numero de semillas por capsula, peso de 1000 semillas y rendimiento. La estructura de la agrupacion no presento influencia por la procedencia de las accesiones. Las accesiones TEHUANTEPEC SELEC, L-AJ-M-67, L-AJ-M-51, PARDO PELUDO, BLANCO CRIOLLO, NP-61, BACO, INSTITUTO 104, CHINO ROJO, R 198 y ACARIGUA presentaron caracteristicas de interes que diferencian los grupos formados. Las variables discriminantes y los materiales identificados permiten la generacion de variedades para futuros programas de mejoramiento en Colombia. EnglishSesame seed is an important plant in the production of high-quality edible oil for its high nutritional and therapeutic value. The characterization of accessions is necessary for the identification of parents with characteristics of interest for obtaining new genetic materials. 160 accessions of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were characterized in the Nataima, municipality of El Espinal (Tolima), managed by the National Germplasm Banks System for Food and Agriculture, of which, 136 are from 25 countries; 81 descriptors were used, 30 quantitative and 51 qualitative. Factor analysis of mixed data was performed, and homogeneous groups were generated by cluster analysis for five groups of variables: plant and seedling, stem and root, leaf, seed and capsule and flower. 25 discriminating variables were selected from the previous structures and a new cluster analysis was performed. This generated five main groupings influenced by qualitative variables: habit, type of growth and height in plant and seedling; type of branching, pubescence and number of primary branches in stem and root; position, petiole length and leaf width; position of the capsule, color of the cover and number of capsules in seed and capsule and coloration of the corolla, extrafloral nectary and number of flowers per armpit in flower. The accessions TEHUANTEPEC SELEC, L-AJ-M-67, L-AJ-M-51, BROWN HAIR, CREOLE WHITE, NP-61, BACCHUS, INSTITUTE 104, RED CHINESE, R 198 and ACARIGUA present characteristics of interest that differentiate the formed groups. The discriminant variables and the identified materials allow the generation of varieties for future breeding programs in Colombia.

This research aims to know the effect of dosing cacao rind bokashi fertilizer to the growth and the increase of chilli plants yield and also to know the optimum dose of bokashi which can provide the optimum growth and yield. The design used in this experiment is Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatment used are P0 (without cacao rind fertilizer), P1 (cacao rind fertilizer 10 tons ha-1 = 5.6 kg/ptk), P2 (cacao rind fertilizer 20 tons ha-1 = 11.2 kg/ptk), P3 (cacao rind fertilizer 30 tons ha-1 = 16.8 kg/ptk), P4 (cacao rind fertilizer 40 tons ha?1= 22.4 kg/ptk). The variable of the observation in this research is the height of the plants, the number of leaves, the leaf width, the fruit weight tan?1, the fruit weight ha?1. The result of this research indicates that the dosing of cacao rind bokashi fertilizer can influence the plant's height with the total average of 24.52%, the average number of leaves with a total of 14.56%, and the average leaf width with a total of 29.55 %, and the total of fruits tan?1 31,46%, the fruit weight tan?1 29.17%, the fruit weight ha?1 28.67%. The optimum dose of cocoa rind bokashi 40 tons ha?1 can promote the optimum growth and yield of chilli plants.

This research aims at investigating the effect of some organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of green onion plants. The kind of organic fertilizers which can give optimum growth and yield of green onion plants is Bokashi fertilizer. The design used in this experiment is Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatment used is P0 = without fertilizer or 0 kg swath?1, P1= chicken manure 15 tons ha?1 or 2.4 kg swath?1, P2= cow manure 15 tons ha?1 or 2.4 kg swath?1, P3= vermicompost fertilizer 15 tons ha?1 or 2.4 kg swath -1, P4= bokashi fertilizer 15 tons ha?1 or 2.4 kg swath?1. The observed variables are the height of the plants, the number of leaves, the leaf width, the number of seedlings, fresh residue tan?1, the weight of fresh clump leaves tan?1, the weight of fresh clump leaves ha?1, the number of clump stem?1, and the weight of clump stem?1. Bokashi fertilizer application gives a very real effect to the variable of plants height growth with a total of 37.91%, the number of leaves amounted to 34.81%, the leaves width amounted to 51.35%, the number of seedlings amounted to 48.47%, the fresh residue tan?1 amounted to 44.81%, the weight of fresh clump leaves tan?1 amounted to 19.27%, the weight of fresh clump leaves ha?1 amounted to 50.84%, the number of clump stem?1 amounted to 39.60.%, and the weight of clump stem?1 amounted to 51.98%. Kind of organic fertilizers which can provide the optimum growth and yield of green onion plants is Bokashi fertilizer 15 tons ha?1.

