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A salinidade e a restricao hidrica sao fatores limitantes ao desenvolvimento inicial das culturas, interferindo diretamente na eficiencia da producao de alimentos. Estudos sobre o comportamento das especies cultivaveis sob estresse sao importantes para determinar acoes de manejo, por essa razao deve haver a investigacao e compreensao dos mecanismos envolvidos na recuperacao pos estresse. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do estresse hidrico e salino sobre a atividade enzimatica de plântulas feijao-azuki. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 4x6 (4 reagentes: CaCl2, KCl, NaCl e polietilenoglicol 6000 (PEG 6000) x 6 potenciais osmoticos 0,0; -0,2; -0,4; -0,8; -1,2; -1,6 MPa). A quantificacao do teor de proteinas e atividade das enzimas catalase, peroxidase e fenilalanina amonia-liase de plântulas foram analisadas no 10o dia apos semeadura. O NaCl e toxico e possibilita menores chances de recuperacao em plântulas de feijao-azuki sob estresse salino devido a menor atividade enzimatica. Por outro lado, as plântulas submetidas a solucao de KCl apresentam aumento da producao de enzimas antioxidantes.

The sowing of seeds during different seasons, characterized by distinct environmental conditions, can result in different agronomic characteristics and production rates of agricultural crops. Considering the lack of information on the effect of climatic variations on the agronomic performance of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), it is important to evaluate the productivity and nutrient content when sown at different times of the year. Thus, the study aimed to evaluated plant productivity, and seed mineral and phenolic compound composition in different genotypes and cultivars of bush snap bean UEL 1, UEL 2, Isla Macarrao Baixo, Isla Manteiga Baixo, and Feltrin Macarrao Napoli sowed in the spring and autumn. The number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, seeds per plant, and seed yield were evaluated. Chemical composition of the seeds was determined by measuring the amounts of crude protein, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, zinc, manganese, and total phenolic compounds present. The joint analysis of variance of the experiments was performed, with means compared by the Tukey test, at 5%. The interaction between genotype and sowing season affects the number of seeds per plant, seed productivity, and the seed concentrations of crude protein, zinc, and manganese. Spring sowing favored seed yield in the Isla Manteiga Baixo cultivar, the number of pods per plant, and the accumulation of phosphorus and iron in the seeds. Autumn sowing resulted in an increase in the seed-concentrations of potassium and total phenolic compounds. Seed-concentrations of calcium and manganese varied by genotype.

Potted flower production is an important floricultural activity. However, there have been few studies on the fertilization management of orchids. Fertigation with urea and potassium chloride is feasible, but little information is available regarding the interaction of these fertilizers with other sources of nutrients. Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of application of bokashi and a simple superphosphate and their interactions with fertigation on the growth and nutrition of hybrid Cattleya. Seedlings of Laeliocattleya Drumbeat × Laeliocattleya Gold Digger hybrid were submitted to two ferti-irrigation levels (absent and present) using urea and potassium chloride as nitrogen and potassium sources, respectively. As complementary fertilization, bokashi and superphosphate were applied singly and in combination. A commercial fertilizer (Peters®) was used as an additional control. Fertigation increased plant height; leaf area; number, length, and diameter of pseudobulbs; dry mass of leaves, pseudobulbs, and roots; and content of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen. The application of bokashi resulted in dry mass gain in all plant organs. The combination of fertigation and bokashi was superior to the commercial fertilizer in terms of increased leaf area, chlorophyll A content, carotenoid content, and dry mass. A produção de flores em vaso é uma importante atividade da floricultura. Todavia, são escassos os estudos sobre o manejo da fertilização em orquídeas. A fertirrigação com ureia e cloreto de potássio é uma prática comum; porém, pouco se sabe sobre suas interações com outras fontes de nutrientes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do bokashi e do superfosfato simples e suas interações com a fertirrigação no crescimento e nutrição de um híbrido de Cattleya. Mudas do híbrido entre Laeliocattleya Drumbeat × Laeliocattleya Gold Digger foram submetidas à dois regimes de fertirrigação (ausência e presente) utilizando ureia e cloreto de potássio como fonte de nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K), respectivamente. Além disso, como fertilização complementar foi utilizado o bokashi e superfosfato, aplicados isolados e em combinação. O fertilizante comercial Peters® foi utilizado como testemunha adicional. A fertirrigação propiciou incrementos na altura, área foliar, número, comprimento e diâmetro dos pseudobulbos, bem como na massa seca de folhas, pseudobulbos e raízes, além de aumento nos teores de clorofila, carotenoides e teor de N. O uso do bokashi resultou em ganhos na massa seca em todos os órgãos da planta. A utilização combinada entre a fertirrigação e bokashi foi superior ao fertilizante comercial para as características área foliar, teor de clorofila A, carotenoides, além das características de massa seca.

The quality of seeds produced is the result of the management practices used and environmental conditions during growing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological potential and the health of soybean seeds produced in an organic and conventional system. The genotypes UEL 110 and 122 and BRS 257 and 284 were tested in organic and conventional systems in a randomized block design. The following characteristics were evaluated: moisture content; thousand seed weight (TSW); germination (G) and first count of germination (FCG); tetrazolium (TZ); classification, length, and dry matter of seedlings; and seed health. Analysis of variance was performed separately for the management systems, followed by combined analysis. When significant, the Tukey test (p

One of the main problems in pepper seed production is the uneven maturation of the fruits due to the continuous flowering period of the plant, making it difficult to harvest all the fruits at the same time. Thus, studies on fruit maturation stage and seed physiological potential are extremely important in order to identify the appropriate harvest time, avoiding seed deterioration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological potential of five genotypes of “dedo de moça” pepper seeds (Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum) in three maturation stages (green, orange and red), with and without 10-day rest period after harvest date. Physiological potential and vigor of seeds were evaluated through germination tests (first count, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity). The observed results were submitted to variance analysis, comparing averages through Tukey test and principal components analysis. In general, red fruits reflected seed maturity since they provided maximum germination. On the other hand, even fruits harvested at a maturation stage prior to red (green and orange), showed the benefits of the rest periods on germination and vigor characteristics, being this result more evident in green fruits which, initially, had lower physiological potential. The evaluated genotypes showed lower physiological potential of fruits harvested at the green stage, without 10-day rest period.

