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Banana is tropical fruit contain health nutrition and fiber. Dwarf banana is one of type banana that well growth in Indonesia, particularly in Lampung Province. However, its economic value become exported commodities is limited by its short shelf life. In this study, the physicochemical changes were observed under vacuum packaging storage, in order to know the potency of vacuum packaging to prolong the shelf life of dwarf banana. The results showed that the vacuum packaging could reduce weight loss compare to other treatments. The maintenance of green color by vacuum packaging was also showed positive result. Furthermore, the dwarf banana under vacuum packaging storage was also showed lowest TSS, in other words, the dwarf maturity could be delayed. These results suggested the vacuum packaging could be used as potential packaging for dwarf banana Keywords: dwarf banana, vacuum packaging, postharvest, physicochemical properties

(1) Background: Currently, some ampelographic methods are developing in order to identify grapevine varieties. For this purpose, morpho-colorimetric parameters in leaves have been analyzed by digital imagen analysis, but some environmental conditions may affect their determinations. (2) Methods: A research study was conducted to characterize leaf morpho-colorimetric parameters in five grapevine varieties growing under different plant water status and to discriminate them under these conditions. Leaves were collected in vines, and twelve leaf morpho-colorimetric and fractal dimension variables were assessed. (3) Results: Merlot presented the highest values of perimeter and area to perimeter ratio in leaves and higher leaf area than Chardonnay in both plant water conditions. Most of the leaf morpho-colorimetric variables allowed discriminating the grapevine varieties under the contrasted hydric conditions. Under non-water stress, Carmenère was not related to any measured parameters. Merlot was positively related to most of the leaf morphometric parameters, whereas Chardonnay presented the opposite behavior. RGB color system variables allowed discriminating the grapevine varieties under water stress conditions, and Sauvignon Blanc was not related to any measured parameter. Chardonnay and Pinot Noir were positively related to green color and negatively related to most of the leaf morphometric parameters, whereas Merlot showed the opposite behavior. (4) Conclusions: Leaf morpho-colorimetric and fractal dimension parameters were affected by plant water stress and more variables should be incorporated into the new ampelographic methods in order to characterize leaf morpho-colorimetric parameters of the different grapevine varieties more clearly.

The yield of pepper with purple leaves (PF) is low, while the pepper with green leaves (GM) is not resistant to strong light and high temperature. In this study, we analyzed the photosynthesis characteristics and genetic stability of their hybrid progenies using PF(CS3) and GM(SJ11-3) as controls. Based on the decreased purple color and increased green color, the hybrid pepper was divided into five groups: Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 and Z5. Results showed that as the purple color increased, the anthocyanin content in leaves increased. Simultaneously, we found that PF exhibited higher resistance to strong light and high temperature. Thus, the purple hybrid progenies with higher photosynthetic rate were recommended, as they showed higher yield and better resistance to strong light and high temperature.

Siam Weed leaves can be used as natural dyes since they contain tannin compounds which give a brown color to the dyeing of fabrics. This study was conducted to utilize Siam Weed leaves as a natural dye substitute for synthetic cotton cloth and obtain dye from Siam Weed leaves in liquid form. The material used is a dyed cotton cloth with the extract of Siam Weed leaves. The variation of dipping time was 30 minutes and 13 hours. The types of fixators used were Ferrous Sulfate and Alum solution. The findings showed that the type of fixator can affect the color result of the fabric. The fixed fixator produces a dark green color while the Alum solution produces a yellow color. Based on the results of the dry rub test, the cloth that has been immersed in the dye for 13 hours and fixed by an Alum fixator produces the maximum color fastness value with a staining scale value of 5, 5, 5 (very good). Whereas in the wet rub test, the cloth that has been immersed in the dye for 13 hours and fixed with an Alum solution fixator produces good values with a range of values for the staining scale 4-5, 4-5, 4-5 (good). In the colorfastness test of washing cloth soap soaked for 30 minutes, the best dye fastness with a grayscale value of 4-5, 4-5, 4-5 (good). The type of fixator that has the best colorfastness in the washing test is the Alum fixator.

Family Orchidaceae has about 800 genera which are already difficult to find and almost extinct, including the orchid genus Grammatophyllum. A species of rare orchids, Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum, is hard to find in original habitat. The addition of Growmore, BAP and 15% coconut water is expected to increase the growth and development of the G. stapeliiflorum orchid protocorms. This study use a Completely Randomized Design, consisting of 6 treatments (control, 1 and 3 mg/l BAP, 1 and 3 g/l Growmore, and 150 ml/l coconut water) in MS media with 5 replicates with observation for 4 weeks after planting. The results showed did not differ markedly in the number of protocorms, number of shoots and number of browning protocorms, but differ markedly in the parameter protocorm color based on DMRT test. Treatment of 3 mg/l BAP gives the best results on the number of shoots 2,60 protocorms and number of browning protocormss at the least amount 0,80 protocorms. The number of protocorms most widely on the treatment of 1 g/l Growmore 14,40 protocorms. Protocorms color is best found in 3 g/l Growmore with green color. This research managed to multiply the number of protocorms and induces protocorms shoots from Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum orchid.

Chlorophyll has long been used as a green colorant for food and non-food applications. One source of chlorophyll is suji ( Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb.) leaf. The suji leaf chlorophyll has advantages and unique characteristics compared to the other chlorophyll sources that potential to be developed as a natural colorant. However, chlorophyll is easily degraded due to enzymatic and environmental factors. During processing and storage, the chlorophyll structure changes to its derivative compounds which are no longer green. Several attempts have been done to maintain the quality of the green color and quantity of chlorophyll contained in suji leaves. The formation of metallo-chlorophyll and development of suji leaf powder colorant have not been able to match the quality and quantity of its extract. These constraints become a challenge in the development of suji leaves as a natural colorant.

Breeding of high-tech varieties of vegetable peas is a priority ефыл selection at the present stage. The main requirement of processing enterprises is full and timely loading of production lines with high-quality raw materials. Peas should be aligned in size, of intense green color with high biochemical parameters. Therefore, the newly created varieties should combine a number of characteristics: high and stable yields, simultaneous ripening, resistance of the stem to lodging, resistance to most common diseases. The combination of these features allows to realize the potential of the culture fully, and to find wide application in production for created varieties. Since the 80s of the last century, FSBSI «FSVC» (Moscow region) has been actively working to increase the suitability of vegetable pea varieties for mechanized harvesting. Since these years, a number of varieties with strong shortened internodes and stem height not more than 80-90 cm have been created. Reducing plant height has improved the manufacturability of vegetable pea varieties, the stems resistance to lodging during the technical stage of ripeness has been significantly increased. However, in the biological stage of ripeness, the stem degree of lodging has been preserved, which creates additional difficulties in the seed production of vegetable peas. Since 2008, the direction of breeding has been adjusted to improve the stems resistance to lodging in combination with other economically significant traits (determinant type of growth, mustache type of leaf, green color of peas, duration of the technical stage of ripeness). As a result of this work, new varieties Cruiser, Viking, Triumph, Corsair, Barin, Hercules, Egorka have been created. The work is to introduce these varieties into production is being carried.

