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This study aimed to clarify differences in susceptibility to red wine pellicle formation by pellicle-forming yeasts between two wine grape cultivars and to investigate wine components affecting pellicle formation. Twenty wines each of Muscat Bailey A (MBA) and Merlot (MR), the major grape cultivars of Japanese red wine, were used. Pellicle formation occurred more often in MBA wines than in MR wines, and almost all MBA wine surfaces were covered with pellicle after incubation for five days. Principal component analysis revealed the relationships between pellicle formation and the concentrations of ethanol, phenolics and tannins. The mean concentration of tannins in the pellicle MR wines (436 mg/L) was significantly lower than that in the non-pellicle MR wines (660 mg/L). Furthermore, the mean concentration of tannins in MBA wines (139 mg/L) was also significantly lower than that in MR wines (570 mg/L). Wine grape cultivar having a low concentration of tannins may be highly susceptible to pellicle formation by pellicle-forming yeasts during winemaking.

The present work aimed to study the essential oil (EO) variation of Dracocephalum moldavica L. under different phenological stages. The EO yield was highest in the flowering stage, followed by flor...

espanolSe evaluo la capacidad antioxidante y contenido fenolico de una bebida a base de flor de Jamaica, con tres concentraciones que fueron 0,5, 1% y 1,5%, a los cuales se realizaron analisis fisico quimicos y microbiologicos. Para la evaluacion sensorial se aplico un test con una escala hedonica de 7 puntos con 30 catadores no entrenados evaluando los parametros aroma, sabor, color y apariencia. Se aplico analisis de varianza no parametrico, utilizando prueba de contraste Kruskal Wallis, se pudo comprobar que el tratamiento T1 fue el seleccionado como el mejor de acuerdo a los catadores. Posteriormente se analizo la capacidad antioxidante y contenido fenolico al mejor tratamiento (t1) donde se mostraron promedios de 50,45 µmol ET/100g y 671 mg EGA/100g respectivamente, concluyendo que la flor de Jamaica deshidratada influye en las caracteristicas fisico quimicas de la bebida, favoreciendo de esta manera a la industrializacion de la flor. EnglishThe antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of a Jamaica flower-based drink were evaluated, with three concentrations that were 0.5, 1% and 1.5%, to which physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes were performed. For the sensory evaluation, a test with a 7-point hedonic scale was applied with 30 untrained tasters evaluating the aroma, flavor, color and appearance parameters. Non-parametric analysis of variance was applied, using the Kruskal Wallis contrast test, it was found that treatment T1 was the one selected as the best according to the tasters. Subsequently, the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content were analyzed at the best treatment (t1) where averages of 50.45 µmol ET / 100g and 671 mg EGA / 100g respectively were shown, concluding that dehydrated Jamaica flower influences the physical-chemical characteristics of the drink, thus favoring the industrialization of the flower.

Lisianthus es una planta ornamental, que en los últimos años adquirió una gran importancia en el mercado nacional e internacional por su belleza y variedad de colores, este cultivo tradicionalmente se establece en suelo y hay poca información en relación con sus hábitos de crecimiento y desarrollo en sistemas hidropónicos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar por medio de imágenes digitales el cambio en el color de las hojas y de las flores en el cultivo de lisianthus en hidroponía con diferentes soluciones nutritivas. Las soluciones nutritivas (SN) ensayadas en el cultivo fueron cuatro, como testigo fue la solución Steiner (SN1) y el resto de los tratamientos fueron soluciones modificadas, en la (SN2) se utilizó el doble de la concentración de la solución Steiner, mientras que la (SN3) fue adicionada con una cantidad elevada de K y la SN4 con una mayor cantidad de calcio (18 mEq L-1), se evaluó altura y número de hojas obteniendo en ambos una diferencia significativa en la SN1 con respecto a la SN4, en cuanto a las características fenotípicas de la hoja y flor mediante los valores de RGB el color de la hoja no se vio afectada por los tratamientos a partir de las modificaciones que se le realizaron a la solución Steiner, la variable R solo presentó diferencia significativa en la SN1 con respecto a la SN4 con mayor cantidad de calcio, sin embargo no ocurrió lo mismo para las demás variables y solo este fenómeno se presentó en el día 61 DDT, en cuanto al efecto de la solución nutritiva sobre el color de las flores, se encontró una diferencia significativa en las variables R en la solución 1 (Steiner) G hubo diferencia en la solución con concentraciones altas de potasio lo mismo ocurrió para las variables artif iciales utilizadas.

Malpighia emarginata D.C is an important crop of Brazil and significant source of antioxidant active compounds with notable health effects. The purpose of this work was to study three varieties of acerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C) at green unripe stage of maturity from the São Francisco Valley of Northeast Brazil. The fruits were evaluated for physico-chemical composition, bioactive compounds, through spectrophotometric analysis and liquid chromatography, as well as the profile of macro and micro minerals and antioxidant capacity. The fruits presented satisfactory results in physico-chemical quality parameters. HPLC-DAD phenolic profile analysis identified kaempferol-3-glucoside (32.68 mg/100 g), p-coumaric acid (28.87 mg/100 g) and isorhamnetin (11.41 mg/100 g) as the major compounds, mainly in the variety of Flor Branca (FB). The results obtained from the profiles of sugars and organic acids were similar among the varieties. The minerals were excellent sources of the elements of K, Ca, Mg and Mn. Moreover, FB variety represents higher antioxidant capacity in ABTS·+ (8613.54 μM Trolox/g) and ORAC (2454.42 μM Trolox/g). Thus, the results show the potential to be applied for variety selection and utilization programs based on their specific nutritive characters, contributing to the development of new products.

La L-DOPA es uno de los metabolitos secundarios presentes en las leguminosas, como Mucuna pruriens y Vicia faba L., su contenido se puede ver afectado por el método de secado, variedad y estado de desarrollo de la planta. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto del método de secado por estufa y por liofilización en el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT), de L-DOPA y de la actividad antioxidante en plántulas y en flor de dos variedades de haba. Dos variedades de haba, Diamante y Zac-22, se utilizaron como material vegetal, que fueron sembradas en condiciones de campo. Se obtuvieron plántulas a los 10, 15 y 20 días después de la emergencia (DDE) y flores durante el período de floración. Los tejidos se sometieron a dos métodos de secado, por estufa de aire forzado a 38 °C y por liofilización (-80 °C). El contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT) se determinó por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y L-DOPA se analizó por HPLC. La actividad antioxidante se determinó frente al radical DPPH (CI50). Los resultados mostraron que el método de secado afectó la concentración de CFT, de L-DOPA y la actividad antioxidante. Las concentraciones más altas de CFT (118.67 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (67.65 mg·g-1 MS) se detectaron en las muestras procesadas por secado en estufa. Las flores presentaron los contenidos más altos de CFT (142.19 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (82.02 mg·g-1 MS) respecto a las plántulas. Mientas que en las plántulas a los 10 DDE, tuvieron en promedio la concentración mayor de CFT (110.12 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (61.08 mg·g-1 MS). La actividad antioxidante se afectó particularmente por el método de secado en las plántulas, pero en las flores no mostraron variación. El secado por estufa favoreció la conservación de la actividad antioxidante de las plántulas (CI50, 119.93 µg·mL-1), respecto al método de secado por liofilización (CI50, 144.29 µg·mL-1).

El frijol tiene alto contenido fenólico y actividad antioxidante, por ello es importante conocer cuánto se libera de estos compuestos de la matriz alimentaria y es aprovechado en el organismo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la bioaccesibilidad de compuestos antioxidantes de diferentes variedades de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) mediante un sistema gastrointestinal in vitro. Se realizó la cuantificación de compuestos fenólicos, flavonoides y capacidad antioxidante (DPPH, ABTS y FRAP) de 6 cultivares: Negro, Flor de Mayo, Patol, Pinto Saltillo, Teapa y Peruano, antes y después del cocimiento. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la digestión gastrointetinal in vitro en frijol cocido. Los resultados obtenidos de las variedades de frijol Teapa y Peruano, presentaron mayor rendimiento de extracto crudo, y un incremento del contenido fenólico. El frijol cocido, mostró un incremento en el contenido de flavonoides en las variedades Teapa, Peruano y Pinto Saltillo, así como mayor capacidad antioxidante, en las variedades Negro, Flor de mayo, Teapa y Peruano. La concentración inhibitoria media (IC50) la alcanzaron Teapa, Pinto Saltillo y Flor de Mayo (106.45, 154.72 y 127.16 μg/mL respectivamente). La digestión gastrointestinal in vitro dio como resultado mayor bioaccesibilidad para compuestos fenólicos, resaltando las variedades Teapa, Pinto Saltillo y Flor de mayo.ABSTRACTBeans have high phenolic content and antioxidant activity, so it is important to know how much of these compounds is released from the food matrix and is used in the body. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant compounds bioavailability on different bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) through an in vitro gastrointestinal system. Quantification of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) of 6 cultivars (Black, Flor de Mayo, Patol, Pinto Saltillo, Teapa and Peruvian) was carried out, before and after cooking. Additionally, in vitro gastrointetinal digestion in cooked beans was evaluated. The results obtained from the Teapa and Peruvian bean varieties showed a higher yield of crude extract and an increase in phenolic content. Cooked beans showed an increase in flavonoid content in the Teapa, Peruvian and Pinto Saltillo varieties, as well as greater antioxidant capacity, in the Negro, Flor de Mayo, Teapa and Peruvian varieties. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) was reached by Teapa, Pinto Saltillo and Flor de Mayo (106.45, 154.72 and 127.16 μg/mL respectively). The gastrointestinal digestion in vitro resulted in greater bioavailability for phenolic compounds, highlighting the Teapa, Pinto Saltillo and Flor de Mayo varieties.

