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Composted swine (Sus domesticus) lagoon solids may provide a nutrient rich alternative to peatmoss (Sphagnum sp.) in a transplant substrate while dispersing the concentrated nutrients of this waste product in a cost effective, environmentally conscientious manner. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of swine lagoon solids composted with peanut (Arachis hypogaea) hulls and evaluate the utility of this substrate to support growth of vegetable transplants. Swine lagoon solids were composted in an in-vessel compost reactor with peanut hulls 15:85 v/v producing a transplant substrate, swine lagoon compost (SLC). A greenhouse study was conducted with three vegetable species: ‘Moneymaker’ tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), ‘Traviata’ eggplant (Solanum melongena), and ‘Clemson Spineless’ okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) grown in SLC, an organic potting mix (OM), and a peatmoss-based substrate (PEAT). ‘Traviata’ eggplant, ‘Clemson Spineless’ okra, and ‘Moneymaker’ tomato transplants produced in SLC substrate were significantly greater in height and dry weight than those produced in either the OM or PEAT. Based on these findings SLC can provide both the physical and chemical requirements needed for vegetable transplant production without additional amendments or fertilizers.

Nitrogen (N) is the third nutrient more absorbed by okra. Therefore, an adequate supply of this element is essential for okra growth through the accumulation of dry matter in the leaves, stem, root and fruit. The objective was to evaluate the influence of N doses on growth, photoassimilates partition and yield of okra. The experiment was carried out in a Red-Yellow Argisol. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. The treatments consisted of N doses applied as topdressing (0, 60, 120, 240, 360 kg/ha). Samples of plants were held at 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150 and 165 DAS for determination of the plant’s dry weight. The plant showed slow growth until 70 days, and after that time, intensified its growth until the end of the cycle. Total dry mass and absolute plant growth rate increased with increasing N availability, reaching the maximum marketable fruit yield of 10,665 kg/ha with 346 kg/ha N. The growth and partition of photoassimilates among the organs of the okra plant ‘Santa Cruz’ are altered with increasing nitrogen availability applied in topdressing. RESUMO O nitrogênio (N) é o terceiro nutriente mais absorvido pelo quiabo. Portanto, o suprimento adequado deste elemento é essencial para o crescimento do quiabeiro por meio do acúmulo de massa seca nas folhas, caule, raízes e frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do nitrogênio no crescimento, na partição de fotoassimilados e na produtividade do quiabeiro. O experimento foi realizado em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de doses de N aplicadas em cobertura (0, 60, 120, 240 e 360 kg/ha). As amostragens de plantas foram realizadas aos 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150 e 165 dias para determinação da massa seca da planta. A planta apresentou um crescimento lento até 70 dias, e após esse tempo, intensificou o seu crescimento até o final do ciclo. A massa seca total e a taxa de crescimento absoluto das plantas aumentaram com o aumento da disponibilidade de N, alcançando a máxima produtividade de frutos comercializáveis de 10.665 kg/ha com a dose 346 kg/ha de N. O crescimento e a partição de fotoassimilados entre os órgãos da planta do quiabo ‘Santa Cruz’ são alterados com o aumento da disponibilidade de nitrogênio aplicado em cobertura.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation on saline water as a minimizing agent of saline stress in okra cultivars. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in Mossoró-RN using a completely randomized experimental design in a 2x5 factorial scheme with four replications. Two okra cultivars (Santa Cruz 47 and Valença) were tested fertigated with five fertigation managements [F1= irrigation with non-saline water (0.5 dS m-1) and fertigation with a standard dose of calcium (4,733.8 mg plant-1); F2, F3, F4 and F5= irrigation with saline water (3.5 dS m-1) and fertigation with increasing doses of calcium (4,733.8; 7,100.7; 9,467.7 and 11,834.5 mg plant-1, respectively)]. Plants were collected at 120 days after emergence and evaluated for growth variables (plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf dry mass, stem, fruit and total) and yield (fruit number, average length of fruits, average diameter and yield). Cultivar Santa Cruz 47 presented the highest vegetative development but cultivar Valença was earlier and presented the largest number of harvests (19), allowing more harvested fruits (27 fruits per plant) and the highest yield (659 g plant-1). The cultivars were not affected by the saline level and showed little response to extra calcium fertilization. RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação cálcica em água salina como agente minimizador do estresse salino em cultivares de quiabeiro. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, em Mossoró-RN utilizando o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5, com quatro repetições. Foram testadas duas cultivares de quiabeiro (Santa Cruz 47 e Valença) fertirrigados com cinco manejos de fertirrigação [F1= irrigação com água não salina (0,5 dS m-1) e fertirrigação com dose padrão de cálcio (4.733,8 mg planta-1); F2, F3, F4 e F5= irrigação com água salina (3,5 dS m-1) e fertirrigações com dose crescentes de cálcio (4.733,8; 7.100,7; 9.467,7 e 11.834,5 mg planta-1, respectivamente)]. As plantas foram coletadas após 120 dias da emergência e avaliadas quanto aos fatores de crescimento (altura de plantas, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, biomassa seca de folhas e biomassa seca de caule) e rendimento (número de frutos, comprimento médio de frutos, diâmetro médio e produção). A cultivar Santa Cruz 47 apresentou maior desenvolvimento vegetativo mas a cultivar Valença foi mais precoce e apresentou maior número de colheitas (19), possibilitando mais frutos colhidos (27 frutos por planta) e maior produção (659 g planta-1). As cultivares não foram afetadas pelo nível salino utilizado e apresentaram pouca resposta à adubação extra de cálcio.

Okra is consumed in several countries and is an important source of nutrients for human food. To promote okra production and consumption is essential the development of new cultivars with high nutritional levels, besides desirable agronomic traits. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate nine okra landraces by agronomic and biochemical traits. The accessions UEL2, UEL3, UEL5, UEL6, UEL7, UEL9, UEL10, UEL13 and UEL15 were grown in open field condition and evaluated in relation to fruit yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant and plant height. The biochemical analysis included mineral composition, crude protein content, vitamin C content, total flavonoid and phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The UEL7 accession stood out for the high levels for biochemical traits such as content of some minerals, vitamin C and antioxidant activity. On the other hand, UEL3 accession had a low performance for biochemical traits, but stood out for agronomic traits such as fruit yield and number of fruits per plant. Hence, the UEL7 and UEL3 landraces may be introduced in breeding programs focused on human food and agronomic performance, beyond to contribute for okra germplasm conservation.

Seed priming is an effective, eco-friendly method to promote seed germination and seedling vigor of okra to overcome the reduced and delayed germination in fresh or stored okra seeds caused by seed hardness. An experiment was carried to evaluate the effects of different priming on okra seeds germination and seedling vigor using Arka Anamika variety at Horticulture lab of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Investigation was carried out with 6 treatments (T1: seed priming with tap water, T2: seed priming with 200ppm NAA solution, T3: seed priming with 10% PEG-200 solution, T4: seed priming with 200ppm GA3 solution, T5: seed priming with 5% Trichoderma solution and T6 no priming) with 4 replications in Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Seeds primed with T1 to T5 were soaked for 24 hours and shade dried for 6 hours before sowing. Priming with T4 was found to be best in terms of maximum seed germination (60.12%), seed vigor index (5772.68 cm), mean germination rate (7.53 seeds per day). The highest shoot length (81.40 mm) was observed at T1 whereas enhancement of root length occurred with the priming with T3. All treatments had a significant positive effect on all the germination parameters in comparison to control. The study concluded that GA3 priming enhanced germination as well as seed vigor in okra and hydro priming and tricho-priming can be used as an alternative to GA3 priming among farmers in Nepal.

Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is a vegetable crop of high nutritional value, which presents great losses after harvest when stored under poor storage conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different low-density polyethylene (LDPE) thicknesses on the preservation and post-harvest quality of okra fruits under different storage periods. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with nine replicates, in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to five forms of packaging at a temperature of 10 ± 1 ℃: no film and four LDPE thicknesses (10, 20, 30, and 40 µm) with five storage periods (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days). It was revealed that the use of LDPE plastic films provided lower loss of mass, higher fruit firmness containment of increase in soluble solids, and lower color change at 21 days of storage compared to no film. The LDPE thickness of 30 µm showed lower incidence of rotting, better appearance throughout storage, lower color changes, containment of increase in soluble solids content, higher chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic content compared to other forms of packaging, and is the most appropriate package for storing okra fruits up to 21 days, under refrigeration condition. The results of this study show that the thickness of LDPE has significant effects on the conservation and quality of okra. Our findings can be used to minimize post-harvest losses of okra during marketing.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strain Bacillus thuringiensis A5-BRSC was applied as charcoalbased biofertilizer on Abelmoschus esculentus plants under field condition for consecutive two years (spring-summer season). The objective of the present study is to evaluate the growth promoting parameters of the plant under field condition. Field application of biofertilizer showed statistically significant increase (at 0.05 levels by one-way ANOVA) in seed germination, shoot height, root length, leaf diameter, vigor index, fruit weight, seed weight and total fresh weight as well as dry weight of inoculated plants in comparison to the plants not treated with biofertilizer. Biofertilizer inoculated plants exhibited 68% more protein content in leaves, as well as about 70% more catalase and 52% more peroxidase activity than control plants; although leaf chlorophyll content was not significantly changed. Biofertilizer treatment increased nutritional content of the fruits. About 66% increase in the soluble sugar content, 34% more protein content and more than 75% phosphorus content in pods were noted in biofertilizer treated plants, compared to untreated plants.

In the study, 37 okra genotypes have been investigated for their responses against salinity and drought stresses in early plant growth stage. For these purposes, several morphological and physiological measurements and analysis have been done. Shoot and root dry weights, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, relative water content, stomatal conductance, leaf osmotic potential, leaf water potential, shoot Na, K, Ca and Cl concentrations were measured and analyzed. Salt and drought tolerant and sensitive (intolerant) genotypes have been found out according to the responses of the okra genotypes to the above mentioned morphological and physiological parameters. At the end of the study, 37 okra genotypes were classified as tolerant, mildly tolerant or susceptible. The leaf water potential, osmotic potential, stomatal conductance, membrane injury, K, Ca, Na and Cl concentrations in shoot and root were more relevant parameter for screening studies. © 2019 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved. ZF2011KAP3, ZF2010KAP1 The authors want to thank to the UNDP (United Nation Development Programme) for supporting our work with “MDG-F 1680 UN joint programme on enhancing the capacity of Turkey to adapt to climate change”. Many thanks also Cukurova University for the financial supports of ZF2009KAP7, ZF2010KAP1 and ZF2011KAP3 projects.