Selection parameter in coffee breeding for leaf rust (Hemeleia vastatrix) resistance is very important. Breeders used leaf-rust severity and leaf-rust incidence as parameters of direct selection. However, scientific proof is not yet available whether leaf morphology can be used as a parameter of indirect selection. The objective of this research was to seek the possibility of leaf morphology parameter and its ratio to be used as selection criteria through analyses of genotypic and phenotypic correlations of parameter of rust disease and parameter of leaf morphology and its ratio. The result revealed that genotypes showed significant variations in leaf-rust severity (5.21–25.84%), leaf morphology, and leaf-morphology ratio. Leaf length to leaf width ratio, leaf length to leaf area ratio, and leaf width to leaf weight ratio were not affected by the environment. Leaf-rust severity performed highly significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations the ratio of with leaf length to leaf area. For selection criteria, leaf-rust severity could be better used rather than leaf-rust incidence and branch-rust incidence. The ratio of leaf length to leaf area could also be used as an indirect selection criterion because the ratio showed a highly significant genotypic correlation with leaf-rust severity (rGab = 0.254**). However, the ratio of leaf length to leaf area is even better chosen for selection criteria rather than leaf-rust severity because the ratio was not affected by the environment. Keywords: fungus, Hemeleia vastatrix, indirect selection

This study was carried out in 2016 to determine the morphological characteristics of the Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata in Siirt Flora. The morphological characteristics of the plant from different aspects (north, south, east, west) and in different developmental stages (before flowering, after full bloom and after flowering) were investigated. The plant samples were collected according to divided parcels in randomized complete blocks design with 4 replications. In the study, different aspects (north, south, east, west) formed the main plots and different developmental stages (before flowering, after full bloom and after flowering) formed the subplots. In the research, while the effects of different aspects and developmental stages on the leaf width were not statistically significant; The effect on plant height, stem thickness, number of flowers, calyx height, petal length and pedicel length were found statistically significant. As a result, it is thought that it would be beneficial to conduct similar studies both in this species and other species of economic value collected from nature.

Thirty six okra genotypes were evaluated for different agro-morphological and biochemical traits at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia during 2018 main season using 6 x 6 simple lattice design. The objectives were to assess the correlation of agro-morphological and biochemical traits with fruit yield and to partition the correlation in to direct and indirect effects through path analysis. The genotypic correlation was positive and significant for fruit yield per hectare with stem diameter, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, peduncle length, fruit length, fresh fruit mass, hundred seed mass, seed yield per hectare and ash content. The phenotypic correlation was positive and significant for fruit yield per hectare with stem diameter, plant height, number of branches, leaf length, leaf width, peduncle length, fruit length, fresh fruit mass, number of fruits per plant, hundred seed mass, seed yield per hectare, ash, fat and protein content. Path coefficient analysis indicated fresh fruit mass and seed yield per hectare had positive direct effects on fruit yield per hectare at phenotypic and genotypic levels. These traits also exerted high to low positive indirect effects through other traits on fruit yield at genotypic and phenotypic level. In conclusion, this study showed the presence of association of traits with fruit yield indicating that the prime importance of these traits while selecting higher yield okra genotypes.

Purpose In this study, to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of coffee husk compost. Methods The compost process in aerobic condition for 84 days. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed. In addition, the seed germination, leaf width, stem length and fresh weigh yield of compost were investigated on matured compost using Brassica rapa. Results The obtained results indicate that the pH value 7.72 and EC value 12.54 ms/cm. The total carbon value 37.41%. The total nitrogen value 2.05%. The C/N ratio value 18.2. The seed germination indicate that compost was matured with range 80-100%. On compost yields the optimum doses of the Brassica rapa 3% with leaf width 1.3 cm, stem length 5.1 cm and fresh weight 2.18 gram. Conclusion Generally, the final compost can be served as organic matter for improving soil and plant.

The study was carried out in VNR Seeds Pvt. Ltd., in village Gomchi near Nandanvan of Raipur district in Chhattisgarh. Different substrates used are 100% cocopeat, 100% peatmoss, Mixture of 50% cocopeat and 50% peat moss and mixture of 60% cocopeat and 40% vermiculite. After 25 days of seed sowing growth of seedlings in tray with 100% cocopeat we found that the average stem width 3.33 mm, stem length 108 mm, leaf width 42.33 mm, and leaf length 56.66 mm. In cocopeat the sturdy plant development is found. In 100% peat moss the result found is average stem width 3 mm, stem length 91.33 mm, leaf width 33 mm and leaf length 53.33 mm and in mixture of 50% cocopeat and 50% peat moss, average stem width is 3.16 mm, stem length 100.33 mm, leaf width 42.33 mm and leaf length is 49.66 mm. In mixture of 60% cocopeat and 40% peatmoss, average stem width is 2 mm, stem length 64 mm, leaf width 35.66 mm and leaf length is 48 mm. These observation shows that growth of seedlings in tray with cocopeat is better in comparison to other substrates, therefore we considered as better growing substrate among all substrates we used.