Beans are the most cultivated legume in the world. In Mexico, it is the second most important crop after corn (FAO 2020; SIAP 2020). Bean plants "Flor de Mayo M38" variety were affected by a foliar disease during the agricultural cycle 2019 in Puebla-Mexico (19°02'46.6" LN and 98°05'15.6" LO). Necrotic V- shaped lesions were observed on the margins of the leaves surrounded by yellow halos followed by foliar necrosis, affecting 40% of the crop. In Mexico this variety of cultivars is in great demand for local consumption and generates income in foreign currency (Castellanos et al. 1997). Sampling was carried out on 50 plants "Flor de Mayo M38" variety, with necrotic leaf symptoms from ten plots of one hectare. Samples were cut into pieces (5 mm), disinfested with 1% hypochlorite 3 min, and washed with sterile distilled water. Subsequently, samples were dried on sterile paper and placed on Petri plates containing yeast extract calcium carbonate dextrose agar (YDC) medium and kept at 36°C for 3 days. Colonies of ten typical bacteria isolated from all symptomatic plants were Gram (-), small and uniform in size with rounded edges, yellow, convex with entire borders and mucoid appearance on YDC. Bacteria did not grow on 0.1% triphenyl tetrazolium chloride amended casamino acid, peptone, and glucose medium (CPG). Biochemical tests showed that isolates did not reduce nitrate to nitrites, had positive catalase and starch hydrolysis, while the Kovac oxidase test was negative (Schaad and White 1974). Genus identity of the representative isolate Xcf1-APJR, was confirmed by 16S rRNA encoding gene partial sequencing, using universal primers 518F (5'-CCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACG-3') and 800R (5'-TACCAGGGTATCTAATCC-3') (Halim et al. 2020). BLASTn alignments against the nucleotide collection were 100% identical to Xanthomonas sequences including Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strains NZ_AP019684.1, CP025750.1, and MN108237.1. The 1,418 bp sequence was deposited in the GenBank database under accession number MT645246. The identification of species/pathovar was accomplished by serological methods using a polyclonal antiserum specific for X. campestris pv. campestris (Popovic ́ et al. 2013) with the DAS-ELISA commercial kit (catalog number 07122C/096, LOEWE Biochemica GmbH, Germany). The pathogenicity test was carried out on 50 healthy bean plants from the "Flor de Mayo M38" variety. Bacterial culture incubated at 28°C for 48 h in YDC medium was used to prepare the bacterial suspension (108 CFU mL-1). The first two lower leaves of 30-day-old plants were inoculated by sprinkling. Ten plants sprayed with sterile distilled water were used as negative control. All plants were kept for 20 days in greenhouse at 18-26°C and relative humidity of 60%. After seven days, chlorotic lesions developed on all inoculated plants that became necrotic from 14 days after inoculation (dai). Necrotic leaf spots merged at 14 dai to form necrotic areas of more than 20 mm in diameter, reaching total necrosis of the leaf tissue at 20 dai and were similar to the symptoms observed in the field. Koch's postulates were confirmed by the reisolation of Xcf1-APJR strain, which presented the same colony morphology, partial sequence, and polyclonal specific detection. This is the first report of this pathogen causing necrotic leaf spot in beans from the "Flor de Mayo M38" variety in Puebla-Mexico. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. References: FAO. 2020. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Data. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home/. SIAP. 2020. Atlas Agroalimentario. https://www.gob.mx/siap/. Castellanos, J. Z., et al. 1997. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 47:163. Schaad, N. W., and White, W. C. 1974. Phytopathology. 64:876. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-64-876 Halim, R. A., et al. 2020. HAYATI J. Biosciences. 27:215. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.27.3.215 Popovic ́, T., et al. 2013. Plant Dis. 97:418. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-12-0506-PDN.

The spatial and temporal distribution of food resources, as well as the type, quantity, and quality of the foods stocked in the hive are the principal regulatory factors of the choice and intensity of floral resource harvesting by bees. We evaluated the annual foraging activity of Africanized honeybees Apis mellifera L. (Apidae) on the most abundant natural food resources available. Nineteen abundant plant species susceptible to foraging by bee communities in the interior of a secondary growth forest fragment with a transition physiognomy between Atlantic Forest and Cerradao vegetation were accompanied to estimate the intensity of floral resource collection by Africanized honeybees A. mellifera during the year. We determined the productivity of the flowers (the quality and quantity of nectar and/or pollen made available) and floral abundance (the quantities of flowers produced and the duration of flowering) of the 19 plant species selected. Africanized honeybees A. mellifera collected floral resources from 11 species. The intensities of visits per flower and per area of floral exposition were greater among plant species visited by Africanized honeybees when bee collecting behavior resulted in pollen transfer to the floral stigmas. It is estimated that 70.5% of all visits by Africanized honeybees A. mellifera individuals during the year in the study area occurred on Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose (Fabaceae), Grazielia cf. dimorpholepis (Baker) R.M.King & H.Rob (Asteraceae) , and Gouania cf. latifolia Reissek (Rhaminaceae); those visits demonstrated seasonal patterns, with peaks of activity between January and April. Weak foraging activity was observed in June and between June and November. Atividade de forrageio de abelhas africanizadas ( Apis mellifera L.): um estudo das fontes de nectar e polen em uma escala temporal Resumo. A distribuicao espacial e temporal dos recursos alimentares, bem como o tipo, quantidade e qualidade do alimento estocado na colmeia sao os principais fatores reguladores na escolha e intensidade da coleta dos recursos florais pelas abelhas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade anual de forrageio de abelhas africanizadas Apis mellifera L. (Apidae) nas fontes alimentares naturais mais abundantes. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 19 especies vegetais abundantes e suscetiveis ao forrageio pela comunidade de abelhas no interior de um fragmento de floresta secundaria com fisionomia em transicao entre Mata Atlântica e Cerradao, durante um ano. Para estimar a intensidade de coleta de recursos florais pelas abelhas africanizadas A. mellifera , foi determinada a produtividade das flores (qualidade e quantidade do nectar e/ou polen alocada nas flores) e a abundância (quantidade de flores e duracao do florescimento) das 19 especies vegetais selecionadas. As abelhas africanizadas A. mellifera coletaram recursos florais em 11 especies vegetais. As intensidades de visitas por flor e areas de exposicao floral foram superior nas especies de plantas que foram visitadas pelas abelhas africanizadas A. mellifera cujos comportamentos de coleta resultavam em transferencia de polen aos estigmas das flores. Estima-se que 70,5% de todas as visitas promovidas por A. mellifera africanizada no decorrer do ano na regiao de estudo ocorreram em Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose (Fabaceae), Grazielia cf. dimorpholepis (Baker) R.M.King & H.Rob (Asteraceae) , e Gouania cf. latifolia Reissek (Rhaminaceae), demonstrando, dessa forma, um padrao sazonal, com picos de atividade em janeiro, abril e agosto, respectivamente. Por outro lado, houve fraca atividade de forrageio em junho e entre setembro e novembro.

El frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) se ve afectado por la sequía, la cual al presentarse durante la etapa reproductiva puede afectar considerablemente sus componentes morfológicos y fisiológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la variabilidad genética en el rendimiento de semilla y sus componentes y fenología de la planta en tiempo térmico (°Cd) en variedades de frijol ‘Flor de Mayo’ y de frijol negro del sur de Veracruz, en riego y sequía bajo una cubierta plástica, en el Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo en primavera-verano 2014. En riego, las variedades FM M38, FM Sol y FM RMC sobresalieron por presentar mayor rendimiento de semilla (RS), biomasa aérea (BMA), índice de cosecha (IC), grados día a floración (GDF) y grados día a madurez fisiológica (GDMF), mientras que en sequía, FM M38 y FM Sol tuvieron altos valores en RS, BMA, GDF y GDMF. La sequía disminuyó el RS (42.1%), BMA (31.7%), IC (13.4%), número de vainas por planta (VP; 36.5%), semillas por planta (SP; 43.9%), semillas por vaina (SV; 10.3%) y peso individual de semilla (PIS; 16.2%) con respecto a riego. El RS de las variedades ‘Flor de Mayo’ y de frijoles negros, en condiciones de riego se relacionó positiva y significativamente con la BMA, el IC y el PIS. Bajo sequía, el RS se relacionó positiva y significativamente con la BMA y con el IC.