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as características produtivas da couve de folha em consórcio com quiabeiro sob manejo orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos: T1 (três linhas de couve com quiabeiro nas entrelinhas), T2 (três linhas de couve com quiabeiro a cada duas entrelinhas), T3 (três linhas de couve com quiabeiro adensado nas entrelinhas), T4 (três linhas de couve com quiabeiro adensado a cada duas entrelinhas), T5 (couve), T6 (quiabeiro) e T7 (quiabeiro adensado). Nos monocultivos a couve e quiabeiro possuíam espaçamento entre linhas de 1,20 x 0,50 m e entre plantas. O quiabeiro adensado estava no espaçamento entre plantas de 0,25 m. Na couve foi avaliada a altura, número de folhas, massa fresca e seca das folhas, área foliar, produtividade comercial e não comercial. No quiabeiro foi avaliado a altura a massa fresca de frutos e produtividade. Foi calculado o índice de uso eficiente da terra (UET). O T3 apresentou maior número de folhas comerciais e área foliar. Os consórcios reduziram a massa de frutos de quiabo por planta. Todos os consórcios apresentaram UET acima de um com ganhos variado de 16 até 60% de eficiência produtiva.

Resumen Introducción. El crecimiento, la producción y la calidad de okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) están relacionados con la aplicación de fertilizantes, siendo el nitrógeno (N) el que más destaca, debido a la relación directa con la fotosíntesis y crecimiento vegetativo de la planta. Objetivo. El objetivo fue evaluar las características agronómicas y de productividad de okra en función de la dosis de N. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en el área experimental Campus Gurupi, de la Universidad Federal de Tocantins (UFT), Brasil, en dos períodos de siembra (otoño/invierno y primavera/verano). El diseño experimental utilizado fue bloques al azar (DBC), con seis tratamientos (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 y 250 kg N ha-1) y cuatro repeticiones. Se utilizó urea como fuente de N. Las características evaluadas fueron: productividad, masa media del fruto, altura e índice de clorofila de la planta. Resultados. La productividad y la altura de la planta resultaron superiores en el cultivo de otoño/invierno. La masa media e índice de clorofila no sufrieron influencia por el período de siembra. Para la productividad, se obtuvo una respuesta lineal en aumento de la dosis hasta el límite de la dosis de N utilizada (250 kg ha-1), con valor medio superior a 14 t de fruto. La masa media y la altura de la planta respondieron linealmente al aumento de la dosis de N. El nitrógeno afectó el índice de clorofila, con valores máximos de 45,96 y 47,19, observados en los dos periodos de evaluación. Conclusión. La época de siembra y el contenido de N en el suelo interactuaron con la altura de la planta, siendo favorable en el periodo que no hubo precipitación. El N influyó en todas las características, lo que demuestra la importancia de la fertilización nitrogenada en el desarrollo de las plantas de okra. Abstract Introduction. The growth, production, and quality of the okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) are related to the application of fertilizers with nitrogen (N) being the most prominent, due to the direct relationship with photosynthesis and vegetative growth of the plant. Objective. The objective was to evaluate the agronomic and productivity characteristics of the okra based on the dose of N. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in the experimental area Campus Gurupi, of the Universidad Federal de Tocantins (UFT), in two planting periods (autumn/winter and spring/summer). The experimental design used was randomized blocks (DBC) with six treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N ha-1) and four repetitions. Urea was used as a source of N. The characteristics evaluated were: productivity, average fruit mass, height and chlorophyll index of the plant. Results. The productivity and height of the plant were higher in the autumn/winter crop. The average mass and chlorophyll index were not influenced by the sowing period. For productivity a linear response was obtained, increasing the dose up to the limit of the dose of N used (250 kg ha-1), with an average value higher than 14 t of fruit. The mean mass and plant height responded linearly to the increase in the dose of N. Nitrogen affected the chlorophyll index, with maximum values of 45.96 and 47.19, observed in the two evaluation periods. Conclusion. The sowing season and the N content in the soil interacted with the height of the plant, being favorable in the period when there was no precipitation. N influenced all characteristics, demonstrating the importance of nitrogen fertilization development okra plants.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules involved in theregulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Gene expression involves post-transcriptionalgene regulation by miRNAs. miRNAs are formed from precursor RNA molecules that fold intoa stem loop secondary structure. The mature miRNA is one end of the precursor miRNA,defined by the cut from ‘Drosha’ on either the 5’ or 3’ arm. In this study, we have used abioinformatics approach to identify miRNAs in 3,361 contigs obtained from partial genomesequence data of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) sequenced by NGS technology. Using C-miiand psRNA Target tools, we identified two miRNAs and their target RNAs for which a regulatorymiRNA binding has been verified. Their targets consisted of transcription factors involved ingrowth and development, gene regulation and metabolism. Phylogenetic analysis of the newlyidentified miRNA family has been done to compare their level of conservation with respect tothe other members of the plant kingdom.

From 2014 to 2016, approximately 5% of okra fruit were observed displaying gray mold symptoms at the research field of Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Korea. The symptoms observed were water-soaked, brown or gray spots, and abundant mycelial with conidia appearing on the infected fruit. Initial infection commenced from the base of fruit and gradually moved to the pod, where it finally resulted in collapse. Colonies on potato dextrose agar were gray to grayish brown, felted and cottony expanding 65-80 mm after one week. The fungus formed several black sclerotia ranging 1.0-3.5×0.5-3.0 mm on the Petri dish after two weeks. The conidia were one-celled, ellipsoidal or ovoid, colorless or pale brown, and 6.2-15.4×5.0-10.4 µm. Conidiophores arose solitary or in groups, straight or flexuous, septate, with an inflated basal cell brown to light brown, and measured 85-450×10.0-40.0 µm. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer rDNA, the fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers. Pathogenicity of a representative isolate was proved by artificial inoculation, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of B. cinerea on okra in Korea.

Background: Leafy vegetables (Abelmoschus esculentus, Vigna unguiculata, Corchorus olitorius, Ipomea batatas, Solanum melongena.) are sold on markets to people who consume them in different forms. Studies have shown their nutritional value but there is little information on the amino acids and fatty acids of these leafy vegetables. The objective of this study was to evaluate the composition in the micronutrients of these leafy vegetables. Method: These leafy vegetables were washed and dried to determine protein and lipid levels. An evaluation of the amino acid levels and the fatty acid profile was performed on these samples. Results: Statistical analysis showed that leaves of Vigna unguiculata (18.31 ± 0.29 g / 100 g) and Corchorus olitorius (19.15 ± 0.32 g / 100 g) contained more protein (p> 0). , 05). The amino acid percentages of Solanum melongena leaves were significantly (p> 0.05) higher than other leafy vegetables. Overall, the essential fatty acid profiles of the five leafy vegetables studied were characterized by high levels of oleic acid (17.06-22.70%), linoleic acid (15.19-43, 90%) and α- linolenic acid (0.70 - 39.20%). Conclusion: All these results show that leafy vegetables are excellent sources of micronutrients for both humans and animals.

Evaluation of pre-commercial hybrids in a germplasm bank is essential for determining its commercial potential or its utility as a potential genitor in a breeding program. The objective of this study was to determine genetic divergence and per se behavior of 47 pre-commercial hybrids from okra germplasm bank of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Precocity index (%), number of fruits (fruits per plant), average fruit mass (g) and productivity (g per plant) were evaluated. Analysis of genetic divergence was performed by multivariate analysis using Mahalanobis distance with different clustering methods (UPGMA and canonical analysis). The performance of hybrids was compared by Scott-Knott (p= 0.05). A significant genetic variability among okra hybrids was observed. UPGMA and canonical analysis grouped the hybrids similarly, being satisfactory to represent genetic divergence. Ten hybrids presented higher performance than the commercial hybrids. Among them, UFU-QB16 stood out as the most promising hybrid for being used as a potential parent in breeding programs after auto pollination. RESUMO A avaliação de híbridos pré-comerciais em um banco de germoplasma é essencial para determinar seu potencial comercial ou sua utilidade como potenciais genitores em um programa de melhoramento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a divergência genética e o comportamento per se de 47 híbridos pré-comerciais pertencentes ao banco de germoplasma de quiabeiro da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Foi avaliado o índice de precocidade (%), o número de frutos (frutos por planta), o peso médio do fruto (g) e a produtividade (g por planta). A análise da divergência genética foi realizada por meio de técnicas multivariadas utilizando-se a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis e empregando-se diferentes métodos de agrupamento (UPGMA e Variáveis Canônicas). O desempenho dos híbridos foi comparado pelo teste de médias Scott-Knott (p= 0,05). Houve significativa variabilidade genética entre os híbridos de quiabeiro. Os métodos UPGMA e Variáveis Canônicas agruparam os híbridos de forma semelhante, sendo satisfatórios para representar a divergência genética. Dez híbridos obtiveram desempenho superior aos híbridos comerciais. Dentre eles, o híbrido pré-comercial UFU-QB16 se destacou como o mais promissor, podendo também ser utilizado, após autofecundação, na obtenção de genitores potenciais em programas de melhoramento genético.

As climate changes increase, drought stress is becoming a problem for all major horticultural crops; among them is okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Despite its superior resilience to heat stress and high nutritional content, it is still underutilized in contrast to other vegetable crops. Moreover, the drought-resistant and drought-sensitive genotypes of okra are also not well known and require further exploration to improve their productivity. To investigate this in more detail, we performed comparative physiological and large-scale chloroplast proteomics on drought-stressed genotypes of okra. We evaluated four major genotypes of okra, viz., NS7774, NS7772, Green Gold, and OH3312 for drought resilient rootstock. The physiological modulations demonstrated a significant change by 50–76% in biomass, net-photosynthetic machinery, water transport, and absorption both in early and late stages of drought stress compared to well-watered crops in all genotypes. Maximum oxidative damage due to drought stress was observed for the genotypes NS7772, Green Gold and OH3312 as depicted by H2O2 and O2− determination. Greater oxidative stress was correlated to lesser antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase under stress in okra genotypes. The overall photosynthetic pigments, such as total chlorophyll, and total carotenoid content, were also decreased, and stomatal guard cells were disrupted and appeared closed compared to the control for the above three mentioned genotypes, except NS7774. A subsequent tissue-specific proteome analysis of chloroplasts and thylakoids analyzed by BN-PAGE (blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) revealed either over or under expression of specific proteins, such as ATPase, PSI, PSII core dimer, PSII monomer and ATP synthase. The expression of multiprotein complex proteins, including PSII-core dimer and PSII-core monomer, was slightly higher for the genotype NS7774 when compared to three other genotypes for both 5 and 10 days of drought stress. Further identification of specific proteins obtained in second dimension BN-PAGE provided descriptive detail of seven proteins involved in drought resistance across all genotypes. The identified proteins are majorly involved in photosynthesis under drought stress, suggesting NS7774 as a drought tolerant genotype. Further, the proteomic results were confirmed using Immunoblot by selecting specific protein such as PsaA. Overall, from our physiological modulations and chloroplast proteomics in all genotypes, we summarized NS7774 as a resilient rootstock and the other three genotypes (NS7772, OH3312, and Green Gold) as sensitive ones.

Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria are an alternative to increase the productivity, adding value to the productive system of crops like okra. We aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of okra genotypes after seed microbiolization with nine strains of rhizobacteria. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 2x10 factorial scheme, using two okra genotypes, cultivar Santa Cruz 47 and hybrid Dardo, nine strains of rhizobacteria, LEBM 103, 105, 109, 112, 118, 134, 135, 152 and 154 and one control (without microbiolization), with four replications. We analyzed number of fruits per plant (NFP), average diameter of fruits (DM), productivity (PDT); fresh mass of fruits per plant (MFFP) and average mass of fruit (MMF). The rhizobacteria strains LEBM 109, 112, 152 and 154 provided the highest values for MFFP (1202.7; 1086.5; 1158.2 and 1175.9 g, respectively) PDT (24.1; 21.7; 23.2 and 23.5 t/ha, respectively) and NFP (78.0; 69.4; 73.27 and 76.5, respectively) in relation to the other strains and the non-use of seed microbiolization of hybrid Dardo. For cultivar Santa Cruz 47, the rhizobacteria LEBM 105, 112 and 152 provided the highest values for MFFP (896.7; 769.0 and 762.2 g, respectively). Evaluating genotypes when using each rhizobacteria, for MFFP and PDT, only for LEBM 105, no difference among genotypes was noticed, so, we concluded that okra seed microbiolization with rhizobacteria may provide productivity gain with possibility to become a feasible technique. The rhizobacteria which are the most recommended for growing hybrid Dardo are LEBM 109, 112, 152 and 154, whereas for growing cultivar Santa Cruz 47 are LEBM 105, 112 and 152. RESUMO As rizobácterias promotoras de crescimento de plantas surgem como alternativa para incrementar a produtividade, agregando valor ao sistema produtivo de culturas como o quiabeiro. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o rendimento agronômico de duas cultivares de quiabeiro após a microbiolização das sementes com nove cepas de rizobactérias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x10, sendo dois genótipos de quiabo, cultivar Santa Cruz 47 e híbrido Dardo, nove cepas de rizobactéria, LEBM 103, 105, 109, 112, 118, 134, 135, 152 e 154, além de uma testemunha (sem microbiolização), com quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: número de frutos por planta (NFP); diâmetro médio dos frutos (DM); produtividade (PDT); massa fresca dos frutos por planta (MFFP) e massa média por fruto (MMF). Verificou-se que a utilização das rizobactérias LEBM 109, 112, 152 e 154 condicionou maiores valores de MFFP (1202,7; 1086,5; 1158,2 e 1175,9 g, respectivamente), PDT (24,1; 21,7; 23,2 e 23,5 t/ha, respectivamente) e NFP (78,0; 69,4; 73,27 e 76,5, respectivamente), em relação às demais cepas e à não utilização da microbiolização das sementes do hibrido Dardo. Para a cultivar Santa Cruz 47 as rizobactérias LEBM 105, 112 e 152 proporcionaram maiores valores de MFFP (896,7; 769,0 e 762,2 g, respectivamente). Avaliando-se os genótipos ao utilizar cada rizobactéria, para as variáveis MFFP e PDT, verificou-se que apenas para a rizobactéria LEBM 105, não houve diferenças entre os genótipos. Conclui-se, que a microbiolização de sementes de quiabo com rizobactérias pode proporcionar ganhos de produtividade e com potencial de se tornar uma técnica viável. As rizobactérias mais recomendadas para o cultivo do híbrido Dardo são a LEBM 109, 112, 152 e 154, enquanto para o cultivo da cv. Santa Cruz 47 são as cepas LEBM 105, 112 e 152.

Resumo. As cochonilhas sao insetos sugadores de seiva que causam enfraquecimento das plantas, queda de frutos, alem de atuarem como vetores de fitopatogenos e favorecerem a ocorrencia da fumagina, que por sua vez diminui a capacidade fotossintetica das plantas. A especie Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley e uma especie polifaga e relatada em plantas cultivadas, ornamentais, hortalicas e especies daninhas. No presente estudo, registrou-se a ocorrencia da cochonilha P. solenopsis na cultura do quiabeiro no municipio de Rio Branco, estado do Acre, Brasil. Exemplares da cochonilha foram coletados em plantas de quiabeiro cultivados em horta urbana em marco de 2015. Observou-se que a infestacao da cochonilha ocorreu em brotos terminais, caules e frutos dessa malvacea. Ressalta-se ser esse o primeiro relato de ocorrencia e infestacao de P. solenopsis em quiabeiro no estado do Acre. Occurrence of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in okra in Acre state, Brazil Abstract. Mealybugs are sap-sucking insects that cause weakening of plants, fruit drop, and act as vectors of pathogens and favor the occurrence of sooty mold which decreases in the photosynthetic capacity of plants. The species Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley is a polyphagous species and has been reported in cultivated, ornamental plants, vegetables and weeds. In the present study, the mealybug P. solenopsis was reported in okra culture in the county of Rio Branco, state of Acre, Brazil. Samples of mealybug were collected in cultivated okra plants in urban garden in March 2015. It was observed that the infestation of the mealybug occurred in terminal buds, stems and fruits of these plants. It is noteworthy that this is the first report of occurrence and infestation of P. solenopsis in Acre state.

The little-known use of okra grafting, mainly to incorporate nematode resistance, requires evaluation of interspecific compatibilities. This study aimed to determine the compatibility of the okra ‘Santa Cruz 47’ cultivar grafted onto different rootstocks of the Malvaceae family. The research was divided into two experimental stages, with the treatments consisting of non-grafted, self-grafted or grafted okra plants onto rootstocks of mallow, roselle and pima cotton. In the first stage, a completely randomized design was used, with four replications and seedlings grown in a humidity chamber. In the second stage, the seedlings were transplanted to a greenhouse and a randomized block design was used, with five replications. The results of the first stage demonstrated that the self-grafting provided the best results for the growth characteristics assessed, except for the diameter of the grafted region. There was no difference among the treatments for the graft survival rate. In the second stage, the use of roselle as a rootstock enabled an adequate vegetative development, but did not differ from the treatments of self-grafting and mallow rootstock for the graft survival rate. The treatments did not differ for fruit diameter, length and average mass. Grafts onto roselle were the most precocious ones, with estimated means for production per plant (478.75 g), commercial yield (10.07 t ha-1) and total yield (10.64 t ha-1) similar to those observed for self-grafted and non-grafted plants. Hence, among the assessed rootstocks, roselle was identified as the most promising one for grafting with okra.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-03T17:31:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-04T16:20:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-204X2019000102900.pdf: 323004 bytes, checksum: 612251eae361fd8311e4e53a65f62c7b (MD5) Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os danos causados por Meloidogyne enterolobii em quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus) e verificar a confiabilidade do fator de reprodução como medição adequada para a seleção de genótipos de quiabeiro resistentes. Avaliaram-se populações crescentes de M. enterolobii - 0, 500, 1.500, 3.000, 5.000 e 7.000 ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) por planta -, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O patógeno apresentou padrão de parasitismo similar ao de M. incognita, tendo causado redução significativa de parâmetros morfológicos e agronômicos. O fator de reprodução do patógeno deve ser usado na seleção de genótipos de quiabeiro quanto à tolerância a M. enterolobii, em populações acima de 3.000 ovos ou J2. Abstract: The objective of this work was to estimate the damage caused by Meloidogyne enterolobii in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and to verify the reliability of the reproduction factor as a suitable measure for selecting resistant okra genotypes. Increasing populations of M. enterolobii - 0, 500, 1,500, 3,000, 5,000, and 7,000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) per plant, - were evaluated, in a completely randomized design. The pathogen showed a parasitism pattern similar to that of M. incognita, causing a significant decrease in morphological and agronomic traits. The pathogen reproduction factor should be used in the selection of okra genotypes for tolerance to M. enterolobii, in populations above 3,000 eggs or J2. Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias

Seed companies increasingly need to obtain reliable results on seed vigor. Therefore, the objective was to verify the efficiency of the respiratory activity measurement, by the CO2 released, to classify the vigor of okra seed lots. For this, five seed lots of okra cv. "Santa Cruz 47" were used. In order to determine seed physiological quality, the following tests were performed: germination, seedling emergence, emergence speed index, shoot length, total dry matter, potassium leaching, electrical conductivity and respiratory activity. Mean values of germination and vigor were compared by Tukey's test. Respiratory activity was correlated with germination and other vigor tests by the Pearson's correlation. The results indicate that CO2 measurement is a promising method to identify vigor differences between okra seed lots. As empresas produtoras de sementes necessitam cada vez mais da obtenção de resultados confiáveis quanto ao vigor da semente. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se verificar a eficiência da medição da atividade respiratória, através da emissão de CO2, para classificação do vigor de lotes de sementes de quiabo. Para isso, utilizaram-se cinco lotes de sementes de quiabo cv. “Santa Cruz 47”. Para determinação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes, foram realizados os seguintes testes: germinação, emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento da parte aérea, matéria seca total, lixiviação de potássio, condutividade elétrica e atividade respiratória. As médias de germinação e vigor foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O teste de atividade respiratória foi correlacionado com a germinação e demais testes de vigor através da correlação de Pearson. A medição do CO2 constitui-se em um método promissor para identificar diferenças de vigor em lotes de sementes de quiabo.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:33:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-02-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:32:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1808-16572017000100306.pdf: 2252168 bytes, checksum: 2faaacdc8877033ab8603484d533aa39 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Em um experimento sobre a produção orgânica do quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), que foi instalado em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, no período de setembro de 2013 a janeiro de 2014, observou-se, na face adaxial do limbo foliar das folhas medianas e baixeiras, a ocorrência de lesões cloróticas e necróticas grandes, helicoidais, de coloração marrom escuro ou marrom claro e descontínuas, com desprendimento parcial da área lesionada. Na face abaxial, sobre as manchas, em condições de alta umidade, constatou-se a presença de um manto micelial esbranquiçado do patógeno, facilmente visível, recobrindo a área colonizada. Por meio da análise de características morfológicas, postulados de Koch e análise filogenética da região ITS-5.8S do rDNA do fungo isolado, identificou-se Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (fase assexuada Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn grupo de anastomose AG-1 ID) como o agente causal da doença. Este é o primeiro relato de T. cucumeris causando mancha foliar em quiabeiro no Brasil e, provavelmente, no mundo. Até então, sua ocorrência em quiabeiro estava restrita à podridão pós-colheita em frutos e tombamento de mudas. In an experiment on organic production of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) that was carried out from September 2013 to January 2014, in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, we observed large chlorotic, necrotic, helical, discontinuous, dark or light-brown lesions with partial detachment of the injured area on the adaxial surface of leaves located in the median and basal portions of the plants. A whitish mycelium mantle covers the lesions on the leaves at the abaxial surface at high moisture conditions. Using morphological characteristics, Koch’s postulates, and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS-5.8S rDNA region, we identified that the fungus causing the lesions on the okra leaves was Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (asexual stage of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn of the anastomosis group AG-1 ID). This is the first report of T. cucumeris causing web blight on okra in Brazil, and probably in the world. So far, T. cucumeris was described on okra only on post-harvest pods rotting and seedlings’ damping off. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas: 307295/2015-0; 2004/02127-9 CNPq: 307295/2015-0; 2004/02127-9 FAPESP: 307295/2015-0; 2004/02127-9