Non-precultured protocorms of Acampe rigida (Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) P.F. Hunt were used to find the suitable duration time for dehydration on V cryo-plate and D cryo-plate methods. For V cryo-plate method, non-precultured protocorms were dehydrated with PVS2 solution for 0, 20, 40, 60 and 120 min. The results showed that protocorms dehydrated with PVS2 solution for 40 min gave the highest survival score at 0.08 and gave the highest percentage of survival at 16.67% which was higher than the control (+LN; 0 min), but most protocorms showed dark green color and developed slower than the control (-LN; 0 min). The suitable treatment for V cryo-plate in this study is exposing to PVS2 solution for 40 min. For D cryo-plate method, non-precultured protocorms were dehydrated with silica gel for 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 h. The results showed that protocorms dehydrated with silica gel for 1.0 h gave the highest survival score at 0.56 and gave the highest percentage of survival up to 74.19%. Most protocorms with dark green developed slower than control (-LN; 0 min). The suitable treatment for D cryo-plate method in this study is dehydrating with silica gel for 1.0 h. An unpaired t-test was used to compare the data of survival score between suitable treatments from V cryo-plate and D cryo-plate methods. The suitable treatment for cryopreservation of protocorms of A. rigida is cryopreserving with D cryo-plate method dehydrated with silica gel for 1.0 h.

Embora seja importante hortaliça condimentar em todo o mundo, existe pouca informação relativa à caracterização do crescimento e produtividade dos acessos de alho ‘Amarante’. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar características morfofisiológicas e produtivas de 20 acessos de alho ‘Amarante ‘do Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH/UFV). O experimento foi conduzido a campo, no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Durante o ciclo, foram avaliadas as características morfológicas das plantas, intensidade da cor verde, análise de crescimento, índice de colheita e produtividade de bulbos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias agrupadas pelo critério de Skott-Knott e estimado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre características morfofisiológicas e produtividade de bulbo. Os acessos apresentaram comportamento diferencial durante as avaliações. Dentre esses, o BGH 7616 destacou-se por apresentar maiores área foliar, índice de colheita, massas de matéria seca de folhas, pseudocaule, bulbo e da planta inteira, resultando maiores produtividade total e comercial de bulbos. Maiores correlações foram encontradas entre produtividade total e duração de área foliar (r = 0,7263; p ( 0,01) no período de 87 a 114 dias após o plantio (DAP) e entre produtividade total e área foliar aos 87 DAP (r = 0,6442; p ( 0,01). Dentre todas as características avaliadas, a área foliar aos 87 DAP e a duração da área foliar no período de 87 a 114 DAP, foram as características morfofisiológicas que mais influenciaram a produtividade de bulbos de acessos de alho ‘Amarante’. Although it is an important vegetable used as a culinary ingredient around the world, there is little information on the characterization of growth and productivity of garlic cv. 'Amarante'. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiological and productive characteristics of 20 accessions of 'Amarante' garlic from the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH/UFV). The experiment was conducted in the field, in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. During the garlic cycle, plants were evaluated for morphological characteristics, green color intensity, growth analysis, harvest index, and bulb productivity. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were grouped by the Skott-Knott criteria. The Pearson correlation coefficient was estimated between morphophysiological characteristics and bulb yield. The accessions presented different behavior during the evaluations. BGH 7616 stood out for showing the greatest leaf area, harvest index, dry mass of leaves, pseudostem, bulb, and whole plant, resulting in the greatest total and commercial bulb yield. The highest correlations were found between total yield and leaf area duration (r = 0.7263; p ( 0.01) from 87 to 114 days after planting (DAP) and between total yield and leaf area at 87 DAP (r = 0.6442, p < 0.01). Among the evaluated characteristics, the leaf area at 87 DAP and leaf area duration from 87 to 114 DAP were the morphophysiological characteristics that most influenced the bulb yield in 'Amarante' garlic.

Edamame is a food-grade soybean that is harvested at the green-immature stage (R6) and sold fresh or frozen for consumption after steaming or boiling. Limited studies have been conducted on high-temperature sterilization of edamame in cans and on acid preservation of edamame. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the color retention and texture of edamame when pasteurized in acidic brine as compared to boiling, to assess the effect of sucrose and turmeric addition on acid-treated edamame, and to characterize varietal differences when edamame lines were pasteurized in an acidic brine at either R6 or R8 stage. All studies were conducted using industry-standard processing conditions for acid-preservation of food in glass containers. The results of this research indicated that acid processing caused losses in intensity of green color and hue, but much smaller than those reported when heat-processing edamame in cans. We also observed a small and borderline significant increase in texture (p = 0.0790) in acid-preserved samples. In addition, we found that green color is positively affected by the addition of turmeric to the brine, but not of sucrose. Finally, the varieties R07-589 (red-brown seed coat) and R09-345 (black seed coat) acid-processed at R8 had color and texture similar to canned in-kind substitute products. In conclusion, acid-preservation, and addition of turmeric to immature edamame, helped maintain an acceptable quality of the processed products.

The color of plant leaves is moderated by the content of pigments, which can show considerable dorsiventral distribution. Two typical examples are leafy vegetables and ornamentals, wherein red and green color surfaces can be seen on the same leaf. The proof of concept is provided for predictive modeling of a leaf conceptual mid-point quasi-color (CMQ) from the content of pigments. The CMQ idea is based on the hypothesis that the content of pigments in leaves is associated with the combined color from both surfaces. The CMQ, which is calculated from CIELab color coordinates at adaxial and abaxial antipodes, is thus not an actual color, but a notion that can be used in modeling. The CMQ coordinates, predicted from the content of chlorophylls and anthocyanins by means of an artificial neural network (ANN), matched well with the CMQ coordinates empirically found on photosynthetically active leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), but also with other plant species with comparable leaf attributes. Modeled values of lightness (qL*) decreased with the increasing content of both pigments, while the redness or greenness (qa*) and yellowness or blueness (qb*) of the CMQ were affected more by a relative content of chlorophylls and anthocyanins in leaves. The highest vividness of quasi-colors (qC*) was modeled for leaves with a high content of either pigment alone. The model predicted a substantially duller quasi-color for leaves with chlorophylls and anthocyanins present together, particularly when both pigments were present at very high levels.

Sweet cherries are a high value, short storage life fruit. Value in the market place is dependent on quality parameters including firmness, soluble solids content, red fruit color, stem green color and freedom from defects (pitting, pebbling, decay). Quality at the market place can be assured if proper at harvest temperature management and good controlled or modified atmosphere technologies are applied. This chapter provides brief guidance on the potential issues that must be faced and overcome to achieve good market quality of cherries that are shipped both short and long distances.