A halofita Salicornia neei Lag. apresenta ciclo de vida perene e elevada tolerância a salinidade intersticial. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar a fenologia e as exigencias termicas da Salicornia neei Lag. cultivada no semiarido cearense. O monitoramento ocorreu em area de cultivo de 200 m 2 em Ocara-CE, semiarido cearense. Foram marcadas 20 plantas aleatoriamente (10 femininas e 10 masculinas), e irrigadas uma vez ao dia por 30 minutos. Foram observadas as fenofases de enfolhamento, queda foliar, floracao e frutificacao, no periodo de junho de 2014 a maio de 2015. O enfolhamento predominou durante todo o periodo monitorado, e apresentou uma baixa intensidade de queda foliar. A floracao ocorreu de setembro de 2014 a marco de 2015, e a frutificacao ocorreu de setembro de 2014 ate abril de 2015. Os resultados indicaram que a energia exigida por S. neei desde a marcacao da planta ate a flor em antese foi de 1.139,2 unidades de calor (UC). Para a frutificacao, a partir da flor em antese ate o estadio de fruto maduro foi de 1.282,4 UC. Conclui-se que a S. neei teve uma boa adaptacao ao semiarido, alcancando todas as fenofases de seu ciclo perene, com uma irrigacao diaria. A falta de sincronia na floracao e frutificacao dificulta a colheita das plantas quando maduras, podendo induzir a erros, levando a uma subestimativa na producao de flores e frutos quando estimadas. A B S T R A C T The Halophyte Salicornia neei Lag. features perennial life cycle and high tolerance to salinity of interstitial. This work aimed to characterize the phenology and the thermal requirements of Salicornia neei Lag. grown in the semiarid. The monitoring occurred in growing area of 200 m 2 in Ocara-CE, Ceara semiarid. 20 plants were marked at random (10 female and 10 male), and irrigated once a day for 30 minutes. Observed the phenophases of leafiness, fall foliage, flowering and fruiting in the period June 2014 to May 2015. The leafiness prevailed throughout the period monitored, and presented a low intensity of leaf fall.Flowering occurred September 2014 and March 2015, and fruiting occurred September 2014 until April 2015. The results indicated that the energy required by S. neei since marking of the plant until the flower anthesis was 1,139.2 heat units (HU). For the fruiting, from the flower anthesis until the mature fruit stage was of 1,282.4 HU.It is concluded that S. neei had a good adaptation to the semi-arid, reaching all the phenophases of your perennial cycle, with a daily irrigation. The lack of synchrony on flowering and fruiting difficult to harvest plants when mature, and may induce errors, leading to an underestimate in the production of flowers and fruit when estimated. Keywords: Phenophase, halophytic vegetation, salinity

A vila de Alvarães organiza anualmente a Festa de Santa Cruz e dos Andores Floridos, festa profana e sagrada. A componente sacra da festividade é mais visível nas cerimónias litúrgicas dominicais, enquanto o laico está bem patenteado nas actividades lúdicas nocturnas de sábado e domingo. A principal atracção festiva é sacro-profana, centra-se no património cultural, os andores e cruzes cobertas de milhões de pétalas. Para a execução desta arte, reúne-se a população por lugares e cada um faz um andor para um santo. Nesta actividade intervém toda a população, que dedica várias semanas de trabalho à arte efémera. O serão nocturno é um tempo de convívio entre sexos e de transgressão consentida, sem a presença do sagrado. Nesta povoação, a economia de festa assenta em ofertas financeiras de todos os habitantes, onde a vontade de mostrar a arte efémera aos visitantes é a razão da festa. Com este texto, pretende-se divulgar uma festa onde a flor é fundamental para o património imaterial de uma vila portuguesa.

To better understand the cold-induced regulation of scald-like disorders in pears and the specific roles played by ethylene and α-farnesene, three pear cultivars with different patterns of ethylene production and chilling requirement were used in this study. Fruit were treated with 1-MCP (ethylene inhibitor) and Lovastatin (α-farnesene inhibitor) and stored at -0.5 °C and 90 % RH during 6 months. Changes in targeted metabolites, enzymes and genes were monitored periodically up to 120 d of storage and superficial scald incidence was assessed after this time and after 180 d of cold storage. 1-MCP treatment induced in the three cultivars a down-regulation of PcACS1, PcACO1, PcERF1 and PcAFS1 gene expression, but also a significant up-regulation of PcETR1 and PcEIN2 that led in all cases to the inhibition of the disorder incidence. In contrast, Lovastatin treatment caused diverse molecular or biochemical responses depending on the cultivar. In ‘Blanquilla’ pears, this treatment completely inhibited superficial scald reinforcing the idea that ethylene-α-farnesene interaction plays a decisive role in this specific cultivar. In contrast to 1-MCP, Lovastatin treatment did not control the disorder incidence in ‘Flor d’Hivern’ pears. Inversely, 1-MCP inhibited the development of the disorder, showing then that the inhibition of ethylene biosynthetic and signalling pathway may control superficial scald even in cultivars producing very low or undetectable ethylene levels. Finally, the inefficacy of both treatments to prevent the disorder development in ‘Conference’ pears, suggests the existence of a disorder different from that observed for the other cultivars whose biochemical basis remain unknown. Collectively our results show that the regulatory processes triggered by cold stress in pears are complex and cultivar dependent. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Floral management using the growth regulator paclobutrazol may be an alternative for promoting the uniformity of flowering and fruiting in West Indian cherry (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) plants. However, the effects of its use on fruit quality are still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol doses on the fruit quality of M. emarginata. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement, with three replications and three plants per plot, with the studied factors consisting of two M. emarginata cultivars ('Junko' and 'Flor Branca') and five paclobutrazol doses (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 g a.i. m-1 of canopy diameter). The following variables were evaluated: fruit mass, fruit transverse and longitudinal diameters, pH, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio and vitamin C content. The use of paclobutrazol, to some extent, promoted the increase of fruit mass, longitudinal diameter and soluble solids contents. The 'Junko' cultivar presented a higher vitamin C content than that for 'Flor Branca', and the maximum vitamin C contents were obtained with the paclobutrazol doses of 0.64 and 0.81 g a.i. m-1, respectively for the 'Junko' and 'Flor Branca' cultivars. None of the studied factors promoted differences for pH and fruit acidity. RESUMO O manejo floral com a utilização do regulador de crescimento paclobutrazol pode ser uma alternativa para promover a uniformização do florescimento e frutificação em aceroleiras (Malpighia emarginata D.C.). No entanto, os efeitos de seu uso na qualidade dos frutos ainda são desconhecidos. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de doses de paclobutrazol na qualidade de frutos de M. emarginata. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 5, com três repetições e três plantas por parcela, com os fatores estudados consistindo de duas cultivares de aceroleira ('Junko' e 'Flor Branca') e cinco doses de paclobutrazol (0; 0,4; 0,8; 1,2; e 1,6 g i. a. m-1 de diâmetro de copa). As seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: massa dos frutos, diâmetro transversal e longitudinal dos frutos, pH, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável e teor de vitamina C. O uso de paclobutrazol, até certa medida, promoveu o aumento da massa, diâmetro longitudinal e teores de sólidos solúveis dos frutos. A cultivar 'Junko' apresentou teor de vitamina C superior ao da 'Flor Branca', e os máximos teores de vitamina C foram obtidos com as doses de paclobutrazol de 0,64 e 0,81 g i.a. m-1, respectivamente para as cultivares 'Junko' e 'Flor Branca'. Nenhum dos fatores estudados promoveu diferenças para pH e acidez dos frutos.

Anthracnose, which is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is one of the most widespread and important diseases of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the world. The objective of the present study was to characterize the genetic resistance of the Beija Flor cultivar by inheritance and to conduct allelism tests. The inheritance test was conducted in the F2 population derived from the Beija Flor (resistant) x TU (susceptible) cross inoculated with race 2047 of C. lindemuthianum. Furthermore, allelism tests exhibited a fitted segregation ratio of 15R:1S, thereby indicating the independence of the Beija Flor gene from the following previously characterized genes: Co-1, Co-2, Co-4, Co-42, Co-6, Co-12, Co-14, Co-15, and Co-Pe. Based on the aforementioned results, we are proposing the symbol Co-Bf to designate the new anthracnose resistance gene in the Brazilian Andean common bean cultivar Beija Flor. This cultivar is an important source of resistance to C. lindemuthianum that should provide a valuable contribution to the common bean breeding program for anthracnose resistance. Anthracnose, which is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is one of the most widespread and important diseases of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the world. The objective of the present study was to characterize the genetic resistance of the Beija Flor cultivar by inheritance and to conduct allelism tests. The inheritance test was conducted in the F2 population derived from the Beija Flor (resistant) x TU (susceptible) cross inoculated with race 2047 of C. lindemuthianum. Furthermore, allelism tests exhibited a fitted segregation ratio of 15R:1S, thereby indicating the independence of the Beija Flor gene from the following previously characterized genes: Co-1, Co-2, Co-4, Co-42, Co-6, Co-12, Co-14, Co-15, and Co-Pe. Based on the aforementioned results, we are proposing the symbol Co-Bf to designate the new anthracnose resistance gene in the Brazilian Andean common bean cultivar Beija Flor. This cultivar is an important source of resistance to C. lindemuthianum that should provide a valuable contribution to the common bean breeding program for anthracnose resistance.

