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Turnera subulata e uma planta medicinal que tem demostrado associacao com o processo de cicatrizacao. A determinacao da area foliar e importante parâmetro em estudos agronomicos, fisiologicos e morfologicos das diversas especies vegetais. Essa determinacao pode ser feita de forma destrutiva ou nao destrutiva. Dentre os metodos nao destrutivos se destaca a uso de equacoes matematicas que relacionam a area foliar e as medidas lineares das folhas como o comprimento, largura e sua combinacao. Desta forma, objetivou-se com este estudo ajustar e validar uma equacao matematica que estima a area foliar de T. subulata de forma nao destrutiva. Assim, com base em 350 folhas, foram ajustadas equacoes de modelo lineares de primeiro grau, quadratico e potencia, em que a area foliar observada foi utilizada como variavel dependente em funcao das medidas lineares do comprimento, largura e produto da multiplicacao do comprimento com a largura. Todas as equacoes ajustadas foram validadas atraves de criterios apropriados a partir de uma amostra de 100 folhas separadas unicamente para esta finalidade. Desse modo, a equacao de modelo quadratico obtida a partir do produto da multiplicacao do comprimento com a largura e a mais adequada para estimar a area foliar de T. subulata de maneira simples e precisa. Turnera subulata is a medicinal plant that has been shown to be associated with the healing process. The determination of leaf area is an important parameter in agronomic, physiological and morphological studies of different plant species. This determination can be made in a destructive or non-destructive way. Among the non-destructive methods, the use of mathematical equations that relate the leaf area and the linear measurements of the leaves, such as length, width and their combination, stands out. Thus, the objective of this study was to adjust and validate a mathematical equation that estimates the leaf area of T. subulata in a non-destructive way. based on 350 leaves, linear first-degree, quadratic and power model equations were adjusted, in which the observed leaf area was used as a dependent variable depending on the linear measures of length (L), width (W) and product of the multiplication of length with width (LW). All adjusted equations were validated using appropriate criteria from a sample of 100 sheets separated solely for this purpose. In this way, the quadratic model equation obtained from the product of the multiplication of the length with the width is the most adequate to estimate the leaf area of T. subulata in a simple and precise way

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a typical plant with a tropical climate, but also grown in subtropical regions. Using mathematical models well-adjusted allows with good precision to estimate characteristics of interest. The objective was to adjust an equation that estimates the fruit mass for each cultivar of papaya, Alianca and THB, using only one measure, length or width. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Linhares in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Seedlings were planted on the same day, spaced 3.6 × 1.5 m and in rows side by side. Initially, the equations were modeled, they were linearized and then the covariance analysis was performed in order to verify the possibility of an equation that would serve both cultivars. As the covariance was significant, it was necessary to develop equations for each cultivar. To obtain the growth equations, 350 fruits of cultivar Alianca and 550 of THB were used. The validation was performed with 50 fruits of each. The characteristics evaluated were the largest width (W in mm), the longest fruit length (L, in mm) and the observed mass (OM in g). The equations that best fit were those of the power model that use width (W) as an independent variable.

O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a regeneração in vitro do tomateiro ‘Alambra’ F1 usando como explantes segmentos apicais, segmentos nodais, hipocótilos e folhas cotiledonares inteiras. Os explantes foram inoculados em tubos de ensaio em meio de estabelecimento MS e recultivados duas vezes para mesmo tipo de meio e então recultivados para meio de indução e regeneração, contendo meio MS acrescido de 1 mg L-1 de cinetina. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Após 30 dias procedeu-se as avaliações e brotos maiores com 1,0 cm oriundos de explantes segmento apical e nodal foram individualizados e transferidos para meio MS acrescentado-se 1,0 mg L-1 de ANA para rizogênese, onde permaneceram, também, por 30 dias. Os melhores explantes para cauligênese e rizogênese foram segmentos apicais, sendo que a cauligênese se formou por via direta.

The study aimed to evaluate the growth and quality of SJ-02 cocoa seedlings under different irrigation depths and cultivation container sizes. The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme (4x3), where the first factor consisted of the application of four different irrigation depths (6, 10, 12 and 14 mm d-1) and the second one was composed of three different cultivation containers (small, medium and large). Twelve treatments were evaluated with eight repetitions, totaling 96 plants in the experimental field. At 74 days after sowing, the leaf area, stem diameter, plant height, dry mass of the aerial part, dry mass of the root system, total dry mass and Dickson's quality index of all seedlings were analyzed. The 10.32 mm d-1 irrigation depth and the medium and large cultivation containers provided the highest quality in seedling production, being the most suitable ones. However, there was no interaction between the factors

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the most economically important species due to its use in the production of chocolate, honey, pulp, animal feed, fertilizers, jellies, butter and cocoa powder. The production of seedlings such as through sexual propagation is the essential stage for the establishment of new cocoa crops, in which the seedlings are produced by seeds. This is the most commonly used method in cocoa. Several factors interfere with the final quality of the seedlings, such as the planting season and the irrigation management. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different irrigation depths and planting seasons on the quality and growth of Bahia genotype cocoa seedlings produced through sexual propagation. The study took place at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Campus Itapina, in Colatina, located in the Northwest region of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized in a split-plot scheme. The plots consisted of six different irrigation depths: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm d-1 and the subplots, of three different planting seasons: autumn, winter and spring. At 50 days after sowing, the seedlings were evaluated for the following morphological characteristics: plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, length of the root system, dry mass of the aerial part, dry mass of the root system, total dry mass and Dickson quality index. The production of Common Bahia genotype cacao seedlings is more effective in the irrigation depth of 9.44 mm d-1, demonstrating better development and higher plant quality.

Lecythis pisonis Cambess, popularly known as sapucaia, has great economic and socio-environmental potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the establishment and in vitro morphogenesis of L. pisonis under the effect of disinfecting agents, plant growth regulators, and thermal stress. The study was divided into three experiments: (i) development of the disinfection protocol by testing different concentrations and times of exposure to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and different concentrations and methods of amoxicillin application, (ii) in vitro budding induction by testing different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin (KIN) supplemented to Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture media, and (iii) in vitro formation from plantlets by analyzing different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with different exposure times to a thermal stress of 40°C. The disinfection of stem segments was effective using 3% NaOCl and 3.0 g L−1 amoxicillin solution. MS culture medium supplemented with 0.25 mg L−1 BAP induced more shoots in vitro. One milligram per liter IBA promoted greater rooting in vitro, and it is not necessary for thermal stress tolerance.

One of the main limitations in the process of seedling production is the proper management of irrigation, since this practice implies the costs of orchard implantation. The application of the wrong amount of water leads to water stress in plants causing physiological changes, impairing its development and quality. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different irrigation slides on the physiological behavior of 'Rubi INCAPER 511' papaya seedlings. The study was conducted during the period from September 9 to November 7, 2016. The experimental design was completely randomized, where the treatments consisted of four different irrigation depth: 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm d-1. Each treatment was composed of 24 plants (repetitions), totaling 96 plants in the experiment. 60 days after planting, plant leaves were evaluated using the following physiological characteristics: total chlorophyll content (SFR-G and SFR_R); flavonoid index (FLAV); anthocyanin index (ANT_RG and ANT_RB) and nitrogen balance (NBI_G and NBI_R). Irrigation depth between 10.96 and 11.03 mmd-1 provided better values for the analyzed characteristics. Therefore, the 11 mmd-1 depth is the most suitable for the production of seedlings, based on the physiological evaluations.