Fresh mature spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea L.) of uniformly dark green color, crisp texture, and free from discoloration and decay achieve its maximum shelf life at low temperatures (0–5°C) and high relative humidity (90%–95% RH). In general, CA or MA is not used for the commercial storage of mature spinach leaves. Packaging typically involves the use of macroperforated film, which does not modify the gas composition for the prevention of water loss. MA is not used because CO2 levels must be controlled to less than

Due to the global warming, Seoul in Korea seems to be plausible to grow evergreen broad-leaved trees over the cold winter. This offers the planting options to create green environment. Thus, it became worth investigating what kinds of evergreen broad-leaved plants could stand in Seoul during the winter. Ivy (Hedera helix) has been chosen in the current study which is a well-known native and ornamental plant in Europe. It grows in warm condition in general. The current study tracked H. helix which is evergreen cover plant over winter in order to evaluate the possibility for utilizing this species as a climber or cover-plant in Seoul. We found that H. helix can survive over the winter and can be utilized to create evergreen environment in Seoul. It also implies that similar kinds of plants could be tested assuming the environment of Seoul is becoming more suitable for the plants originated from the warmer sites. H. helix is an option for elaborating outdoor environments in the city that lacks of green color. RESUMO Devido ao aquecimento global, em Seul na Coreia do Sul, é plausível plantar árvores de folhagem perenes no inverno frio, oferecendo opções para criar um ambiente verde. Assim, é válido investigar quais tipos de plantas de folhagem perene poderiam sobreviver em Seul durante o inverno. Neste estudo, escolheu-se a hera-inglesa (Hedera helix), planta nativa da Europa utilizada como ornamental. Ela cresce em condições de temperaturas moderadas. Neste trabalho, investigou-se H. helix, uma planta de cobertura perene ao longo do inverno, a fim de avaliar a possibilidade de utilizar esta espécie em Seul. Descobriu-se que H. helix pode sobreviver durante o inverno em Seul. Isso significa que ela pode ser utilizada para criar um ambiente perene em Seul. Isto também implica que similares tipos de plantas poderiam ser testados assumindo que o ambiente em Seul está se tornando mais adequado para as plantas originadas de lugares quentes. Isto nos proverá maiores opções para elaborar ambientes ao ar livre na cidade que não é tão arborizada.

En México, el chile poblano tiene gran importancia gastronómica, económica y social por ser ingrediente básico de platillos tradicionales. La obtención de bajos rendimientos en las áreas productoras, principalmente en el Altiplano de México, se debe al elevado uso de semilla criolla. Para atenuar el problema antes mencionado el INIFAP desarrolló el híbrido de chile ancho poblano HAP14F, el cual es de ciclo precoz debido a que presenta la floración y la maduración del fruto a los 39 y 118 días después del trasplante (ddt), respectivamente. Produce frutos de color verde intermedio en estado inmaduro que se tornan a color rojo obscuro con una fuerte brillantez en estado maduro. En evaluaciones a cielo abierto este híbrido tuvo un rendimiento promedio de 3.7 t ha-1 de chile seco o deshidratado y en fruto verde alcanzó 23.1 t ha-1. Por lo antes mencionado, HAP14F se considera una buena alternativa para el Altiplano de México.

Agricultural small-plot research is necessary to determine pesticide efficacy and develop integrated pest management programs for stakeholders. Many efficacy trials are rated visually using scales of foliage affected by a given pest. Human estimations introduce variability, and researchers continue explore methods of reducing variability in research trials. Recent developments in unmanned aerial vehicle technology allow novices to outfit inexpensive drones with inexpensive modified cameras to obtain aerial photographs that can be analyzed with any number of free image manipulation programs. Measuring reflected color from photographs provides data with lower variability that can be correlated with foliar disease ratings.

Se evaluaron 4 dosis del fertilizante 15-20-25 fueron 2, 3, 4 y 5 gramos por litro de agua más un testigo. El objetivo fue Determinar la mejor dosis de 15-20-25 para favorecer la floración de Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Los resultados mostraron que la variable Contenido de clorofila a los 90 días el mejor tratamiento fue el No. 4, con54.95 unidades SPAD, con una diferencia significativa del tratamiento 5 que fue el testigo con 44.64. En la variable de Diámetro de tallo el tratamiento que tuvo mejor resultado fue el tratamiento 2 con 0.741 centímetro, teniendo una diferencia significativa con el testigo. En la variable de número de hojas, el Tratamiento que tuvo mayor número fue el 4 con un total de 20 hojas. En este sentido vemos que el tratamiento que funcionó de mejor manera y que obtuvo mayor contenido de clorofila, mayor diámetro de tallo y numero de hojas fue el tratamiento No. 4, con una dosis de 5 gramos por litro, donde se pudo observar plantas vigorosas de hojas gruesas y color verde obscuro por el alto contenido de nitrógeno registrado en la planta siendo además las que primero iniciaron la etapa de floración y mejor calidad de ramo floral.

This work investigates the effectiveness of different concentrations (0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15%) of poly-e- lysine (e-PL) incorporated into an alginate-based edible coating to inhibit microbial proliferation and maintain physicochemical properties of fresh-cut kiwifruit stored at 4 ± 0.5 °C for 14 d. Changes in O 2 and CO 2 concentration, physicochemical indices, microbiological counts and morphological properties were measured. Results showed that low levels of e-PL (0.05% and 0.10%) led to lower CO 2 and higher O 2 concentrations inside the packages compared with samples with control and 0.15% e-PL treatments. Moreover, the alginate-based edible coating containing 0.05% e-PL significantly reduced electrolyte leakage and MDA content while maintained the green color, total chlorophylls content, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and morphological properties of fresh-cut kiwifruit. In addition, 0.05% e-PL treatment reduced aerobic plate counts and yeast and mould counts by 3.5 and 2.5 log CFU/g, respectively, at the end of evaluation. Our results show that there is promise for the use of edible coating incorporated with e-PL to preserve the quality of sliced kiwifruit.

La cebolla (Allium cepa L.) es la segunda hortaliza alimenticia más importante a nivel mundial después del tomate y genera numerosos empleos. Asimismo, el rendimiento promedio en Sinaloa es bajo con relación a otras partes de México y del Mundo. En esta investigación se buscó conocer el incremento del tamaño y peso del bulbo de cebolla blanca, desde el momento de doblado de la hoja hasta su cosecha. Se utilizó la variedad “Carta Blanca” (Nunhems) que es de días cortos. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio simple en una superficie de tres hectáreas. Se realizaron tres mediciones, con un intervalo de una semana entre ellas. Las mediciones iniciaron cuando se dobló la hoja. Para realizar el análisis estadístico, se verificó la normalidad de los datos y se realizó la prueba de homogeneidad. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de varianza y comparación media de Tukey (p< 0.05) con el paquete estadístico SAS. También se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para estimar la viabilidad económica. Los resultados muestran que al inicio del doblado de la hoja, el diámetro medio del bulbo ecuatorial fue de 7.48 cm, después de una semana los bulbos fueron de 8.02 cm (diferencia de 0.53 cm). En la segunda semana la diferencia con respecto al inicio de la hoja plegada fue de 0.78 cm. Además, durante la tercera semana los bulbos de cebolla han parado el crecer, al mismo tiempo que las hojas pierden el color verde. Esto demuestra que la translocación continúa incluso después de haber alcanzado la madurez fisiológica de la planta que se manifiesta plegando la hoja. El análisis de sensibilidad indica que si las cebollas se vendieran a 4 pesos y cosecharan una semana después del doblado de la hoja, el beneficio extra sería de $ 17 903.78 con una cantidad de 100 mil plantas por hectárea y hasta $ 71 615.13 con 400 mil plantas. Además, dos semanas después del doblado, las ganancias serían de $ 26 363.18 y $ 105 452.70 respectivamente.