El frijol de tipo Flor de Mayo es de alta demanda en la región del Altiplano Centro-Occidental de México. Se describe la nueva variedad de frijol Flor de Mayo Dolores (FMD); ésta se derivó de la cruza simple entre Flor de Mayo Anita (FMA) y FM 99016. En promedio de 14 ensayos conducidos de 2008 a 2010 bajo condiciones de riego y temporal en Guanajuato, el rendimiento de FMD y FMA resultó similar (2 167 vs 2 118 kg ha-1). El peso de 100 semillas promedio de diferentes localidades de FMD es ligeramente superior al de FMA en ambas condiciones, riego y temporal, y su forma de semilla es ovalada; mientras que el de FMA es alargado-aplanada. El tiempo promedio de cocción de FMD en cocedor tipo Mattson es de 95 min; mientras que FMA es de 110 min; el contenido promedio de proteína del grano de ambas variedades es 20%, con base a peso seco; mientras que el contenido de hierro de FMD resultó superior (p 0.01) al de FMA con 6.1 vs 5 mg/100 g, FMD es resistente a las razas de roya y del Virus del Mosaico Común (BCMV y BCMNV) presentes en Guanajuato, a la raza 292 de antracnosis y tolerante a los tizones común, de halo y a las pudriciones de raíz. FMD puede utilizarse bajo condiciones de riego y temporal en los estados de la región Centro-Occidente de México.

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) is native to Central and Northern South America and is considered a superfruit due to its high vitamin C content. Acerola postharvest life is highly dependent on the maturity stage at harvest and storage temperatures. The objectives of this study were to determine the ideal harvest maturity and storage temperature for 'Flor Branca' and 'Junko' acerolas produced in the São Francisco Valley in the Northeast of Brazil. Acerolas 'Flor Branca' and 'Junko' were harvested at maturity stages green (green skin color at 18 days after full bloom), turning (initial skin color changes from green to red at 20 days after full bloom) and red (red skin color at 22 days after full bloom) and were stored at 8, 10 and 12 °C with RH of 90?95% for 14 days. Green fruit with density lower than 1 g cm−3 were used due to the capacity to change skin color from green to red after harvest. Fruit harvested at maturity stage green showed better storage potential than fruit harvested at more advanced stages. Storage temperatures of 10 °C for 'Flor Branca' and 12 °C for ?Junko? acerolas harvested at maturity stage green maintained fruit quality without chilling injury, keeping the fruit greener with higher ascorbic acid content and flesh firmness during 14 days of storage. Lower storage temperatures resulted in chilling injury incidence in ?Flor Branca? and ?Junco? acerolas. In both acerola cultivars, harvest at maturity stage green resulted in lower fruit decay incidence and weight loss during 14 days of storage. According to the results, ?Flor Branca? and ?Junco? acerolas should be harvested the maturity stage green with density lower than 1 g cm−3 and stored at 10 °C and 12 °C, respectively, in order to maintain high fruit quality. Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-21T18:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maturitystageatharvestandstorage2020.pdf: 6771125 bytes, checksum: 33ee7c62a90c717fa457af813ceb8135 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

El frijol de tipo Rosa de Castilla (RC) es popular en áreas de Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí y Zacatecas, donde se produce bajo temporal. El objetivo fue comparar características agronómicas de 22 colectas de tipo RC con dos variedades mejoradas de tipo Flor de Mayo (FM) bajo condiciones de temporal. El experimento se estableció en 2008 en dos localidades de Guanajuato, Celaya (1 785 msnm) y Ocampo (2 200 msnm) y una de San Luis Potosí, Villa de Arriaga (2 200 msnm). Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar. En las localidades de Guanajuato se determinaron características fenologicas y la reacción a enfermedades y en las tres se determino el rendimiento y peso de 100 semillas y a una muestra de semilla de cada material se le determino el contenido de hierro y Zinc. Se observaron diferencias significativas (p< 0.01) para rendimiento, peso de 100 semillas y contenido de hierro y zinc en el grano entre localidades, genotipos y para la interacción genotipo x localidad. A través de localidades, el mayor rendimiento, > 1 300 kg ha-1, lo obtuvieron las colectas RCG08001, RCA06001 y RCZ06001. El promedio del peso de 100 semillas más alto lo obtuvo la colecta RCSLP 08001 con 40.2 g. Las colectas sobresalientes por contenido de minerales fueron RCG 08011 y RCZ06001 con más de 65 y 40 ppm para Fe y Zn, respectivamente. En comparación con los testigos, las colectas mostraron ciclo largo y susceptibilidad a la roya y al tizón de halo.

Echinacea angustifolia plants were grown in pots containing three growth substrates, highly light soil, a medium light soil, and natural farm soil to which horticultural substrate (Manna Flor PT) was added in various proportions. The root length, number of main roots, number of secondary roots, collar diameter, root diameter, distance between collar and root bifurcation, root hairs density, and fresh and dried root weight per plant were measured. The plants grown in the substrate corresponding to highly light soil (75% sand and 25% horticultural substrate), harvested after 3 years, had a good development (54.8 cm) and weight (23.9 g of dry weight) of the root. The effect of growth substrates was not evident for echinacoside (0.40% on average) and dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic isobutylamide (0.26% on average), while it was clear for cynarin and chicoric acid, which were higher (respectively 0.13% and 0.22%) in the substrate consisting of 75% of farm soil and 25% of horticultural substrate.

Atendendo a demanda mundial por alimentos de melhor qualidade e isentos de defensivos agrícolas sintéticos, meios alternativos vêm sendo estudados para o controle de fungos. Os fungos do gênero Penicillium sp. são conhecidos como fungos de armazenamento que degradam a reserva das sementes diminuindo sua viabilidade. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de soluções do extrato de própolis no controle do fungo Penicillium sp. in vitro e na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de couve-flor após o tratamento. Os tratamentos consistiram de concentrações de 0, 5, 10 e 20% de extrato de própolis. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira verificou-se o efeito das soluções de extrato de própolis no desenvolvimento do fungo in vitro, e na segunda a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de couve-flor tratadas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado para as duas etapas, com sete e seis repetições, respectivamente. As características avaliadas foram: crescimento micelial do fungo, e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes por meio da germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento de parte aérea e raiz de plântulas de couve-flor. Solução de extrato de própolis a concentração de 20% impede o desenvolvimento do fungo Penicillium sp. in vitro e não afeta a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de couve-flor.

Trabalhos de caracterização são importantes ferramentas para contribuir na inserção de recursos genéticos de passiflora nos programas de melhoramento genético. Sendo assim, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização fenotípica e analisar a diversidade genética de acessos de Passiflora spp., baseada em descritores multicategóricos de folhas e flores. O estudo foi realizado no Banco Ativo de Germoplasma ‘Flor da Paixão’ da Embrapa Cerrados. Foram caracterizados 125 acessos de Passiflora spp. utilizando 48 descritores qualitativos multicategóricos (23 de folha e 25 de flor). Com base na distribuição de frequência dos acessos nas diferentes classes fenotípicas de cada descritor, foi estimado o coeficiente de entropia de cada descritor. Foram estimadas distâncias genéticas entre os acessos, por meio do complemento do índice de coincidência simples. A partir da matriz de distâncias genéticas, realizou-se a análise de agrupamento via dendrograma, utilizando como critério o método Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Avarages. A caracterização fenotípica baseada em descritores multicategóricos contribuiu para a diferenciação dos 125 acessos Passiflora spp., servindo como importante instrumento para quantificar a diversidade existente e clara separação entre as espécies, sendo importante para estudos mais completos de caracterização e diversidade de recursos genéticos do gênero Passiflora.

Botryosphaeria stem blight is the most common and damaging fungal vascular disease on southern highbush blueberry in the southern United States, causing stem and cane dieback and reductions in yield. Advanced stages of this disease may cause premature plant death, which results in significant replanting costs for growers. Biotic or abiotic stresses from a variety of sources can make plants more susceptible to infection by stem blight pathogens. This new 5-page publication is intended for Florida blueberry growers to use as a guide in the identification and management of Botryosphaeria stem blight on southern highbush blueberry. Written by Norma C. Flor, Douglas A. Phillips, and Philip F. Harmon and published by the UF/IFAS Plant Pathology Department. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp347

Fusarium oxysporum Schechtend.:Fr. f. sp. phaseoli J. B. Kendrick & W. C. Snyder (FOP) is the causal agent of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) disease known as Fusarium wilt or Fusarium yellows. FOP has been reported from the Castilla y Leon region in Spain, where it is a serious problem on most commercial bean cultivars (1). Five FOP isolates from Spain (AB-6, AB-111, AB-112, AS-1, and AS-4) obtained from J. M. Díaz-Mínguez and the isolate FOP-CO1 (ATCC 90245) from Colorado were tested for pathogenicity on two American lines: Pinto U.I. 114, considered as a universal susceptible check, and Flor de Mayo, a Mexican landrace. Seedlings were root-clip inoculated and evaluated according to the CIAT 1 to 9 severity scale, in which 1 to 3 = resistant, 3.1 to 6 = intermediate, and 6.1 to 9 = susceptible. Three inoculum concentrations were tested: 104, 105, and 106 conidia/ml. AS-1 and AS-4 produced resistant reactions in both U.I. 114 (1.5 to 2.1 and 1.2 to 1.5) and Flor de Mayo (1.9 to 2.3 and 1.4), respectively, at all inoculum concentrations. Susceptible reactions to AB-6 (7.3 to 8.9), AB-111 (7.6 to 8.9), AB-112 (7.5 to 7.9), and FOP-CO1 (8.1 to 8.6) were observed in Pinto U.I. 114, regardless of inoculum concentration, although severity ratings increased as the inoculum concentration was increased. Flor de Mayo exhibited a susceptible reaction (6.7 to 7.8) to FOP-CO1 at all inoculum concentrations tested, and intermediate reactions to AB-6 (4.9), AB-111 (5.4), and AB-112 (5.0) at the lowest inoculum concentration. Susceptible reactions (7 to 8.2 for AB-6; 6.8 to 7.0 for AB-111, and 7.3 to 7.7 for AB-112) occurred with higher inoculum concentrations, and severity ratings increased as the inoculum concentration increased. Recently, FOP isolates from Greece and Italy were recognized as each belonging to different pathogenic races (2); consequently, more research on the Spanish isolates (AB-6, AB-111, and AB-112) is needed to determine if they are similar to the races reported from the Mediterranean Basin or should be classified as a new FOP race (s). References: (1) J. M. Díaz-Mínguez et al. Plant Dis. 80:600, 1996. (2) S. L. Woo et al. Phytopathology 86:966, 1996.