Melanoxylon brauna is propagated by seeds, however, low yield, pest attack and short viability are problems in seedling production. In vitro cultivation is an alternative for large-scale seedling production, but studies with this species are scarce. The aim of the work was to analyze the in vitro morphogenesis of braúna. Explants after induction of growth regulators. Three experiments were performed: I. In vitro bud proliferation of juvenile explants at different BAP concentrations. Was analyzed the number and length of shoots (mm); bud explants-1 (%); calogenesis (%) and direct and indirect organogenesis budding-1 (%). II. In vitro rhizogenesis of shoots with different types and auxin concentrations. III. In vitro rhizogenesis of under temporary immersion of shoots at different IBA concentrations. It was analyzed in experiment I and II: calogenesis (%); rhizogenesis (%); number, length (mm) and root dry mass (mg) the shoots. The nodal segment with two axillary buds was the most responsive explant regardless of the use of BAP. The stem apex with the use of BAP (2.5-3.5 mg.L-1) was the most responsive in the proliferation of shoots. Tested concentrations of auxins IBA, NAA and 2,4-D were not sufficient for in vitro rhizogenesis. The average of the maximum technical efficiencies of the variables used to analyze rhizogenic process suggests the treatment of the shoots base by temporary immersion in the IBA at an approximate concentration of 2,500 mg.L-1 and planting on the vermiculite substrate.

Water management is considered one of the most prevalent factors in the production of quality seedlings in commercial crops. Despite the benefits provided, the technique is still little used by irrigating users, who, for the most part, do not adopt any criteria for water use. Thus, aiming at the rational use of water resources and increasing the productive potential of seedlings, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths on the production of Formosa “Mel” papaya seedlings (Carica papaya L.). The experiment took place in a greenhouse, located at the Federal Institute of Espirito Santo, Campus Itapina, in Colatina, ES. The treatments consisted of six irrigation depths corresponding to 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm·day−1 adjusted in a completely randomized design, with 25 plants per treatment. The variables evaluated were: plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry mass of the aerial part, dry mass of the root system, total dry mass and Dickson’s Quality index, 58 days after sowing in all experimental plots. At the end of the experiment, it was found that the 7.36 mm·d−1 irrigation depth provided better quality, in addition to lower water consumption, being the most recommended for the production of Formosa “Mel” papaya seedlings.

Fusariosis is a disease that causes economic damage to black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) producers. Despite being a major disease, there is no record of efficient chemical control. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the antifungal activity of copper, zinc and potassium compounds in mycelial growth and conidial germination of Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis in vitro. For inoculation in PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium, 7 mm discs from the pure culture were transferred to Petri dishes. The plates were incubated at 25ºC in a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) chamber, with photoperiod of 12 h, for 15 days. Micronutrients were supplied as sulfates, CuSO4 (copper sulfate) and ZnSO4 (zinc sulfate), at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mmol/L. Potassium macronutrient (K) was supplied as KCl (potassium chloride) at concentrations of 30, 60, 90,120 and 150 mmol/L. The experiment was performed using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and ten replications. CuSO4 showed fungicidal effect at concentrations of 10, 15 and 20 mmol/L. For ZnSO4 mycelial growth was completely inhibited at concentrations of 15 and 20 mmol/L. There was no inhibition or reduction of fungal growth in the presence of K. Copper and zinc at minimal concentrations were efficient in controlling mycelial growth and inhibition of spore germination of F. solani f. sp. piperis. In contrast, potassium did not exert fungicidal or fungistatic effect on the fungus.

The objectives of this work were to determine the optimum plot size for tomato seedlings by Hatheway’s method, using the Mestico and Ozone cultivars, and verify the possibility to obtain the optimum plot size only by non-destructive characteristics. Non-destructives (aerial part height, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area) and destructives (aerial part dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter and Dickson quality index) characteristics were evaluated. For each characteristic evaluated, experimental plans were simulated in a randomized block design with the combination of I treatments (I = 3, 4, 5, ..., 10, 15, 20 and 25) and R repetitions (R= 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). The optimum plot size ranged according to the characteristic evaluated. Considering the number of treatments, repetitions and the same experimental accuracy, the stem diameter showed the highest size plot. Thus, the stem diameter can be used as a basis characteristic for the non-destructives characteristics, without the need to destroy the seedling.

The Atlantic Forest is a biome that has suffered anthropic actions, such as the extraction of hardwood, which can lead to the extinction of endemic species of great economic and ecological value, such as Dalbergia nigra. In this perspective, large-scale multiplication studies are necessary to contribute to the conservation of this species. The objective of this work was to establish a protocol for the in vitro production of axenic seedlings of D. nigra. Four experiments were performed: I. Immersion times in NaOCl. II. Disinfecting agents in seed germination of D. nigra. III. NaOCl toxicity in seeds of the model species Lactuca sativa L. IV. Culture media and glutamine in the germination and initial growth of D. nigra. All experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design. For a better disinfestation and less harmful effects to the seedlings, it is recommended that the seeds be treated with 70% alcohol (1 min) and NaOCl (14 min). NaOCl has a high phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effect, and its mechanism of action in the L. sativa cell cycle is clastogenic and aneugenic, suggesting the formation of abnormal seedlings in D. nigra. The WPM medium and its supplementation with glutamine (0.75 mg.L-1) are recommended.

The reduction of foliar area can cause yield reduction in common bean crops. The objective of this work was to verify which is the effect of different defoliation levels realized in several development stages of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Goytacazes) over yield, weight of 100 seeds and number of pods per plant. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a split-plot arrangement with five replications. The plot corresponded to the five defoliation epochs (first trifoliate leaf, flowering, pods formation, pods filling, and dry pods). In each plot, the split plot was represented by the four defoliation levels (0%, 33%, 67% and 100%). It was observed a decrease of yield for all levels defoliation considering all development stages, except for dried pods. The highest decrease was detected for flowering and pods formation. Through the regression analysis got a greater reduction in yield with 100% defoliation made at 42 days after emergence. The evaluation parameter that showed better relation with yield was a number of pods per plant.

The objective of this study was to determine the sample size needed to evaluate characters of mature fruits of yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.). 100 fruits were evaluated from plants grown under a shading system. In the laboratory, these fruits were measured by the characters: longitudinal length (mm); equatorial diameter (mm); fruit mass (g); yield of pulp (%); total soluble solids—TSS (°Brix); titratable acidity—TA (% citric acid) and ratio (TSS/TA), being calculated the measures of central tendency and dispersion, and verified normality. Next, the sample size for each character was determined. For experimental evaluation of cajamirim fruits, considering an accuracy of 10% around the mean, 40 fruits per treatment should be evaluated, considering a completely randomized experiment.

The development of tissue cultured-based protocols applied to brauna, an endangeres species, would be though highly desirable. However, contamination-free explants are determinant for the success of this technique, which might be vulnerable to the toxicity of disinfectants. Here, we aimed at establishing an efficient protocol for in vitro production of axenic seedlings of brauna and to evaluate the toxicity of disinfectant agents in the Lactuca sativa model species. Experiments I and II: Seeds were treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and fungicide captan, with and without residue, by different immersion times, respectively. The following were analyzed: contamination; germination and normal and abnormal seedlings. Experiment III: Lettuce seeds placed in Petri dishes were exposed to 2.5 mL captan at 0.5; 1; 2; 4 and 8%; 0.01% glyphosate and distilled water. The germination, length of seedlings, cell cycle, nuclear and chromosomal alterations of the cells of the root meristem were assesed. The isolated use of NaOCl was not efficient in the disinfestation of brauna seeds. However, the immersion of the seeds in captan, for 10 minutes with its residue, led to higher germination and vigor indexes; however, resulted in the formation of abnormal seedlings. This compound exhibited toxicity in the lettuce model seeds because affected the germination and the whole development of the seedlings, showing clastogenic and aneugenic action in the meristematic cell cycle.