Superficial scald is the most devastating storage disorder of ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) and the current commercial controlling method of ethoxyquin (Etq) + controlled atmosphere (CA) storage is not adequate for the fruit produced in hot seasons. In the hot years of 2014 and 2015, ‘d’Anjou’ pears were harvested at commercial maturity and treated with Etq at 2700 mg L−1, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 0.3 μL L−1 along or in combination with ethylene at 0.3, 0.6, or 1.5 μL L−1 (M+E: 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:5, respectively), and the combination of Etq plus M+E (1:1), and then stored in CA (1.5 kPa O2, 10%) after 6 months. M+E (1:0) treatment inhibited ethylene production, prevented scald through decreasing the syntheses of α-farnesene and conjugated trienols, maintained fruit firmness and green color, and reduced decay; however, inhibited ripening capacity following 8 months storage. Compared with M+E (1:0), M+E (1:1 or 1:2) treatments allowed fruit recovering ripening capacity but decreased efficacy on controlling scald; Etq plus M+E (1:1) could control scald

The marketable banana fruit is climatic and therefore has a short maturation period, which means shorter shelf life. Properly stored storage becomes of great value so that such transformations do not harm the commercialization of fruit. However, research is needed to provide more affordable maturation alternatives for smallholder and domestic consumption. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and physicochemical quality of silver banana submitted to different types of maturation. A completely randomized design with four treatments was used: CONT = environment temperature, CARB = carbide, SP = paper bag, and FOR = oven temperature, with five replications each. The fruits were collected on the same day and with the same green color. The variables analyzed were: total weight, pulp weight, shell thickness, pulp thickness, internal and external appearance; longitudinal and transverse lengths; total soluble solids (SST), total titratable acidity (TA) and SST / TA ratio. External and internal appearances were determined using a rating scale; the pulp TSS were measured in a digital refractometer; total weight and pulp weight with the aid of semi-analytical balance and acidity by titration. Carbide and bag maturation methods presented the best banana quality and shelf life. It is recommended to put the green bananas in bags to obtain higher quality ripe bananas than the other methods. O fruto comercializável da bananeira éclimatérico e por isso possui um período de maturação curto, o que significa menor tempo de conservação e pequeno shelf life. O armazenamento realizado de maneira adequada torna-se de grande valor para que tais transformações não prejudiquem a comercialização do fruto. Entretanto, são necessárias pesquisas visando fornecer alternativas mais accessíveis de maturação para o pequeno produtor e o consumo doméstico. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física e físico-química da banana prata submetidas a diferentes tipos de maturação. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, sendo: CONT= temperatura ambiente, CARB= carbureto, SP= saco de papel, e FOR= forno, com cinco repetições cada. Os frutos foram coletados no mesmo dia e com a mesma coloração verde. As variáveis analisadas foram: peso total, peso da polpa, espessura da casca, espessura da polpa, aparência interna e externa; comprimentos longitudinal e transversal; sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (AT) e relação SST/AT. Asaparências externa e interna foram determinadas através de uma escala de nota; os SST da polpa foram aferidos em um refratômetro digital; o peso total e da polpacom o auxílio de balança semi-analítica e a acidez por titulação. Os métodos de maturação carbureto e sacola foram os que apresentaram bananas com melhores qualidades e tempo de vida útil. Recomenda-se colocar as bananas verdes em sacolas para obtenção de bananas maduras com qualidade superior aos demais métodos.

Guavas are tropical climacteric fruit with a short postharvest shelf life at room temperature. This study aims to extend the shelf life of red guavas ‘Pedro Sato’ using edible coatings of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and beeswax (BW) at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 40% (dry basis). Coated and uncoated guavas were stored for 8 days at 21 °C and assessed every 2 days. The HPMC + BW produced a modified atmosphere around the fruit, delaying ripening process. The coatings reduced loss of mass, maintained green color, and increased firmness compared to the control fruit. The uncoated fruit had 6 days of shelf life. The treatment with HPMC + 20% BW provided the best maintenance of fruit quality. On the eighth day, fruit with this coating showed the same physicochemical characteristics of control fruit in the second day of storage, which represents a gain of 6 days in the shelf life of guavas ‘Pedro Sato’.

In order to screen out the best culture conditions for the growth of callus of Actinidia arguta, leaf callus and stem callus were used to explore the effect of different light intensity on callus multiplication. The results showed that, light could promote the synthesis of anthocyanins in callus, and low light intensity could keep the callus to maintain a healthy and physiological state with green color and compact structure. In addition, there was a negative correlation between light intensity and callus multiplication, and the stronger the light intensity, the more severe the callus browning. The optimal culture condition for leaf callus multiplication was dark environment, the optimal culture condition for stem callus multiplication was dark environment or 720 Lx light intensity.

Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento inicial de Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. O. Grose. e Handroanthus ochraceus (Vahl) S.O. Grose. sob telas de sombreamento pretas e coloridas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Producao Vegetal da UFMT – SINOP, com mudas produzidas seminalmente e transplantadas para vasos com 8 litros de capacidade contendo substrato comercial e fertilizante. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 9 x 2 (coberturas x especies) com 16 repeticoes sendo os tratamentos empregados: Pleno sol, telas pretas com 35, 50, 65 e 80%; telas coloridas vermelha, azul e verde 50%; e tela aluminet prata com 50% de retencao da radiacao global. As analises dos parâmetros altura, diâmetro do coleto, numero de folhas e indice spad foram realizadas a cada 20 dias. Os dados foram submetidos a analise de variância e teste tukey a 5%. H. serratifolius e H. ochraceus apresentaram diferenca significativa para todos os parâmetros avaliados, exceto indice spad. As condicoes pleno sol e tela vermelha proporcionaram as maiores medias de altura (14,48 e 17,18 cm para H. serratifolius ; 3,95 e 3,94 cm para H. ochraceus ), diâmetro (2,90 e 3,04 mm em H. serratifolius ; 2,73 e 1,71 mm em H. ochraceus ) e numero de folhas (10,56 e 11,31 para H. serratifolius ; 10,75 e 9,94 para H. ochraceus ), e as menores medias significativas foram encontradas no telado azul. Conclui-se que o uso de telados influencia o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de Handroanthus serratifolius e Handroanthus ochraceus . Palavras-chave : Handroanthus serratifolius , Handroanthus ochraceus , luminosidade, ecofisiologia. IPES SEEDLINGS GROWTH IN DIFFERENT SHADE SCREENS ABSTRACT It was aimed to evaluate the initial growth of Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. O. Grose. and Handroanthus ochraceus (Vahl) S. O. Grose. under black and colored shading screens. The study was conducted at the Department of Plant Production UFMT - SINOP with seminal seedlings germinated in B.O.D. and transplanted to pots with 8 liter capacity containing commercial substrate and fertilizer. The experimental array was completely randomized in a factorial 9 x 2 (covers x species) with 16 repetitions and the treatments: Full sun, black screens with 35, 50, 65 and 80%; red, blue and green color screens with 50%; and Aluminet silver screen with 50% retention of the global radiation. Analyses of the parameters height (cm), stem diameter (mm), number of leaves and spad index were performed every 20 days. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test 5%. H. serratifolius and H. ochraceus showed significant difference for all parameters except spad index. The conditions full sun and red screen provided the highest average in height (14.48 and 17.18 cm for H. serratifolius ; 3.95 and 3.94 cm for H. ochraceus ), diameter (2.90 and 3.04, H. serratifolius mm, 2.73 mm and 1.71, H. ochraceus ) and number of leaves (10,56 and 11,31 for H. serratifolius ; 10.75 and 9.94 for H. ochraceus ). The smaller significant average were found in blue cover. It was concluded that using black and colored shading screens influence the early development of seedlings of Handroanthus serratifolius and Handroanthus ochraceus. Keywords: Handroanthus serratifolius , Handroanthus ochraceus , lighting, ecophysiology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v04n02a01