Resumo. A partir de coletas realizadas em área rural no município de Paraíso do Tocantins, TO, foram obtidos exemplares do percevejo-de-renda Gargaphia lunulata (Mayr). Os insetos estavam ocasionando danos em cultivos comerciais de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Fabales: Fabaceae), quiabo [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] (Malvales: Malvaceae), maracujá (Passiflora edulis Sims) (Malpighiales: Passifloraceae) e também em plantas daninhas conhecidas como flor-do-guarujá (Turnera ulmifolia L.) (Malpighiales: Turneraceae) e fedegoso [Senna alata (L.) Roxb.] (Fabales: Fabaceae). A ocorrência de G. lunulata em feijão, quiabo, flor-do-guarujá e fedegoso é registrada pela primeira vez no Estado, sendo os percevejos-de-renda encontrados com maior densidade populacional em flor-do-guarujá, maracujá e feijão. Abstract. From the samples made in rural areas in the municipality of Paraíso do Tocantins, Tocantins state, Brazil, specimens of the lace bug Gargaphia lunulata (Mayr) were obtained. The insects were causing damage to commercial of bean (Fabales: Fabaceae), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] (Malvales: Malvaceae), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) (Malpighiales: Passifloraceae) (Turnera ulmifolia L.) (Malpighiales:Turneraceae) and fedegoso [Senna alata (L.) Roxb.] (Fabales: Fabaceae). The occurrence of G. lunulata in cowpea, okra, 'guarujá flower' and 'fedegoso' is recorded for the first time in the state, with the lace bugs found with higher population density in ?guarujá? flower, passion fruit and bean. Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T01:26:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 26681.pdf: 703184 bytes, checksum: 68f885685bca8c30490af79ee94f3001 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-03

This study evaluated the involvement of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase on the enzymatic browning of okra and the role of catalase in the appearance of chilling injury in cultivars Amarelinho and Mammoth Spineless treated with hot water. Okra fruits from two cultivars were immersed in water at 40°C, during 15 and 30 minutes. The control treatment was not immersed, and all fruits were stored at 5°C. Visual analysis of fruits was carried out and total chlorophyll content and total phenolic compounds were determined. The activity of the enzymes catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase was analyzed. In all treatments, the cultivar Mammoth Spineless showed higher values of chlorophyll content and soluble phenolic compounds compared to cultivar Amarelinho. For both cultivars, catalase activity was higher at the last days of storage, regardless if the fruits were immersed or not in hot water. However, the catalase activity was higher in ‘Mammoth Spineless’, which presented the higher tolerance to chilling injury. The fruit skin browning was coincident with the increase on polyphenoloxidase activity and phenolic compounds content. This relationship was not observed for the peroxidase activity. The heat treatment during 15 minutes increased the length of storage of cultivar Amarelinho, and for 30 minutes of the cultivar Mammoth Spineless. RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a relação das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase com o escurecimento enzimático do quiabo e analisar o envolvimento da catalase com o aparecimento de injúria por frio, em frutos das cultivares Amarelinho e Mammoth Spineless imersos em água quente. Frutos de quiabo das duas cultivares foram imersos em água a 40°C por 15 e 30 minutos. O tratamento controle não foi imerso, e todos os frutos foram armazenados a 5°C. Realizou-se a análise visual dos frutos e determinou-se os teores de clorofilas totais e compostos fenólicos totais. Analisou-se a atividade da enzima catalase, peroxidase e polifenoloxidase. Em todos os tratamentos, a cultivar Mammoth Spineless apresentou valores de clorofila e compostos fenólicos superiores em relação à cultivar Amarelinho. A catalase apresentou maior atividade, para as duas cultivares, nos últimos dias de armazenamento, para frutos imersos ou não. Porém, a atividade da catalase foi maior em ‘Mammoth Spineless’ que foi a que apresentou maior tolerância à injúria chilling. O escurecimento dos frutos coincidiu com o aumento da atividade da enzima PPO e do conteúdo de compostos fenólicos. Para a peroxidase, esta relação, não foi observada. O tratamento térmico durante 15 e 30 minutos proporcionou maior período de conservação para as cultivares Amarelinho e Mammoth Spineless, respectivamente.

Aims: This study evaluated potentials of aqueous extract of pod husk of Parkia biglobosa as a biopesticide in okra production. Study Design: The study employed a radomized complete block design with seven treatments (5, 10, 15 and 20% Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE), 2.5 ml dimethoate + cypermethrin (D+C) – recommended, 5.0 ml (D+C), control – 500 ml of water) and replicated three times. Place and Duration of Study: Crop Garden of Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan (7° 34’N and 3° 54’E) between April and July 2016. Methodology: The leaves, seeds, pod husks and bark of Parkia biglobosa were collected, authenticated and analyzed for their phytochemical compositions using standard procedures. Aqueous extract of the pod husk of the plant (PPHE) was found to contain the highest phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively which formed the basis of using it as a biopesticide. A field study was conducted at the crop garden of Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, to assess the potency of the extract as a biopesticide and a synthetic insecticide - Dimethoate 14.5% + Cypermethrin 5.5% (D+C) on the management of flea beetles on NHAe-47-4 okra variety. The seven treatments (5, 10, 15 and 20% Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE), 2.5 ml dimethoate + cypermethrin (D+C) – recommended, 5.0 ml (D+C) (synthetic), control – 500 ml of water) were applied weekly on okra plants from two Weeks After Sowing (WAS) till 12 WAS. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters, dry matter accumulation of A. esculentus and flea beetle populations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P = 0.05. Results: Results revealed that treatment 20% PPHE had relatively higher values of growth parameters which compared favorably (p≤0.05) with 2.5 ml and 5 ml (D+C). Yield parameters; Number of fruits and fruit weights from 20%PPHE also compared favorably with 2.5 ml and 5 ml (D+C) with no significant difference (P >0 .05) and with the same trend in dry root weight. While the dry shoot weight of 2.5 ml (D+C) treatment (p≤0.05) was different from other treatments. The control treatment however, revealed significant differences (p Conclusion: This study showed the efficacy and potency of Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE) in suppressing the flea beetles due to its highest quantities of phytochemicals. The 20% concentration also enhanced the growth and yield of okra and performed relatively well with the recommended dose (2.5 ml) of D+C. The aqueous pod husk extract, therefore could serve as a biopesticide for food sustainability and safety.

High heterosis values can be obtained using hybrid okra seeds. However, despite high heterotic values, it is very difficult to produce hybrid okra seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate an experimental methodology of hybridization. Two different methods of hybridization were used: traditional manual hybridization with complete emasculation followed by hand pollination (artificial) and, an experimental methodology, performing manual hybridization with incomplete emasculation followed by entomophilous natural pollination between two inbred lines (UFU-QB-040D and UFU-QB-107G).These inbred lines were obtained from three selection cycles. Three hybrid types were obtained from the two hybridization methods: F1 THM(UFU-QB-040D x UFU-QB-107G), F1 IHM(UFU-QB-107G x UFU-QB-040D) and F1 IHM(UFU-QB-040D x UFU-QB-107G). The resulting hybrid seeds and their parents were evaluated via an experiment set up in a randomized block design with four repetitions. We evaluated fruit production per plant, fruits per plant, number of branchess per plant, superiority of hybrids relative to parents (h) and heterosis (%). At the end of the cycle, morphological characterizations was done of the leaves (pubescence, length and width) and fruit (length, diameter and shape). Heterosis resulting from the incomplete emasculation followed by natural insect pollination was similar to that from the traditional hybrid method, being a viable alternative for the production of hybrid okra seeds without losses in heterosis. RESUMO Altos valores de heterose podem ser obtidos utilizando sementes híbridas de quiabo. Apesar dos altos valores heteróticos há grande dificuldade para produzir sementes híbridas de quiabo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma metodologia experimental de hibridação para produção de sementes híbridas de quiabo. Foram utilizadas duas metodologias de hibridação: hibridação tradicional, manual com emasculação completa seguida por polinização manual (artificial) e uma metodologia experimental, realizando hibridação manual com emasculação incompleta seguida por polinização entomófila natural, entre as duas linhagens endogâmicas (UFU-QB-040D e UFU-QB-107G). Essas linhagens endogâmicas foram obtidas após três ciclos de seleção. Utilizando as duas metodologias de hibridação foram obtidos três tipos de híbridos: F1 THM(UFU-QB-040D x UFU-QB-107G), F1 IHM(UFU-QB-107G x UFU-QB-040D) e F1 IHM(UFU-QB-040D x UFU-QB-107G). De posse das sementes dos híbridos e dos parentais foi realizado um experimento em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas a produção de frutos por planta, número de frutos por planta, número de hastes por planta, superioridade dos híbridos em relação aos pais (h) e heterose (%). No final do ciclo, foram realizadas a caracterização morfológico de folhas (pilosidade, comprimento e largura) e de frutos (comprimento, diâmetro e formato). Pode-se concluir que, utilizando a emasculação incompleta com polinização entomófila para produção de sementes híbridas de quiabo, foram obtidos valores similares de heterose quando comparado com a hibridação pelo método tradicional, indicando uma nova alternativa de produção de sementes híbridas de quiabo sem qualquer prejuízo no efeito heterótico dos híbridos.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is an economically important crop in sub-Saharan Africa. The vegetable is of major technological interest in food and medicinal applications. A survey was conducted by administering structured questionnaires (1560) in major okra-producing regions in Ghana to determine the level of okra utilization and nutritional and medicinal attributes of the crop. The okra pectin yield and intrinsic viscosity at different maturity stages were also investigated. Isolation of okra pectin from the pods at different harvest maturity was performed by aqueous extraction at pH 6.0. The intrinsic viscosity [η] of the okra pectin solutions was determined at 20°C using Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. The survey showed that okra is well known (96.9%) across the country among the various ethnic groups. The majority (94.7%) of the respondents use okra as food, whereas few utilized the crop as medicine (22.1%) and for other applications (9.6%). The respondents widely used okra in the form of soup (73.1%) and stew (68.7%) consumed popularly with banku (81.3%) and tuo zaafi (38.8%). The majority of respondents (65.2%) showed interest in the development of new products from okra. Highest pectin yield was obtained for intermediate matured fruits, followed by that of immature fruits and lowest for overgrown fruits. The intrinsic viscosity value, however, was highest for immature fruits. The study showed that okra is mainly used as food among various ethnic groups and that it is important to identify the most appropriate stage of development to harvest the okra fruit. This knowledge would enhance the potential of okra for specific use or functionality.