The association between beneficial microorganisms and green beans can accelerate establishment in the field. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of seed treatments in different doses of Bacillus subtilis on the physiological potential of green beans. Seeds from the cultivar Macarrão Baixo were used. The study used a completely randomized design in a double factorial scheme with factor A in the treatments: Pelliculation (PC), Pelliculation with Drying (PCD), Pre-Imbibition (PI), Biopriming (BP); factor B, doses of B. subtilis: 0; 7; 14 and 28 mL of a commercial product.kg of seed-1, and a control. The following treatments were applied: moisture content analysis, first count and final germination, electrical conductivity, length, fresh and dry seedling weight, speed index, and final emergence. Analysis of variance was applied to the data and when significant, it was compared using Tukey’s test and polynomial regression; for the absolute control, orthogonal contrast was applied, with p < 0.05 for all analyses. The treatments did not impair seed viability. Vigor benefited with the use of PI and doses between 16 and 20 mL of p.c.kg of seed-1. PI alone had the best performance. Biopriming, associated with B. subtilis, favors the vigor of green beans. Resumo: A associação de microrganismos benéficos com sementes de feijão-vagem, pode acelerar o estabelecimento da cultura a campo. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a influência de tipos de tratamentos de sementes com diferentes doses de Bacillus subtilis sobre potencial fisiológico de feijão-vagem. Utilizou-se sementes de feijão-vagem da cultivar Macarrão Baixo. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial duplo (4 x 4 + 1) teve no fator A os quatro tipos de tratamentos de sementes: Peliculização (PC), Peliculização com Secagem (PCS), Pré-Embebição (PE), Biopriming (BP); e no fator B quatro doses de B. subtilis: 0; 7; 14 e 28 mL de produto comercial.kg de semente-1, e uma testemunha absoluta sem tratamentos (4 x 4 + 1). Realizou-se os seguintes testes: grau de umidade, primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, condutividade elétrica, comprimento de plântulas, massa fresca e seca de plântulas, velocidade de emergência e emergência de plântulas. Os tratamentos não prejudicaram a viabilidade. O vigor foi beneficiado com uso de PE e doses entre 16 e 20 mL de p.c..kg de semente-1, e prejudicado pelo uso da peliculização. O destaque de PE e BP se mantém em relação à testemunha absoluta. A PE e BP associados com B. subtilis favorecem características como comprimento, massa e número de raízes secundárias de feijão-vagem.

Physalis peruviana L., a small fruit belonging to the Solanaceae family, is known for the high vitamins A and C, iron, and phosphorus content. As it presents numerous opportunities for adding value to family producers, it has been gaining space in the consumer market. Characteristics such as fruit size and seed extraction methods can interfere with the physiological potential of the seeds. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between fruit size and physiological quality of Physalis seeds and to establish an effective method for the extraction of its seeds. The experiment was conducted at the Phytotechnics Laboratory of the State University of Londrina, using a completely randomized design in a 3×2 factorial scheme, with 4 replications of 50 seeds. The factors consisted of three fruit sizes (small, medium, and large) and two extraction methods (manual and mechanical). The averages obtained were compared using the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). After 28 days of germination, the following evaluations were made: percentage of germination, first germination count, germination speed index, length, and dry mass of seedlings. The physiological potential of the seeds was influenced by the size of the fruits. The method of manual seed extraction proved to be superior and more efficient than the mechanical method.

Micronutrients are used in small amounts by plants and changes in metabolic processes of seeds can improve germination and vigor; however, little is known about the effects of the combination of Zn, Co, and Mo on corn seeds. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of Zn, Co, and Mo on the physiological potential of corn seeds of different sizes and levels of vigor. A randomized 2×2×3 factorial design was adopted, with two levels of vigor (high and low), two seed sizes (18 and 22 mm), and three doses of liquid fertilizer containing micronutrients (0, 2, and 4 mL kg-1). The physiological potential of the seeds was evaluated based on germination and vigor tests. High vigor corn seeds had greater physiological potential compared to low vigor seeds. Regarding size, small seeds (18 mm) had higher percentages of germination and vigor than the large seeds (22 mm). Seed treatment with micronutrients (Co, Mn, and Zn) resulted in improved emergence in the field, shoot length, and dry mass of large and small seeds with the application dose of 2 mL kg-1, and the application dose of 4 mL kg-1 enhanced emergence in the field of large seeds and germination after the cold test of low vigor seeds of both sizes.

The fruit of pitaya has occupied a growing niche in the fruit market, since its organoleptic characteristics and rusticity have attracted the attention of consumers and producers, respectively. The organoleptic and nutritional quality of fruits are due to maturity stage. Therefore, determining the period in which the fruits reach the physiological maturity is important, since it aids the planning of the harvest and the quality control of fruits. In this sense, the aim of this review is establish the ideal period for harvesting their fruits of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus), by determining of the physiological maturity point. For this species, the number of days from anthesis to the full development of the fruit has shown to be the most reliable variable to determine the moment of harvest. From this designation, it is possible to indicate the stage (physiological maturity) in which the fruits present characteristics favorable to the species, for example, color, soluble solids content, ratio, and others. It is known that the place of production and the edaphoclimatic conditions are able to interfere and cause variation in the period in which the fruits reach the physiological maturity. Some studies in Mexico confirmed that the physiological maturation of pitaya fruits occurred between 25 and 31 days after anthesis (DAA). Other researches, including in Brazil, confirmed that this point occurred from 28 to 32 DAA. Thus, from the scientific studies carried out and published in the literature, to avoid losing their commercial value of fruits, it is recommended to harvest this fruits of pitaya between 25 and 32 DAA.