To augment a narrow genetic base in papaya, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of new hybrids produced by Caliman Agricola® S.A. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, with 12 treatments four replications and ten plants per plot. The treatments were the variety THB and the hybrids were CR1 × Sao Mateus, CR1 × 72/12, CR2 × Sao Mateus, CR3 × Sao Mateus, CR1 × Maradol, CR2 × Sekati, CR3 × Maradol, CR1 × UENF/Caliman 01, CR3 × Sekati, CR1 × SSAM and Baixinho (dwarf) × Peciolo Curto (short petiole). Ten hermaphroditic plants per plot were evaluated at 8 and 12 months after transplanting. Data were recorded for sixteen characteristics related to morphology of plants and biometry of fruits harvested at maturity stage II (fruit with up to 25% yellow skin). The analysis of variance and the subsequent Scott-Knott’s mean clustering test showed significant differences between cultivars for all the characteristics. The characteristic soluble solids grouped the variety THB and five medium-sized hybrids with potential for exploitation: CP1 × UENF/Caliman 01, Baixinho × Peciolo Curto, CP1 × 72/12, CP1 × SSAM, and CP1 × Sao Mateus. The estimated average yield of marketable fruits in 12 months grouped the two hybrids with the highest averages: CP3 × Sekati and CP2 × Sekati. The analysis of the new hybrids revealed interesting productivity and fruit quality characteristics, suggesting that they should undergo value for cultivation and use (VCU) testing for future release as commercial hybrids. Key words: Carica papaya L., plant breeding, genetic variability.

The objective of this study was to determine a suitable plot size for field experiments with papaya genotypes. Two experiments were carried out using a randomized complete block design with 11 and 12 papaya genotypes, respectively. In both experiments, plots consisted of one row, with 10 plants each. Spacing between rows was 3.5 m, with 1.5 m between plants. The characteristic evaluated was fruit production in t ha-1 in first year of cultivation, and the basic unit used was one plant. Suitable plot size was estimated using Lin and Binns, and Hatheway’s methods. These methods are complementary and should be used together in the determination of the optimum plot size. The results of these tests showed that the optimum plot size for the evaluation of yield in papaya was four plants by plot with four replications each assuming 30% of the precision for establishing differences among the means of two genotypes. Key words: Breeding, Carica papaya, intrablock correlation.

Genetic diversity studies provide fundamental information for characterization, conservation and utilization of available genetic resources in plant genetic improvement programs. To evaluate the genetic divergence among papaya accessions, 17 morphoagronomic variables from 59 accessions of the active germplasm bank were evaluated in an experiment at Santa Teresinha Farm, belonging to Caliman Agricola S/A, in Linhares-ES, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with two replicates. The divergence between the accessions was estimated using the Tocher optimization method and the agglomerative hierarchical approach based on the Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using an Arithmetic Average. (UPGMA). There was significant difference for all the variables evaluated, showing variability among the accessions. The variables plant height, first fruit insertion height, greatest thickness of fruit pulp, fruit diameter, and fruit length had heritability above 80%, indicating expressive gains in the simple process of selection. Genetic variability was found among the accessions, and Americano, short-peduncle-STZ-03 and Califlora 209 were the most divergent. The optimization methods Tocher and hierarchical based on UPGMA were partially concordant for the formation of heterotic groups of papaya accessions. The variables fruit mass, fruit diameter and plant height contributed the most to the genetic diversity. Keywords: Carica papaya L., genetic variability, multivariate analysis.

Sapucaia or Lecythis pisonis Cambess. is an ornamental tree that produces edible, tasty, and nutritious nuts, and can be used for timber production. Sapucaia has potential as a functional food, owing to optimal nutritional and particularly Se levels. The present study sought to characterize the seeds of 21 sapucaia matrices from forest remnants of a neotropical hotspot (Atlantic Forest) and farms in two Brazilian states. Biometrics, germination, vigor, lignin content in the teguments, minerals content, and phenotypic and molecular diversity were analyzed. The seeds of matrices 16 and 21 were the most vigorous. Nuts from matrices 21 and 17 contained the highest amounts of Se. Matrices 5, 8, and 21 were the most phenotypically distant; whereas matrix 21 was the most genetically distant. Importantly, we validated a new non-destructive and efficient X-ray-based methodology for internal and densitometric analysis of sapucaia seeds, and demonstrated a high genetic divergence among matrices.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of shoot types and plant ages for floral induction on the performance of 'Vitória' pineapple (Ananas comosus). The experiment was carried out from April 2015 to December 2016, using shoots of two different classifications (slips of 100 to 200 g and suckers of 201 to 300 g). Artificial floral induction was performed at the eighth, tenth, and twelfth months after planting, and natural induction was also evaluated. Evaluations for vegetative development, phenology, and productivity were performed. A significant interaction was observed between the studied factors for width and area of the “D” leaf. Shoot type did not influence productivity. Natural flowering extended the crop cycle by 617 days. The induction performed at the eighth month anticipated harvest by up to 167 days. Earlier inductions reduced productivity by 58.15% due to the reduction of fruit mass. Naturally induced plants produced larger fruit ranging from 1.0 to 1.2 kg. Inductions from the eighth to the tenth month promote harvesting in more favorable seasons. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de tipos de mudas e idades da planta para a indução floral no desempenho do abacaxizeiro 'Vitória' (Ananas comosus). O experimento foi realizado de abril de 2015 a dezembro de 2016, com mudas de duas classificações diferentes (filhotes com 100 a 200 g e rebentão com 201 a 300 g). A indução floral artificial foi feita no oitavo, no décimo e no décimo-segundo mês após o plantio, e a indução natural também foi avaliada. Realizaram-se avaliações quanto ao desenvolvimento vegetativo, à fenologia e à produtividade. Observou-se interação significativa entre os fatores estudados quanto à largura e à área da folha “D”. O tipo de muda não influenciou a produtividade. O florescimento natural estendeu o ciclo da cultura em 617 dias. A indução realizada no oitavo mês antecipou a colheita em até 167 dias. Induções mais precoces reduziram a produtividade em 58,15%, em razão da redução da massa dos frutos. Plantas induzidas naturalmente produziram frutos maiores, que variaram de 1,0 a 1,2 kg. As induções do oitavo ao décimo mês possibilitam colheitas em épocas mais favoráveis.

O mamoeiro tradicionalmente é propagado por sementes. A propagação assexuada é uma alternativa para a produção de plantas hermafroditas com o padrão de frutos exigidos pelo mercado consumidor. Sendo assim, objetivou-se estudar a propagação vegetativa em mamoeiro hermafrodita ‘Golden’, testando o ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) no enraizamento de miniestacas, em sistema semi-hidropônico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco concentrações de AIB (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 mg L-1), com quatro repetições de seis miniestacas retiradas de plantas hermafroditas em cada parcela. Após 60 dias do cultivo, as miniestacas foram analisadas quanto à porcentagem de enraizamento, porcentagem de sobrevivência, comprimento da maior raiz, e número de folhas. A concentração em torno de 9 mg L-1 de AIB propiciou uma melhor indução ao enraizamento das miniestacas, bem como maior sobrevivência das mudas, formação de folhas e qualidade de suas raízes. Recomenda-se o uso de 9 mg L-1 de AIB no sistema semi-hidropônico de produção de mudas usando miniestacas de mamoeiro ‘Golden’ hermafrodita.