RESUMO: As flores do maracujazeiro-azedo normalmente apresentam três carpelos, porém há indivíduos com maior quantidade de carpelos em suas estruturas reprodutivas e pouco se sabe da influência dessa característica na cultura. Plantas de maracujazeiro-azedo (Passiflora edulis Sims, cultivar BRS Sol do Cerrado), que apresentam flores com três, quatro e cinco carpelos, foram avaliadas quanto: à eficiência de polinização manual e natural; à frequência dos diferentes tipos de flores no pomar; à inclinação dos estiletes. As frequências de flores com três, quatro e cinco carpelos também foram avaliadas nos genitores da referida cultivar. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas na eficiência de polinização entre os diferentes tipos de flores, as quais apresentaram médias acima de 90%, destacando-se a média de 100% das flores com cinco carpelos. As flores com três carpelos são predominantes na cultivar estudada, representando 88,93%, porém flores com quatro e cinco carpelos não apresentaram estiletes sem inclinação, enquanto flores com três carpelos apresentaram taxa de 11,83%. Apenas o genitor masculino da cultivar destaca-se quanto à taxa de flores com quatro e cinco carpelos, sendo de 37,33% e 7,33%, respectivamente. Assim, flores com quatro e cinco carpelos representam importantes características para o melhoramento genético do maracujazeiro. ABSTRACT: Passion fruit flowers usually have three carpels, but there are individuals with greater amount of carpels in their reproductive structures and little is known about the influence of this characteristic on this crop. Sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims, ?BRS Sol do Cerrado? cultivar) plants presenting flowers with three, four and five carpels were evaluated regarding the following characteristics: manual and natural pollination efficiency; frequency of different types of flowers in the orchard; and inclination of styles. Frequencies of flowers with three, four and five carpels were also evaluated in ?BRS Sol do Cerrado? genitors. There were no statistically significant differences in pollination efficiency among the different types of flowers, which presented averages above 90%, especially flowers with five carpels, with 100% efficiency. Flowers with three carpels are predominant in ?BRS Sol do Cerrado? cultivar, representing 88.93%, but flowers with four and five carpels did not show styles without inclination, whereas flowers with three carpels presented rate of 11.83%. Only the male genitor stands out for the rate of flowers with four and five carpels, being 37.33% and 7.33%, respectively. Thus, flowers with four and five carpels represent important characteristics for passion fruit breeding programs. Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-11T00:37:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01002945rbf416e451.pdf: 331819 bytes, checksum: caf34ca5e618749652f06918dd0b4b8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Objetivo: Evaluar variables fenológicas, morfológicas y de rendimiento en genotipos de jamaica procedentes de Nayarit, bajo condiciones de temporal en Río Grande, Tututepec, Oaxaca, México.Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se evaluaron nueve genotipos [UAN-7, UAN-8, UAN-13, UAN-16, UAN-29, UAN-30, UAN-31, Negra Quiviquinta (NQ) y Tempranilla Flor (TF)] y como testigo regionalla variedad Jersey Acriollada (JA). Se empleó un diseño bloques completamente al azar. Las variables evaluadas fueron: días a floración y cosecha; altura de planta y a primer fruto; número de ramas y cálices;y rendimiento de cálices frescos y secos por planta. Las medias fueron comparadas por la prueba de Tukey.Resultados: El genotipo más tardío fue UAN-30, con 100 días a floración y 133 días a cosecha, los más precoces fueron UAN-7, UAN-13 y JA, que a su vez presentaron menor altura, mientras UAN-8, UAN-16, UAN-30 y TF, fueron las de mayor altura. Los mayores rendimientos de cálices frescos se obtuvieron en UAN-7, UAN-13 y UAN-16 (531.71, 545.97 y 532.83 g/planta, respectivamente); NQ y JA obtuvieron los menores (346.41 y 336.23 g/planta, respectivamente). Los mayores rendimientos de cálices secos se obtuvieron de UAN-8, UAN-16 y TF (63.02, 59.17 y 60.15 g/planta, respectivamente).Hallazgos/conclusiones: Los genotipos con mayor precocidad para tener 50% de floración fueron JA, UAN-7 y UAN-13; UAN-30 fue la más tardía. UAN-7, UAN-29 y JA, presentaron mayor precocidad paracosecha; el más tardío fue UAN-30. Los mayores rendimientos de cálices secos se obtuvieron en UAN-8, UAN-16 y TF (58.1, 62.3 y 58.47% superiores a JA, respectivamente).

This research describes the characterization of bioactive compounds, mineral content, and antioxidant capacity in bean varieties grown in semi-arid conditions in Zacatecas, Mexico. This will provide better progress perspectives for agriculture nationwide and will ensure that bean crops are in the condition to satisfy the population&rsquo, s nutritional needs by placing it not only as one of the foodstuffs comprising Mexico&rsquo, s basic diet but also as one of the legumes having greater biofortification potential in Mexico. Eleven bean varieties were collected (flor de mayo, bayo, frijola, patola, navy beans, flor de junio, reata beans, Japanese beans, black beans, canary beans, and pinto Saltillo). The evaluation done included the physical and physico-chemical characteristics, as well as the mineral content, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of these bean varieties. Data gathered were subject to a variance and mean separation analysis. The most remarkable individual results were as follows: Canary beans had the highest iron content (105.29 mg/kg), while bayo beans had the highest zinc concentration (48.18 mg/kg) and reata beans had the highest level of protein (26.88%). The varieties showing the most remarkable results with regard to zinc, iron and protein content and antioxidant capacity were as follows: Flor de junio, flor de mayo, reata beans, navy beans and pinto Saltillo, however, the most remarkable variety in comprehensive terms was flor de junio, which showed a reducing power of 0.20%, an antioxidant capacity of 80.62% inhibition, a protein content of 0.17%, in addition to Ca (0.24%), Fe (90.97 mg/kg), Zn (27.23 mg/kg), fiber (3.22%), energy (353.50 kcal), phenols (94.82 mg gallic acid (GA)/g extract) and flavonoids (1.30 mg mg Cat/g&minus, 1 dw). Finally, we came to the conclusion that beans grown in Zacatecas, Mexico, offer a huge benefit to consumers as a result of the mineral, protein, fiber, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity contributions such beans provide. Thus, these beans can be used in a biofortification program using micronutrients to improve their nutritional quality.