The germination test is routinely used for evaluating physiological quality of seeds, but it has not been satisfactory, since it requires relatively long periods to obtain results. In this sense, there is the possibility to resort to vigor tests, although the absence of standardized methodologies has hindered your applicability and reproducibility. The goal of the present study was to establish a methodology for the tetrazolium test that is effective for evaluating physiological quality in pitaya seeds. So, we used five seed batches obtained from mature fruits of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus), harvested in the years of 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. The experimental design was the completely randomized design, with four replicates of 50 seeds. The tetrazolium test was conducted in a 5 × 4 × 3 factorial plot, corresponding to five batches of pitaya seeds (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012), four concentrations of the tetrazolium solution (0.075%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) and three immersion periods (2, 3, and 4 h). In addition, the germination test for the seed batches was carried out and the analyzed variables were: percentage of germination (PG), germination speed index (GSI) and mean germination time (MGT). Data were submitted to ANOVA and means were compared by the Scott-Knott test (p ≤ 0.05). Tetrazolium test conducted at a solution concentration of 0.5% and an immersion period of 3 h proved to be efficient for evaluating physiological quality of pitaya seeds, in order to stratify the seed batches into more viability levels compared to the germination test.

The cultivation of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) plays a key role in the fresh vegetable, condiment, and preserve markets. The determination of the harvest season suitable for seed production is crucial to obtain high-quality seeds and ensure production success. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the harvest season of ‘dedo-de-moça BRS Mari’ hot peppers that provides the maximum seed physiological potential. The flowers in anthesis were labeled daily and the fruits were harvested 25, 40, 55, 70, 85, and 100 days after anthesis (DAA) and classified as green, yellowish green, orange, red, extreme red, and intense red, respectively. The seed physiological potential was determined by using the water content, dry matter, germination, first germination count, germination rate index, and accelerated aging tests. The seed dry matter increased steadily until 55 DAA (3.95 mg per seed), then increased slightly to 70 DAA (4.05 mg per seed), and stabilized from 85 to 100 DAA. The harvested seeds began to germinate at 55 DAA with approximately 40% germination, which peaked at 70 DAA with 87% germination; this value was maintained until 100 DAA. The highest values of the germination rate index were found at 70, 85, and 100 DAA. An increase in seed vigor was observed, based on the accelerated aging test, which peaked at 85 DAA and subsequently decreased. The peppers were harvested between 70 and 85 DAA and red to extreme red were found to be the most recommended colors to obtain ‘dedo-de-moça BRS Mari’ hot pepper seeds with high physiological potential. O cultivo de pimentas (Capsicum spp.) representa um importante papel no mercado das olerícolas in natura, no segmento de condimentos, e conservas. A determinação do ponto ou intervalo adequado de colheita dos frutos para a produção de sementes é fundamental para a obtenção de sementes de qualidade e para garantir o sucesso da produção. Diante disso, objetivou-se determinar o estádio de colheita de frutos de pimenta ‘dedo-de-moça BRS Mari’ que proporcione o máximo potencial fisiológico das sementes. As flores em antese foram etiquetadas diariamente e os frutos foram colhidos aos 25, 40, 55, 70, 85 e 100 dias após a antese (DAA), classificados em verde, verde-amarelado, alaranjado, vermelho, vermelho extremo e intenso, respectivamente. O potencial fisiológico das sementes foi determinado pelos testes de teor de água, massa de matéria seca, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. A massa da matéria seca das sementes aumentou até os 55 DAA (3,95 mg por semente), após este período ocorreu um pequeno aumento até os 70 DAA (4,05 mg por semente) e dos 85 aos 100 DAA estabilizou. As sementes colhidas iniciaram a germinação aos 55 DAA com aproximadamente 40% e aos 70 DAA foi máxima de 87% com valores constantes até os 100 DAA. Os maiores valores de índice de velocidade de germinação foram obtidos aos 70, 85 e 100 DAA. Observou-se haver aumento do vigor pelo envelhecimento acelerado até os 85 DAA, onde o valor foi máximo com posterior redução. A colheita dos frutos a partir dos 70 DAA até os 85 DAA, coloração vermelha a vermelha extrema, é a mais recomendada para obtenção de sementes de pimenta ‘dedo-de-moça BRS Mari’ de alto potencial fisiológico.

In Parana state are little information about the yield performance of bushing snap bean genotypes in different environments. The study aimed to evaluate the performance of bush snap beans genotypes in two environments. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in 3x2 factorial design, with three genotypes (UEL 1, UEL 2 and Feltrin Vicenza Amarelo Baixo®) and two environments (Tamarana and Londrina, both in Parana state), with four replications. The following parameters were evaluated: days to flowering, average number of pods per plant, average weight of pods per plant and yield of pods. Except for days to flowering, in which isolated effects of genotype and environment were checked, it was found a significant interaction between genotype x environment for the other parameters. To UEL 1, the average number of pods per plant was higher in Londrina, with direct influence on the pods yield. The component average weight of pods per plant was higher and determiner the pods yield in Tamarana for the UEL 2 and Feltrin genotypes. The genotype x environment interaction showed different responses of genotypes evaluated to the environment in relation to numbers of pods per plant, weight of pods per plant and pods yield. No estado do Paraná são escassas as informações sobre o desempenho produtivo de genótipos de feijão-vagem de crescimento determinado em ambientes distintos. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo de genótipos de feijão-vagem arbustivo em dois ambientes. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo três genótipos (UEL 1, UEL 2 e Feltrin Vicenza Amarelo Baixo®) e dois ambientes (Tamarana e Londrina), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: dias para florescimento, número médio de vagens por planta, peso médio de vagens por planta e rendimento de vagens. Exceto para dias para florescimento, em que foram verificados efeitos isolados de genótipo e ambiente, constatou-se interação significativa entre genótipo x ambiente para os demais parâmetros. Para UEL 1, o número médio de vagens por planta foi superior em Londrina, com influência direta no rendimento de vagens. O componente peso médio de vagens por planta foi superior e determinante para o rendimento de vagens em Tamarana, para os genótipos UEL 2 e Feltrin. A interação genótipo x ambiente evidenciou respostas diferenciadas dos genótipos avaliados ao ambiente de produção em relação a número médio de vagens por planta, peso médio de vagens por planta e rendimento de vagens.