The analysis of leaf pigments helps to understand the behavior of plant species under stress conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the amount of leaf pigments in SJ-02 cocoa seedlings under different irrigation depths and cultivation containers. The experiment took place at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Campus Itapina, in Colatina, a city located in the northwest of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. A total of 144 seedlings were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme (6 × 3), where the first factor consisted of six different irrigation depths: 4; 6; 8; 10; 12 and 14 mm d-1 and the second one consisted of three different cultivation containers: polypropylene bags with dimensions of 10 × 20, 15 × 25 and 13 × 35, totalling 18 treatments, with eight repetitions. Seventy-four days after sowing, total chlorophyll content, flavonoid index and anthocyanin index were evaluated. There was no interaction between the factors studied. The 7 mm d-1 irrigation depth is the most suitable because it is practical in water management. Significance was not observed between the different cultivation containers.

The objective of this study was to obtain mathematical models to estimate non-destructively the fruit mass of pear cv. ‘Triunfo’. To this end, 128 fruits from all developmental stages collected at three different times were used. Fruits were measured for maximum length (L), maximum width (W) and observed mass (OM). For the adjustment, with a sample of 100 fruits, the models first degree linear, quadratic and power were tested, in which the OM was used as the dependent variable in function of L and W. From a sample of 28 fruits, separated for this purpose the equations were validated. Thus, it indicates an equation of the quadratic model represented by EM = 36.020218 – 3.067232(W) + 0.082568(W)2 using from the measurement of the largest fruit width (W), as the most accurate to estimate the fruit mass of pear cv. ‘Triunfo’.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the biometry of fruit and seed, and the diversity of paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes. Fruit of 12 paradise nut genotypes were collected from plants in the northern region of the state of Espírito Santo and in the eastern region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were subjected to the analysis of variance, and means of the different genotypes were compared by Scott-Knott’s mean clustering test. The phenotypic diversity was analyzed using Mahalanobis’ generalized distance, and clustering, by Tocher’s optimization method and the graphical dispersion of canonical variables. The relative contribution of the characters to diversity was assessed by Singh’s method. The paradise nut genotypes differed regarding the morphological characteristics of fruit and seed. Genotype 1 produced the largest number of seed per fruit, and genotypes 2 and 7 produced the largest seed. These genotypes were clustered into different groups, which is indicative of their potential combination for use in genetic breeding programs. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a biometria de frutos e sementes e a diversidade de genótipos de sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis). Frutos de 12 genótipos de sapucaia foram coletados de plantas na região norte do Estado do Espírito Santo e leste do Estado de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias dos diferentes genótipos foram comparadas pelo teste de agrupamento de Scott-Knott. A diversidade fenotípica foi analisada por meio da distância de Mahalanobis, e o agrupamento, pelo método de otimização de Tocher e por dispersão gráfica a partir das variáveis canônicas. A contribuição relativa das características para diversidade foi avaliada pelo método de Singh. Os genótipos de sapucaia divergiram quanto às características morfológicas de frutos e sementes. O genótipo 1 produziu o maior número de sementes por fruto, e os genótipos 2 e 7 produziram sementes de maiores dimensões. Esses genótipos foram separados em grupos distintos, o que é indício de sua combinação para uso em programas de melhoramento.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a fruit tree of great economic and food interest worldwide. Its propagation can occur both sexually and asexually. Traditionally, it is propagated by seeds; however, vegetative propagation has been often used with the use of in vitro and ex vitro culture techniques. In vegetative propagation, the cutting method has been extensively explored. Research has also been developed using grafting. In recent years, papaya cultivation has also become a model for other fruit plants in the use of biotechnological techniques aiming applications ranging from germplasm conservation to genetic transformation of plants. Since the beginning of the 1970s, the culture of papaya tree tissues has been intensely studied, allowing greater control of in vitro development, especially for micropropagation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis techniques. Resumo O mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) é uma fruteira de bastante interesse econômico e alimentar em todo o mundo. Sua propagação pode ocorrer tanto por via sexuada como assexuada. Tradicionalmente é propagado por sementes, entretanto, a propagação vegetativa vem sendo frequentemente utilizada com o uso de técnicas de cultura in vitro e ex vitro. Na propagação vegetativa o método de estaquia tem sido bastante explorado. Pesquisas também tem sido desenvolvidas utilizando-se a enxertia. A cultura do mamoeiro tem se tornado também, nos últimos anos, um modelo para outras fruteiras no que diz respeito ao uso de técnicas biotecnológicas, visando aplicações que vão da conservação de germoplasma a transformação genética de plantas. Desde o início da década de 70, a cultura de tecidos do mamoeiro vem sendo intensamente estudada, permitindo maior controle do desenvolvimento in vitro, especialmente para as técnicas de micropropagação, organogênese e embriogênese somática.

Jaboticaba is a native fruit from Brazil, appreciated for its sweet taste and organoleptic characteristics. The propagation of this fruit species occurs exclusively through seeds, which present high germination rates, although with a long period of juvenility, a fact that favors advances in studies aiming at an early fruiting. This research aimed to study a more adequate and rapid grafting method for the jaboticaba cv. Sabará. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with 12 treatments consisting of combinations using three types of seedlings (monoembryonic, polyembryonic, and multi-stemmed), two grafting methods (top cleft and splice grafting), and two fasteners (parafilm® tape and circular clip), with three replications consisting of 10 seedlings each. The analyzed characteristics were: monoembryony (%); polyembryony (%), multi-stemming (%), grafting success rate (%), survival (%), scion length (cm), scion diameter (mm), and rootstock diameter (mm). The percentage of monoembryony (46.4%) was higher than the success rates of polyembryony (36%), and multi-stemming (17.6%). The top cleft grafting method of monoembryonic seedlings fastened with parafilm® and circular clip, and polyembryonic seedlings fastened with circular clip were the more suitable for grafting in the jaboticaba cv. Sabará.

This study evaluated the effect of osmoregulators and carbohydrates on the maturation and germination of somatic embryos of papaya ‘Golden THB’. Cotyledon explants from papaya seedlings germinated in vitro on basal MS medium were cultured on somatic embryogenesis induction medium (IM) containing MS salts, myo-inositol, sucrose, agar and p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. After 50 days, embryogenic calli were transferred onto maturation media (MM) for 45 additional days. For experiment 1, a MS-based medium supplemented with abscisic acid, activated charcoal and concentrations of PEG 6000 (0; 40; 50; 60 and 70 g L-1) was used, whereas for experiment 2 malt extract concentrations (0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 g L-1) were assessed. The normal cotyledonary somatic embryos produced in experiment 2 were transferred to the germination medium (GM). The GM consisted of full-strength MS medium, sucrose, agar and was supplemented with myo-inositol at varying concentrations (0; 0.275; 0.55 and 0.825 mM). The PEG concentrations tested impaired the maturation of ‘Golden THB’ papaya somatic embryos. The MM, supplemented with malt extract at 0.153 g L-1, promoted the greatest development of normal somatic embryos (18.28 SE calli-1), that is, two cotyledonary leaves produced 36.56 SE calli-1. The supplementation with 0.45 mM myo-inositol provided the highest germination percentage (47.42%) and conversion to emblings.