Because of climatic changes, the cultivation of temperate climate plants such as peach in subtropical climates has become a challenge. In these areas, temperatures exceeding 25°C often occur during the pre-flowering and flowering phases. The high temperature causes damages by acting during the early stages of pollen-pistil interaction processes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stigmatic receptivity of peach flowers at 18°C and 30°C. The pollen adherence was evaluated as well as the germination and presence of pollen tubes in the transmitting tissue of the style. The genotypes responded differently to temperature. ?Granada,? ?Diamante?,and ?Sensação? had a stigmatic receptivity that was less affected when flowers were exposed to the higher temperature. Most genotypes showed a reduction in the number of pistils with pollen tubes growing in the style, particularly when pollination was delayed. Made available in DSpace on 2020-02-04T18:25:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArtigoSilvia2020.pdf: 1148148 bytes, checksum: 6e0128a71a011cac23de93c902801cd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos en el reconocimiento de plagas utilizando la visión de máquina por computador como elemento de diagnóstico. La captura de las imágenes se realizó por medio de un agente robótico aéreo (drone) equipado con una cámara, lo que permitió capturar las imáge-nes del estado de las hojas de un cultivo de la planta conocida como ‘flor de azúcar’ (Begonia semperflo-rens). Estas imágenes fueron procesadas utilizando técnicas de visión de máquina con el fin de identificar el posible ataque de plagas en el cultivo. Las técnicas utilizadas corresponden a filtros morfo-lógicos, difuminado gaussiano y filtrado HSL. Como resultado principal de este trabajo se detectaron perforaciones de hojas ocasionadas por el ataque de plagas, específicamente babosas, caracoles, arañas rojas y minadoras.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-21T20:45:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-10-22T09:53:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-204X2015000600450.pdf: 753532 bytes, checksum: f2221f9c88bd7b77fbf0d3e03f08ab3b (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar genótipos de feijoeiro quanto à resistência a lagarta-falsa-medideira (Chrysodeixis includens). Inicialmente, foram realizados testes com chance de escolha com 59 genótipos, divididos em três grupos, de acordo com a intensidade de coloração das folhas (verde-escura, verde-clara e verde-médio), para avaliar a preferência quanto à oviposição. Em seguida, selecionaram-se 12 genótipos com grande potencial de resistência, assim como dois padrões comerciais suscetíveis. Com estes genótipos, realizaram-se novos ensaios de oviposição, em casa de vegetação, além de testes de atratividade e consumo, em condições de laboratório (26±2ºC, 65±10% UR e fotófase de 14 h luz: 10 h escuro). No teste sem chance de escolha, com adultos, em casa de vegetação, os genótipos 'IAC Jabola', Arcelina 1, 'IAC Boreal', 'Flor de Mayo' e 'IAC Formoso' foram os menos ovipositados, tendo apresentado resistência do tipo antixenose à oviposição. No teste com chance de escolha, com larvas, Arcelina 4, 'BRS Horizonte', 'Pérola', H96A102-1-1-1-52, 'IAC Boreal', 'IAC Harmonia' e 'IAC Formoso' foram os genótipos menos consumidos, o que indica antixenose à alimentação. No teste sem chance de escolha, todos os genótipos (exceto 'IAPAR 57') expressaram níveis moderados de antixenose à alimentação de larvas de C. includens. The objective of this work was to evaluate bean genotypes for resistance to soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens). Initially, free-choice tests were carried out with 59 genotypes, divided into three groups according to leaf color intensity (dark green, light green, and medium green), in order to evaluate oviposition preference. Subsequently, 12 genotypes with high potential for resistance were selected, as well as two susceptible commercial standards. With these genotypes, new tests were performed for oviposition in a greenhouse, besides tests for attractiveness and consumption under laboratory conditions (26 +/- 2 degrees C, 65 +/- 10% RH, and 14 h light: 10 h dark photophase). In the no-choice test with adults, in the greenhouse, the 'IAC Jabola', Arcelina 1, 'IAC Boreal', 'Flor de Mayo', and 'IAC Formoso'genotypes were the least oviposited, showing antixenosis-type resistance for oviposition. In the free-choice test with larvae, Arcelina 4, 'BRS Horizonte', 'Perola', H96A102-1-1-1-52, 'IAC Boreal', 'IAC Harmonia', and 'IAC Formoso'were the less consumed genotypes, which indicates antixenosis to feeding. In the no-choice test, all genotypes (except for 'IAPAR 57') expressed moderate levels of antixenosis to feeding against C. includens larvae. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Inst Agron Estado Sao Paulo, BR-13012970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Fac Ciencias Agron, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil

‘Desert Song’ Flor de Junio (FJ) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. No. CV-308, PI 673424) and ‘Gypsy Rose’ Flor de Mayo (FM) common bean (Reg. No. CV-309, PI 673425) cultivars, developed by Michigan State University AgBioResearch, were released in 2014 as high-yielding FJ and FM seed types adapted to northern production zones. Both cultivars were developed using the pedigree breeding method to the F 4 generation followed by pure line selection for disease, agronomic, seed, and cooking traits. In 4 yr of field trials, Desert Song yielded 3468 kg ha −1 , flowered in 41 d, and matured in 100 d on average. Plants averaged 48 cm for canopy height, with lodging resistance score of 3.2 and seed weight of 36.2 g 100 seed−1 . In the same 4 yr of field trials, Gypsy Rose yielded 3761 kg ha −1 , flowered in 49 d, and matured in 105 d on average. Plants averaged 49 cm for canopy height, with lodging resistance score of 3.3 and seed weight of 30.4 g 100 seed−1 . Both cultivars combine high yield potential with adaptation to northern production areas. They possess resistance to Bean common mosaic virus and intermediate resistance to race 22:2 of bean rust [incited by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger]. Each cultivar produces seed that meets industry standards for packaging and canning in the respective FJ and FM seed classes.

Information on antioxidant properties at different ontological stages may help producers and food technologists to identify which cultivar and/or maturity stage are most adequate for their need, therefore this work aimed to study the changes in the antioxidant metabolism during acerola development. Fruit from cv. Flor Branca, BRS366 and Florida Sweet were harvested at different stages: immature green colored (I), physiologically mature with green color and maximum size (II), breaker (III) and full red ripe (IV). After harvest, fruits were selected, divided into four replications with 500 g each and evaluated regarding their titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, total soluble sugar, vitamin C, polyphenol, anthocyanin, yellow flavonoid, total antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzyme activity. Anthocyanin and flavonoid were determined through LC-DAD-ESI/MS and all analysis followed a completely randomized factorial 3 x 4 design. Fruits of 'Florida Sweet' presented significantly higher soluble solids (9.46ºBrix). Vitamin C content decreased during ripening, but ripe 'BRS 366' fruits showed the greatest values (1363 mg.100 g-1) and highest TAA with 42.36 µM TEAC.g-1FW. Cyanidin 3-rhamnoside (520.76 mg.100 g-1 DM) and quercetin 3-rhamnoside (33.72 mg.100 g-1 DM) were the most abundant anthocyanin and yellow flavonoids found mainly in 'Flor Branca' fruit of acerola, whose antioxidant enzymes activities were also higher. Ripe 'Florida Sweet' fruit presents a great potential for fresh consumption, meanwhile physiologically mature 'BRS 366' fruit seems the best option for the bioactive compounds processing industry. As 'Flor Branca' fruit of acerola kept the highest activity levels, it could be an indicative of greater potential for postharvest conservation. Informações sobre propriedades antioxidantes em diferentes estádios ontológicos podem ajudar os produtores e tecnólogos de alimentos a identificar quais cultivares e/ou estádio de maturidade são os mais adequados para a sua necessidade; portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as alterações no metabolismo antioxidante durante o desenvolvimento de frutos da aceroleira. Frutos das cv. Flor-Branca, BRS 366 e Florida Sweet foram colhidos em diferentes estádios: imaturos com cor verde (I), fisiologicamente maduros com cor verde e tamanho máximo (II), com cor predominantemente vermelha (III) e totalmente vermelha, maduro (IV). Após a colheita, os frutos foram selecionados, divididos em quatro repetições com 500 g cada e avaliados quanto à acidez titulável, pH, sólidos solúveis, açúcares solúveis totais, vitamina C, polifenóis, antocianinas, flavonoides amarelo, atividade antioxidante total e atividade de enzimas antioxidantes. Antocianina e flavonoides foram determinados por meio LC-DAD-ESI/MS, e todas as análises seguiram um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4. Frutos de aceroleira 'Florida Sweet' apresentaram níveis significativamente mais elevados de sólidos solúveis (9,46ºBrix). O conteúdo de vitamina C diminuiu durante o amadurecimento, porém frutos de aceroleira 'BRS 366' maduras apresentaram os maiores valores (1.363 mg.100 g-1) e maior TAA com 42,36 mM TEAC.g- 1. Cianidina 3-ramnosideo (520,76 mg.100 g-1 MS) e quercetina 3-ramnosideo (33,72 mg.100 g-1 MS) foram as antocianinas e flavonoides amarelos mais abundantes encontrados nos frutosda variedade 'Flor-Branca', cujas atividades das enzimas antioxidantes também foram superiores. Frutos de aceroleira 'Florida Sweet' maduros apresentam grande potencial para o consumo in natura, enquanto frutos da 'BRS 366'fisiologicamente maduros parecem ser a melhor opção para a indústria de processamento de compostos bioativos. Como frutos de acerola 'Flor-Branca' mantiveram os mais altos níveis de atividade antioxidante, este pode ser um indicativo de maior potencial para a conservação pós-colheita.

Resumo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência diária dos fatores ambientais e da quantidade de néctar na frequência de forrageio de abelhas em flores de Adenocalymma bracteatum (Cham.) DC. Para isso, foi demarcada uma área focal e registrada a atividade de forrageio das abelhas em um intervalo de 30 minutos para cada hora, das 6:00 às 17:30 h, nas flores da referida espécie vegetal durante quatro dias não consecutivos. Também foi avaliada a produção acumulativa de néctar e o seu consumo pelos visitantes no decorrer do dia. Dados referentes à temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, luminosidade e velocidade do vento foram anotados no início de cada hora. Para verificar se as frequências de forrageios das espécies de abelhas estavam correlacionadas com os fatores abióticos, foram realizados testes de correlação de Pearson. Dentre as espécies registradas, Oxaea flavescens Klug apresentou o maior número de forrageios. O número de forrageio no decorrer do dia não se manteve uniforme, o que faz acreditar que a atividade de forrageio das abelhas sofreu interferência dos fatores ambientais e da quantidade de néctar presente nas flores de A. bracteatum. Os polinizadores efetivos foram responsáveis por 51,6% do total de visitas por flor em A. bracteatum, enquanto os pilhadores de recursos perfizeram 33,1% e os furtadores de recursos realizaram somente 15,3% do total de visitas por flor. Houve ainda, forrageios de formigas e moscas. As formigas sugavam néctar extrafloral, possivelmente conferindo proteção contra pilhagem de néctar. Já as moscas pousavam na corola, mas não extraíram néctar nem pólen. Influence in the Environmental Factors and the Amount of Nectar in the Foraging Activity of Bees on Flowers Adenocalymma bracteatum (Cham.) DC. (Bignoniaceae) Abstract. This study aimed to evaluate the daily influence of environmental factors and the amount of nectar in the foraging frequency of bees on flowers Adenocalymma bracteatum (Cham.) DC. For this, a focal area was demarcated and registered foraging activity of bees in a 30-minute break for every hour from 6:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., in the flowers of this plant species during four non-consecutive days. Also was analyzed the nectar production and its consumption by visitors throughout the day. Data relating to temperature, relative humidity, luminosity, and wind speed were recorded at the beginning of each hour. To check if the frequencies of foraging the bee species were correlated with abiotic factors, tests of Pearson correlation were performed. Among the species recorded, Oxaea flavescens Klug had the highest number of foraging. The number of foraging during the day did not remain uniform, which makes to believe that foraging activity of bees suffered interference from environmental factors and the amount of nectar present in flowers of A. bracteatum. The effective pollinators were responsible for 51.6% of total visits per flower in A. bracteatum, while the robber’s resources totaled 33.1%, and only 15.3% of all visits were made by thieves’ resource. There was also foraging of ants and flies. Nectar present around the flower was sucked by ants, possibly conferring protection against robbery nectar. There were flies landing on the corolla of the flowers, but nectar and pollen were not collected.