Macauba ( Acrocomia aculeata ) fruit has great potential for oil production, surpassed only by the African oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ). Studies of the use of macauba oil for biodiesel are on-going, and the co-products of oil processing are excellent nutritional sources when used in food and feed. Several ecotypes of macauba occur, but their oil production potential remains to be verified. Thus, in this study, fruits of two ecotypes of macauba were evaluated to determine their mineral and proximate compositions, biometric characteristics, the physicochemical composition of the nut oil, and their germination characteristics. Mineral analyses consisted of the evaluation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Mn. Proximate analyses included measurements of moisture, dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, lipids, mineral matter, ash, and carbohydrates. Biometric characterisation included the masses of the endocarp, nut, mesocarp, epicarp and fruit, the longitudinal diameter of the fruit and nut, the endocarp thickness, and the fruit volume. Progibb ® (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg L −1 ) was used at temperatures of 25 °C and 35 °C to evaluate germination. The acidity, iodine content, saponification properties, and humidity of the nut oil were analysed. For the mineral, proximate, biometric and nut oil analyses, the means of the sclerocarpa ecotype were higher than those of the totai ecotype. In the biometric evaluations, the percentages of each part of the fruit of the totai ecotype were higher than those of the sclerocarpa ecotype, although the averages were lower in relation to fruit. The seed lot used in this study did not produce good germination, but the use of Progibb ® was effective at 35 °C for the totai ecotype; both evaluated ecotypes exhibited high levels of contaminated and ungerminated seeds.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate pitaya seed germination under different hydrogen potentials, with or without fungicide treatment. A completely randomized design was employed under a 3 x 13 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to three pitaya species (white pitaya, pitaya hybrid I, pitaya hybrid II), thirteen hydrogen potentials (3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0) and two fungicide conditions (presence and absence), with four replications. The percentage of germination, germination speed index and mean germination time were evaluated. The data were subjected to ANOVA, and the means were compared using the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05). The pH influenced the germination speed index in white pitaya. The mean germination time was affected by the pH levels for white pitaya and pitaya hybrid II. The fungicide did not increase the germination percentage in the evaluated species. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a germinação de sementes de pitaya submetidas a diferentes potenciais hidrogeniônicos, com ou sem fungicida. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 13 x 2, correspondente a três espécies de pitaya (pitaya branca, pitaya híbrida I e pitaya híbrida II), treze potenciais hidrogeniônicos (3,0; 3,5; 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0; 6,5; 7,0; 7,5; 8,0; 8,5 e 9,0) e dois níveis de fungicida (presença e ausência), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados a porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade e o tempo médio de germinação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p < 0,05). O pH influenciou o índice de velocidade de germinação da pitaya branca. O tempo médio de germinação foi alterado pelos níveis de pH para a pitaya branca e híbrida II. O fungicida não favoreceu a porcentagem de germinação das espécies avaliadas.

Physalis peruviana L. is a plant that produces small sweet berries of great nutritional and medicinal importance. This plant is propagated mainly through seeds, which requires information on germination response to temperature and light changes. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the use of different temperatures and light wavelengths on the physiological potential of P. peruviana seed batches. The experiment was conducted with seeds from plants cultivated in 2015/15 and 2016/16. The treatments applied were the following: two germination temperatures (constant temperature of 25 °C and alternated between 20/30 °C), two seed batches (2015/15 and 2016/16), and four forms of light exposure during germination (blue, red, white, and dark). The data were analyzed by principal component analysis using the correlation matrix obtained through the standardized mean equal to zero and variance 1 of the parameters evaluated for each treatment. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix were obtained using the SAS University Edition® statistical software. The analyzed variables were: Germination test performed on the 7th and 28th day considering root protrusion, normal seedlings, shoot length, root length, and total dry matter mass. The data showed that the seed germination test of Physalis peruviana L. should be performed under a constant temperature of 25 °C, in the presence of light (white, blue, or red). When the option is the application of the test in the dark, it is necessary to use a thermoperiod of 20–30 °C to provide the expression of maximum physiological potential.