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509821122Os métodos tradicionais para a quantificação de clorofilas implicam na destruição das folhas, além de serem demorados e dispendiosos. Uma alternativa aos métodos destrutivos é o uso de medidores portáteis, dentre eles o SPAD 502, que mede a intensidade da cor verde das folhas, resultando no índice SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development). No entanto, o índice SPAD deve ser ajustado para o teor de clorofilas, conforme a espécie de interesse. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi calibrar o índice SPAD para a quantificação de clorofilas em folhas de plantas de vime (Salix viminalis). Folhas desta espécie, com tonalidade variando de verde-amarelada (clorótica) a verde-escura, foram avaliadas individualmente com o SPAD-502, seguido de quantificações destrutivas dos teores de clorofilas a, b e totais, expressos em unidade de área e massa fresca foliar. Houve elevado coeficiente de determinação (R²) entre os valores de índice SPAD e os teores de clorofila a, b e totais nas folhas, expressos em µg cm-2 de área foliar (R² de 0,86; 0,88 e 0,93, respectivamente) e entre os valores de índice SPAD e os teores de clorofilas b e totais, expressos em µg g-2 de massa fresca (R² 0,79 e 0,81, respectivamente). Os resultados mostram que existe viabilidade no uso do clorofilômetro SPAD 502, como alternativa aos métodos destrutivos, para a quantificação de clorofilas (em unidade de área; µg cm-2) em folhas de vimeiro.

Handeuleum (Graptophyllum pictum L.Griff) is a medicinal plant widely used as a traditional medicine due to its benefecial content. Therefore, it should be developed as one of the leading Indonesian medicinal plants. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of gamma ray irradiation on morphological alteration and growth of Handeuleum accession from Bogor. The doses of gamma rays were 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 Gy. The results of the research showed that gamma-ray irradiation induced morphological changes and influences the growth of Handeuleum. Irradiation dose at rate of 105 Gy produced new leaf morphology in Handeuleum, namely cordate. Doses of 60, 75, 90, and 105 Gy produce stunted plants with stiff and yellowish-green leaves. The dose of 45 Gy produced relative green color index which was higher than the control plants.Keywords: handeuleum, gamma irradiations

In this paper, the color index based thresholding method for background and foreground segmentation of plant images is presented. The proposed method is implemented with color index approach, for this purpose two color indexes are modified to provide better information about the green color of the plants. Two fixed threshold methods are proposed for the color indexes to discriminate between foreground (green plant) and background (soil). Three versions of the proposed method are presented, these are applied in plant images with controlled conditions and crop images with real environmental conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other algorithms used as comparative in plant images obtaining a segmentation error of 6.62 ± 5.85% and a classification ratio of 1.93 ± 0.05. Also, the proposed method provides better segmentation results in comparison with other well-known state-of-art algorithms in different crop images. Finally, the proposed method does not require of complex calculus and their implementations are straightforward on any device.

Perforation-mediated modified atmosphere packaging of soft kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala (DC) Alef. var. sabellica L.) was investigated to maintain freshness at 10 °C for 12 d. Kale was sealed in micro-perforated pouches with different oxygen transmission rates (OTRs: mL m–2 d–1 atm–1) at 1.66 × 106, 3.0 × 103 or 64. Headspace atmospheres (O2/CO2) of pouches at OTR 1.66 × 106, 3.0 × 103 and 64 were 21 %/0 % (normoxia), 1.9∼7.4 %/8.5∼9.6 % (modified atmosphere) and 0 %/> 20 % (hypoxia), respectively. Hue angles (degree of green color) of leaves in the OTR 3.0 × 103 and 64 pouches were significantly higher than that in the OTR 1.66 × 106 pouch. However, carotenoid and ascorbic acid concentrations in the leaf in the OTR 3.0 × 103 pouch was significantly higher than that in the OTR 64 pouch. The modified atmosphere created in the OTR 3.0 × 103 pouch was suitable for maintaining external (green color) and internal (bioactive compounds) qualities of soft kale.

Within 24 days of cultivation, the ratio of the number of potato microspores at different stages of development was studied depending on the content of 6-BA in nutrient media. Four media options were used: No. 1 MS + 6-BA 1 μM, No. 2 MS + 6-BA 2 μM, No. 3 MS + 6-BA 3 μM, No. 4 MS + 6-BA 4 μM. It was found that the use of MS-based culture media with 1-4 μM 6-BA is effective for the induction of embryoidogenesis in potatoes in microspore culture. 88.0-95.0% of the microspores were in a living state for 24 days. The frequency of embryoid formation in the experiment was 0.5-1.0% of the total number of microspores and 4.7-6.6% of the number of multicellular structures. Monad could be the initial cells of the embryoids of the tetraploid variety of potato in the period up to 11-12 days. In addition to single germ-like structures, in the suspension of potato microspores, embryoid conglomerates - polyembrioids - were noted on days 11-12. In the light, microspores and germ-like structures of Nevsky tetraploid potato variety acquired a green color. On the 24th day of cultivation, developing potato embryoids were detected in the phase of organogenesis.

Exploration of banana peduncle waste is an attempt to search new product material alternatives. The purpose of this research is to reveal the character of banana peduncle fiber especially in its ability to absorb the color compared to abaca fiber and coir fiber. The color intensity test was conducted by calculating the luminance or the intensity of light which was reflected back by the surface area of the fiber. The result of this research was the bleached banana peduncle fiber generates more vivid and brighter color than the unbleached banana peduncle fiber. The unbleached one was similar to abaca fiber especially in absorbing red color (ratio = 1.00) and blue color (ratio = 1.01), however, it was lower than abaca fiber in absorbing green color (ratio = 0.98) and yellow color (ratio = 0.92). Thus, the unbleached banana peduncle fiber can be used effectively to perform color gradation of red and blue. Comparing to coir fiber, the absorption of banana peduncle fiber toward red, green, blue, and yellow color was higher. This research can be applied in coloring process of product material because it can accelerate production process and save production cost.

O uso do paclobutrazol em mangueiras é bastante difundido nas regiões tropicais, uma vez que desempenham importante função de promover a floração, permitindo o escalonamento da produção. Além da floração, opaclobutrazolpode influenciar outras características, como porte, concentração de carboidratos e alterar a cor verde nas folhas.Nesse contexto, otrabalho avaliou as relações entre características vegetativase concentrações de carboidratos em plantas de mangueira ‘Ubᒠsubmetidas a diferentes doses de paclobutrazol (PBZ). Em abril de 2014 o PBZ foi aplicado em mangueira conduzidas em arranjo fatorial 5 x 2 + 1, sendo 5 doses de paclobutrazol (0; 0,50; 1,00; 1,50 e 2,0 g(i.a) por metro linear de copa), com e sem desponte dos ramos e uma testemunha adicional que não recebeu nenhum dos tratamentos descritos. O delineamento foi em blocoscasualisados, 4 repetições e, em cada bloco foi acrescentada uma testemunha que não recebeu nenhum dos tratamentos. Foram avaliados comprimento e diâmetro do primeiro e segundo fluxo de brotação após a poda,índice SPAD e os teores foliares de amido e açúcares solúveis totais, cujas amostras foram colhidas no período de intumescimento das gemas (época 1) e aos 60 dias após o florescimento pleno (época 2). O PBZ não influenciou no crescimento dos ramos e na intensidade da cor verde em mangueira ‘Ubá’, porém alterou os teores dos carboidratos em mangueira ‘Ubá’., Revista de Ciências Agrárias, vol. 41 n.º 3 (2018)