Objective To evaluate a formulation from the milky mangrove tree Excoecaria agallocha L. ( E. agallocha ) against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (H. armigera) . Methods About 3% aqueous ethanolic spray formulation derived from the lipophilic extract of E. agallocha (dry leaf) was evaluated against H. armigera in Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) and Cajanus cajan (C. cajan) (pigeon pea), under field conditions. Results On the 9th day of the 4th spray the larval count in the plot treated with 3% E. agallocha formulation drastically came down to 0.23 larva/plant, compared to 1.63 in the ethanol control plot and 1.60 in the unsprayed plot. Blocks sprayed with 3% E. agallocha formulation yielded 35.8 quintals/hectare (q/ha) of healthy pods compared to Ekalux® (pod yield: 60.7 q/ha), 3% Vijay Neem® (60.22 q/ha), yield plot (6 q/ha) and ethanol control (7 q/ha). In C. cajan , 1% E. agallocha , 3% Nimbecidine® and 0.07% indoxacarb were equally potent in reducing the larval population of H. armigera and the non-target pest Spilosoma obliqua to 0%, from the 9th day (3rd spray). Indoxacarb plot recorded the maximum yield of 16.1 q/ha with 2.4% pod damage. Plots sprayed with 1% E. agallocha yielded 14.7 q/ha with 2.32% pod damage. The effect of 3% Nimbecidine® spray (14.35 q/ha) was comparable to E. agallocha formulation. Unsprayed and ethanol control plots yielded 12.41 and 11.2 q/ha of pods with an average pod damage of 4.7%. Conclusions E. agallocha formulation was found to be promising for the control of H. armigera , under field conditions.

O quiabeiro é suscetível a várias doenças que podem causar prejuízos ao agricultor, caso não sejam manejadas. Objetivaram-se avaliar o efeito da temperatura e a reação de genótipos de quiabeiro ao mofo branco. Plantas de 30 dias inoculadas na região do colo, com e sem ferimento, com dois isolados de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, foram mantidas por duas semanas nas temperaturas de 15; 20; 25; 30 ou 35ºC. Quatorze genótipos de quiabeiro com um e dois meses de emergência, assim como frutos no ponto de colheita comercial tiveram seus comportamentos avaliados quanto à doença. Avaliaram-se a incidência de plantas com tombamento ou mortas e o comprimento da lesão nos frutos inoculados. A doença foi favorecida por temperaturas entre 15 e 20ºC e, de maneira geral, não foram observadas diferenças entre os isolados e influência do ferimento na ocorrência da doença. Não foram encontrados genótipos de quiabeiro resistentes ao mofo branco, pois todos apresentaram incidência superior a 30% de plantas mortas, sendo as plantas mais novas mais suscetíveis, e comprimento de lesão nos frutos >6,0 cm. Entretanto, diferenças de suscetibilidade entre os genótipos foram observadas em plantas de 30 e de 60 dias e podem ser informações úteis aos produtores para escolha de cultivares em clima ameno, assim como ser exploradas em programas de melhoramento.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T18:59:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-01 The study aimed to evaluate the growth, productivity attributes and soil P critical level, for okra cultivar, Clemson Spineless, regarding phosphorus fertilization at the seeding. The research was conducted under field conditions, in the Zona da Mata of Pernambuco state, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with six replications. Treatments consisted of doses 0, 8, 16, 32, 65, 130 and 260 kg P2O5 ha-1. Was evaluated growth, fruit yield, number of fruits per plant and fruit weight. At the end of the growth cycle, was determined critical P level in soil. The plant height and stem diameter adjusted to the sigmoid model, with difference in phosphorus fertilization, in which it was found that application of 130 kg P 2O5 ha-1 provided greater plant growth, with values of 123.1 cm and 17.7 mm, respectively. The phosphorus provided increments in productivity attributes, being observed with the addition of 130 kg P 2O5 ha-1, gains of 3.44 Mg ha-1 of fruit, 3.33 fruits per plant. The P availability in soil increased with phosphate fertilization, which made it possible to determine the critical level in 79 mg dm-3. Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife-PE Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio Mesquita Filho Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia (Ciência Do Solo), s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal-SP Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio Mesquita Filho Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia (Ciência Do Solo), s/n, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal-SP

Com o objetivo de avaliar o cultivo intercalar de adubos verdes eretos e de porte baixo na cultura do quiabeiro, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, sendo um em cultivo convencional em Monte Alegre do Sul e outro em cultivo orgânico em São Roque-SP, de fevereiro a julho de 2008 e de dezembro de 2008 a junho de 2009, respectivamente. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições e cinco tratamentos, constando de quiabeiro em cultivo "solteiro" e consorciado com uma ou duas linhas de mucuna-anã (Mucuna deeringiana) e de crotalária-espectábilis (Crotalaria spectabilis) nas entrelinhas. No cultivo orgânico, dois novos tratamentos foram adicionados ao experimento para avaliar os adubos verdes em cultivo solteiro. No quiabeiro avaliou-se a produção (g planta-1) e número de frutos por planta, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos e altura média do dossel em diferentes épocas após a semeadura. Nos adubos verdes avaliaram-se altura média das plantas e produtividade de massa fresca. A eficiência do consórcio foi mensurada por meio da relação de área equivalente (RAE). A produção média do quiabeiro por planta foi de 190,9 e 582,0 g planta-1, respectivamente, no sistema convencional e orgânico. A RAE foi de 1,5 e 1,6 no consórcio do quiabeiro com duas linhas de mucuna-anã e crotalária-espectábilis, respecticamente. Verificou-se viabilidade agronômica da adoção do cultivo intercalar pelo agricultor familiar de quiabeiro, especificamente com duas linhas dos adubos verdes de porte ereto e baixo. To evaluate the agronomic viability of the intercropping okra crop (Abelmoschus esculentus) with small size and erect green manuring species Mucuna deeringiana and Crotalaria spectabilis, two experiments were carried out, one in conventional system at Monte Alegre do Sul, São Paulo state, Brazil, from February to July 2008 and one in an organic system at São Roque, São Paulo state, Brazil, from December 2008 to June 2009. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, with five treatments and five replications. The five treatments were constituted by okra monoculture and okra intercropped with one or two lines of M. deeringiana and one or two lines of C.spectabilis in the seeded at the same time of the okra crop. In organic farming two new treatments were added to the experiment to evaluate the green manures in single cropping. Production, number of fruits per plant, fruit length and diameter and plant height were evaluated in okra plants and plant height and fresh matter weight were determined in the green manuring plants at different periods after seeding.. The evaluation of the efficiency of the consortium was measured by the ratio of area equivalent (RAE). Average yield per okra plant was 190.9 and 582.0 g plant-1, respectively, under conventional and organic cropping. The RAE was 1.5 and 1.6 in the consortium of okra with two rows of M. deeringiana and Crotalaria spectabilis, respectively. Intercropping erect short green manuring species with okra is agronomically viable and can be used by family farmers without interference with the yield of okra crop.

Germination and vigor tests are essential components of seed quality control programs adopted by seed industries. We studied different procedures to perform the controlled deterioration test to identify differences in vigor among okra seed lots. Four seed lots of Colhe Bem cultivar and five seed lots of Santa Cruz 47 cultivar were submitted to the following tests: germination, seedling emergence, controlled deterioration (seeds with moisture contents of 18, 21 and 24% at 45°C for 24 and 48 hours) and moisture content. The controlled deterioration test is efficient to evaluate the physiological potential of okra seeds, and the combination of 24% water, 45°C during 24 hours is recommended. Os testes de germinação e de vigor são componentes essenciais do processo de controle de qualidade das empresas produtoras de sementes. Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa estudar a metodologia do teste de deterioração controlada, visando a identificação de diferentes níveis de vigor de lotes de sementes de quiabo. Utilizaram-se as cultivares Colhe Bem e Santa Cruz 47, representadas por quatro e cinco lotes de sementes, respectivamente. As nove amostras de sementes foram submetidas às avaliações de germinação, emergência de plântulas, deterioração controlada (sementes com umidade de 18, 21 e 24%; a 45ºC durante 24 e 48 horas) e grau de umidade no início dos testes e durante o monitoramento para o teste de deterioração controlada. O teste de deterioração controlada conduzido a 45ºC, com grau de umidade das sementes de 24% e período de exposição de 24 horas é eficiente para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de quiabo.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV) is one the most destructive okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) pathogens in Brazil. Fifty-four okra accessions were evaluated for resistance to FOV. Greenhouse screening was initially carried out with one FOV isolate ('Fus-194'). Inoculation (in all assays) was carried out with 21-day-old plantlets, using the root-dipping inoculation technique. Thirty-three accessions displaying differential responses in the first screening were re-evaluated in two additional assays, using two FOV isolates ('Fus-194' and 'Fus-201'). Twelve accessions were rated as highly to intermediately resistant to 'Fus-194' during the dry/moderate temperature season, whereas nine accessions were classified as highly to intermediately resistant to 'Fus-201'. In the assay carried out in the wet and warm season, 72% of the accessions were classified as having high and intermediate resistance to 'Fus-194', and 32% were resistant to 'Fus-201'. The accessions 'Santa Cruz-47', 'BR-2399' and 'BR-1449' were the most promising resistance sources. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV) é um dos patógenos mais destrutivos do quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus) no Brasil. Cinquenta e quatro acessos de quiabeiro foram avaliados quanto à resistência a FOV em casa de vegetação. Inicialmente foi conduzida uma seleção com o isolado 'Fus-194'. Trinta e três acessos, que foram resistentes na seleção inicial, foram reavaliadas em dois ensaios adicionais (sob duas condições de ambiente), utilizando dois isolados de FOV. Destes, onze acessos foram classificadas como altamente ou medianamente resistentes ao isolado 'Fus-194' em agosto (estação seca e com temperatura moderada), enquanto que 28% dos acessos foram classificados como altamente ou medianamente resistentes ao isolado 'Fus-201'. No ensaio conduzido na estação úmida e quente, 72% dos acessos apresentaram reação de alta a média resistência a 'Fus-194', enquanto que 32% foram resistentes a 'Fus-201'. A cultivar 'Santa Cruz-47' e os acessos 'BR-2399' e 'BR-1449' foram as fontes de resistência mais promissoras.

