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In the past, small population sizes and unequal ancestor contributions have resulted in high inbreeding rates (ΔF) in the Friesian horse. Two decades ago, the studbook implemented a mating quota and started publishing individual kinships and reduced ΔF below 1% per generation. However, since then, the breeding population size has decreased and this raises the question whether current breeding strategies are sufficient to keep ΔF below desired rates. The aim of this study was to (1) reflect on past inbreeding trends and their main determinants, using pedigree analysis and (2) evaluate the effectiveness of the current and additional breeding strategies using stochastic simulations. We estimated the current ΔF (2013–2022) at 0.72% per generation. While the total contribution of the top 10 sires to the number of offspring per year has decreased from 75% in 1980 to 35% in 2022, this was mainly due to an increased number of approved studbook sires, and not due to more equalized contributions among sires. Of the simulated breeding strategies, selecting only breeding stallions with a below average mean kinship (i.e., "mean kinship selection") was most effective to decrease ΔF (from 0.66% to 0.33%). Increasing the number of breeding sires only had an effect when also a mating quota was applied. However, its effect remained limited. For example, a ~1.5 fold increase, combined with a mating quota of 80 offspring per sire per year, reduced ΔF from 0.55% to 0.51%. When increasing the number of breeding mares, a practically unfeasible large increase was needed for a meaningful reduction in ΔF (e.g. twice as many mares were needed to reduce ΔF from 0.66% to 0.56%). Stratified mating quotas, a novel approach in which we assigned each sire a mating quota (of 60, 80, 100 or 120 offspring per year) based on its mean kinship to recently born foals, resulted in a lower ΔF (0.43%) than a general mating quota of 90 offspring per sire per year (0.55%). Overall, while the current ΔF is below 1%, we recommend to implement additional strategies to further reduce ΔF below 0.5% in the Friesian horse population. For this breed and similar populations, we recommend to focus on breeding strategies based on kinship levels to effectively reduce ΔF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Franches-Montagnes (FM) is the last native horse breed of Switzerland, established at the end of the 19th century by cross-breeding local mares with Anglo-Norman stallions. We collected high-density SNP genotype data (Axiom™ 670 K Equine genotyping array) from 522 FM horses, including 44 old-type horses (OF), 514 European Warmblood horses (WB) from Sweden and Switzerland (including a stallion used for cross-breeding in 1990), 136 purebred Arabians (AR), 32 Shagya Arabians (SA), and 64 Thoroughbred (TB) horses, as introgressed WB stallions showed TB origin in their pedigrees. The aim of the study was to ascertain fine-scale population structures of the FM breed, including estimation of individual admixture levels and genomic inbreeding (FROH) by means of Runs of Homozygosity. Results: To assess fine-scale population structures within the FM breed, we applied a three-step approach, which combined admixture, genetic contribution, and FROH of individuals into a high-resolution network visualization. Based on this approach, we were able to demonstrate that population substructures, as detected by model-based clustering, can be either associated with a different genetic origin or with the progeny of most influential sires. Within the FM breed, admixed horses explained most of the genetic variance of the current breeding population, while OF horses only accounted for a small proportion of the variance. Furthermore, we illustrated that FM horses showed high TB admixture levels and we identified inconsistencies in the origin of FM horses descending from the Arabian stallion Doktryner. With the exception of WB, FM horses were less inbred compared to the other breeds. However, the relatively few but long ROH segments suggested diversity loss in both FM subpopulations. Genes located in FM- and OF-specific ROH islands had known functions involved in conformation and behaviour, two traits that are highly valued by breeders. Conclusions: The FM remains the last native Swiss breed, clearly distinguishable from other historically introgressed breeds, but it suffered bottlenecks due to intensive selection of stallions, restrictive mating choices based on arbitrary definitions of pure breeding, and selection of rare coat colours. To preserve the genetic diversity of FM horses, future conservation managements strategies should involve a well-balanced selection of stallions (e.g., by integrating OF stallions in the FM breeding population) and avoid selection for rare coat colours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Equine gastric ulcer syndrome is a common disease in horses worldwide, with different prevalences in various categories and breeds. It is divided into two different illnesses, based on the mucosa affected: Equine Squamous Gastric Disease, if it involves the squamous mucosa, and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease, if the