Physical Characteristic, Qualitative Terpenoid Experiment, Lotion, Lime Leaves. L ime leaves (Citrus hystrix DC.) contain active tannin compounds, steroid, terpenoid, and volatile oil which be formulated into repellent lotion. The aim of this research was to find out the physical test dosage form extract lotion of lime leaves covering organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, dispersive power and adhesion, and also qualitative testing to find out the compounds content of terpenoid dosage form extract lotion of lime leaves. Methodology of this research used descriptive observational study by observes then describe about physical characteristic. The result of qualitative test terpenoid compound form extract lotion of lime leaves presented in narration and table. The result of this research was organoleptic experiment that showed if dosage form extract lotion of lime leaves have viscous and semi-solid, green color , fragrant smell typical of lime leaves. Homogeneity form was less homogeneous because there is still a little green particle. pH dosage form got the result for 6,27. Viscosity dosage form got the result for 4500 cp (centipoise). Dispersive power dosage form got the result for 6,6 cm. Adhesion got the result for 1,28 second and the result of qualitative experiment showed positive result and contains terpenoid with sorrel color. The conclusion from this research was the result from physical experiment dosage form extract lotion of lime leaves got appropriate with standard except homogeneity experiment and qualitative experiment of terpenoid compounds got the positive result contains terpenoid. Keywords : Physical Characteristic, Qualitative Terpenoid Experiment, Lotion, Lime Leaves. Link OJS 3 artikel IDENTIFIKASI KUALITATIF SENYAWA TERPENOID EKSTRAK n- HEKSANA SEDIAAN LOSION DAUN JERUK PURUT (Citrus hystrix DC)

The growth differences between cyanobacteria strains Leptolyngbya HS-16 and HS-36, which were incubated in temperatures 20 °C, and 50 °C had been studied. Those strains were isolated from Gunung Pancar (Leptolyngbya HS-16) and Maribaya (Leptolyngbya HS-36) hot springs which were in West Java, Indonesia. The water temperature of habitats was 69 °C (Gunung Pancar) and 42 °C (Maribaya). Those strains were grown in batch culture for 7 days in BG-11 medium. Biomass weight during growing of strains Leptolyngbya HS-16 and HS-36 was the parameter of the growth. Observations were done from day-0 (t0) until day-7 (t7). The results showed that there were differences in growth curve of those strains. Biomass weight in day-2 (t2) of Leptolyngbya HS-16 incubated in 20 °C was higher than biomass weight in day-0 (t0), however biomass weight in seven days of Leptolyngbya HS-16 incubated in 50 °C was lower than biomass weight of day-0 (t0). Biomass weight of Leptolyngbya HS-36 incubated in 20 °C was lower than biomass weight of day-0 (t0). Biomass weight in day-3 (t3) of Leptolyngbya HS-36 incubated in 50 °C higher than biomass weight in day-0 (t0). Leptolyngbya HS-16 and Leptolyngbya HS-36 that were incubated in 20 °C and 50 °C went through adaptation (lag) phase. The color of Leptolyngbya HS-16 culture, which was incubated in 20 °C, changed from emerald green color (t0) into leaf green color (t7). It also happened at the color of Leptolyngbya HS-36 culture, which was incubated in 50 °C it changed from brown ochre color (t0) to nougat color (t7). Growth curve data showed the highest rate of growth in lag phase of Leptolyngbya HS-16 was in 20 °C and Leptolyngbya HS-36 was in 50 °C, but their color of cultures were changed because of the metabolic reaction.

There exists a growing demand and promising market for new lettuce varieties in Brazil. Cv. Brunella is an innovative lettuce variety which mixes crisp lettuce and head lettuce characteristics besides being adapted to the Brazilian growing conditions. The physicochemical and sensory quality of this lettuce, cultivated under different growing systems, was evaluated. The conventional planting and the hydroponic systems were carried out in the experimental area of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil and the organic system was done by certified organic producer in the municipality of Cordeirópolis. After harvesting, leaf area, leaf size, unit leaf area, fresh mass, mass loss, turgor pressure, instrumental color, pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolic compounds (TPC), and sensory characterization were evaluated. We verified that the growing system influenced on physicochemical traits producing lettuces of different sizes, weights and stability. For pH, TSS and TPC, difference among the three growing systems was not observed. For TTA, the hydroponic sample showed higher acidity. About sensory evaluation, the testers noticed difference for green color, thickness, size and leaf crispness, grass aroma and bitter taste. The samples cultivated in conventional and hydroponic systems showed greater preference and purchase intention.

Wild rocket ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.) is sold year round and different raw material qualities are packaged. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of growing season on quality of packaged wild rocket stored for 3 week at 5 °C or for 1 week at 20 °C to mimic the supply chain for unwashed, packaged wild rocket. Quality was determined by multispectral imaging at 570 nm (color) and 780 nm (texture). Data from multispectral analysis showed that green color was better preserved in the spring than in the late summer and that texture i.e. dry leaves that sprinkled upon touch, was better preserved in the later summer than in the spring. Wild rocket stored at low temperature remained greener for longer than at high temperature, and short storage time preserved the texture better than long storage time. Multispectral imaging is a useful tool for quality control of wild rocket to better manage stocks and meet the priorities of potential customers.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilization on RR corn after different forms of glyphosate application or associated with another herbicide. The experimental design was a randomized block with 12 treatments and 4 repetitions, being deployed in 3x4 factorial arrangements (three herbicide managements and four foliar fertilization doses). The times and herbicide combinations were established by a glyphosate application (1440 g a. e. ha-1), two glyphosate applications and the second 14 days (1440 + 1440 g a. e. ha-1) and atrazine + glyphosate (1440 g a. e. ha-1 + 1500 g a. i. ha1). Foliar fertilization was done 7 days after herbicide application using doses of 0; 0.5; 1 and 1.5 L ha-1 of a multinutrient liquid fertilizer. The evaluated parameters were stem diameter, green color index, plant height and insertion of the main spike, 100-grain mass, productivity, and leaf nutrient content. Was observed a reduction in the Fe concentration with two foliar applications of glyphosate. The foliar fertilizer use had no effect on the agronomic and nutritional traits.

The efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in extending storage life of the Pacific Northwest ‘Bartlett’ pear is inconsistent. The effects of harvest maturity [H1: flesh firmness (FF) ≈ 83.6 N; H2: FF ≈ 74.8 N], production elevation (E1 ≈ 150 m; E2 ≈ 610 m), and holding temperature (0 and 5 °C) prior to application of 1-MCP have been measured with respect to ethylene production, fruit quality, and storage disorders of ‘Bartlett’ fruit during 6 months of storage at −1.1 °C. 1-MCP at 0.3 μL L−1 for 24 h at 0 °C inhibited ethylene production, FF and green color losses, senescence disorders, and friction discoloration for H1 fruit from both elevations. However, 1-MCP efficacy was reduced moderately in E1H2 fruit and reduced to a greater extend in E2H2 fruit. Internal ethylene concentration (IEC) at harvest was not detected in H1 fruit from either elevation, but it accumulated in E1H2 and E2H2 fruit (E2H2 > E1H2). The holding temperature at 5 °C but not 0 °C for 12 d between harvest and 1-MCP treatment increased fruit IEC and ethylene production rate and reduced the fruit response to subsequent 1-MCP treatment. The fruit physiological stage at the moment of 1-MCP treatment determined the efficacy of 1-MCP in extending the storage life of ‘Bartlett’ pears. 1-MCP retarded development of ripening capacity and 10–14 d at 20 °C were needed to ripen 1-MCP treated ‘Bartlett’ pears to optimum eating quality following 5–6 months of cold storage.