In Brazil 95% of the passion fruit marketed comes from the species Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (yellow passion fruit), the remainder are Passiflora edulis f. edulis (purple passion fruit) and Passiflora alata (sweet passion fruit), considered market niches. Because of the wide genetic variability the genus Passiflora, it is of fundamental importance to identify superior genotypes to improve the quality of fruit for the fresh market. The objective is to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits of 33 genotypes P. alata Curtis, evaluated in a randomized complete block design with two replicates of four plants, from native matrices, located at the experimental farm of the University Center of the North of Espírito Santo, Federal University of Espírito Santo, in the Northern Region of the state of Espírito Santo, São Mateus -ES. Thirty-two mature fruits were collected in each replicate, eight per plant and the following characteristics were analyzed: fruit weight (g); equatorial and polar diameter of fruit (cm); peel thickness (mm); mass of the pulp (g); pulp volume (mL); pulp yield (%); number of seeds per fruit, pH; soluble solids (SS); titratable acidity (TA) and ratio (SS/TA). There is a wide genetic variability among P. alata genotypes as to the traits assessed. Genotypes 4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 18, 21, 25 and 26 stood out among the rest, and is therefore recommended for new plantings and future breeding programs.

For the production and quality of pineapple fruits, the appropriate choice of the type of propagule to be used combined with the management of the ages for floral induction are important factors to reach the maximum of desirable characteristics that will define the success in the production of the pineapple and its good acceptance in the market. The objective of this research was to evaluate the post-harvest quality of fruits developed from different types of shoots and ages of floral induction of ‘Vitória’ pineapple. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with four replications. The plots were made up of the shoots (slip and sucker) and the subplots were composed of the different ages of floral induction (8, 10 and 12 months after planting and natural flowering). Evaluations of biomass characteristics of fruits with and without crown, circumference, length, diameter, firmness, translucency, pulp color and physicochemical quality were performed. No significant interaction was observed for the biometric and biomass variables, and the type of shoots influenced only the crown biomass and the central cylinder diameter, which were higher in the slips. In addition, for the attributes color, translucent area and firmness, no interaction was found, and they were influenced only by the induction times, except for the variable color referring to the intensity of green and red colors. Regardless of the types of the shootss evaluated in the environmental conditions of planting carried out in April 2015, the fruits originated from natural inductions and inductions at 12 months presented greater firmness, a desirable characteristic for export and industrialization, mainly for the processing of slices of pineapple, pieces in syrup and crystallized. The slips natural induced and induced at 12 months provided fruits with a greater ratio between soluble solids and acidity. Resumo Na produção e na qualidade dos frutos do abacaxizeiro, a escolha adequada do tipo de propágulo a ser utilizado, em conjunto com o manejo das idades para a indução floral, são fatores importantes para que seja alcançado o máximo de características desejáveis que definirão o sucesso na produção da fruteira e sua boa aceitação no mercado. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a qualidade pós-colheita de frutos desenvolvidos de diferentes tipos de mudas e idades de indução floral do abacaxizeiro ‘Vitória’. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, sendo as parcelas formadas pelos tipos de mudas (filhote e rebentão), e as subparcelas, compostas pelas diferentes idades da planta para indução floral (8, 10 e 12 meses após o plantio, e o florescimento natural). Foram realizadas avaliações das características de biomassa dos frutos com e sem coroa, circunferência, comprimento, diâmetro, firmeza, translucidez, coloração da polpa e qualidade físico-química. Não foi observada interação significativa para as variáveis biométricas e de biomassa, sendo que o tipo de muda influenciou apenas na biomassa da coroa e no diâmetro do cilindro central, que foram superiores nas mudas-filhote. Para os atributos cor, área translúcida e firmeza, também não houve interação e foram influenciados apenas pelas idades de indução, exceto para a variável de cor referente à intensidade das cores verde e vermelha. Independentemente dos tipos de mudas estudados, nas condições ambientais de plantio realizado em abril de 2015, os frutos originados de induções aos 12 meses e natural apresentaram maior firmeza, característica desejável na exportação e na industrialização, principalmente na fabricação de fatias de abacaxi, pedaços em calda e cristalizados. Mudas do tipo filhote, induzidas aos 12 meses e naturalmente, proporcionaram frutos com relação superior entre sólidos solúveis e acidez.

In Brazil, the main cultivated passion fruit species is Passiflora edulis, which is affected by Fusarium soil fungus. P. mucronata species stands out because it presents resistance to this fungus, being thus an alternative rootstock to yellow passion fruit. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of mini-grafting by top cleft grafting and simple English type grafting, using shoot tips of adult P. edulis plants in clonal rootstocks of P. mucronata. When the rootstocks reached approximately 2.5 mm in diameter and 20 cm in height, grafting was carried out with Parafilm® tape fasteners and silicone clip. At the end of 60 days, histological analysis of the grafting region was performed to verify the formation of the scarring parenchyma tissue (callus). The filling of the mini-grafting cleft by callus was verified; however, there was no differentiation of the new vascular tissue at 60 days after grafting. During the performance of the simple English type grafting using Parafilm® tape, it was extremely difficult to encircle the tape and at the same time to join the bionts so that tissue junction is perfect. Mini-grafting by top cleft grafting using Parafilm® tape fastener is recommended. Resumo No Brasil, a principal espécie cultivada de maracujazeiro é Passiflora edulis (maracujazeiro-azedo), a qual é acometida pelo fungo de solo Fusarium. A espécie P. mucronata destaca-se por apresentar resistência a este fungo, sendo assim uma alternativa como portaenxerto ao maracujazeiro-amarelo. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar a anatomia da minienxertia por garfagem no topo em fenda cheia e inglês simples, utilizando ápices caulinares de plantas adultas de P. edulis em portaenxertos clonais de P. mucronata. Quando os porta-enxertos atingiram aproximadamente 2,5 mm de diâmetro do coleto e 20 cm de altura, procedeu-se a enxertia com os fixadores fita Parafilm® e clipe de silicone. Ao completar 60 dias, foi realizada a análise histológica da região de enxertia para verificação da formação do tecido parenquimático cicatricial (calo). Verificou-se o preenchimento da fenda de minienxertia por calo; no entanto, não houve diferenciação do novo tecido vascular, aos 60 dias após a minigarfagem. Durante a execução da minienxertia inglês simples com uso de fita Parafilm®, percebeu-se extrema dificuldade em circundar a fita e, ao mesmo momento, unir os biontes, de forma que fique perfeita a junção dos tecidos. Recomenda-se a minienxertia no topo em fenda cheia com o uso do fixador fita Parafilm®.

By considering the few studies related to pineapple cv. Vitória, to know the relationships between the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits, and they with the “D” leaf, is fundamental. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationships between “D” leaf, with the physical and chemical characteristics of fruits of pineapple cv. Vitória, under the edaphoclimatic conditions in the North of the State of Espírito Santo. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design in split-plot arrangement with four replications. The data obtained from 433 individually evaluated fruits were analyzed, as it follows: 84 at planting in July and induction at 8 months; 98 at planting in July and induction at 10 months; 84 at planting in July and induction at 12 months; 59 at planting in September and induction at 8 months; 50 at planting in September and induction at 10 months; 58 at planting in September and induction at 12 months. Pearson’s correlation was performed between the characteristics of “D” leaf (length and width) and the physical and chemical aspects of fruits (mass of the fruits with and without crown, fruit length and diameter, pulp volume, translucent area, soluble solids and titratable acidity) for the six treatments. Most of the relationships among the 11 characteristics evaluated were of low magnitude in the six treatments, but correlations of high magnitude and practical application of interest to plant scientists, breeders, farmers and consumers were found. The length and width of the “D” leaf should not be used as indicators of physical and chemical qualities of cv. Vitória. Fruits with higher mass, with or without crown or larger width or diameter present higher pulp content. Fruits with higher mass, with or without crown have lower content of soluble solids.