The present investigation entitled “Impact of Plant Bio-regulator on growth and flowering of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii B.) cv. Goliath” was carried out in premises of Bio-technology cum Tissue Culture Centre, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during 2015-16 and 2016-17. The objective of the study was to standardize suitable bio-regulators on flower production in gerbera in open field condition. Apart from control eight treatments of growth regulators were used like GA3 @ 100 ppm, and 150 ppm; Cycocel @ 700 ppm and 800 ppm with or without amino acids as foliar spray. Among vegetative parameters maximum plant spread, leaf length, petiole length, leaf width and leaf area was found in GA3 @ 150 ppm + Amino Acid while maximum leaf number/plant, number of suckers/plant and chlorophyll content in leaf was found in treatment with cycocel @ 700 ppm+ Amino acid. In flowering parameters maximum number of flowers/plant/m2 in a year was found in treatment with cycocel @ 700 ppm + Amino acid.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of crops which cultivated by farmers in Central Sulawesi. These potatoes are traditionally cultivated without going through the breeding process, so they have high variations. This study aims to obtain information on genetic diversity, heritability, and correlation between the characterics of potatoes from farmers in Napu who are still cultivating potato crops. Design used in this study was a randomized block design with two replications. The results showed that tuber color and harvest age had a small coefficient of genetic diversity. The heritability values ​​of tuber color are include in the small category, Diameter of stem, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf color, tuber length, tuber diameter, tuber weight, number of tuber and harvest age in this study are include in the high category. So that, these characteristics can be derived and selection can be made. In Napu potatoes, the number of tubers was genetically positively (medium) correlated between plant height and stem diameters, plant height with leaf width, leaf length with leaf width, leaf length with tuber diameters and tuber diameters with the number of tubers. While the positive correlation was very significant (strong) between plant height and leaf length, and very significant (strong) negative correlation between leaf color and tuber length, so can be used as a selection criteria for increasing potato crops.

Sesamum indicum ‘Baekseol’ plug seedlings were treated with the fungicide diniconazole as a growth retardant in comparison to paclobutrazole. Seeds were sown in 128-cell plug trays. Paclobutrazole (0, 15, 30, and 60 mg L−1) and diniconazole (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L−1) were foliage sprayed when first leaves were developed. Stem growth was similar between paclobutrazole and the control, but strongly retarded by increasing concentrations of diniconazole. Leaf numbers did not differ in all treatments. As the diniconazole concentration increased, leaves became thicker, while leaf width and length decreased. In diniconazole treatment, shoot fresh weight decreased, but root fresh weight increased. Therefore, the T/R ratio was lowered by diniconazole treatment. After transplanting, the taking roots of paclobutrazol-treated plants were below average (

Bu çalışma, farklı turp çeşitlerinin (beyaz, siyah, kırmızı, kırmızı fındık turp) tuz stresi koşullarında tolerans düzeylerini belirlemek ve dışarıdan salisilik asit (SA) uygulamasının çimlenme ve vejetatif gelişim üzerine etkinliğini tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla; çimlenme yüzdesi (%), çimlenme süresi, çimlenme indeksi hesaplanmış, ayrıca yaprak sayısı (adet), sürgün boyu (cm), kök uzunluğu (cm), yaprak genişliği (cm), yaprak uzunluğu (cm), gövde çapı (mm), bitki yaş ve kuru ağırlıkları (g) ölçülmüştür. Turp tohumları kontrol, 100 mM, 150 mM ve 200 mM tuz konsantrasyonlarında çimlenmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Tuz stresi çimlenmeyi yüksek oranda inhibe etmemiş ancak bitkilerin vejetatif gelişimlerini olumsuz etkilemiştir. Elde edilen verilerin istatistik analiz sonuçlarına göre 150 mM eşik değer olarak belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra 150 mM tuz konsantrasyonu uygulanan tohumlara farklı dozlarda (0,25, 0,50, 0,75, 1,00 mM) SA ilavesi yapılmış ve çimlenme yüzdeleri açısından tüm çeşitlerde 0,50 mM SA uygulanabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte 1 mM SA uygulaması iri kırmızı ve kırmızı fındık turp çeşitlerinde çimlenmeyi inhibe etmiş, ani ve ciddi çimlenme kayıplarına neden olmuştur (%10, %8, sırasıyla). SA‘in vejetatif gelişim parametreleri üzerine olan etkileri çeşide göre farklılık göstermiş olup, beyaz turp çeşidinde vejetatif gelişim özellikleri açısından inhibe edici olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan siyah ve iri kırmızı turp çeşitlerinde 0,50 mM, kırmızı fındık turp çeşidinde ise 0,75 mM SA uygulaması vejetatif gelişim açısından olumlu sonuç vermiştir.