The lack of water and soil acidity are current problems occurring in many regions around the globe. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the effects of seed germination and seedling development, in order to determine the species adaptability to the ever-changing environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of water deficit and pH on seed germination and seedling development in Cereus jamacaru. A completely randomized experiment was performed. A factorial scheme of 6 × 7, corresponding to six osmotic potential values (0.0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, and -1.0 MPa) induced by PEG 6000, and seven pH levels (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) with four replications was used. The variables analyzed were germination (G), germination speed index (GSI), mean germination time (MGT), normal seedling (NS), root length (RL), shoot length (ShL), seedling length (SL), and seedling dry mass (SDM). The statistical analysis included ANOVA and binomial models (G and NS), regression models with quadratic terms (GSI and MGT), and response surface method (ShL and SL) for the variables with at least one significant factor (p < 0.05). C. jamacaru showed susceptibility to water deficit at seed germination and seedling development stages, indicated by the decreases in G, GSI, NS, ShL, and SL at osmotic potential below to 0.0 MPa. The pH interaction with osmotic potential affected C. jamacaru seedling development. The increase in pH was favorable for seedling development, but not for seed germination. A falta de água e a acidez do solo já são problemas enfrentados em várias regiões do planeta. Por esta razão, torna-se imprescindível estimar ambos fatores no processo de germinação de semente e no desenvolvimento de plântula, a fim de determinar a adaptabilidade das espécies às mudanças das condições ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do déficit hídrico e do pH no processo germinativo e no desenvolvimento de plântula de Cereus jamacaru. Para o estudo, utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 × 7, correspondente a seis valores de potencial osmótico (0,0; -0,2; -0,4; -0,6; -0,8 e -1,0 MPa), induzidos por PEG 6000, e sete níveis de pH (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 9), com quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram germinação (G), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), tempo médio de germinação (TMG), plântula normal (PN), comprimento de raiz (CR), comprimento de parte aérea (CPA), comprimento de plântula (CP) e massa seca de plântula (MSP). A análise estatística incluiu análise de variância e modelos binomiais (G e PN), modelos de regressão com termos quadráticos (IVG e TMG), e método de superfície de resposta (CPA e CP) para as variáveis com pelo menos um fator significativo (p < 0.05). A espécie C. jamacaru mostrou-se suscetível ao déficit hídrico em ambos os estágios fisiológicos: germinação de semente e desenvolvimento de plântula; dado o fato da redução da G, IVG, PN, CPA e CP em potenciais osmóticos inferiores a 0,0 MPa. O pH em interação com o potencial osmótico afetou o desenvolvimento de plântula de C. jamacaru. O aumento do pH foi favorável para o desenvolvimento de plântula, porém foi indiferente para a germinação de semente.

This study has aimed to carry out the description of fruits and seeds and germination process of desert rose, from two years of observations. The fruits and seeds were characterized based on length, diameter and number of seeds per fruit. The seeds internal structure and germinating process were also described. Germination test was performed at 25 and 30 °C temperatures, determining the germination percentage and germination speed index. Seeds harvested in 2013 were stored for 12 months and submitted to a new germination test. Parallel to these tests, the seeds imbibition curve was determined in substrates over and between sheets of paper at 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C temperatures. The fruits and seeds had similar lengths and diameters in both years of observations. The seeds can be stored for up to 12 months without loss in viability and temperatures of 25 and 30 °C are suitable for performing the germination test of this species. The water absorption curve of desert rose seeds follows a triphasic pattern of soaking. Resumo Objetivou-se nesse estudo realizar a descrição de frutos e sementes e do processo de germinação de rosa do deserto, a partir de dois anos de observações. Os frutos e as sementes foram caracterizados com base no comprimento, diâmetro e número de sementes por fruto; também, descreveu-se a estrutura interna das sementes e o processo de germinação. Realizaram-se testes de germinação às temperaturas de 25 e 30 ºC, determinando-se a porcentagem e índice de velocidade de germinação. As sementes colhidas em 2013 foram armazenadas por 12 meses e submetidas a novo teste de germinação. Paralelo a esses testes determinou-se a curva de embebição das sementes em substrato sobre e entre papel às temperaturas de 15, 20, 25 e 30 ºC. Os frutos e as sementes apresentaram comprimentos e diâmetros semelhantes nos dois anos de observações. As sementes podem ser armazenadas por até 12 meses sem perdas na viabilidade e as temperaturas de 25 e 30 ºC são adequadas para realizar o teste de germinação dessa espécie. A curva de absorção de água das sementes de rosa do deserto segue um padrão trifásico de embebição.

Studies aimed at improving production and yield of bush snap beans are desirable; the results may provide growers with new techniques to improve profitability. In the literature, there are few reports on the productive performance of vegetables subjected to doses of glyphosate and plant regulators. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of glyphosate, trinexapac-ethyl, and mepiquat chloride doses on the production components and yield of bush snap beans. We tested various doses: a) glyphosate: 0.0; 18.0; 36.0; 72.0; and 144.0 g acid equivalent (ae) ha-1; b) trinexapac-ethyl: 0.0; 62.5; 125.0; 250.0; and 500.0 g ae ha-1; and c) mepiquat chloride: 0.0; 25.0; 50.0; 75.0; and 100.0 g ae ha-1. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications per treatment. We evaluated plant height, stem diameter, number and mass of pods per plant, mass, length, and diameter of pod, and yield. The analysis of variance was conducted by applying the F test, and the doses were submitted to regression analysis (p < 0.05). Each active ingredient was considered separately. Productive performance was favored by using doses up to 16.0 g ae ha-1 of glyphosate, showing increased pod mass per plant and yield. As trinexapac-ethyl doses increased, the number of pods per plant decreased but mean pod mass increased. Doses of mepiquat chloride up to 59.5 g ae ha-1 increased mean pod mass. Finally, pod yield was not influenced by trinexapac-ethyl and mepiquat chloride.