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a divergencia genetica e as caracteristicas fisicas e quimicas de frutos de duas populacoes do maracujazeiro azedo na regiao Norte do Espirito Santo, como as progenies de meio-irmaos de acesso local de um plantio comercial (genotipos: 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9 e 10) e do hibrido BRS Ouro Vermelho (genotipos: 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19 e 20). A divergencia genetica foi avaliada por procedimentos multivariados como a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D2) e pelos metodos de agrupamento de otimizacao de Tocher e UPGMA. Encontrou-se divergencia genetica entre as populacoes estudadas promovendo a formacao de grupos diferentes entre o metodo de Tocher e do UPGMA. As caracteristicas, referentes ao tamanho do fruto, diâmetro polar e equatorial, foram as que mais contribuiram na diversidade genetica dos genotipos. Nas populacoes estudadas de maracujazeiro azedo ha grande variabilidade genetica quanto as caracteristicas avaliadas, o que possibilita selecionar plantas com elevado potencial para fins de melhoramento genetico. O hibrido BRS Ouro Vermelho apresenta boa adaptacao as condicoes locais.

Introduction. Papaya is one of the very few fruit crops multiplied by seed. Unfortunately, the use of seedlings hampers the preservation of favorable plant characteristics and delays the appearance of the first flowers. In addition, the polygamous nature of papaya imposes planting 3-4 seedlings per hole in order to be certain of obtaining the right sex type. These shortcomings can be circumvented by clonal multiplication. This work aimed to multiply selected papaya cultivars from cuttings using the rooting promoting auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Materials and methods. Two experiments were conducted; the first one followed a completely randomized factorial design, with cultivars ’Golden’ and ‘Uenf/Caliman 01’ as levels of the first factor, and 0, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm IBA as levels of the second factor. In this first trial, rooted cuttings of ‘Uenf/Caliman 01’ were taken to the field and compared to seedlings soon after planting and 4.5 months later. In the second experiment, IBA levels were increased aiming to enhance rooting percentage. Physiological assessments of rooted cuttings were also performed in this second experiment. Results and discussion. A concentration of 3,000 ppm IBA gave the best results for ‘Golden’, while lower concentration (1,500 ppm) seemed indicated for ‘Uenf/Caliman 01’. Rooting success in ‘Uenf/Caliman 01’ was improved by using cuttings obtained from beheaded mother plants. The analyses showed that a few roots were sufficient to maintain good water status and photosynthetic rate in new plantlets. Conclusion. Plants propagated from cuttings had early flowering and produced first fruits at a lower height than seedlings in the field.

The aim of this study was to evaluate somatic embryogenesis in juvenile explants of the THB papaya cultivar. Apical shoots and cotyledonary leaves were inoculated in an induction medium composed of different concentrations of 2,4-D (6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 µM) or 4-CPA (19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 µM). The embryogenic calluses were transferred to a maturation medium for 30 days. Histological analysis were done during the induction and scanning electron microscopy after maturing. For both types of auxin, embryogenesis was achieved at higher frequencies with cotyledonary leaves incubated in induction medium than with apical shoots; except for callogenesis. The early-stage embryos (e.g., globular or heart-shape) predominated. Among the auxins, best results were observed in cotyledonary leaves induced with 4-CPA (25 µM). Histological analyses of the cotyledonary leaf-derived calluses confirmed that the somatic embryos (SEs) formed from parenchyma cells, predominantly differentiated via indirect and multicellular origin and infrequently via synchronized embryogenesis. The secondary embryogenesis was observed during induction and maturation phases in papaya THB cultivar. The combination of ABA (0.5 µM) and AC (15 g L-1) in maturation medium resulted in the highest somatic embryogenesis induction frequency (70 SEs callus-1) and the lowest percentage of early germination (4%).

Mini-cutting is a technique with large applications in various crops, mainly due to the increase in the percentage and quality of adventitious roots, reducing time for the formation of clonal seedlings. The aim of this study was to evaluate IBA levels and substrates on the rooting of UENF/CALIMAN 02 hybrid papaya mini-cuttings. To perform the experiment, papaya mini-cuttings were taken from mother plants grown in pots in greenhouse, induced to produce shoots through pruning and growth regulator applications. Mini-cuttings were fixed in vermiculite or coconut fiver substrates placed in alveolate trays with 4.5x4.5x5.0 cm cells, and styrofoam trays were placed in plastic trays where different IBA levels were added in a modified Hoagland solution. After 45 days, rooted buds were transplanted to plastic pots of 600 mL of volume with soil, sand, well-cured bovine fertilizer, in the proportion of 3:1:1, remaining for 45 days. When they were taken from pots, roots were carefully washed, and the length of shoots, length of the largest root, dried mass of shoots and radicular system and root percentage were measured. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block 5 x 2 factorial design, with 5 IBA levels: 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10 mg L-1, two substrates: vermiculite and coconut fiber, three replicates, with six plants per replicate. IBA levels of 5.0 mg L-1 and substrate vermiculite are the most adequate for the rooting of ‘UENF/CALIMAN 02’ papaya mini-cuttings in semi-hydroponic system in alveolate styrofoam trays with 4.5x4.5x5.0 cm cells. Resumo A miniestaquia é uma técnica com grandes aplicações em várias culturas, devido, principalmente, ao aumento dos porcentuais e qualidade de enraizamento adventício, reduzindo o tempo para a formação da muda clonal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar níveis de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e substrato no enraizamento de miniestacas de mamoeiro híbrido UENF/CALIMAN 02. Para a realização do experimento, as miniestacas de mamoeiro foram retiradas de plantas matrizes cultivadas em vasos, em casa de vegetação, induzidas a produzir brotos por meio de podas e aplicações de reguladores vegetais. As miniestacas foram afixadas em substrato vermiculita ou fibra de coco em bandejas alveoladas de isopor com células de 4,5x4.5x5,0 cm. As bandejas de isopor foram então colocadas em bandejas plásticas contendo solução de Hoagland modificada onde foram adicionados diferentes níveis de AIB. Após 45 dias, os brotos enraizados foram avaliados e transplantados para vasos plásticos, de 600 mL de volume, com terra, areia e esterco bovino bem curtido, na proporção 3:1:1, nos quais permaneceram por mais 45 dias, quando foram retirados dos vasos e realizada a avaliação final, quando suas raízes foram lavadas cuidadosamente e foram coletados os dados de comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da maior raiz, massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular e porcentagem de enraizamento. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com cinco níveis de AIB: 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10 mg L-1, dois substratos: vermiculita e fibra de coco, com três repetições e seis miniestacas por repetição. Os níveis de 5,0 mg L-1 AIB e o substrato vermiculita foram os mais adequados para o enraizamento de miniestacas de plantas hermafroditas de mamoeiro ‘UENF/CALIMAN 02’ em sistema semi-hidropônico, em bandejas alveoladas de isopor, com células de 4,5x4,5x5,0 cm.