O guabijuzeiro (Myrcianthes pungens (O. Berg) d. Legrand) se destaca pela produção de frutos para consumo in natura, porém estes são pouco conhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracterização de 22 acessos de guabijuzeiros. As plantas, folhas e frutos foram avaliados quanto a sua morfologia. Como resultados observou-se que a média da circunferência do caule foi de 69,1 cm, a altura de 5,8 m, a largura das folhas de 2,61 cm e o comprimento de 6,1 cm. Nos frutos, obteve-se as médias de circunferência de 1,65 a 1,98 cm; massa total de 2,87 g; massa de polpa de 1,28 g, de casca de 0,76 g; de semente de 2,99 g; e o grau brix foi 12,53%; e massa seca de 3,41 g. A viabilidade média do pólen foi de 95,21%. Portanto, os acessos avaliados, podem ser propagados, pois possuem ótimas características morfológicas e qualidade de frutos.

An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of some pre-germination seed treatments on germination of mango (Mangifera indica L.) seeds and initial growth of mango. Seeds obtained from a local mango variety at Nyankpala were sown in polyethylene bags filled with topsoil for the experiment. The four treatments used were; seeds sown without seed coats (SW), seeds without seed coats soaked in cool water of 5ºC for 12 hours before sowing (SSC), seeds without seed coats soaked in warm water of 15ºC for one minute before sowing (SSW) and seeds with seed coats sown to serve as the control (SC). Randomized Complete Block Design was used and each treatment was replicated three times. The parameters measured were germination percentage, height of seedlings, leaf length of seedlings, number of leaves and stem diameter of seedlings. Data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and the differences were determined by using Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test. All the treated seeds recorded more than 80% of germination three weeks after sowing, with SSW recording the highest value of 91%. In general, the treated seeds performed significantly (p < 0.05) better than the control for the parameters studied. SSW is recommended for adoption since it performed optimally better than the other treatments in terms of number of leaves (7.67), leaf length (14.71 cm), leaf width (4.41 cm), stem diameter (1.82 cm) and plant height 20.86 cm).

Common bean is among the most important legume crop for protein source in people’s diet globally and including Kenya. Anthracnose is a common disease of legumes that causes yield loss of up to 90-100%. The aim of the study is to investigate the morphological traits associated with anthracnose resistance in selected common bean genotypes in Kenya. The study was done in three varied agro-ecological zones; University of Eldoret, Bungoma and Busia. Fifteen genotypes were evaluated on field experiment to ascertain morphological traits associated with anthracnose resistance. Field experiment was done in a random complete block design. Data were collected on morphological traits and subjected to analysis of variance in SAS version 9.1. The genotypes, Ciankui, Tasha, KK15, KK8, Miezi mbili and Chelalang showed morphological traits that were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with anthracnose resistance, and also with high grain yields of 1.5 to 2.0 t/ha. Morphological traits associated with common bean anthracnose resistance included Leaf width, leaf length, length of fifth internode of the stems, bracteolate size classification and flower colour. It is recommended that management of anthracnose by use of resistant common bean genotype seeds is essential to provide increased bean yields globally and in Kenya. Key words: Common bean, anthracnose, morphological traits, resistance.

Banto (Leersia hexandra Sw.) is a weed that is often used as animal feed, which is used to remove toxins in the body. The research to study the characteristics of Banto macroscopically and microscopically. A macroscopic test were carried out directly on the physical properties of Banto. Then a microscopic test of Bantos powder simplicia was conducted using a microscope. The result of the macroscopic examination of Banto show that Banto has smooth stem segments, roots on the stem segments, height can reach 1 m, leaf width reaches 0,4 cm-1 cm, leaf length is 5 cm-23 cm, the sides are rough and have sharp edges. For the results of the microscopic examination of fresh grass at 40× magnification and 100× magnification showed the presence of epidermis, stomata, and chlorophyll. The result of microscopic study of Banto simplicia at 40× magnification and 100× magnification showed the presence of epidermis and chlorophyll.