RESUMO – O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de subdoses de glifosato sobre o processo germinativo e o desenvolvimento de plântulas de cultivares convencionais de milho em condicoes de laboratorio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 6, com quatro repeticoes. Os tratamentos consistiram da interacao de dois genotipos convencionais de milho (Sintetico UEL e AG 9010 PRO) submetidos a seis subdoses de glifosato (0; 3,5; 7,0; 10,5; 14,0 e 17,5 g e.a. ha-1). As avaliacoes consistiram da germinacao de sementes (plântulas normais, anormais e sementes mortas), comprimento e massa seca de plântulas (parte aerea, raiz e total). O desempenho germinativo e o crescimento inicial das plântulas de milho sao alterados pelas subdoses de glifosato. Existe efeito de hormese para germinacao e massa seca de parte aerea nas subdoses de 0,084 e 7 g e.a. ha-1 respectivamente para o genotipo AG9010 e para massa seca da parte aerea na subdose de 8,16 g e.a. ha-1 para o genotipo Sintetico UEL. O incremento das subdoses de glifosato favorece a anormalidade de plântulas e a mortalidade de sementes, alem de diminuir o comprimento e a massa seca das radiculas e de plântulas. Palavras-chave: hormese, germinacao, Zea mays. LOW RATES OF GLYPHOSATE ON THE PROCESS GERMINATION AND CORN SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT ABSTRACT – This work aimed to evaluate, in the laboratory, the effect of low rates of glyphosate on the germination and seedling development of conventional corn cultivars. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 6, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the interaction of two conventional corn genotypes (Synthetic UEL and AG 9010 PRO) submitted to six low rates of glyphosate (0, 3.5, 7.0, 10.5, 14.0 and 17.5 g a.e. ha-1). Evaluations consisted of seed germination (normal seedlings, abnormal and dead seeds), seedling length (shoot, root and total) and seedling dry weight (shoot, root and total). Low rates of glyphosate change germination performance and early growth of corn seedlings . There hormesis effect for the germination and dry mass of shoots in rates of 0.084 and 7 g e.a. ha-1 respectively for the AG9010 genotype and dry weight of shoot in doses of 8.16 g e.a. ha-1 for Synthetic UEL genotype. The increase of the low rates of glyphosate promotes abnormal seedlings and seed mortality, and reduce the length and dry mass of radicles and seedlings. Keywords: hormesis, germination, Zea mays.

O gênero Anthurium Schott. (Araceae) compreende mais de 600 espécies. Todas são ornamentais e se destacam pela beleza da folhagem. A espécie Anthurium andraeanum Lind. tem a preferência dos consumidores como planta ornamental devido ao tamanho e colorido de suas espatas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento, em vaso, de cinco cultivares de A. andraeanum em Londrina, Norte do Paraná. As cultivares 'Parakanã', 'Terena', 'Apalai', 'Ianomami' e 'Rubi' foram produzidas por meio de micropropagação e selecionadas pelo Instituto Agronômico (IAC). O trabalho foi desenvolvido em estufa tipo arco com 80% de sombreamento obtido por tela de polipropileno de cor preta. Foi plantada uma muda por vaso plástico com volume de quatro litros usando como substrato fibra de coco tipo 80. A avaliação do desempenho comparativo foi iniciada, a partir do transplante das mudas. O comprimento do pecíolo, o número de folhas, a largura e o comprimento das espatas e o comprimento da haste floral foram avaliados mensalmente. Houve aumento na altura e no número de folhas das plantas nos três anos de cultivo. As cultivares 'Parakanã', 'Rubi', 'Terena' e 'Apalai' floresceram e tiveram maior desenvolvimento vegetativo sendo recomendadas para o cultivo em vasos no Norte do Paraná. The genus Anthurium Schott. (Araceae) comprehends more than 600 species. All species are ornamental and are distinguished by the beauty of their foliage. The Anthurium andraeanum Lind. has the preference of the public as an ornamental plant because of the color and size of its spathes. The objective of this work was to evaluate of five cultivars of A. andraeanum, as vessel plant, in the northern region of Paraná State. The cultivars 'Parakanã', 'Terena', 'Apalai', 'Ianomami' and 'Rubi' produced by micropropagation by Instituto Agronômico (IAC) were analyzed. The study was conducted at greenhouse with 80% of shade given by a black colored polypropylene screen. One seedling per plastic vessel, with four liters of volume, was cultivated in a substratum containing type 80 coconut fiber. The evaluation of the comparative performance of the seedlings was initiated after transplanting. The following parameters were evaluated monthly: length of the petiole, number of leafs, width and length of spathes and length of the floral axis. The evaluations showed increases on the height of plants and in the number of leaves during the three years of cultivation. The cultivars 'Parakanã', 'Rubi', 'Terena' and 'Apalai' are showed more vegetative development and their cultivation can be recommended as vessel plant in the north of Paraná State.

Sinningia leucotrichais is widely used as an ornamental plant and due to rampant exploitation is at risk of extinction.The study aimed to evaluate the effect of light and temperature on germination of S. leucotricha.The seeds taken from ripe fruitsunderwent the presence and absence of different luminosities and temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ° C)The experimental design was completely randomized 2X5 factorial design with four replications of 50 seeds.The variables analyzed were germination percentage germination speed index and mean germination time.Data were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey test at 5%.For germination tests the presence of light and lower temperatures are more suitable.The seeds subjected to temperatures above 15 ° C and below 35 ° C complete the germination process faster

O uso de herbicidas deve ser feito de forma racional, dando prioridade em evitar possíveis efeitos adversos nas culturas subsequentes. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito residual dos herbicidas pré-emergentes no crescimento e no desenvolvimento inicial, bem como a composição bioquímica das plântulas de feijão vagem. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x4, três cultivares de feijão-vagem (Macarrão Favorito, Macarrão Preferido e Macarrão Trepador) e três herbicidas pré-emergentes, além de um controle (sem herbicida). Utilizou-se de doses residuais de herbicidas pré-emergentes sulfentrazone 0,3 g ha-1, diclosulam 0,126 g ha-1 e imazethapyr 0,05 g ha-1. O trabalho foi desenvolvimento em laboratório de análise de sementes com a finalidade de minimizar possíveis efeitos adversos do meio. As sementes foram semeadas em papel germitest umedecidos com as soluções contendo os herbicidas, respectivas a cada tratamento. Avaliou-se as seguintes características: germinação (GER), índice de velocidade de germinação (GSI), comprimento de plântulas (SL), massa seca de plântulas (SDM) e teor de proteína solúvel (PROT) além da atividade enzimática da catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER) e fenilalanina amônia-liase (PAL). As variáveis fitométricas SL, SDM, GER e GSI reduziram na presença de herbicidas, já para os teores de PROT e atividade enzimática da CAT, PER e PAL houve variação de acordo com o genótipo. O sulfentrazone mostrou-se como o produto de maior toxicidade, bem como o Macarrão Trepador como o genótipo de menor tolerância.