El estudio de heterosis podria ayudar en la seleccion de cruzas heteroticas para la explotacion comercial de hibridos F1 de gombo (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Cuarenta y cinco F1s fueron desarrolladas cruzando 10 lineas elite de gombo: P1(IC282248), P2(IC27826-A), P3(IC29119-B), P4(IC31398-A), P5(IC45732), P6(IC89819), P7(IC89976), P8(IC90107), P9(IC99716) y P10(IC111443), en forma de medio dialelo durante el verano 2009. Todas las 45 F1s junto con sus 10 padres y un control estandar (Hibrido de Mahyco N° 10) fueron evaluadas en un diseno de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones durante kharif temprano (junio a septiembre) 2009 en la Estacion de Investigacion de Vegetales, Rajendranagar, Andhra Pradesh, India, para heterosis de la produccion de gombo y sus componentes. La significancia de cuadrados medios debida a genotipos revelo la presencia de variabilidad genetica considerable entre el material estudiado para casi toda la produccion y atributos de produccion excepto la altura de planta. La heterosis media total entre los padres y control estandar para la produccion total por planta fue 6,92 y -15,44%, respectivamente, mientras para la produccion comerciable por planta fue 6,64 y el -22,18%, respectivamente. Cruzas negativamente heteroticas como C19(P3XP5) para dias a 50% floracion (-4.35%) y C4(P1XP5) para primera floracion y nudos fructiferos (-15,22%), respectivamente, son importantes para explotar heterosis de precocidad en quingombo. Las cruzas con heterosis estandar no significativa en cualquier direccion dada para produccion total por planta C42, C31, C35, C25, y C36 (8,6; -0,08; -2,61; -3,26; y -4,57%, respectivamente) y produccion comerciable por planta C42, C31, y C36 (-5,87; -6,56, y -10,54%, respectivamente), fueron estadisticamente iguales con el control estandar para rendimiento medio y fueron tan prometedoras como aquellas del control estandar. El hibrido F1 C42(P7XP10) con alto potencial de rendimiento tiene potencial para cultivo comercial despues de evaluacion adicional para la temporada kharif temprana.

Summary: Okra is a commercial vegetable crop with considerable area under cultivation in Africa and Asia. Okra belongs to the family Malvaceae. It probably originated in Ethiopia and is widely spread all over tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Okra plays an important role in the human diet by supplying fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Moreover, its mucilage is suitable for certain medical and industrial applications. Therefore, young fruits of okra have reawakened beneficial interest in bringing this crop into commercial production. The optimum yield of okra is approximately 6.6 t ha -1 . Okra requires warm temperatures. The optimum temperatures are in the range of 20-30°C, with minimum temperatures of 18°C and maximum of 35°C. Okra needs rather high quantity of water despite having considerable drought resistance. The plant forms a deeply penetrating tap root with dense shallow feeder roots reaching out in all directions in the upper 45 cm of soil. Soil clamminess is essential during the continuation of growing period.

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the most important pests of the tomato Lycopersicon esculentnm in the world; it affects plant vigour, transmits geminiviruses and reduces crop quality. This experiment was conducted to determine the response of Bemisia tabaci population when tomato (Solanum lycopersicum MT1) planted alone (non-choice), tomato planted with brinjal (Solanum malagna MTe1), tomato with chilli (Capsicum annuum MC11), tomato with okra (Abelmoschus esculentus MKBE1), and all together (choice experiment) under glasshouse conditions (30-36°C, 80% RH). The results have shown that, there were significantly higher (P< 0.05) numbers of adults, eggs and nymphs on tomato alone or planted with chilli, whereas significantly lower numbers of adults, eggs and nymphs were seen when tomato was planted with okra and brinjal. Generally, the number of adults and eggs was observed to be more on the upper stratum compared to the lower plant stratum. Interestingly, the number of nymphs was found to be higher on the middle stratum than on the other strata in all treatments.

Fruit and vegetable growers in the tropics are faced with crop protection issues resulting in food insecurity and low-income in low-input traditional agro-systems. In intensive systems, pesticide-induced adverse impacts on human health and the environment may occur. Setting up an "ecologically intensive" horticulture by modifying agro-systems to mobilize natural regulation mechanisms taking ecological processes as a source of inspiration, has become a major challenge. This implies a shift from a "tactical" approach based on preventive and curative chemical treatments (agro-chemistry) to a "strategic" approach based on preventive and natural methods (agro-ecology) for the regulation of pests/pathogens infestations/infections. Horticultural cropping systems provide ideal frameworks for studying the effects of the planned introduction and management of plant species diversity (PSD), on pest and disease impact. The Cirad Omega3 Project builds on case studies representing a broad range of PSD levels, scales and deployment modalities, according to an a priori typology of pests and diseases based on their life-history traits. Obtained and anticipated outcomes of these studies concern both i) knowledge on ecological pest and disease regulation processes that can be mobilized in horticultural systems, ii) tools and methods for incepting and evaluating innovating pest and disease-resilient cropping systems. We present here the global approach and first results obtained within this framework regarding i) introduction of service plants with sanitizing/ allelopathic effect managed as green manure for reducing tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, ii) potential of trap crops/barriers for reducing infestation and damage of tomato fruit worms Helicoverpa armigera on okra in Niger and Helicoverpa zea on tomato in Martinique. Results of these case studies on non-specific disease and pests with respectively low and high dispersal ability, provide decision rules which help set up models to predict the impact of PSD deployment modes on the studied bio-aggressors or other pathogens/pests with similar life-history traits. (Resume d'auteur)

Pests are major factor affecting the crop yield, quality, and esthetic value. Although pest resistance is genetically controlled, it is mediated through physiological and biochemical processes interrelated with the nutritional status of the plant. Nutrition of plant may determine its resistance or susceptibility to pests. An experiment was conducted to determine whether and up to what extent varying concentrations of N modulate the infesting rate of whitefly on Okra (Hibiscus esculentus). Twenty-one-day-old okra plants were subjected to five concentrations of 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 mM N for 30 days. Number of eggs, nymph were counted on each plant after every 4 days. Growth and yield of okra plants increased with increasing supply of N but it decreased slightly at the highest level of N (20 mM). Leaf soluble proteins, amino acids, and soluble sugars were determined on fresh weight basis. From these results, it is clear that increasing N level increased the biosynthesis or accumulation of protein, free amino acid, and sugars that might have attracted more whitefly for feeding. © 2010 Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do filme plástico de PVC e da temperatura de armazenamento na conservação pós-colheita de frutos de cultivares de quiabo. O experimento foi organizado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, tendo nas parcelas as duas temperaturas (5 e 10 ºC), nas subparcelas um fatorial 2 (sem e com PVC) x 4 (cultivares Amarelinho, Red Velvet, Star of David e Mammoth Spinless) e nas subsubparcelas os seis períodos de amostragem, com quatro blocos. A temperatura de 10ºC e o uso do filme de PVC foram mais eficientes no controle da perda de massa da matéria fresca. O filme foi mais eficiente na manutenção de maior teor relativo de água no pericarpo dos frutos armazenados a 5 e 10ºC. A cv. Amarelinho perdeu menos massa da matéria fresca e manteve maior teor relativo de água. Os frutos armazenados a 5ºC apresentaram maiores teores de vitamina C, com menor perda de vitamina C nas cvs. Mammoth Spinless e Star of David. Observou-se maior incidência de injúria por frio e escurecimento nos frutos armazenados sem PVC e a 5ºC. A cv. Amarelinho apresentou melhor conservação pós-colheita com temperatura de 10ºC e o uso da embalagem de PVC. This work had the goal to evaluate the influence of PVC film and temperature on the postharvest storage life in four cultivars of okra. The treatments were displayed in randomized complete blocks, in split-split-plot design, where the parcels were the temperatures of 5 and 10ºC, and in the sub parcels a 2 (control and PVC wrapped fruits) x 4 (cultivars Amarelinho, Red Velvet, Star of David and Mammoth Spinless) factorial, and in the sub-sub parcels six sampling moments, containing four blocks. Storage at 10ºC and wrapping the fruits with PVC film improved the control of fresh mass loss. The film was more efficient in maintaining higher water content in the fruit pericarp at 5 or 10ºC. The cultivar Amarelinho lost less fresh mass and maintained higher water content. Fruits stored at 5ºC had higher vitamin C content. The cultivars Mammoth Spinless and Star of David showed lower losses of vitamin C. Cultivar Mammoth Spinless had the highest content of chlorophyll and Amarelinho the lowest. In general the development of chilling and browning was higher in fruits without PVC film at 5ºC. The cultivar Amarelinho had better postharvest conservation at 10ºC and using PVC film.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade e o estado nutricional do quiabeiro 'Santa Cruz', cultivado em sistema orgânico, em função de populações de plantas e doses de biofertilizante suíno. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental da EPAMIG, em Oratórios (MG), no período de 16/10/2007 a 22/2/2008. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo duas populações de plantas e cinco doses de biofertilizante, obtido pela fermentação anaeróbica de dejeto líquido de suíno. As populações foram 23.809 e 35.714 plantas ha-1, obtidas no espaçamento de 1,4 x 0,30 m com uma planta por cova e 1,4 x 0,40 m com duas plantas por cova. As doses de biofertilizante foram: 0; 6; 12; 24 e 48 m³ ha-1, sendo 80% aplicado no sulco de plantio, 15 dias antes do transplante, e 20% em cobertura, aos 30 dias após o transplante das mudas. Avaliaram-se teor foliar de nutrientes, índice SPAD, altura de plantas, número de hastes e produção de frutos comerciais e não comerciais. A aplicação do biofertilizante suíno proporcionou plantas com bom estado nutricional. O índice SPAD correlacionou positivamente com teores foliares de N, sendo as maiores concentrações obtidas nas maiores doses de biofertilizante, especialmente na menor população de plantas. O número e a produção de frutos comerciais por planta foram maiores quando se utilizou menor população de plantas. A maior produtividade obtida na população de 35.714 plantas ha-1 foi 31,23 t ha-1 e na população de 23.809 plantas ha-1 foi 21,90 t ha-1, ambas alcançadas com a maior dose de biofertilizante aplicada. A maior produtividade comercial de frutos de quiabo foi obtida na maior população de plantas. The objective of this work was to evaluate yield and nutritional status of organically cultivated Santa Cruz okra as a function of planting densities and doses of swine biofertilizer. The experiment was carried out at the EPAMIG Experimental Farm, in Oratorios-MG, Brazil, from 16/10/2007 to 22/02/2008. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with four replications, in a 2 x 5 factorial, with two plant populations and five doses of biofertilizer obtained by the fermentation of liquid swine waste. The two populations were 23809 and 35714 plants.ha-1, obtained in the 1.4 x 0.30 m spacing with a plant per hole and 1.4 x 0.40 m with two plants per hole. Biofertilizer doses were: 0; 6; 12; 24 and 48 m3.ha-1, with 80% applied in furrow 15 days before transplantation and 20% top-dressing at 30 days after seedling transplantation. The characteristics evaluated included nutrient leaf content, SPAD index, plant height, number of stems and production of commercial and non-commercial fruits. The use o the swine biofertilizer gave plants with a good nutritional status. The SPAD index correlated positively with N leaf content, with the highest concentrations at the highest doses of the swine biofertilizer, mainly in the smallest plant population. The number and commercial fruit production per plant were larger when a smaller plant population was used. The highest yield achieved in the population of 35714 plants ha-1 was 31.23 ton ha-1, and in the population of 23809 plant.ha-1 was 21.9 ton ha-1, both at the highest dose of biofertilizer. The highest commercial yield of okra fruits was obtained with the largest plant population.