This study aimed to determine the morphological and cytogenetic differences in an intraspecific Asiatic F1Lilium hybrid. The results indicated that leaf color and shape, flower morphology including color, spot size on petal, and filament color in the F1 hybrid showed significant variations as compared to parents, while days to flowering were similar to those of the parents. Moreover, stem height, leaf number, and leaf width showed distinct variations. Interestingly, the intraspecific F1 progeny obtained from Asiatic lily parents showed higher pollen viability. In addition, FISH results revealed significant variation in the number of 18S rDNA and 5S rDNA loci identified in both parents and the F1 progeny. The female (2n = 4x = 48) parent had 12 loci of 18S rDNA, whereas the male (2n = 2x = 24) parent and the F1 (2n = 3x = 36) had 8 and 11 loci of 18S rDNA, respectively. Moreover, the F1 progeny had 9 loci of 5S rDNA compared with the 7 and 4 loci identified in the female and male parents, respectively. All 5S rDNA signals were observed on the long arm in both the female parent and the F1; however, one 5S rDNA signal was observed on the short arm in the male parent. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the distribution of ribosomal DNA was greatly different in the F1 progeny than that of parents.

Taro corm is consumed in Haiti as a sustain against malnutrition, but no study was so far reported about Haitian taro. An ongoing breeding program, aimed at supporting corm production, includes the present investigations on taro. Eleven taro accessions sampled in 9 departments of Haiti were tested at Torbeck from January to August 2018. Seven variables were considered and treated with SPSS. Significant (p < 0.05) differences appeared for three of the seven considered traits. Corm marketable yield varied from 2.97 to 12.79 t/ha (p

Chili high yield is the target of plant breeding. High yielding chili selection can be done through direct selection of yield characters and indirectly through other characters. Indirect selection is more efficient than the selection of one character. This research aims to study the relationship between quantitative characters with yield as well as obtaining the selection criteria. Correlation analysis results showed that the fruit weight, fruit diameter, pericarp thickness, leaf width, and leaf length were positively correlated and were very significant on yield. Based on the path analysis, characters that have a positive direct effect on yield are fruit weight, fruit diameter, leaf width, and leaf length, while pericarp thickness had a negative direct effect but had a large indirect effect on yield.

A field trial was conducted to weigh up the path coefficient analysis between various morphological traits which directly as well as indirectly associated with yield of various bottle gourd genotypes. The research experiment consists of total 37 genotypes conducted at Research Farm of Vegetable Science department, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during summer season. Genotypes were sown with three replications following (RBD) randomized block design. The observed data were taken for further statistical analysis. Substantial amount of variability was found for the sixteen morphological traits which were confirmed by the ANOVA (analysis of variance). The characters having positive direct effect on yield per ha are number of primary branches, leaf width, nodes to first female flower, days to first female flower opening, days to fruit harvest, number of fruits per vine, fruit yield per plant and weight of seeds.

Kokum (Garcinia indica Choisy) is commonly known as Kokum butter tree and underexploited tree spices mostly found in Konkan region of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Surat district of Gujarat on the West Coast of India (Haldankar et al., 2012 and Braganza et al., 2012) [6, 2]. The seeds (Kernels) are rich source of oil known as kokum butter, which is in solid form at room temperature Availability of strong and vigorous seedling as a rootstock plays vital role in the success of nursery programme. With a view to hasten the growth of seedling in order to get strong and vigorous seedling as rootstock at early stage of growth an experiment was undertaken at College of Horticulture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri 415 712 (M.S.) during the year 2018 to find out most effective potting media for seedling growth of Kokum. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with six treatments and four replications. The treatment comprises T1: Soil + FYM (3:1) with 1” Cocopeat at top, T2: Soil + Vermicompost (3:1) with 1” Cocopeat at top, T3: Soil + FYM + Vermicompost (2:1:1) with 1” Cocopeat at top, T4: Soil + FYM + Rice husk (1:1:1) with 1”Cocopeat at top, T5: Soil + FYM + Vermicompost + Cocopeat (1:1:1:1) and T6: Soil + FYM (1:1). Results revealed that treatment T6 i. e. Soil + FYM at 1:1 proportion recorded maximum seedling height (48.60 cm), more number of leaves (39.83), highest leaf length (20.11 cm), leaf width (1.93 cm), leaf area (40.61 cm2) and the highest AGR (0.094 cm/day) and RGR (0.0024 cm/cm/day) at 360 days. Similarly, media containing Soil + FYM at 1:1 proportion recorded highest seedling survival percentage (97.50%) and highest percentage of graftable seedlings (83.25%) at 360 DAB and resulted in generating higher gross income (Rs. 3900), maximum net returns (Rs. 467.61) with highest B: C ratio (1.13) and seedling grown on this media were light in weight and easy to transport.