The cultivar adaptation to different zones is influenced by the behaviour of the tree in front of several environmental conditions. In this study, the behaviour in the Region of Murcia of 10 low chill cultivars has been assessed such as 'Red Candem', 'Flor Red', 'Flordastar', 'Suncoast', NIV 30/02 selection, NIV 10/03 selection, NIV 11/03 selection, '86/6' and 'Spring Crest' and 'Romea' with high chill requirement. Shoots characterisation, tracking phenology and the fruit quality (firmness, soluble solid, acidity parameters and SS/Ac index) have been carried out. Some differences have been seen between the cultivars in the bud density (fluctuating between 133,8 buds/m for NIV 10/03 and 53,5 buds/m for 'Spring Crest'), in the flower density (115,2 flowers/m for NIV 10/03 and 42,4 flowers/m for 'Red Candem') and in the blossom and harvest dates, clearly influenced by the temperatures and the difference in chill and heat requirement. In addition, our observations have shown differences in fruit quality for different pickings in most of the cultivars.

The morphological traits of the floral mutation cultivars ‘Kagaribi’, ‘Kinshibe’ and ‘Kin-kujyaku’ of Rhododendron kaempferi that characteristically exhibit extremely narrow and/or staminoid petals were investigated. In addition, to confirm the causes of the mutations in these cultivars, the MADS-box C class AG gene homologues in R. kaempferi were isolated, and the MADS-box gene expression patterns in the floral organs of the wild-type plants and cultivars were analyzed. A morphological observation of the epidermis showed that the ‘Kagaribi’ and ‘Kinshibe’ cultivars formed staminoid flag petals and staminoid organs in whorl 2, respectively. The epidermal cells of the staminoid organs of whorl 2 in ‘Kagaribi’ and ‘Kinshibe’ resembled those of the stamens in whorl 3. In ‘Kin-kujyaku,’ the petals in whorl 2 and leaves were extremely narrow. The sepals in whorl 1 were absent, and the style in whorl 4 was split into 5 parts. The epidermal cells of the petals in whorl 2 in ‘Kin-kujyaku’ were dissimilar to the epidermal cells of the stamens in whorl 3. The deduced amino acid sequence of the isolated AG homologue from R. kaempferi was well-conserved among the AG orthologues. The expression levels of RkAG in whorl 2 to whorl 3 of ‘Kagaribi’ and ‘Kinshibe’ was approximately 27% and the same level, respectively. In ‘Kin-kujyaku,’ the expression pattern was similar to that of the wild type. These results suggest that the ‘Kagaribi’ and ‘Kinshibe’ floral mutations might be caused by the expression of RkAG in whorl 2.

BACKGROUND Anthocyanin-rich blue corn is an emerging specialty crop in the USA. The antioxidant properties of blue corn offer health benefits in the human diet. The objectives of this study were to identify, characterize and quantify the anthocyanins from blue corn. Hypotheses tested were that total anthocyanin content was similar among southwestern US accessions and that it would vary across locations. It was also examined whether different anthocyanin components were unique to certain genotypes. RESULTS Across all locations and accessions, an average of 0.43 g kg−1 total anthocyanin content (TAC) was observed. Accessions Santa Clara Blue and Ohio Blue displayed the highest TAC. The TAC of accession Flor del Rio was lower by nearly a factor of six. A total of five anthocyanin components were identified. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was the most abundant, followed by pelargonidin and peonidin 3-glucoside. Succinyl and disuccinyl glycosidic forms of cyanidin were also identified. Cyanidin 3-disuccinylglucoside was newly identified as a novel form of anthocyanin. CONCLUSION Quantitative and qualitative anthocyanin expression was determined to be relatively stable across multiple southwestern environments. Increased expression of red and purple pigmentation in accession Flor del Rio appeared to be associated more with reduced TAC and cyanidin 3-glucoside than with elevated pelargonidin per se. A previously unreported anthocyanin component in blue corn, cyanidin 3-disuccinylglucoside, is present in southwestern landraces. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

During development, most woody plants that develop from seeds undergo a juvenile phase before transitioning to adulthood. The first flowering indicates the end of the juvenile period and can be used as a marker to discriminate between phases. In this study we analyzed the distance of the first flower from the ground, measured along the trunk and supportive branches, in 385 olive seedlings coming from eight different crosses. We found that for tree canopy base heights of 1.5 and 1.0 m the average distance at which the first flower appeared was 2.41 or 2.07 m, respectively. Moreover, we observed for the first time that the first flower to ground distance was significantly correlated with the juvenile period length and the olive seedling parent genotype. In fact, a particular cultivar demonstrated a consistent influence on the location of the progeny first flower, irrespective of being used as female or male parent. This implies that the first flower to ground distance may not be constant within the olive species. A juvenile cone and its measurement was recently described in olive trees. In this study we similarly find a negative relationship between branch insertion height and the distance from the branch insertion in the trunk to the nearest inflorescence. This observation confirms the cone-shape transition from juvenile to adult phases, although it implies that the specific characteristics of the juvenile cone ultimately depend on the length of the juvenile period. Trees with longer juvenile periods tended to flower for the first time at a greater total distance from the ground. This increase in the first flower to ground distance was due to an increase in the distance from the branch insertion in the trunk to the nearest inflorescence on the branch, whereas the branch insertion height decreased.

Tecoma stans (L. Juss. Kunth) ‘Mayan Gold’ is a tropical flowering plant that was selected as a potential new greenhouse crop for its physical appearance and drought and heat tolerance. The objective of this study was to quantify how temperature during the finishing stage and photoperiod during propagation and finishing stages influence growth, flowering, and quality. In Expt. 1, plants were propagated from seed under four photoperiods (9, 12, 14, or 16 h) for 35 days. Under long-day (LD) photoperiods (14 h or greater), seedlings were 3.0 to 3.7 cm taller than those propagated under 9-h photoperiods. During the finishing stage, days to first open flower, shoot dry mass, and number of nodes below the terminal inflorescence were reduced when plants were grown under LD photoperiods. In addition, number of open flowers and branches increased under LD photoperiods. Few plants developed visible buds when grown under short-day (SD) photoperiods (12 h or less). In Expt. 2, plants were forced at average daily temperatures of 19, 20, or 22 °C after transplant. Time to first open flower was reduced by 7 days as temperature increased. Inversely, number of visible buds increased by 57 as temperature increased from 19 to 22 °C. Under the experimental conditions tested, the most rapid, complete, and uniform flowering of Tecoma occurred when plants were propagated and finished under LD photoperiods and forced at 22 °C.

Resumo A biologia floral e reprodutiva de Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli foram estudadas em populacoes nativas do interior do estado de Sao Paulo. A especie floresce no verao e suas flores oferecem tanto nectar quanto polen como recurso. O nectar e secretado por nectarios localizados na base dos carpelos marginais, opostos as petalas. Os polinizadores (abelhas sociais e solitarias), no entanto, foram observados coletando apenas polen. As visitas, que podem durar de um a poucos segundos ate mais de um minuto, acontecem desde o momento da abertura das flores (ca. 5:30 h) ate o fenecimento. Cada flor dura cerca de oito horas. Todos os individuos das populacoes produzem apenas flores hermafroditas. A porcentagem de graos de polen viaveis e de 75%. As populacoes estudadas sao autoincompativeis e, como consequencia, polinizadores sao necessarios para transferencia de polen. Em condicoes naturais e a partir das polinizacoes cruzadas realizadas manualmente, todos os receptaculos apresentaram aquenios maduros. Atraves das analises dos tubos polinicos das flores autopolinizadas manualmente, e devido ao fato dos aquenios derivados desse tratamento abortarem cerca de 30 dias a partir das autopolinizacoes, aparentemente, as populacoes de E. grandiflorus estudadas apresentam um mecanismo de auto-esterilidade de acao tardia. Palavras-chave: Alismataceae, auto-compatibilidade, biologia da polinizacao. Abstract The reproductive biology and the pollination of Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli were studied in populations native to interior of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This species blossoms in summer and its flowers offer both nectar and pollen as rewards to pollinators. Nectar is produced in nectaries located at the base of the marginal carpels, opposite the petals. However, the effective pollinators (social and solitary bees), were recorded collecting pollen only. Visits, which can last from one or a few seconds to more than one minute, occur during the whole flower lifespan. Each flower opens at about 5:30 a.m. and lasts circa eight hours. All plants in the studied populations produce only hermaphrodite flowers. Percentage of pollen viability is 75%. The studied populations are self-incompatible and, as a consequence, pollinators are needed to transfer pollen among individuals. In natural conditions and after hand cross-pollinations, all receptacles presented mature achenes. Based on the analyses of pollen tube growth from hand self-pollinated flowers, and as a consequence of achenes abortion circa 30 days after self-pollinations, the populations of E. grandiflorus studied apparently presents a mechanism of late-acting self-sterility. Key words: Alismataceae, pollination biology, self-compatibility.