Germination test is used to assess the physiological quality of seeds; however, since it is carried out under ideal conditions, this test has not been shown sufficient for this purpose. Instead, it is possible to use vigor tests, although the lack of standardized methodologies has reduced their applicability and reproducibility. Thus, this study aimed to develop methodologies for conducting tests of germination, accelerated aging, and electrical conductivity for the evaluation of the physiological quality of pitaya seeds. For this purpose, seeds from ripe Hylocereus undatus fruits were used. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four replications. The physiological quality of the seeds was assessed using germination, accelerated aging, and electrical conductivity tests, and the speed of germination index (SGI) and mean germination time (MGT) were determined for both the germination test and accelerated aging test. For the statistical analysis, we performed regression model adjustments and calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). The germination test for H. undatus seeds can be performed at 25 °C, with the aim of reaching the highest SGI and lowest MGT values. The accelerated aging test can be conducted at 43 °C for 48 h, because combining these factors favors the expression of seed vigor, allowing seeds to achieve the maximum SGI and minimum MGT, while reducing the time of the assay. The electrical conductivity test can be performed using 25 seeds at a temperature of 30 °C and a water volume of 10 mL, since under these conditions there is less interference from external factors on the leachate content of the solution.

Nematoides formadores de galhas (Meloidogyne sp.) são responsáveis pela baixa produtividade na cultura do feijoeiro, cujas perdas, provocadas por esses patógenos, podem chegar até 90%. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento de seis linhagens de feijoeiro ('Hav 06', 'Hav 11', 'Hav 28', 'Hav 50', 'Hav 69' e 'Torino') frente ao parasitismo de M. javanica e de M. paranaensis. As linhagens foram inoculadas com 5.000 ovos e eventuais juvenis dos respectivos nematoides. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com dez repetições para cada tratamento com os nematoides e dez repetições para testemunha sem inoculação. Quarenta e cinco dias após inoculação, os sistemas radiculares foram coletados, lavados e avaliados quanto à produção de ovos e estimativa do Fator de Reprodução (FR). Os resultados mostraram baixa reprodução dos nematoides nas linhagens de feijão-vagem avaliadas, e que, para M. javanica, o FR variou de 0,02 a 0,05, enquanto que, para M. paranaensis, a variação foi de 0,04 a 0,36, indicando que todas as linhagens se comportaram como resistentes, apresentando FR < 1. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) are responsable for low productivity on bean culture, where the losses caused by this pathogen can reach 90%. The present study aimed to evaluate the behavior of six bean lineages ('Hav 06', 'Hav 11', 'Hav 28', 'Hav 50', 'Hav 69' and 'Torino') against the parasitism of M. javanica and M. paranaensis. The lineages were inoculated with 5,000 eggs and possible juveniles of each nematode in a completely randomized design, with 10 replications per treatment with the nematodes and 10 replications per treatment without inoculation (control). Forty-five days after inoculation, the roots systems were collected, washed and evaluated for egg production and estimated reproduction factor (RF). The results showed that, for M. javanica, the RF varied from 0.02 to 0.05, while for M. incognita the variation was from 0.04 to 0.36, showing that all snap bean genotypes were resistant, presenting a RF < 1.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the adaptation of anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum) cultivars as cut flowers in a subtropical area, located in north of Paraná State, Brazil. The Apalai, Ianomami, Kinã, nK 102, Parakanã, Rubi, and Terena cultivars were cultivated in a nursery under 80% shade. The number of leaves and inflorescences, floral stem length, length and width of inflorescences, and spadix length were evaluated. The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks, with six replicates and five plants per plot. During the 18 months evaluated, 'Parakanã' produced 11 inflorescences per plant, whereas the other cultivars produced seven to nine inflorescences per plant. The number of leaves produced per plant was: 'Ianomami', 25; 'Parakanã', 20; 'Apalai' and 'Terena', 15; 'Kinã' and 'Rubi', 11; and 'nK 102', 9. The Apalai, nK 102, Parakanã, and Rubi cultivars are the most recommended as cut flowers; the Ianomami cultivar is not recommended as a cut flower in this region.

A camomila é uma planta herbácea e anual. Suas flores são usadas na medicina popular como droga vegetal e também como aromatizante. Realizaram-se dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o tempo de armazenamento e a temperatura na porcentagem e velocidade de germinação das sementes de camomila. O primeiro experimento utilizou sementes de camomilas produzidas no Horto Medicinal da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR. Elas foram beneficiadas, acondicionadas em sacos de papel e armazenadas em câmara fria por um, dois, três e quatro anos. O teste de germinação foi realizado em temperatura alternada 15-25°C e fotoperíodo de 8 horas. Avaliou-se a porcentagem e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), em oito repetições de 100 sementes cada uma. As sementes de camomila utilizadas no segundo experimento foram comerciais. Os tratamentos foram: temperaturas constantes de 10°C e 15°C e temperaturas alternadas de 10-15°C e 10-20°C, com fotoperíodo de 12 horas. As avaliações foram realizadas no sétimo e no décimo quarto dia após a semeadura (DAS). O potencial de germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação das sementes foram mantidos nos dois primeiros anos de armazenamento. A germinação das sementes foi reduzida para 3,3% com a temperatura de 10oC ao sétimo DAS. As temperaturas constantes de 10oC e 15oC e alternadas de 10-15°C e 10-20°C proporcionaram germinação das sementes superior a 80% ao final do décimo quarto DAS. Chamomile is an annual herbaceous species. Its flowers are used in popular medicine and as a vegetable flavour. It propagates for seeds. The objective of these trials was to evaluate the ideal temperature, packing time on the percentage and germination speed of chamomile. The first trial used seeds from a medicinal vegetable garden from Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. They were treated, packed in paper bags and kept in refrigerate chamber during one, two, three and four years. In germination test it was used 25°C with 10 hours of light and 14 hours of dark. It was evaluated the percentage and germination speed index (GSI) in 8 replicates with 100 seeds each one. The seeds used in the second trial were commercial ones. The tested treatments were: constant temperatures of 10°C and 15°C with 12 hours of photoperiod, and alternated temperatures of 10°C/15°C and 10°C/20°C with 10 hours of photoperiod. The evaluations were made at 7th and 14th days after seeding. The seeds packed until 2 years showed greatest percentage and germination speed index. The temperature of 10°C reduced the germination for 3.3% at 7 DAS. The constant temperature of 10°C and 15°C, and alternated in 10°C/15°C and 10°C/20°C provided germination of the seeds superior to 80% in the end of 14th day.