lesions are located in the glandular portion of the stomach. The effect of sex on gastric ulcers, especially on the squamous mucosa, is not completely elucidated: some studies found a higher prevalence of lesions of the squamous mucosa in geldings and stallions, while others failed to identify a sex as a risk factor. The few studies on glandular lesions did not show any correlation between sex and ulcers. A paper investigating only Thoroughbred mares at pasture found that about 70% of them had gastric ulcers, especially on the squamous mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the disease in a population of male horses, and determine if their breeding or sports career can influence the development of gastric lesions. Gastroscopies were performed in 101 males, after recording data about their breeding and exercise history, management, and presence of clinical signs. Breeding activity does not determine the presence or severity of gastric lesions in either mucosa, while exercise and a combination of both exercise and breeding is associated with ulcers in the glandular mucosa. Clinical signs are correlated only with the severity of lesions in the squamous one. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a worldwide disease, and includes two different syndromes, Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (ESGD), affecting the squamous mucosa, and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD), affecting the glandular mucosa. These two diseases are present in different categories (different activities, ages, etc.) and breeds of horses. The effect of sex on gastric health is not clear: some studies found a higher prevalence of ESGD in geldings and stallions, while others found no influence of sex on the squamous mucosa. The few studies conducted on glandular diseases failed to identify sex as a risk factor. The only study on breeding horses, focused on Thoroughbred mares at pasture, found that 70% of them were affected by gastric ulcerations especially in the squamous mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of EGUS, ESGD, and EGGD in intact males while also investigating the potential influences of breeding and exercise activity on the occurrence and severity of the diseases. A total of 101 intact males were admitted for gastroscopic examination. Comprehensive data regarding their breeding and sports history, management, and presence of clinical signs were recorded. A statistical analysis was performed. Within this equine population, no discernible relationship was found between breeding activity and occurrence and severity of ESGD or EGGD. Exercise and a combination of exercise and breeding activities were found to be associated with the occurrence of EGGD. The presence of clinical signs was correlated only with the grade of ESGD in this cohort of horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The breeding history of the Einsiedler horse is closely connected with the Benedictine cloister Einsiedeln. In the mid‐nineteenth century, it was decided to use European Warmblood stallions for cross‐breeding and to abandon the selection of stallions. Since that time, it has only been possible to trace back the origin of Einsiedler horses using maternal ancestry information. Here, we collected high‐density genotype data for European Warmblood horses (Selle Français, Swiss Warmblood and Einsiedler) and Franches‐Montagnes horses, the last native Swiss horse breed, to unravel the current population structure of the Einsiedler horse. Using commonly applied methods to ascertain fine‐scale population structures, it was not possible to clearly differentiate the Einsiedler from other European Warmblood horses. However, by means of runs of homozygosity (ROH) we were able to detect breed‐specific ROH islands for the Einsiedler horse, including genes involved in domestication and adaptation to high altitude. Therefore, future breeding activities should involve the screening of these breed‐specific ROH segments, the revival of cryopreserved sperm and the selection of Einsiedler stallions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) currently advocates for a transition towards single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers as a potential alternative for equine parentage verification. To ascertain the efficacy of this transition, it is imperative to evaluate the performance of parentage testing using SNPs in juxtaposition with short tandem repeats (STRs). As per ISAG's recommendation, we used an equine genotyping‐by‐sequencing panel with 144 SNPs for this purpose. Equine parentage is currently realized using 16 microsatellites (STRs) excluding the LEX3 marker. In this study, 1074 horses were genotyped using the 144 SNPs panel, including 432 foals, 414 mares, and 228 stallions, from five different breeds: 293 Arabians, 167 Barbs, 189 Thoroughbreds, 73 Anglo‐Arabians, and 352 Arabian‐Barbs. As a result, two SNPs markers were eliminated from the panel system due to inconsistent amplification across all examined individuals leaving 142 SNPs markers for analysis. A comparative analysis between SNPs and STRs markers revealed that the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.457 for SNPs and 0.76 for STRs, while