Dormant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactlyon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) is overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) to maintain green color through the fall and winter. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) control is critical for overseeding success, as this weed can greatly decrease aesthetic quality and playability of turfgrass due to excessive seedhead production. Research was conducted to evaluate the influence of pre-seeding cultural practices (scalping, solid-tine aerification, vertical mowing, and vertical mowing plus scalping) on overseeding establishment. The effect of increasing overseeding rates of perennial ryegrass (111, 222, 444, and 888 kg pure live seed·ha−1; 100, 200, 400, and 800 lb·A−1) and roughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) (55, 111, and 222 kg pure live seed·ha−1; 50, 100, and 200 lb·A−1) on annual bluegrass populations was also investigated. Additionally, plant growth regulators (PGRs) were evaluated for annual bluegrass seedhead suppression and turf injury. Mefluidide at 0.056 kg ae·ha−1 (0.05 lb ae·A−1), and paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, trinexapac-ethyl, and trinexapac-ethyl plus ethephon at 0.28, 0.42, 0.382, and 0.095 plus 3.82 kg ai·ha−1 (0.25, 0.37, 0.34, 0.085 plus 3.4 lb ai·A−1), respectively, were applied twice, sequentially with a four-week interval. Contrary to previous research, pre-seeding cultural practices did not improve overseeding success. Annual bluegrass density decreased with increasing perennial ryegrass overseeding rates from 50% in the non-overseeded to 14 to 17% when overseeded with rates up to 222 kg pure live seed·ha−1, and 4 to 8% when overseeded with rates between 444 and 888 kg pure live seed·ha−1. Roughstalk bluegrass overseeded reduced annual bluegrass density from 50% in the non-overseeded, to 7 to 13% when overseeded with 55, 111, or 222 kg pure live seed·ha−1, regardless of the overseeding rate. Overseeding bermudagrass with roughstalk bluegrass or perennial ryegrass increased turfgrass green cover during winter, especially 100 days after seeding. Paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, and trinexapac-ethyl were successful at suppressing annual bluegrass seedheads and were not injurious to perennial ryegrass. Mefluidide resulted in efficient annual bluegrass seedhead suppression; however, unacceptable turfgrass injury occurred in 2012.

RESUMOO norte de Minas Gerais é grande produtor de banana ‘Prata-Anã’ irrigada, cultura altamente suscetível ao Mal-do-Panamá. O uso de genótipos resistentes é uma alternativa, mas os frutos devem apresentar características pós-colheita o mais próximo possível da ‘Prata-Anã’, para melhor aceitação pelos consumidores. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar frutos em pós-colheita, identificar a preferência e a intenção de compra de diferentes genótipos de bananeira tipo Prata. Os genótipos Prata-Anã, BRS Platina e Fhia-18. foram caracterizados no ponto de colheita (verdes) e maduros (estádio seis de maturação), por avaliações químicas, físicas e sensoriais. Quando verde, ‘BRS Platina’ apresentou maior massa fresca e tamanho que ‘Fhia-18’ e ‘Prata-Anã’. ‘Fhia-18.’ teve a tonalidade verde da casca mais intensa que a dos demais genótipos. Madura, ‘BRS Platina’ foi mais firme, mas com a mesma resistência ao despencamento que ‘Fhia-18’ e superior à ‘Prata-Anã’. ‘Fhia-18’ apresentou cor da casca com amarelo mais clara e tão brilhante quanto da ‘Prata-Anã’, mas ‘BRS Platina’ teve a tonalidade de amarelo mais intensa. Bananas ‘Fhia-18’ foram mais ácidas, ‘BRS Platina’, com menor acidez titulável, e ‘Prata-Anã’, o maior teor de sólidos solúveis. Os genótipos Prata-Anã e BRS Platina tiveram maior preferência e intenção de compra pelos consumidores, sendo as bananas ‘Prata-Anã’ em dedos e ‘BRS Platina’ e ‘Fhia-18’ em dedos, buquê e penca, as mais preferidas. Entretanto, a maioria compraria bananas ‘Prata-Anã’ em buquê e ‘BRS Platina’ e ‘Fhia-18’ em penca. Enquanto verdes, os genótipos foram semelhantes à ‘Prata-Anã’, e maiores diferenças químicas e físicas ocorreram quando maduros.

Efficacy of storage treatments, namely control, paraffin coating, perforated polyethylene cover, unperforated polyethylene cover, hot water (55±1 0C) and low temperature (4±1 0C) on behavioral pattern of mineral constituents and storability of the two postharvest mango genotypes (viz., Langra and Khirshapat) was examined in the sophisticated laboratory of SRDI, Rajshahi, Bangladesh during the period from June, 2011 to September, 2012. The results of the investigation obtained from genotypes appeared predominant variation in terms of most of the characters studied in the laboratory situation. The Langra enriched a greater amount of P, Mg, Fe and Mn over the Khirshapat and the process of enrichment was gradually increased with the advance of storage period up to the last edible stage. The Khirshapat showed a greater performance in producing of Ca, Cu and Zn, and longer shelf life in comparison with the Langra at all the storage times. The mineral constituents of mango pulp were also changed during storage period. Low temperature (4±1 0C) was found to be more effective in retaining the original green color of mangos for a period of time, but it caused chilling injury and fruits did not ripen at all after removal from low temperature. Paraffin coating was assumed to be better in retarding the ripening process of the postharvest mango, which might be easily adopted by common people for the mango storage.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22043 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 69-77 2013

This investigation was aimed at selecting the most suitable package to maintain quality of sugar snap peas pods. The effectiveness of five types of polypropylene packages: highly perforated (HPPP), non-perforated (NPPP) and micro-perforated with 6, 12 and 24 holes (MPPP6, MPPP12 and MPPP24) on storability of pods was studied during cold storage at 0 °C with 90–95% RH for 7, 14, 21 days and simulating shelf-life conditions at10 °C with 80–85% RH for 2 or 4 days after 21 days at 0 °C. O 2 and CO 2 concentrations, weight loss, visual quality, off odors, decay, color, firmness, crispness, taste, total chlorophyll, vitamin C, SSC, and total sugar contents were measured. Results revealed that O 2 decreased and CO 2 increased slowly inside MPPP6, MPPP12 and MPPP24 bags, however, the reduction in O 2 and the increments in CO 2 in NPPP bags were very sharp and accompanied with high levels of off odors. HPPP had the highest weight loss compared with other bags. MPPP12 bags maintained quality during storage and simulated shelf-life, in terms of higher scores for visual quality, firmness, crispness and taste as well as highest contents of chlorophyll, vitamin C and sugars. NPPP bags had the worst values for quality. At the end of storage and shelf-life, an increment in h * was observed in samples stored in MPPP6, MPPP12 and MPPP24 bags (more green color) in comparison with those in NPPP bags.