This study assessed the ecophysiological aspects of the in vitro multiplication of ‘Golden’ papaya in response to different light qualities, ventilation systems and sucrose concentrations related to photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, water balance and growth. The treatments were performed in a complete, randomised split-plot design with four replicates. These treatments consisted of white and red light, closed and ventilated culture systems and four sucrose concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40 g L−1) in the culture medium. The lowest plantlet water loss rate was obtained using the ventilated culture system. The photochemical damage was attributable to the reduced maximum PS II quantum yield and the efficiency of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). The increase in the production of papaya dry biomass was due to the exogenous carbon source, the sucrose that was added to the culture medium. In this study, there was no photosynthetic carbon assimilation (Aactual, actual photosynthetic rate) or oxygen evolution (Apot, potential photosynthetic rate) due to the damage caused by the presence of sucrose in the culture medium to the photochemical capacity of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and PS II activity. Further studies are needed using a sucrose concentration below 10 g L−1 in association with the increased irradiance of the culture chamber (red lights) as well as carbon dioxide enrichment (over 400 μL L−1 of air). These conditions may stimulate the autotrophic metabolism of this species for in vitro cultivation and increase the rate of biomass production.

Under flooding conditions, plants exhibit morphological and physiological characteristics that indicate that the plant is undergoing stress. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the gas exchange of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings submitted to different times of flooding. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of the Capixaba Institute for Research Technical Assistance and Rural Extension, in Linhares, North of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments consisted in the flooding of the seedlings on days 0 (without flooding), 1, 2, 4 and 8. The seedlings were evaluated for gas exchange by characteristics: liquid assimilation of CO2; stomatal conductance; transpiration rate; water use efficiency. The gas exchange of cocoa seedlings were influenced by the flooding period in which they were submitted with a decrease in the values liquid assimilation of CO2, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate after the fourth day of flooding, after this period the seedlings developed morphological modifications that allowed them to adapt the flooding conditions, improving the liquid assimilation of CO2.

Due to the lack of information on the water demand of cocoa seedlings, empirical techniques have been used in the supply of water to the seedlings, potentializing losses in their growth and development. In this context, the present study aimed to determine the optimal irrigation depth for a good development of the genotype PS-1319 cocoa seedlings. The study took place at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo-Campus Itapina, located in the Colatina, a city situated in the northwestern region of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, in an experimental greenhouse of the campus, between October 20 and December 15, 2017. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) using 20 seedlings of the genotype PS-1319 cacao per treatment. The treatments consisted of daily applications of six irrigation depths, corresponding to 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm d-1, being evaluated their effects on the morphological parameters (leaf area; dry mass of the aerial part, dry mass of the root system and total dry mass; height of the aerial part and stem diameter) and the quality (Dickson quality index). The applied depths interfered, both in the development and the quality of the seedlings, with quadratic adjustments for the leaf area, dry mass of the aerial part and total dry mass, diameter and for the Dickson quality index. The best responses to the studied parameters were provided by the 8.33 mm d-1 depth, which is recommended as an ideal for production of genotype PS-1319 cacao seedlings.

In the execution of experiments involving agricultural crops, it is essential that the researcher is able to initially establish the outline, the amount of treatments, replication and the plot sizes, to predict the physical space and waste of material. The planning is not always easy due to the lack of research pointing out the adequate plot size, especially in experiments throughout seedlings stage. The objective of this work was to determine the adequate plot size for experiments with conilon coffee clone LB1 seedlings. Fort this Hatheway’s suggested methodology was used, in which the coefficient values of variation and the heterogeneity index were obtained through bootstrap simulation with replications. The findings emphasized that in the experiments involving the conilon coffee tree LB1 manufactured in bags, with the delineation in randomized blocks, when the evaluation of destructive characteristics require a larger experimental plot size than when characteristics are non-destructive, considering the same margin error. In the installation of experiments with conilon coffee tree LB1 clone, in randomized blocks with 7 to 40 treatments and three replications, plots holding nine seedlings are enough to identify significant differences between average of treatments of non-destructive kinds to 5% of prospects and variation between the average of treatments 30% of overall experimental average. However, for destructive characteristics in randomized blocks with 7 to 40 treatments in three replications, plots holding 14 seedlings are enough to identify significant differences between treatment averages to 5% of prospects and variation between average treatments 30% of overall experimental average.

The objective of this work was to propose models of equations from measurements of the linear dimensions of the last leaflet for the estimation of the leaf area of the composite leaves of Canavalia rosea. For this purpose, 441 composite leaves of 198 seedlings were used, 45 days after sowing, produced in nursery and belonging to the Federal University of Espírito Santo, Campus São Mateus, located in the municipality of São Mateus, North of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The length (L) along the main midrib and the maximum leaf width (W) of the last leaflet of each composite leaf, as well as the leaf area of all leaflets, were measured. Subsequently, it was determined the product of the multiplication of the length with the width (LW) and leaf area observed (OLA) from the sum of leaf area of leaflets in front of these measures were adjusted linear and non-linear equations of linear first degree, quadratic and power models, where, OLA was used as a dependent variable in function of L, W and LW as independent variable. Based on the models tested, we obtained equations for the estimated leaf area (ELA). The mean values of ELA and OLA were compared by Student's t test 5% probability. The mean absolute error (MAE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the Willmott d index, were determined as criteria for validation. The best adjusted equation was chosen through the non-significant values in the comparison of the means of ELA and OLA, values of MAE and RMSE closer to zero, value of the index d near the unitary and higher values of R2. Thus, the leaf area of the composite leaf of C. rosea seedlings can be estimated by the power model represented by equation ELA = 2.2951 (LW)0.9474 quickly, easily and non-destructively.

The production of okra using seedlings is a practice increasingly used by farmers. However, this system still lacks further research involving substrates, tray types, cell volume, pest control and disease. For this it is important to determine the optimum size of the plots, in order to reduce the experimental errors and the expenses with the experiment. The objective of this work was to determine the optimum plot size for experiments involving okra seedlings produced in Styrofoam trays of 128 cells using different methods. The methods were the maximum curvature, the maximum curvature with bootstrap simulation and the maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation. The evaluated characteristics were aerial part height, stem diameter, aerial dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter and quality of seedlings as measured by Dickson quality index. The results showed that the optimum plot size is different between the evaluated characteristics and for characteristics there is no significant difference in the optimum plot size between the three different methods. The optimum size for evaluating okra seedlings produced in Styrofoam trays of 128 cells is 10 seedlings per plot and is indicated the use of the maximum curvature method using a bootstrap simulation.

The aim of this study was to select the most suitable model for leaf area estimation from papaya seedlings cv. ‘Golden THB’ using linear dimensions of leaves with unilobular and trilobular morphology. It was used leaves of 60 seedlings with 30 days after sowing produced in nursery of the Fazenda Santa Teresinha which belongs to company Caliman Agrícola S.A., in the municipality of Linhares, state of Espírito Santo, in March 2016. The measurement of the length (L) was performed along the midrib, the maximum width (W) of the leaf blade, the product of the length by the width (LW) and the observed leaf area (OLA). From these results, first degree and power linear regression models was adjusted. From the proposed regression models, the validation was performed with a leaves sample of 60 seedlings produced in June 2016, obtaining, thus, the estimated leaf area (ELA). The following criteria were used to choose the best model: the highest coefficient of determination (R2), the values do not significant of the comparison of means of OLA and ELA and values of MAE and RMSE closer to zero. The leaf area estimation from papaya seedlings cv. ‘Golden THB’can be represented through equation ELA = -0.402619 + 0.612525(LW) for trilobular leaves and through equation ELA = 0.623355 + 0.610552(LW) for unilobular leaves.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade alelopática do extrato com acetato-etílico das folhas de Solanum cernuum Vell (Solanaceae) em relação ao efeito inibitório da germinação de sementes e vigor de plântulas de Sorghum bicolor L. (sorgo), Lactuca sativa L. (alface) e Bidens pilosa L. (picão preto). Foi avaliada a atividade fitotóxica do extrato com acetato-etílico nas concentrações de 0,00; 31,25; 62,50; 125,00; 250,00; 500,00; 750,00 e 1.000,00 mg L-1. As variáveis analisadas foram porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento de parte aérea e de raízes, e, massa seca de plântulas. Os resultados mostraram efeito fitotóxico do extrato com acetato-etílico de S. cernuum sobre sorgo, alface e picão preto em pelo menos uma das variáveis analisadas. Para picão preto, todas as variáveis, exceto a massa seca, sofreram reduções significativas (p