the mean observed heterozygosity stood at 0.472 for SNPs and 0.72 for STRs. Furthermore, the probability of identity was calculated to be 5.722 × 10−57 for SNPs and 1.25 × 10−15 for STRs markers. In alignment with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in polyploids test, 110 out of the total SNPs were consistent with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in polyploids test (p > 0.05). Employing both SNPs and STRs markers, the mean polymorphic information content was discerned to be 0.351 for SNPs and 0.72 for STRs. The cumulative exclusion probabilities for SNP markers exceeded 99.99%, indicating that the 142 SNPs panel might be adequate for parentage testing. In contrast, when utilizing STRs markers, the combined average exclusion probabilities for one and both parents were determined to be 99.8% and 99.9%, respectively. Our comprehensive study underscores the potential of SNPs in equine parentage verification, especially when compared to STRs in terms of exclusion probabilities. As a corollary, the application of SNPs for parentage verification and identification can significantly contribute to the conservation initiative for the five Moroccan horse breeds. Nonetheless, further research is required to address and replace the deficient SNPs within the panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subfertility is one of the main issues in horse breeding and the study of mRNAs in sperm might help in elucidating the reasons that lead to this diagnosis. The present study aims at assessing the differences in the expression of 10 potential candidate genes in stallions of different fertility. Frozen-thawed semen of 29 stallions was included. Each sample was classified into two groups according to pregnancy rates (PR) achieved with this semen: "good fertility" (GF; n = 17; PR ≥ 30 %) or "poor fertility" (PF; n = 12; PR <20 %). All stallions underwent a breeding soundness examination (BSE) before semen production and were only included into the semen cryopreservation program when raw semen characteristics at BSE met minimal requirements. Semen was cryopreserved following European Union regulations and all stallions met the respective health requirements. Each sample was assessed for concentration (NucleoCounter SP-100), motility (CASA), membrane functionality (SYBR-14/PI), mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1), morphology (SpermacStain), acrosome integrity (SpermacStain), membrane integrity (HOS test) and chromatin integrity (Aniline blue). Sperm RNAs were extracted using the Direct-zol RNA Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research) and RT-qPCR was performed for each target gene. ACTB and RPL32 were included as reference genes (RGs) for normalization. For each variable of each group, mean, standard deviation and SEM were calculated. The difference in gene expression levels between the GF and PF group were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation. Significant results were considered with p < 0.05. Sperm quality parameters did not differ significantly between the two groups except for concentration, that was significantly higher in GF (p = 0.043). In GF a positive correlation was identified for PRM1 / PRM2 with r = +0.6, while PRM1 / ACR (r = −0.495), PRM2 / ZPBP (r = −0.645) and CRISP3 / ACR (r = −0.551) were inversely correlated. In PF direct correlations were registered for PRM1 / PRM2 (r = +0.629), PRM1 / PRM3 (r = +0.657), PRM2 / SPA17 (r = +0.685), SPA17 / PLCZ1 (r = +0.786) and PRM3 / ACR (r = +0.627). In the total sample (GF + PF), positive correlations were detected for PRM1 / PRM2 (r = +0.625), PRM1 / PRM3 (r = +0.368); PRM2 / SPA17 (r = +0.465), SPA17 / PLCZ1 (r = +0.637) and PLCZ1 / ZAN (r = +0.587). Only two of the genes considered were differentially expressed in the 2 groups: PRM2 and PLCZ1 , that were significantly (p < 0.05) overexpressed in the GF group. Stallions frozen-thawed semen with higher expression levels of PRM2 and PLCZ1 are more likely to belong to animals with a good pregnancy rate. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of sperm transcripts in male subfertility in stallions. • Sperm concentration was increased in frozen-thawed stallion semen with good fertility (GF). • The mRNA abundance of protamine 2 (PRM2) was increased in GF semen. • The mRNA abundance of phospholipase C zeta 1 (PLCZ1) was increased in GF semen. • Analysis of PRM2 and PLCZ1 mRNA abundance helps to predict frozen semen fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Most artificial inseminations in horses currently use cooled semen. It has not been possible to develop a freezing protocol that is suitable for all stallions and all ejaculates. Furthermore, the thawed spermatozoa have a short life, which necessitates depositing the semen in the uterus close to the time of ovulation. Using frozen semen has many potential advantages: there would be greater choice of stallions, the supply of semen is guaranteed, and the amount of antibiotics used would be reduced compared to fresh semen. However, not all ejaculates can be frozen successfully. This review looks at some of the factors that might affect the successful cryopreservation of semen, including stallion