A field trial was set in 2018/2019 season to investigate the capacity of cashew seeds to germinate and its vegetative performance with respect to the storage period at Agricultural Research Institute-(TARI-Naliendele), Mtwara-Tanzania. The variable investigated was the duration of the cashew seeds storage period. Cashew seeds were harvested at polyclonal seed gardens (PSG) for three harvesting seasons 2016, 2017 and 2018 consecutively; seeds were sorted, weighed and soaked before sowing to test viability in respective to storage time. Using a randomized complete block design obeying factorial approach the experiment was laid with three replications. The observed growth parameters were height (cm), number of leaves, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), leaf area (sq cm), leaf area index (LAI), canopy diameter (cm) and seedlings canopy ground area (sq cm). The analysis was done by using GenStat under Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on seed germination. The findings indicated that cashew seeds harvested in 2018 were the superior in both germination and growth vigor differing significantly (p 0.05) from other seeds harvested in the previous years. Cashew seeds harvested in 2017 were weak and those harvested in 2016 were the worse such that no seeds were able even to germinate. Thus, it is recommendable to sow cashew seeds harvested at the current season for sowing than those stored for more than a year.

Leaf shape is closely related to economics of leaf support and leaf functions, including light interception, water use, and CO2 uptake, so correct quantification of leaf shape is helpful for studies of leaf structure/function relationships. There are some extant indices for quantifying leaf shape, including the leaf width/length ratio (W/L), leaf shape fractal dimension (FD), leaf dissection index, leaf roundness index, standardized bilateral symmetrical index, etc. W/L ratio is the simplest to calculate, and recent studies have shown the importance of the W/L ratio in explaining the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. leaf surface area and that of leaf surface area vs. leaf length. Nevertheless, whether the W/L ratio could reflect sufficient geometrical information of leaf shape has been not tested. The FD might be the most accurate measure for the complexity of leaf shape because it can characterize the extent of the self-similarity and other planar geometrical features of leaf shape. However, it is unknown how strongly different indices of leaf shape complexity correlate with each other, especially whether W/L ratio and FD are highly correlated. In this study, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae species (&gt, 140 leaves for each species) were chosen for the study. We calculated the FD value for each leaf using the box-counting approach, and measured leaf fresh mass, surface area, perimeter, length, and width. We found that FD is significantly correlated to the W/L ratio and leaf length. However, the correlation between FD and the W/L ratio was far stronger than that between FD and leaf length for each of the nine species. There were no strong correlations between FD and other leaf characteristics, including leaf area, ratio of leaf perimeter to area, fresh mass, ratio of leaf fresh mass to area, and leaf roundness index. Given the strong correlation between FD and W/L, we suggest that the simpler index, W/L ratio, can provide sufficient information of leaf shape for similarly-shaped leaves. Future studies are needed to characterize the relationships among FD and W/L in leaves with strongly varying shape, e.g., in highly dissected leaves.

Silicon (Si) is considered to be a plant growth and development regulator element as well as provide the regulatory response against various biotic stressors. However, the potential mechanism of Si enhancement to regulate plant disease resistance remains to be studied. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effects of Si application on the performance of sugarcane against Xanthomonas albilineans (Xa) infection. Si was applied exogenously (0, 3.85 and 7.70 g Si/kg soil) and the results show that plant height, stem circumference and leaf width of siliconized sugarcane have been improved, which effectively reduced the disease index (0.17–0.21) and incidence (58.2%−69.1%) after Xa infection. Lowest values of MDA (348.5 nmol g−1 FW) and H2O2 (3539.4 mmol/L) were observed in 7.70 g Si/kg soil followed by in 3.85 g Si/kg soil (MDA: 392.6 nmol g−1 FW and H2O2: 3134.6 mmol/L) than that of the control. Whereas, PAL enzyme activity (50.8 mmol/L), JA (230.2 mmol/L) and SA (2.7 ug mL−1) contents were significantly higher in 7.70 g Si/kg soil followed by in 3.85 g Si/kg soil (PAL: 46.3 mmol/L, JA: 182.7 mmol/L and SA: 2.4 ug mL−1) as compared to control. The lower MDA, H2O2 level and higher enzymatic activities were associated with the highest expression levels of their metabolic pathway associated genes i.e., ShMAPK1, ShLOX, ShPAL, ShAOS, ShAOC, ShC4H, ShCAT, Sh4CL and ShNPR1 (22.08, 15.56, 10.42, 3.35, 2.54, 2.14, 1.82, 1.67 and 1.22 folds, respectively) in 7.70 g Si/kg soil as compared to other experimental units and control. Overall, the results of current study indicates that siliconized sugarcane more actively regulates disease resistance through modulation of growth and MDA, H2O2, SA and JA associated metabolic pathways.