A cultura do quiabo possui importância sócio-cultural para o estado de Minas Gerais (MG) e 34,2% do volume de quiabo comercializado na Ceasa/Contagem procede dos municípios localizados entre Caratinga e Governador Valadares. Entretanto, o quiabeiro tem a sua produção influenciada pelos danos decorrentes de infecções causadas pelos nematóides das galhas (Meloidogyne spp.). As principais espécies desse nematóide que atacam o quiabeiro já foram relatadas no Brasil, e algumas destas podem causar a morte da planta. A correta identificação da(s) espécie(s) e, ou da(s) raça(s) de Meloidogyne presente(s) nas raízes do quiabeiro é importante na escolha da medida de controle mais apropriada. Para determinar a ocorrência e distribuição de Meloidogyne spp. e outros nematóides na região leste de MG, 70 amostras de solo e raízes da cultura, provenientes de 14 localidades, foram avaliadas por características morfológicas e isoenzimáticas. Dentre as populações de Meloidogyne spp. identificadas prevaleceu M. incognita (fenótipos de Esterase I1 e I2), seguida de M. javanica (fenótipos J2 e J3) e M. arenaria (fenótipo A2). A espécie M. mayaguensis foi confirmada pela ocorrência do fenótipo M2 para esterase, N3 para malato desidrogenase, N2 para superóxido dismutase e N3 para glutamato-oxaloacetato transaminase. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência de M. mayaguensis em MG. Outros nematóides detectados na rizosfera do quiabeiro foram Aphelenchus sp., Criconemella sp., Helicotylenchus spp., Pratylenchus brachyurus e P. coffeae, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Rotylenchus sp., Tylenchus sp. e Tylenchorhynchus sp. Okra has a cultural and social importance for the State of Minas Gerais (MG), and 34,2% of the volume marketed in the Ceasa/Contagem, MG, come from the municipalities located near Caratinga and Governador Valadares. The okra production is influenced for the infection caused by the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). The main species of these nematodes attacking okra have already been reported in Brazil, and some of them can cause plant death. The correct identification of Meloidogyne species and, or races infecting okra roots is mandatory for choosing appropriate control measures. To determine the occurrence and distribution of Meloidogyne spp. and other nematodes in the area of the East of MG, 70 soil and root samples coming from 14 municipalities were appraised for morphological and isoenzymatic characteristics. Among the populations of Meloidogyne spp., M. incognita (Esterase phenotypes I1 and I2) prevailed and were followed by M. javanica (phenotypes J2 and J3) and M. arenaria (phenotypes A2). The species M. mayaguensis was confirmed by the phenotypes: esterase (M2), malate dehydrogenase (N3), superoxide dismutase (N2) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (N3). This is the first report of the M. mayaguensis occurrence in MG. Other nematodes associated with the okra plants were Aphelenchus sp., Criconemella sp., Helicotylenchus spp., Pratylenchus brachyurus and P. coffeae, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Rotylenchus sp., Tylenchus sp. and Tylenchorhynchus sp.

Avaliou-se a utilização de marcadores RAPD para estimar a diversidade em 42 acessos do gênero Abelmoschus e um de Hibiscus. As estimativas das distâncias genéticas foram feitas com base no complemento aritmético do Índice de Jaccard. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de análise multivariada, através de agrupamento hierárquico do vizinho mais próximo e método de Tocher, para estudar os arranjos dos grupos de genótipos, bem como analisar os métodos de agrupamentos empregados. Trinta e um iniciadores foram utilizados para amplificar fragmentos de DNA pela reação de polimerização em cadeia (PCR) e foram gerados 103 fragmentos RAPD. O agrupamento hierárquico dos 43 genótipos com base no método do vizinho mais próximo separou os acessos, de modo geral, conforme as espécies botânicas, formando 6 grupos distintos. Isto foi confirmado pela projeção das distâncias genéticas no plano bidimensional, onde o primeiro e maior dos grupos reuniu os acessos de A. esculentus e A. caillei. Por outro lado, o método de Tocher reuniu 90% do germoplasma no grupo I incluindo, neste, os acessos de A. moschatus e A. manihot, além das outras duas espécies anteriores. O método de otimização de Tocher permitiu a formação de apenas 4 grupos de genótipos, mostrando-se coerente apenas em parte à análise de agrupamento hierárquico. Porém, o reagrupamento dos acessos do grupo I de Tocher pelo método hierárquico, revelou a existência de maior heterogeneidade genética no germoplasma estudado. RAPD markers were utilized to estimate the diversity among 42 Abelmoschus and 1 Hibiscus accessions . The genetic distances were based on the arithmetic complement of the Jaccard index. For this purpose we used the multivariate analysis technique by hierarchycal single linkage and the Tocher methods to obtain the genotypes agglomeration as well as to analyze the methods employed. Thirty-one random decamer primers were used do amplify DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 103 RAPD fragments were generated. The hierarchycal method of single linkage has separated 43 genotypes, in a general way, according to the botanical species, forming six different groups. The genetic distances projection on the bidimentional level confirmed that the first and largest group has united A.esculentus and A. caillei accessions.On the other hand, the Tocher method grouped 90% of the germoplasm at group I, including A. moschatus and A. manihot accessions, besides the other two previous species. The Tocher optimization method allowed the formation of just 4 genotype groups. There was only partial coherence to the hierarchycal grouping analysis. The Tocher group I accessions regrouping by the hierarchycal method revealed the existence of a most important genetic heterogenity on the studied germplasm.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a produção comercial de frutos de quiabeiro a partir de plantas originadas do transplante de mudas, instalou-se um experimento na ESALQ em Piracicaba. Na produção de mudas, que ocorreu em ambiente protegido, foram utilizados três tipos de bandeja, que diferiam entre si pela altura e volume das células, associadas a quatro diferentes substratos, que eram variações de uma mistura comercial (denominada GII). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 3x4 (três tipos de bandeja e quatro variações do substrato), perfazendo um total de doze tratamentos. Foram transplantadas 30 mudas/tratamento, obedecendo ao espaçamento de 0,5x1,0 m. Cada parcela experimental foi constituída por cinco fileiras de 3,0 m de comprimento totalizando a área de 15 m². A colheita foi iniciada 49 dias após o transplante, sendo colhidos frutos de tamanho comercial (8 - 10 cm de comprimento) das doze plantas centrais. Foram avaliados número e peso total dos frutos. Foi observada maior produtividade em plantas originadas de mudas provenientes das bandejas de maior tamanho, independentemente do substrato utilizado. A menor produtividade ocorreu quando no substrato foi adicionado casca de arroz carbonizada na proporção 1:1 ao produto comercial GII, independentemente do tipo de bandeja utilizada. This study proposed to evaluate the production of okra fields established by using seedling transplant. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" in São Paulo, Brazil. Trays with different cell size were used in the okra seedling production. The substrates used were a blend of a commercial mixture (Gioplanta). A completely randomized block design, with 3 x 4 factorial arrangement (3 types of trays and 4 different substrates) was used, in a total of 12 treatments. In the field 30 seedlings per each treatment were transplanted using 1,0 m between rows and 0,5 m within each plant in the row. Each plot was constituted by 5 rows of 3,0 m and area of 15 m². Commercial fruits size (8 - 10 cm length) were harvested from the 12 central plants 49 days after seedling transplanting. Number and fruit weight were evaluated. In the field the plants grown in largest cell volume produced more fruits than plants from small cell volume, regardless of the substrate. The lowest yield was obtained when GII and carbonized rice hulls were mixed (1:1) in the seedling production, independently of the tray type used.

Submitted by repositorio ufvjm (repositorio@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-01-19T11:28:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362013000300017.pdf: 299604 bytes, checksum: 9a7a8e0aa317cbf487e0298ae61fd243 (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-08T14:32:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) S0102-05362013000300017.pdf: 299604 bytes, checksum: 9a7a8e0aa317cbf487e0298ae61fd243 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-08T14:32:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) S0102-05362013000300017.pdf: 299604 bytes, checksum: 9a7a8e0aa317cbf487e0298ae61fd243 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-01 Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) O manejo da aduba??o verde com leguminosas herb?ceas perenes tem se apresentado como pr?tica interessante ? produ??o de hortali?as, proporcionando melhorias no ambiente de cultivo e aumentando a produtividade das culturas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o cultivo org?nico de quiabeiro em solo coberto com leguminosas herb?ceas perenes. Os tratamentos foram constitu?dos pelo cultivo do quiabeiro em solo descoberto (controle) ou coberto com cudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides), soja perene (Glycine wightii), calopog?nio (Calopogonium muconoides), amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) e estilosantes campo grande (Stylosanthes capitata e Stylosanthes macrocephala). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es. A ro?ada das leguminosas, realizada na v?spera da semeadura do quiabeiro, possibilitou a adi??o de quantidades de massa seca ?s ?reas de cultivo, destacando-se o potencial do cudzu tropical (3,74 t ha-1), soja perene (1,55 t ha-1) e amendoim forrageiro (1,30 t ha-1). Nos cultivos de quiabeiro em solo coberto com cudzu tropical e com soja perene foram observados os menores ac?mulos de massa seca de plantas espont?neas, at? os 150 dias ap?s a semeadura do quiabeiro. Aos 150 dias ap?s a semeadura do quiabeiro, somente as ?reas cobertas com amendoim forrageiro e com calopog?nio apresentaram maiores volumes de ?gua no solo em rela??o ao controle. Do in?cio ao fim da colheita, as plantas de quiabeiro cultivadas em solo coberto com soja perene e com cudzu tropical apresentaram as maiores alturas. A produtividade m?xima alcan?ada de frutos de quiabeiro (16,23 t ha-1), foi obtida no cultivo de quiabeiro em solo coberto com soja perene. The management of green manure with perennial herbaceous legumes has emerged as an interesting practice for vegetable production, improving the cultivation environment and increasing crop yields. In the present study we evaluated the organic okra cultivation in soil covered with perennial herbaceous legumes. The treatments consisted of okra grown in bare soil (control) or covered with tropical kudzo (Pueraria phaseoloides), perennial soybean (Glycine wightii), calopogonium (Calopogonium muconoides), Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi) and Stylosanthes capitata and Stylosanthes macrocephala. A randomized block design with four replications was used. The weeding of legumes was realized before the okra was sown and this allowed the addition of quantities of dry matter, highlighting the potential of tropical kudzo (3.74 t ha-1), perennial soybean (1.55 t ha-1) and peanut (1.30 t ha-1). Okra cropped in soil covered with tropical kudzo and perennial soybean had the weed lowest dry matter accumulation until 150 days after sowing the okra. At 150 days after sowing the okra, only the areas covered with peanut and calopogonium had higher volumes of water in the soil compared to the control. Throughout the harvest, the okra plants grown in soil covered with perennial soybean and tropical kudzo showed the greatest heights. The maximum okra fruit yield (16.23 t ha-1) was obtained by growing okra in soil covered with perennial soybean.