nutrition, the frequency of semen collection, the medium that is added to protect the sperm during freezing, the speed of cooling, etc. It would be helpful to identify ejaculates that will freeze well, but as yet, there are no means of identifying them other than carrying out a test freeze. Artificial insemination (AI) is used frequently in the breeding of sport horses, apart from Thoroughbreds. Most AIs are carried out with cooled semen rather than frozen semen because of the difficulties in identifying a protocol that is suitable for freezing most ejaculates and the necessity to inseminate close to ovulation because of the short life of the thawed spermatozoa. More widespread use of frozen semen would improve biosecurity, allow greater choice of stallions, and offer more flexibility when managing deliveries of semen to the stud. It would even decrease the amount of antibiotics used in semen extenders, since the volume of frozen semen is smaller than when cooled semen is inseminated. However, there is considerable variability in the cryosurvival of spermatozoa from different stallions, leading to the classification of stallions as good or bad freezers. Improvements could be made at the level of stallion nutrition, the semen collection regimen, the extender, the removal of seminal plasma, and the cooling protocol, among others. Stallion sperm membranes are highly susceptible to lipid peroxidation, but research on antioxidants has failed to identify an additive that would benefit all stallions. In the future, biomarkers for sperm freezability could be used as an aid in identifying suitable ejaculates for cryopreservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the successful restoration of superior eyelid function in a horse following traumatic avulsion using an advancement flap blepharoplasty and subdermal hyaluronic acid filler. Animal Studied: A 21‐year‐old American Paint Horse stallion who was attacked by a fellow stallion resulting in numerous traumatic injuries including avulsion of approximately 75% of the left superior eyelid. Procedures: With standing sedation and locoregional anesthesia, the superior eyelid wound was debrided and an advancement flap blepharoplasty (H‐plasty) and temporary tarsorrhaphy were performed. Routine healing of the surgical site occurred over the subsequent weeks, though lagophthalmos persisted. At 2 and 4 weeks post‐operatively, 2.4% cross‐linked hyaluronic acid was injected subdermally into the superior eyelid to attempt to improve corneal coverage. At 8 weeks post‐operatively, a complete blink was restored and the cosmetic outcome was good. Conclusions: Injection of subdermal hyaluronic acid filler following eyelid injuries or blepharoplastic procedures that result in lagophthalmos can improve corneal coverage by the eyelids and allow for maintenance of a comfortable and visual eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was designed for a thorough investigation into the sperm morphology and morphometry of Kurdish stallions. The semen samples were collected from 10 Kurdish stallions. Three preparations from each ejaculate were stained with eosin–nigrosin (EN), Diff‐Quik (DQ) and Rose Bengal (RB). The area, perimeter, length and width of the sperm head as well as tail length and total sperm length were measured. The parameters ellipticity, elongation, roughness and regularity were calculated. The morphology of sperm was also investigated under scanning and transmission electron microscopes. DQ and RB provided more clarified images for examining sperm structures compared to the EN method. The head length, head width, area and perimeter in EN were significantly higher than those in DQ and RB (p ≤.05). Furthermore, the difference in head width, head area and head perimeter between DQ and RB was not significant (p ≥.05). The tail length and total sperm length in all methods were close together (p ≥.05). The highest percentage of normal sperm was seen in DQ and RB methods (82.55 ± 2.88 and 88.31 ± 5.19) respectively. The highest values for ellipticity, elongation and regularity were found in RB, whereas the highest value for roughness was measured in EN. Tail defects including coiled tails, and folded midpieces were the most frequent. Scanning electron microscope revealed two types of head shapes: heads with round anterior border, and heads with flat anterior border. The results indicated that despite the routine use of EN for morphological assessment of stallion sperm, RB and DQ can be considered for more clarified details of sperm structure including acrosome and midpiece. Furthermore, the Kurdish stallion sperm has morphometric traits in the normal range established for stallions; yet, some traits were larger than those reported for other breeds. It seems that the sperm of the Kurdish stallion has a longer head and tail in comparison with other horse breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horse domestication and breed selection processes have profoundly influenced the development and transformation of human society and civilization over time. Therefore, their origin and history have always attracted much attention. In Italy, several local breeds have won prestigious awards thanks to their unique traits