Se estudiaron en condiciones controladas los efectos de la interaccion entre el aluminio, nitrato y amonio, en solucion nutritiva. Se realizo un analisis sobre el crecimiento, las concentraciones de potasio y la composicion porcentual de N de los aminoacidos en Stylosanthes guianensis y S. macrocephala, sensibles y resistentes, respectivamente, tanto al aluminio y al amonio. El amonio redujo el crecimiento del S. guianensis drasticamente. La toxicidad de amonio, comprobada solo en el S. guianensis, estaba asociada con la estimulacion de la sintesis de las rutas metabolicas de la prolina y arginina, a partir del acido glutamico, en detrimento de la sintesis de glutamina. El aluminio alivia parcialmente la toxicidad de amonio en el S. guianensis, concomitante al aumento en la retencion de asparagina y reduccion en la composicion de arginina en el sistema de raices. En presencia de la fuente nitrica, el aluminio aumento las concentraciones de potasio solo en el S. macrocephala. En presencia de la fuente nitrica, la interconversion de N-aminico fue influenciada por el aluminio en ambas especies; sin embargo, la composicion porcentual de N-aminoacidos se modifico mas en el S. macrocephala.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the adjustment of mathematical models for determining Bauhinia monandra leaf area using the length and/or width of the leaves as independent variables. Leaves from plants with three years were used to the estimative of equations in linear, quadratic and potential models. The validation from the estimated leaf area as a function of the observed leaf area showed that the linear model based on the product of length and width of the largest leaf surface is the model that best fits. However, the leaf area determination can be represented by using only the length or width of the leaves with little loss of accuracy. A representation that better estimates Bauhinia monandra leaf area with easy application is the potential model in which xi represents the length of one of the symmetrical leaf lobes., O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência do ajuste de modelos matemáticos, para determinação da área foliar de Bauhinia monandra, utilizando o comprimento e/ou a largura das folhas como variáveis independentes. Foram analisadas folhas de plantas de três anos de idade para estimativa de equações nos modelos linear, quadrático e potencial. A validação a partir da área foliar estimada pelos modelos em função da área foliar observada mostrou que o melhor ajuste é para o modelo linear em função do produto entre comprimento e maior largura do limbo foliar; no entanto, a determinação da área foliar pode ser representada pelo uso apenas do comprimento ou da largura das folhas, com pouca perda de precisão. A representação que estima melhor a área foliar de Bauhinia monandra com maior simplicidade para aplicação é pelo modelo potencial em que xi representa o comprimento de um dos lóbulos foliares simétricos.

Genetic diversity allows identification of potential intraspecific genotypes in the genus Passiflora. The objective of this study was to examine the morphological and genetic diversity of auxin-induced Passiflora mucronata. The experiments were arranged in a complete randomized block design, with a 9 x 2 factorial arrangement (nine genotypes x presence and absence of auxin, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)), with four replicates of 16 cuttings. The rooting and vegetative growth responses were variable. Genotype 5 was more responsive in the absence of IBA and genotypes 3, 8 and 9 were more responsive in the presence of IBA. Auxin increased rooting rate and percentage, reducing the average time of root protrusion in eight days. IBA also contributed to increase photosynthesis and dry root and shoot mass in 55.55 and 44.44% of the genotypes, respectively. The highest relative contribution to phenotypic diversity in the absence of auxin was rate (38.75%) and percentage (20.27%) of rooting, whereas in the presence of auxin was stomatal conductance (23.19%) and root dry mass (20.91%). Similarity was found for phenotypic and molecular divergence in the presence of IBA, in which genotypes 1 and 6; genotypes 5, 8 and 9; and genotype 3 were clustered in distinct groups.

Passiflora mucronata Lam. is resistant to Fusarim oxysporum f. passifloraceae and therefore can be used as rootstock for the species Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa. The rootstocks in this case can be vegetatively propagated through cuttings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of cuttings and different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on the adventitious rooting of P. mucronata. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications of 16 cuttings each. In Experiment 1, the treatments consisted of the different types of cuttings from mother plants grown in protected environment: shoot tips; two leaves and two nodes; one leaf and one node; leafless with two nodes; leafless with one node. In Experiment 2, the cuttings were taken from field plants and treated with the following IBA concentrations: 0; 1000 mg kg-1 (0.0036456 mol L-1); 1500 mg kg-1 (0.0054684 mol L-1) and 2000 mg kg-1 (0.0072912 mol L-1). The characteristics evaluated in the experiments 1 and 2 were: survival (1 and 2); budding (1 and 2); shoot number (2), shoot length (2), number of shoot leaves (2);shoot dry mass (2); callusing (1); rooting (1 and 2); root number (1 and 2), largest root length (1 and 2), root volume (1 and 2), and root dry mass (1 and 2). We found that, instead the shoot tips, the cuttings of the type leafless with two nodes are the best for P. mucronata rooting. Neither the cuttings from greenhouse plants nor the cuttings from field plants require growth regulators for rooting of P. mucronata cuttings of the type leafless with two nodes. RESUMO A espécie Passiflora mucronata Lam. é identificada como resistente ao Fusarim oxysporum f. passifloraceae e, portanto, pode ser utilizada como porta-enxerto para a espécie Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg., e a obtenção desses porta-enxertos pode dar-se por propagação vegetativa por estaquia. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar diferentes tipos de estacas e diferentes concentrações do ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB), no enraizamento adventício de P. mucronata. Os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, de 16 estacas cada. No primeiro experimento, os tratamentos foram os diferentes tipos de estacas de plantas-matrizes de ambiente protegido: apical; de duas folhas e dois nós; de uma folha e um nó; sem folhas e dois nós; sem folhas e um nó. No segundo experimento, as estacas foram retiradas de campo e os tratamentos foram as concentrações de AIB: 0; 1000 (0,0036456 mol L-1); 1500 (0,0054684 mol L-1) e 2000 mg kg-1 (0,0072912 mol L-1). As características avaliadas no primeiro (1º) e no segundo (2º) experimentos foram: sobrevivência (1º e 2º); brotação (1º e 2º); número (2º), comprimento (2º), número de folhas (2º) e massa seca do broto (2º); calejamento (1º); enraizamento (1º e 2º); número (1º e 2º), comprimento (1º e 2º), volume (1º e 2º) e massa seca de raiz (1º e 2º). Recomenda-se usar estacas sem folhas e com dois nós, e não as apicais, para o processo de enraizamento de P. mucronata. O enraizamento das estacas sem folhas e com dois nós de P. mucronata dispensa o uso de reguladores de crescimento, tanto para as estacas provenientes de casa de vegetação quanto para as de campo.