The okra grows well in hot weather, finding favorable conditions for development in Brazil. We evaluated the production of okra seedlings and productivity. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in Aquidauana. In the seedling phase we tested substrates (100% triturated cassava stems, 75% triturated cassava stems and 25% vermiculite, 50% triturated cassava stems and 50% vermiculite, 25% triturated cassava stems and 75% vermiculite and 100% vermiculite). These substrates were placed in two protected environments (nursery with black screen, 50% of shading, and aluminized screen, 50% of shading). Each environment was considered an experiment conducted in completely randomized design with eight replications. After that we realized joint analysis. In the field, a total of 10 treatments generated from combinations of environments and substrates (2 environments x 5 substrates) were distributed in a randomized block design with four replications. The average proportions of cassava stems and vermiculite may be suitable for okra seedlings. The results of shoot and total dry phytomass indicate that the aluminized screen can be recommended for okra seedlings production when the substrate with a 1:1 ratio is used. Seedlings grown on higher percentages of vermiculite anticipate production, while seedlings produced only in cassava stems tend to slow it down. The aluminized screen tends to increase the yield of okra seedlings. Average proportions of vermiculite and cassava stems for seedling production under aluminized screen, provide more fruits and yield of okra in Aquidauana. O quiabeiro é hortaliça de clima quente, encontrando condições favoráveis de desenvolvimento no Brasil. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de mudas e a produtividade de quiabeiro. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul em Aquidauana. Na fase de mudas, foram testados substratos (100% ramas de mandioca triturada; 75% ramas de mandioca triturada + 25% de vermiculita; 50% ramas de mandioca triturada + 50% de vermiculita; 25% ramas de mandioca triturada + 75% vermiculita e 100% vermiculita). Estes substratos foram dispostos em dois ambientes protegidos (viveiro agrícola de tela de monofilamento de 50% de sombreamento e viveiro agrícola de tela aluminizada de 50% de sombreamento). Cada ambiente foi considerado um experimento, conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições. Em seguida, realizou-se a análise conjunta. No campo, foram distribuídos os 10 tratamentos gerados a partir das combinações entre ambientes e substratos (2 ambientes x 5 substratos), no delineamento blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As proporções médias de ramas de mandioca e vermiculita podem ser indicadas para a formação de mudas de quiabeiro. Pelas fitomassas seca aérea e total o ambiente com tela aluminizada pode ser indicado para produção de mudas de quiabeiro com a utilização do substrato na proporção 1:1. Mudas provenientes de maiores porcentagens de vermiculita antecipam a produção, enquanto que mudas oriundas apenas de ramas tendem a retardar essa fase. Mudas oriundas do ambiente aluminizado tendem a incrementar a produção de frutos de quiabeiro. Proporções médias de vermiculita e ramas, para mudas produzidas na tela aluminizada, propiciam maior número de frutos e produtividade do quiabeiro em Aquidauana.

Okra leaf curl disease (OLCD) is commonly observed in okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) crops in several African countries (N’Guessan et al ., 1992). Affected plants are severely stunted with apical leaf curl (upward or downward), distortion…

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in the Amazonian rainy season, the effect of nitrogen applied in okra under non-tightness grown and residual fertilization. The trial was carried out in the Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, in Iranduba, Amazonas state, Brazil, between October/2010 and February/2011, in dystrophic Yellow Argisoil, medium texture, using pits with residual fertility. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with four repetitions (two lines with four plants, spacing of 1.5x1.0 m) and four main treatments (urea: 0.0; 20.0; 40.0 and 60.0 g plant-1 corresponding to 0.0; 60.0; 120.0 and 180.0 kg ha-1 of N, respectively, in two portions) using cv Dardo. Besides two additional treatments: chicken manure (1.0 L pit-1, with the cv Dardo) and cv Santa Cruz-47 (with urea rate of 40.0 g plant-1). Micronutrients in pits and dripping system irrigation were applied. All the studied traits had significant quadratic response with the increase of the urea rates. The highest estimated value for the plant height (39.7 cm), canopy diameter (86.2 cm), fruit number (36.0 un plant-1), fruit average mass (17.3 g), harvest number within production cycle (26.4 un cycle-1) and of the yield (4051 kg ha-1) were observed with (g plant-1 of urea): 48.3; 43.5; 38.5; 49.7; 32.7; and 40.5, respectively. Those original traits contributed reasonably poised for plant overall performance (PC1), but subordinate there was antagonism between harvest number and fruit number versus fruit average mass and canopy diameter (PC2). The chicken manure showed positive response compared to the control treatment, but didn't differ from urea rates for all these characteristics. When compared to cv Dardo, the cv Santa Cruz-47 only presented higher values to canopy diameter and number of harvests. The economical efficiency maximum dose was 40.2 g plant-1 of urea (120.6 kg ha-1 of N), with net income per hectare equal to 2.09 tons of okra fruits.

Okra pods with unusual brown lesions and rot were collected in a local supermarket in Brasília DF. The objective of this paper was to characterize the causal agent, to fulfill Koch's postulates and to determine some conditions conducive to disease. The pathogen was identified as Rhizoctonia solani based on morphological characteristics which fitted the fungus description, such as pale to brown hyphae, with nearly right-angled side branches constricted at the base, hyphal cells 6-10 µm wide with a septum near the base. Five isolates were obtained from infected pods and identified as AG 1-IB anastomosis group. Wounded or unwounded okra pods cv. Santa Cruz 47 were inoculated with mycelium disks of R. solani and kept in humid chambers at 12 ºC or 25 ºC. After seven days at 25 ºC, both wounded and unwounded pods were completely rotted and brown, while those kept at 12 ºC showed small lesions ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 mm only in wounded pods. The pathogen was able to grow in different materials used for assembling crates and packs of horticultural products, such as pinewood, corrugated carton, plastic, Styrofoam and newspaper sheets when kept in humid chambers (24 ºC, 96 % RH). The disease occurrence can be related to careless handling practices and to the transmission of R. solani propagules by infected plant debris or soil particles. This is the first report of Rhizoctonia solani causing postharvest rot in okra pods in Brazil. Frutos de quiabo apresentando podridão e lesões marrons foram coletados em um supermercado de Brasília DF. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o agente causal e comprovar o envolvimento do fungo como causador da doença (Postulados de Koch) e determinar algumas condições favoráveis à ocorrência da doença em frutos de quiabo após a colheita. O patógeno foi identificado como Rhizoctonia solani baseado nas suas características morfológicas, como hifas marrons a ocre, com ramificações laterais em ângulos quase retos com constrições na base, células da hifa com 6-10 µm de largura com um septo perto da base. Cinco isolados foram obtidos dos frutos infectados e identificados como sendo do grupo de anastomose AG 1-IB. Frutos de quiabo cv. Santa Cruz 47 inoculados com discos de micélio de R. solani com e sem ferimentos e mantidos em câmaras úmidas, a 25 ºC, por sete dias ficaram completamente apodrecidos pelo patógeno, com cor marrom, enquanto somente os frutos com ferimentos mantidos a 12 ºC apresentaram lesões pequenas, variando de 0,6 a 1,0 mm de diâmetro. Em outro experimento, foi demonstrado que o patógeno foi capaz de crescer na superfície de diferentes materiais usados na confecção de embalagens de produtos hortícolas, como madeira de pinus, papelão corrugado, plástico, isopor e folhas de jornal mantidos em câmara úmida (24 ºC, 96 % UR). A ocorrência da doença está relacionada com manuseio pós-colheita inadequado, e a transmissão de propágulos do fungo junto com restos culturais ou partículas de solo. Este é o primeiro relato de R. solani causando podridão pós-colheita em frutos de quiabo no Brasil.

O controle de Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em quiabeiro Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) (Malvaceae) consiste principalmente no uso de inseticidas, em virtude da falta de informação sobre outros fatores de mortalidade. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar os efeitos de predadores e parasitóides, altura de dossel, idade da planta, área foliar, compostos orgânicos foliares, níveis de nitrogênio e potássio, densidade de tricomas, pluviosidade e temperatura na intensidade de ataque de A. gossypii em dois cultivos sucessivos de Abelmoschus esculentus var. Santa Cruz. Estimou-se, mensalmente, o número de A. gossypii e de inimigos naturais (inspeção visual) ocorridos nas folhas (uma folha/planta) localizadas nas partes basal, mediana e apical de 30 plantas/plantação. Os fatores que mais contribuíram com a redução da população de pulgões foram a senescência de plantas, área foliar e inimigos naturais, principalmente Adialytus spp., aranhas e Coccinellidae. Maior número de pulgões foi observado na parte basal que na mediana e apical de plantas de quiabeiro. A pluviosidade total pode reduzir a população de pulgões. Tricomas tectores (não-glandulares) ou baixa densidade destes, compostos orgânicos foliares e níveis de N e de K não foram importantes para a redução da população de pulgões. The control of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) (Malvaceae) consist primarily in the use of insecticides, due to the lack of information on other mortality factors. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of predators and parasitoids, height of canopy, plant age, leaf areas, organic compounds leaves, levels of leaf nitrogen and potassium, density of leaf trichomes, total rainfall and median temperature on attack intensity of A. gossypii on two successive A. esculentus var. Santa Cruz plantations. Monthly number estimates of A. gossypii and natural enemies (visual inspection) occurred on bottom, middle and apical parts of 30 plants/plantation (one leaf/plant). Plants senescence, leaf areas and natural enemies, mainly Adialytus spp., spiders and Coccinellidae, were some of the factors that most contributed to aphid reduction. A higher number of aphids was found on the bottom part than medium and apical parts of okra plants. Total rainfall can reduce the aphid population. Trichomes non-glandular or low density, organic compounds leaves and levels of N and K were not important for reducing aphid population.

Dit onderzoek vindt plaats in het kader van het Surituinproject. Doel van het project is de bevordering van export van Surinaamse groenten. In Nederland is een vraag naar groenten aanwezig die specifiek uit Suriname komen. Belangrijke export groentegewassen zijn Sopropo, Momordica charantia, oker, Hibiscus esculentus en kouseband. Door het ontbreken van eencontinue aanvoer en transportverliezen verloopt de export naar Nederland niet optimaal