and socio-cultural peculiarities. Here, for the first time, we report the genetic variation of three loci of the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) of four local breeds and another one (Lipizzan, UNESCO) well-represented in the Italian Peninsula. The analysis also includes data from three Sardinian breeds and another forty-eight Eurasian and Mediterranean horse breeds retrieved from GenBank for comparison. Three haplotypes (HT1, HT2, and HT3) were found in Italian stallions, with different spatial distributions between breeds. HT1 (the ancestral haplotype) was frequent, especially in Bardigiano and Monterufolino, HT2 (Neapolitan/Oriental wave) was found in almost all local breeds, and HT3 (Thoroughbred wave) was detected in Maremmano and two Sardinian breeds (Sardinian Anglo-Arab and Sarcidano). This differential distribution is due to three paternal introgressions of imported stallions from foreign countries to improve local herds; however, further genetic analyses are essential to reconstruct the genetic history of native horse breeds, evaluate the impact of selection events, and enable conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of central corneal thickness (CCT) on intraocular pressure (IOP) has been demonstrated in humans and various animal species but not yet in horses. The current study investigated the relationship between IOP and CCT in horses of different ages, sex, breed, and body weights using tonometry and pachymetry. Ninety-seven horses without ocular disease were examined at the Equine Clinic of the University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic, between 2019 and 2020. A complete ophthalmological examination was performed, including direct ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy, to include only horses with healthy eyes in the study. The central corneal thickness was measured with a pachymeter, and the IOP was measured with a tonometer. The effects of sex, age, breed, and horse weight on IOP and CCT were analysed. Measurements of IOP and CCT were acquired in all 97 horses. There was a significant correlation between CCT and age and weight in both eyes. Older and heavier individuals had high CCT values. Mares had lower IOP mean values compared to geldings and stallions. No correlation was found between IOP and CCT of the same eye. This study confirmed a relationship between individual variables such as age and weight on CCT, and sex on IOP. Based on this report, CCT should be considered a minor indicator when interpreting IOP values in healthy horses. Nevertheless, age and weight are essential constraints when interpreting CCT values and sex on IOP values in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specifics of breeding and selection significantly affect genetic diversity and variability within a breed. We present the data obtained from the genetic analysis of 21 thoroughbred and warmblood horse breeds. The most detailed information is described from the following breeds: Arabian, Trakehner, French Trotter, Standardbred, and Soviet Heavy Horse. The analysis of 509,617 SNP variants in 87 stallions from 21 populations made it possible to estimate the genetic diversity at the genome-wide level and distinguish the studied horse breeds from each other. In this study, we searched for heterozygous and homozygous ROH regions, evaluated inbreeding using FROH analysis, and generated a population structure using Admixture 1.3 software. Our findings indicate that the Arabian breed is an ancestor of many horse breeds. The study of the full-genome architectonics of breeds is of great practical importance for preserving the genetic characteristics of breeds and managing breeding. Studies were carried out to determine homozygous regions in individual breeds and search for candidate genes in these regions. Fifty-six candidate genes for the influence of selection pressure were identified. Our research reveals genetic diversity consistent with breeding directions and the breeds' history of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Stallion fertility is a vast subject, with a wide array of factors that can impact reproductive performance in either positive or negative ways. To better valorize horses' genetic resources and understand the factors affecting variations in stallion fertility per cycle and end-of-season fertility, we have performed a statistical analysis study on some breeding factors: year of breeding, stud farm, age of the stallion, number of covered mares per stallion, reproduction methods, and age of the mare using 94 purebred Arabian stallions in four different regions of Tunisia. The pertinent results are: Sidi Thabet's stud farm contained the highest number of purebred Arabian stallions. The majority of stallions were between 15 and 21 years old and had covered 1 to 20 mares; 95.19% of the stallions were used in natural mating. Depending on the year and stud, there was a variation in the fertility per cycle and end-of-season fertility of the stallions. The use of artificial insemination with fresh semen showed a high average value for fertility per cycle and end-of-season fertility. The used statistical model showed that the breeding year, the stud, the age of the