Sapindus mukorossiGaertn., an important oleaginous woody plant, has garnered increasing research attention owing to its potential as a source of renewable energy (biodiesel). Leaf structural traits are closely related to plant size, and they affect the fruit yield and oil quality. However, plant size factors that predominantly contribute to leaf structural traits remain unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the associations between leaf structural traits and plant size factors in even-aged stands ofS. mukorossi. Results showed that leaf length (LL) and leaf area (LA) markedly increased with the increasing diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (TH), although other leaf structural traits did not show noticeable changes. Difference in slopes also indicated that the degree of effect of plant size factors on leaf structural traits was in the order of TH > DBH. Leaf structural traits showed no systematic variation with crown width (CW). LA was significantly positively correlated with LL, leaf width (LW), LL/LW, and leaf thickness (LT) and was significantly but negatively correlated with leaf tissue density (LTD) and leaf dry mass content (LDMC). Specific leaf area showed a significantly negative correlation with LT, LDMC, and LTD. LTD showed a significantly positive correlation with LDMC, but a negative correlation with LT. The results were critical to understand the variability of leaf structural traits with plant size, can provide a theoretical foundation for further study in the relationship between leaf structural traits and fruit yield, and regulate leaf traits through artificial management measures to promote plant growth and fruit yield.

The present study was aimed to assess the extent of genetic diversity with sixty-six genotypes of FCV tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) by using Mahalanobis’ D² statistics at AINP (Tobacco), Zonal Agriculture and Horticultural Research Station, UAHS, Shivamogga, Karnataka during Kharif-2019-20 in RCBD design with two replications. The 66 genotypes were grouped into eight clusters based on D² analysis. The cluster II had maximum with 29 genotypes followed by clusters I, III, V, and IV had the minimum with 16, 16, 8 and 5 genotypes respectively and remaining clusters were solitary. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster VI and VIII and the lowest between clusters II and VIII. Cluster V had exhibited highest intra cluster distance and the lowest was observed in cluster VI, VII and VII. The character days to flowering, top grade equivalent and green leaf yield showed maximum contribution towards total genetic divergence. On the basis of cluster mean, cluster VI was superior for plant height, number of leaves per plant and leaf length. The maximum leaf width was observed in cluster VIII, while cluster VII sowed superiority for days to flowering. The cluster IV showed highest green leaf yield, cured leaf yield and top grade equivalent. Thus, the genotypes involved in these clusters may be taken into consideration for better parents for generating variability for the respective characters and their rational improvement.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most consumed cereal grain in the world constituting the dietary staple food for more than half of the human population. More than 90% of the world’s rice is grown and consumed in Asia. The investigation was carried out with 200 lines of F2 segregating generation of Rice in RCBD design with three replications in kharif 2016. The analysis of variation revealed significant differences in the genotypes for all the characters studied. High heritability was observed in panicle weight/plant followed by thousand grain weight, spikelet density, days to flowering, days to maturity. flag leaf width and thousand grain weight showed maximum genetic advance as percentage of mean followed by stem thickness, flag leaf length, gain yield/plant, spikelet density, number of productive panicles/plant, number of tillers/plant, number of productive tillers/plant, panicle weight/plant, fertile spikelets/plant, stem length, number of spikelets/plants, biological yield. Correlation studies revealed positive and significant association of grain yield/plant with panicle weight/plant followed by panicle index, biological yield/plant, number of tillers/plant, number of productive tillers/plant, number of panicles/plant, harvest index, fertile spikelets/panicle, panicle length, grain breadth, spikelet fertility, flag leaf width, stem length, amylose content. While, it showed negative and significant with days to 50% flowering, thousand grain weight and decorticated grain breadth.

Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) is one of the most important tropical bulbous-ornamental cultivated for production of long-lasting flowers spikes. Adaptation and acclimatization of different cultivars under humid agro-climatic conditions of Goa are to be confirmed for their better performance. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the performance of tuberose cultivars under agro-climatic conditions of Goa during 2014- 2017. Five single and six double cultivars of tuberose were evaluated during the study period. All the cultivars differed in their growth and flowering behaviour. Among the single cultivars, evaluated, maximum number of florets per spike (47.00) was observed in Pune local whereas spike-length (75.59 cm) was maximum in Mexican Single. Among the double cultivars, evaluated, maximum plant height (52.21 cm) and maximum number of leaves per plant (59.63) were recorded with cultivar Arka Suvasini. Leaf length was significantly higher (52.93 cm) in Pearl double whereas leaf width (2.04 cm) was maximum in Calcutta Double. Days to appearance of flower spike were earlier in Arka Suvasini. Minimum days taken for opening of basal floret (84.88 days) were recorded with cultivar Arka Suvasini. Spike girth (0.68 cm), Spike fresh-weight (69.06 cm), floret stalk-length (3.6 cm), floret diameter (5.24 cm), weight of individual floret (3.49 g) and vase life (7.93 days) was significantly maximum in Cv. Arka Suvasini followed by Pearl Double. Based on the performance evaluation cv. Mexican Single among single types and cv. Arka Suvasini and Pearl Double among double types could be recommended for commercial cultivation under agro climatic conditions of Goa.

Maize leaf plays an important role in the synthesis of organic compounds. It hosts the interception of light energy and conversion to organic energy, and the capture and assimilation of carbon dioxide in order to produce food. In this study, we explore the heritability of the maize leaf length, leaf width, and the number of leaves of two maize genotypes, JNE and BLC. The estimates of heritability varied from 0.2 to 0.44. Only estimates for leaf width and leaf length are significant. The coefficients of genotypic correlation were between 0.45 and 0.66, and like the estimates of heritability, only the genotypic correlations between parents and offspring are significant for leaf length and leaf width of the two genotypes. The estimates of degree of genetic determination also known as heritability in the broad sense are all high. They range between 0.52 and 0.85. We determined a significance criterion for the degree of genetic determination, the critical value at the level of significance = 0.05. We evaluated three methods for finding the critical value. With two methods based on the algebraic transformation of a function of the Snedecor’s F and a simulation based on that function of F, it can be concluded that the estimates of the degree of genetic determination of leaf width of both the JNE and BLC genotypes are significant. With the third method that is based on fitting a Beta distribution, the critical value helped to conclude that none of the estimates of the degree of genetic determination is significant. The Pearson coefficients of correlation between plant height and all three leaf traits showed significant correlation between them, except leaf length and number of leaves. Key words: Heritability, genotypic correlation, degree of genetic determination, genotype, significance test.

The cultivation of carambola produced some waste that can be used as organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer is useful to improve soil conditions and enrich the nutrient content contained therein so that it is easily absorbed by cultivated plants such as pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.). The optimum pakcoy production is supported by good land management in order to meet the availability of nutrients needed by the addition of inorganic fertilizers and starfruit organic fertilizer. The study was conducted at Attaqie Farm, Tuban in November 2018 to May 2019. The experimental design used was randomized completely block design with two factors carambla derivated organic fertilizer 10 tons ha -1 , 20 tons ha -1 , 30 tons ha -1 and inorganic fertilizer 0 kg ha -1 ; 50 kg ha -1 ; 100 kg ha -1 . The results showed that carambola derivated organic fertilizer contained N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg about 6.19%, 0.94%, 75.04%, 0.02%, 20.13%, and 47.23%, respectively. The dosage of 50% inorganic fertilizer and 10 tons of carambola organic fertilizer gave optimum results for the growth of plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, stem diameter, canopy weight, root length and root weight of pakcoy plants. Fertilization using a dose of organic fertilizer 10 tons ha-1 could reduce 50% of the need of inorganic fertilizer. Keywords : fertilizer efficiency, organic fertilizer, pakcoy, starfruit waste, verticulture

Identification Phenotypic Character of the Leaves Palm Plant in South Tapanuli Regency This studyaims to determine the effect of the phenotype character of palm leaf leaves on the production of roomiein wild populations of natural habitats in South Tapanuli Regency. The study was conducted in fivevillages in each oft he four sub-districts in the South Tapanuli district. Two hundred sugar palm plantsoriginating from four natural habitats have been identified in accordance with plant identificationprocedures issued by the IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 1995) and analyzed.The results show that 4 clusters were formed with 75% similarity or 25% diversity. These results canbe concluded that cluster 1 is the population of palm plants that have the long character of petioleand the highest number of unproductive leaves. Whereas the characters of leaf length and rachis lengthare still lower than the population of sugar palm plants in cluster 4. Cluster 2 is the population of sugarpalm plants that has the highest character of sap production per day. Cluster 3 is a population ofpalm plants that have the highest leaf width character. Cluster 4 is a population of palm plants thathave the highest leaf length and rachis length with the highest number of leaflets and the largest rachiscircumference and petiole circumference. The number of productive leaves and the percentage of sapsugar content above average.