A study aims to determine a standard of green color on corn leaves as marker of nitrogen adequacy. A study was conducted in the field of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD, which consisted of 7 treatments: 125 kg N/h (N1), 150 kg N/h (N2), 175 kg N/h (N3), 200 kg N/h (N4), 225 kg N/h (N5), 250 kg N/h (N6), and 275 kg N/h (N7). The result showed that the scale between 5GY 5/8 and 5GY 6/8 was the best Leaf color scale to identify Nitrogen condition on corn yield at range of 250 kg N/h and 275 kg N/h. The dose of 250 kg N/h resulted the highest plant height of corn. The dose of 275 kg N/h resulted the highest seed weight per ear and grain weight of 100 seeds at 14% moisture content.

DALBG 1201 (Reg. No. CV-101, PI 671854) is a turf-type interspecific F 1 hybrid derived from a cross between Texas bluegrass (Poa arachnifera Torr.) 20-11 (3-88) (PI 655088) as the female parent and a Kentucky bluegrass (P. pratensis L.) ecotype, CS#4, as the pollen parent. DALBG 1201 was evaluated under the designation 01-59-5 and TAES 5653. A total of 47 experimental hybrid bluegrass lines and three commercial checks, ‘Rebel Exeda’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and ‘Reveille’ and ‘Thermal Blue Blaze’ hybrid bluegrass (P. arachnifera × P. pratensis) were evaluated at five locations (Auburn, AL, Starkville, MS, Raleigh, NC, Knoxville, TN, and Dallas, TX) from 2009 to 2012. DALBG 1201 was characterized by its superior turfgrass quality, darker green color, and higher shoot density than Reveille and Thermal Blue Blaze. Its leaf texture was finer than Rebel Exeda and similar to the hybrid bluegrass checks. Linear regression analysis for turfgrass quality indicated that DALBG 1201 was more stress tolerant compared with the three commercial checks and was highly stable across varying environmental conditions. Its superior performance over a wide range of southern test locations suggests that DALBG 1201 cool-season turf-type hybrid bluegrass is well-suited for use on lawns, landscapes, and other recreational sites across the southern United States.

Campanula medium, popularly known as bellflowers, belonging to the Campanulaceae family, is marketed as potted flowers or cut flowers. In cut flowers due to the senescence process it is often necessary to add sources of carbohydrates in the pulsing solution for respiration maintenance and osmotic regulation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the concentration of sucrose in pulsing treatments for bellflower stems conservation. ‘White’ bellflower stem flowers were standardized with 60 cm length and 15 to 20 opened flowers and treated individually for 24 h in a pulsing solution of sucrose at concentrations of 0, 1, 3 and 5%. The stems were transferred to vases containing 200 ml of tap water and kept until the end of vase life. Daily the water uptake, fresh mass loss of stems, SPAD index of leaves and flower longevity were evaluated. The higher water absorption was observed in stems treated with 5% sucrose. There was stem mass loss 24 h after pulsing, however, at concentrations of 1 and 3% the mass of the stems were constant until the end of vase life. The flower stems treated with 1% kept the SPAD index, that measures the green color of the leaves, for longer period when compared with the other treatments. The longest vase life of 6.8 days was observed in stem flowers treated with 1.0% and lower longevity of 3.6 days was obtained from stems treated with 5% sucrose pulsing solution.

Increased phenotypic diversity is needed to increase the economic value of Aglaonema. However, information on increasing phenotypic diversity of Aglaonema using gamma-ray irradiation has not been widely known. This study aimed to investigate the effect of gamma ray irradiation treatment to the performances of two varieties of Aglaonema. This research was arranged factorially using randomized group design (RKLT) of two factors consisting of 8 combinations of treatments that are 4 level of irradiation dose and 2 Aglaonema varieties. The results showed that the induction of gamma ray irradiation decreased the % viable of the plants, the number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and the % green color as well as increased the % blue on the leaves of Aglaonema Butterfly and Aglaonema Siam Aurora. The interaction between dose of irradiation and aglaonema varieties was obtained in the % red of leaf color. Both of Aglaonema varieties had a high radiosensitivity with LD50 values ranged of 16.70 - 17.14 Gy

Summary:. The cacti are an important element of the landscape, presenting succulent stems, covered with spines of various shapes, sizes and dimensions. The facheiro (Pilosocereus pachycladus subsp. pernambucoensis) is a xerophytic cactacea, rugged, sparsely branched, dark green color, armed with sharp thorns, with large flowers isolated and tall. In the present work flour was produced from the stem bark and facheiro, in order to be used as an additive in proportions of 5, 10, 15 and 20% replacing the traditional flour, in the production of cereal bars. Were made microbiological, physico-chemical and particle size of the flour, and the final product (cereal bar). In microbiological terms the flour presented negative results for coliforms, Salmonella and B. cereus, however, showed colonies of yeasts and molds, not compromising the quality of the samples. As to the physical-chemical they are in compliance. Thus, facheiro flour is a food that can be used in the manufacture and consumption of food to be ingested by the public.

On previous studies, we constructed a transgenic silkworm which produces the chimeric silk fused green fluorescentprotein (EGFP), but the transgenic silkworm has decreased commercial feasible traits such as convenience of breedingand productivity of silk. In this study, we performed cross fertilization between green fluorescent silk transgenic silk-worm and colored cocoon silkworm descents to make the transgenic the transgenic silkworm producing improved flu-orescence cocoon. In the result, we found out a bit valuable cross fertilization manners (female×male) in respect ofsilk productivity such as T59B ×Jam126, Jam329 ×T59W, T59W ×Jam329, and T59W ×Jam178. The color-differenceof offspring cocoons were measured according to different cross manners using by CIE Lab-based formulae with a X-rite VS450. In the result, the depth of green color of cocoons was a little high at cross manners as Jam329 ×T59W,T59W ×Jam178. Meanwhile, the depth of yellow clolor of cocoons was remarkable at cross manners asJam178 ×T59W, T59W ×Jam178, respectively. Key words : Transgenic silkworm, Breeding, Cocoons, CIE Lab

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of steamed bread using mixed flour containing bamboo leaf and lotus leaf powders. Properties of the steamed breads were tested by colorimeter, water activity, rheometer, SEM, and sensory tests. The L values and a values were higher in steamed bread with bamboo leaf powder. On the other hand, the b values of streamed bread with bamboo leaf powder were lower than lotus leaf powder. During storage, the hardness of steamed bread with bamboo leaf and lotus leaf powders increased control. Furthermore, steamed bread with lotus leaf powder showed hardness than bamboo leaf powder. The springiness of all steamed breads decreased with storage, and steamed breads with bamboo leaf powder showed lower values than lotus leaf powder. The cohesiveness of the control was the highest, and all samples showed significant differences each other. The gumminess of the control was higher than steamed bread with bamboo leaf and lotus leaf powders. Moreover, longer storage time yielded higher gumminess. control relatively smoother surface than that of 1% bamboo leaf powder. The steamed bread with lotus leaf powder had a rougher surface than bamboo leaf powder. sensory characteristics of steamed bread, green color of the samples with bamboo leaf powder was darker than lotus leaf powder. Leaf odor was similar throughout. Freshness of steamed bread containing 1% bamboo leaf powder the highest. The overall acceptability of consumer acceptance was the control, followed by steamed bread containing 1% lotus leaf powder.