stallion, the number of covered mares by stallions, and the method of reproduction significantly affected both fertility per cycle and end-of-season fertility (with p = 0.001). Moderate to high heritability estimations for fertility per cycle (hs2 = 0.08) and end-of-season fertility (hes2 = 0.36) were obtained. Identification of the stallion fertility variations based on different breeding factors is useful to improve the stallion's reproductive efficiency, to help the breeders to make the most relevant choices before the beginning of the breeding season, and to have better profitability and the sustainable use of their animals. A consistently high level of stallion fertility plays an economically important role in modern horse breeding. To better understand the factors affecting variation in stallion fertility, we have performed a statistical analysis study on some breeding factors: year of breeding, stud farm, age of the stallion, number of covered mares per stallion, reproduction methods, and age of the mare. This work was conducted on 94 purebred Arabian stallions in four different regions of Tunisia. The results showed an increase in the number of stallions during the study period, ranging from 11.33% in 2011 to 13.29% in 2018. Sidi Thabet's stud farm contained the highest number of purebred Arabian stallions. The majority of stallions were between 15 and 21 years old and had covered 1 to 20 mares; 95.19% of stallions were used in natural mating (Nat); 50.36% had low fertility, 17.69% had medium fertility, and 32.3% had excellent fertility according to fertility standards. Depending on the year and stud, there was a variation in fertility per cycle (FERPCE) and end-of-season fertility (FERPSE) of the stallions. The highest average FERPCE and FERPSE values were obtained using artificial insemination with fresh semen (AIF). Analysis of FERPCE and FERPSE showed that the model used in our study explained 40.21% of total variability observations for FERPCE and 42.1% for FERPSE. The used statistical model showed that the breeding year, the stud, the age of the stallion, the number of covered mares by stallions and the method of reproduction significantly affected both FERPCE and FERPSE (with p = 0.001). Low to moderate heritability estimations for FERPCE (hs2 = 0.08) and FERPSE (hes2 = 0.36) were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The Caspian miniature horse (CMH) is a small horse breed, which has not previously been evaluated for ophthalmic diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the ocular findings and to declare the normal ocular parameters seen in a small herd of CMH. Study design: Cross‐sectional study. Methods: Forty‐five Caspian miniature horses (25 mares and 20 stallions) were examined. Complete ophthalmic examination, commensal ocular surface microbiota culture and measurement of the horizontal and vertical fissure length were performed. Results: Mean ± SD age of horses was 52.0 ± 33.9 months (range: 12–122 months). Nine different ocular disorders were observed: dacryocystitis, conjunctivitis, linear keratopathy, Haab's striae, corpora nigra atrophy, iris hyperpigmentation, cataract, peripapillary butterfly inactive lesions and inactive choroiditis were detected. In total, 17 eyes (18.8%) of 12 horses (26.2%) had ocular related lesions. Two horses (4%) had more than one ocular lesion; the lesions were consistent with a diagnosis of either traumatic or recurrent uveitis. No vision loss was detected in these horses despite the identified ocular disorders. Main limitations: Limited number of studied animals. Conclusions: This study reported ocular findings in a small herd of CMH. A minority of horses in the herd had ocular lesions suggesting a history of glaucoma and/or equine recurrent uveitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of the 'omics' studies in the field of animal reproduction has been aimed at identifying novel biomarkers of fertility since the last few years. When assessing reproductive efficiency in horses, breed should also be taken into account as it can influence semen quality and fertility. Considering the growing interest in metabolomic analysis to evaluate male fertility, we aimed to investigate the metabolomic profile of seminal plasma in two different horse breeds. Twelve healthy stallions, n.6 American Quarter Horse (AQH) and n.6 Italian Draft Horse (IDH) stallions, regularly used for artificial insemination, were included in the study. Two semen collections, performed 30‐day apart, were considered for the assessment of semen parameters including gel‐free volume, spermatozoa (spz) concentration, spz progressive motility and seminal plasma analysis by 1H‐NMR.Semen characteristics differed between IDH and AQH (p <.05) as well as the first cycle conception rate that was higher in AQH than IDH (p =.001). Metabolomic analysis quantified 56 molecules in equine seminal plasma, with 11 metabolites showing different concentrations in IDH compared to AQH (p <.05).This study provided evidence of differences in seminal plasma metabolites' concentrations between studied horse types, highlighting specific metabolomic fingerprints characterizing AQH and IDH sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study