The optimum temperature for germination of cacti vary with the species. With this work, we aimed to evaluate the seeds germination of pitaya genotypes under different temperatures. The used genotypes were: Hylocereus undatus (PB), H. polyrhizus (PV), Selenicereus megalanthus (PA), H. undatus x H. costaricensis (PH1) and H. costaricensis x H. undatus (PH2). For each genotype we used four replicates of 50 seeds, in a completely randomized design. The sowing was carried out on blotter paper in boxes type Gerbox ®, maintained at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 oC constant and 15-25, 20-30 and 25-35 oC alternating with photoperiod 12 hours. The test lasted 30 days which were appraised the germination percentage, the germination speed index and the average time of germination. For seeds germination of PB, the result obtained in the temperature of 25 oC didn’t differ of the obtained to 30 and 20-30 oC, however it was superior to the others temperatures. In PV, the result at 25 oC didn’t differ of the obtained to 20 and 30 oC, being superior to the results of the others temperatures. For PA, the best result was obtained to 25 oC. In PH1, the temperatures of 25, 30 and 20-30 oC presented superiors results to the others. For PH2, the result obtained in 15-25oC didn’t differ of the obtained at 25 oC, however it was superior to the others temperatures. The constants temperatures of 25 and 30 °C and alternating 20-30 °C are suitable for germination of H. undatus and for the hybrid H . undatus x H. costaricensis . For H. polyrhizus , constant temperatures of 20, 25 to 30 °C are suitable for seed germination. The constant temperature of 25 °C is the most suitable for the germination of S. megalanthus . For the hybrid H. costaricensis x H. undatus , constant temperature of 25 °C and alternating 15-25°C are suitable for seed germination.

Polyploidy produces desirable characteristicsin orchids that are represented by increase of the floral pieces, succulency degree, intensification of color, durability and larger resistance of flowers. The colchicine as polyploidy inductor agent in in vitro culture of plants has limitations, because when in high concentrations or very long treatments, it becomes poisonous for the vegetal tissues. The objective of this research work was to evaluate the influence of concentrations and times of exposition to the colchicine, on the survival and on the in vitro development of Cattleya tigrina . Protocorms were treated with colchicine in the concentrations of 0.5 and 1g.L -1 during 24, 48 and 72 hours. There were evaluated the tax of survival of the protocorms (%), percentage of plantlings with multiple buds and plant height after three and seven months. The increase of the concentration and of the time of exposition to colchicine caused a larger plant mortality and an increase of plantlings with reduced height.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes substratos na germinação de Rhipsalis floccosa e Rhipsalis pilocarpa. Os substratos testados foram: papel de filtro, areia de granulação média, casca de arroz carbonizada, pó de fibra de coco e vermiculita, acondicionados em caixas de plástico transparentes (gerbox). O teste de germinação foi conduzido em germinador com temperatura constante de 25oC. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições por tratamento para cada uma das espécies. Foram avaliados: porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e tempo médio de germinação. Verificou-se maior porcentagem de germinação nos substratos papel, areia e casca de arroz carbonizada para as duas espécies. Os menores valores para tempo médio de germinação foram observados em areia e casca de arroz carbonizada para R. floccosa e em pó de fibra de coco e casca de arroz carbonizada para R. pilocarpa. Conclui-se que os melhores substratos para a germinação de R. floccosa foram areia e casca de arroz carbonizada e para germinação de R. pilocarpa o melhor substrato foi casca de arroz carbonizada.

O processo de hibridacao artificial em orquideas e utilizado para obtencao de novas variedades. O trabalho teve como objetivo a selecao de genotipos de Dendrobium favoraveis a propagacao in vitro em escala comercial atraves de cruzamentos e autofecundacoes de plantas matrizes selecionadas. Foram utilizadas 15 plantas com caracteristicas contrastantes de coloracao, tamanho das flores e altura da planta; as flores polinizadas artificialmente e as sementes germinadas in vitro em meio MS, com metade da concentracao dos macronutrientes. Foram realizados os cruzamentos: D9 x D7; D11 x Df22; D6 x D15; D9 x D2; D16 x D15; D5 x D9; D14 x D7; D7 x D14; D4 x D9; D6 x D9; D3 x D8; e as autofecundacoes: Df22; D7; D5; D21; D2; D15; D8; D23; D3 e D6. As plantas resultantes do cultivo foram avaliadas para as caracteristicas: altura da planta, numero de raizes, peso das massas fresca e seca total. Os melhores resultados para as caracteristicas analisadas foram observados nos cruzamentos D9 x D7; D11 x Df22; D6 x D15; D16 x D15 e D14 x D7, e nas autofecundacoes Df22 e D7.