The measurement of insect visits to flowers is essential in basic and applied pollination ecology studies but often fraught with difficulty. Floral visitation is highly variable, and observational studies are limited in scope due to the considerable time necessary to acquire reliable data. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the analysis of hydrocarbon residues (footprints) deposited by insects during flower visits would allow reconstruction of the visitor community and prediction of seed set for large numbers of plants. In 3 consecutive years, we recorded bumblebee visitation to wild plants of comfrey, Symphytum officinale, and later used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to quantify bumblebee-derived unsaturated hydrocarbons (UHCs) extracted from flowers. We found that the UHCs washed from corollas were most similar to the tarsal UHC profile of the most abundant bumblebee species, Bombus pascuorum, in all 3 years. The species composition of the bumblebee communities estimated from UHCs on flowers were also similar to those actually observed. There was a significant positive correlation between the observed number of visits by each of three bumblebee species (contributing 3-68% of flower visits) and the estimated number of visits based on UHC profiles. Furthermore, significant correlations were obtained separately for workers and drones of two of the study species. Seed set of comfrey plants was positively correlated to overall bumblebee visitation and the total amount of UHCs on flowers, suggesting the potential for pollen limitation. We suggest that quantifying cumulative footprint hydrocarbons provides a novel way to assess floral visitation by insects and can be used to predict seed set in pollen-limited plants.

Flower heads of Calendula officinalis L. are used for medicinal or culinary purposes. Since Egyptian agricultural lands contain salt, this study investigated the effects of saline irrigation water on yield (fresh and dry weights of flower heads), essential oil (EO) yield, chemical constituents of the EO and total flavonoids and carotenoids of flower heads at three flowering stages, i.e. initial (21 days after bud formation (DABF)), full flowering (81 DABF) and final (111 DABF). After plants were treated with different levels of saline irrigation water (0.39, 1.56, 3.13, 4.69, 6.25, 7.81 and 9.38 dS m −1 ) consisting of NaCl, CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 salts, the flower head yield and pigment (total flavonoids and carotenoids) content were significantly reduced. Irrigation with saline water increased the EO content and its main components (α-cadinol, γ- and Δ-cadinene). Fresh and dry weights of flower heads and EO increased near 81 DABF while the content of pigments increased by 111 DABF.

Pod set, a critical process for legume crop productivity, is sensitive to environmental stress such as low or high temperature or drought. At higher latitudes, pod set at low temperatures is one of the most important processes for efficient soybean production. The present study was carried out to determine which flower developmental stage was most sensitive to low temperature and how low temperature interrupts the pod setting process. Soybean flowers at various developmental stages were subjected to low temperatures, and the percentage elongation of pods was subsequently measured. Two low temperature-sensitive stages were found. The first was an early developmental stage approximately 12.5 days before the anthesis of individual flowers. The second stage occurred 3–4 days before anthesis. An investigation of the pollen grain number on stigma suggests that insufficient pollination causes low pod set under low temperature stress at both temperature-sensitive stages. Tetrad-shaped abnormal pollen grains were observed when flowers were subjected to low temperature at the first sensitive stage; thus, this stage might be the tetrad stage or the stage prior to tetrad formation. Furthermore, at the first sensitive stage, pollen development deficiency was one of the causes of poor pod set under low temperature conditions.

Gypsophila flowering stems are treated with a commercial formula before shipment; however, it is not clear if this treatment is the best one to enhance floret water uptake. Moreover it is not clear if it can ameliorate damage caused by exposure to air that is encountered during harvest. Water uptake by individual gypsophila florets was measured by the apoplastic fluorescent dye 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS). By employing this dye, it was determined that desiccation of flowering stems of more than 15% of their fresh weight, followed by rehydration with water, decreased floret water uptake. Reduction in water uptake was not observed in whole stems; nevertheless, floret opening was reduced. To improve floret water uptake following desiccation, the effects of rehydration with the detergents polyoxyethylene (10) lauryl ether, mixture of quaternary ammoniums, sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 were examined. Triton X-100 was the most effective detergent in enhancing floret water uptake and it was better than TOG3 (included in the commercial formula), which was also shown to improve floret water uptake. Since flower opening was correlated with higher floret water uptake, the TOG3 in the commercial formula was replaced with Triton X-100. These solutions were equally effective in improving flower opening; however, neither completely reversed the desiccation-enhancement of flower wilting. Our results support the notion that water absorption by florets is not the sole contributor to flower opening. Taken together, our results suggest that it is possible to replace TOG3 with Triton X-100 in the commercial formula and rehydration with this solution following desiccation can overcome the reduction in floret water uptake.

Strelitzia reginae Aiton is an iconic plant known for its vibrant orange and blue inflorescences. Floral pigments include carotenoids and the anthocyanin delphinidin-3-rutinoside. S. reginae has black seeds with vivid orange arils, yet the basis for the orange color is unknown. We recently discovered bilirubin in the arils of S. nicolai. Previously, this pigment was known only to exist in animals as a breakdown product of heme. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry, we now show that bilirubin is the primary aril pigment of S. reginae and is also present in low concentrations in its sepals (less than 44.0 ng·g−1).

GSH) on freshlike quality "Flor de Invierno" pears was studied. Changes in headspace gas composition, colour, firmness, acidity and soluble solids were examined. The freshcut pea rs were dipped into 0.75% (w/v) NAC and 0.75% (w/v) GSH aqueous solution and then packaged into polypropylene trays under low O 2, superatmosferic O 2 and traditional passive atmosphere (PA) conditions. Trays were stored at 4±0.5˚C and analyzed periodically during 28 days. Superatmosferic O 2 atmosphere caused a stress in pears cells tissue leading to many contents of ethylene, acetaldehyde and ethanol and limiting shelflife of pears up to 21 days. Because of complete inhibition of ethylene production, maintenance of initial colour, texture and acidity, a low O 2 atmosphere was the most effective for freshcut pears quality preserving during 28 da ys of refrigerated storage.

The ability of grape cultivars to produce resveratrol in response to UV radiation is associated with their resistance to fungal pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the UV-induced resveratrol production potential of grape flowers and green berries of 72 grape genotypes. Their ability to produce resveratrol in response to UV radiation was used to establish a selection criterion for screening genotypes for resistance to gray mold and powdery mildew. We quantified resveratrol in grape flower extracts from pre-bloom and early bloom flowers after exposure to UV radiation. There was a strong negative correlation between UV-induced resveratrol production and susceptibility to Botrytis infection. The grape genotype was considered to be susceptible to gray mold when the resveratrol content of whole flower clusters was less than 10 μg g−1 FW after the UV treatment. We determined resveratrol production in response to UV radiation in whole grape berries from 0 to 30 days after full bloom. The ability to produce resveratrol in response to UV increased by 8- to 20-times during this period, depending on the genotype. At 30 days after full bloom, Vitisvinifera genotypes generally had low levels of resveratrol ( 50 μg g−1 FW). There were clear varietal differences in resistance to Erysiphe (powdery mildew) infection. Susceptibility to Erysiphe infection was strongly negatively correlated with UV-induced resveratrol production.

Flower color, an important feature biologically and commercially, is based on four natural pigments – flavonoids, carotenoids, betalains and chlorophylls. Temperature, light, nutrition – as well as additions of sugar, salt, or metals to the conservation water – have an effect on pigmentation. We investigated the effects of K-sulphate and/or sucrose on flower color in leaf treatments applied 30–10 days before harvest to four Asiatic lily (Lilium × elegans Thunb.) cultivars during the winter and summer. Colors of tepals were evaluated by a portable spectrocolorimeter that calculates the standard CIE L*a*b* coordinates and the color differences (E). After leaf treatments during both seasons, cultivars with flowers with high red components (e.g. the purple ‘Fangio’ and the pink ‘Brindisi’) showed significant improvements in color quality. The orange-flowered ‘Tresor’ showed improvement only if K-sulphate and Mix (K-sulphate and sucrose) solution treatments were applied during the summer. The yellow-flowered ‘Menorca’ was not affected by treatments during either summer or winter forcing season. Especially in the winter, a significant reduction in flower abortion was observed for cut flowers of all cultivars. In summer only ‘Fangio’ and ‘Tresor’ showed a reduction in flower abortion. Also, flower size and longevity were improved by the leaf treatment. The results, obtained from a commercial nursery operation, demonstrate that lily growers can adopt a very simple and inexpensive treatment to improve important qualitative traits of their product.