involved the analysis of the mares included in the brood stock between 1989-2018 and the public breeding stallions registered in the ranking sheets ranged from 2000-2010 of the Shagya Arabian horse breed, from the Radauti Stud farm, Suceava county, Romania. The dynamics of the average values of height, heart girth, and cannon girth were studied for both breeders category, to follow the evolution of the breed within the stud. The average values of the female's height ranged from 156.7±0.069 cm to 159.9±0.102 cm; the average values for heart girth felt within the 180.1±0.151 cm - 180.8±0.153 cm interval; the average values of cannon girth varied between the 18.0±0.11 cm to 18.8±0.09 cm. The minimal value for height at withers in stallions was 157.66±1.21 cm while the maximal was 161.22±0.84 cm; average values of the hearth girth varied between 177.25±4.09 cm and 183.33±1.83 cm; cannon girth had average values of 18.5±0.77 - 19.16±0.31 cm. On the morphometric indices, it was found that stallions had higher values of massiveness index (113.21%) vs. mares (113.06%) and for the dactylo-thoracic index, as well (stallions had 11.11% and the mares 10.55%), while the bone index was higher in females (11.93%) vs. males (11.81%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the fourth study in a series dedicated to analyzing the process of historicizing the horse in Native American cultures and it focuses on its representation in two stories: un untitled story told by the Diné and Ghost Stallion, recorded from the Yinnuwok. None of them is a creation story (in the sense of explaining how the first horse was created), but both fall into the category of stories that narrate how the historical legitimacy of the horse was constructed, following a recurrent pattern that first dehistoricizes and then re-historicizes the horse. In this process, the structural identity of the horse, internal and external, is changed though an act of mythicization, which allows it to be logically enculturated in a tribe's narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The semen quality of stallions including sperm motility is an important target of selection as it has a high level of individual variability. However, effects of the molecular architecture of the genome on the mechanisms of sperm formation and their preservation after thawing have been poorly investigated. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for the sperm motility of cryopreserved semen in stallions of various breeds. Methods: Semen samples were collected from the stallions of 23 horse breeds. The following semen characteristics were examined: progressive motility (PM), progressive motility after freezing (FPM), and the difference between PM and FPM. The respective DNA samples from these stallions were genotyped using Axiom Equine Genotyping Array. Results: We performed a GWAS search for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and potential genes related to motility properties of frozen-thawed semen in the stallions of various breeds. As a result of the GWAS analysis, two SNP markers, rs1141327473 and rs1149048772, were identified that were associated with preservation of the frozen-thawed stallion sperm motility, the relevant putative candidate genes being NME/NM23 family member 8 (NME8), olfactory receptor family 2 subfamily AP member 1 (OR2AP1), and olfactory receptor family 6 subfamily C member 4 (OR6C4). Potential implications of effects of these genes on sperm motility are herein discussed. Conclusion: The GWAS results enabled us to localize novel SNPs and candidate genes for sperm motility in stallions. Implications of the study for horse breeding and genetics are a better understanding of genomic regions and candidate genes underlying stallion sperm quality, and improvement in horse reproduction and breeding techniques. The identified markers and genes for sperm cryotolerance and the respective genomic regions are promising candidates for further studying the biological processes in the formation and function of the stallion reproductive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Artificial insemination with chilled sperm is a reproductive biotechnology often used in horse breeding. However, maintaining the acceptable sperm quality after cooling, which affects the frequency of pregnancy, remains an urgent problem at the present time. Therefore, clarifying the role of important physiological metabolites, such as L-carnitine and nitric oxide, is a significant aspect in terms of possible improvement of the quality of cryopreserved sperm. Methods: The study included 35 breeding stallions, 27 of which were stallions of the Arabian breed and 8 were of the Soviet heavy draft breed. The content of total, free and bound carnitine and NO metabolites was determined by photometric method in the samples of seminal plasma and blood plasma. The correlation coefficient between the content of L-carnitine and the level of NO metabolites was also determined. Result: We have found a direct moderate correlation between the level of total and free L-carnitine in the seminal plasma and blood plasma. The study has also revealed a positive correlation between the level of all L-carnitine fractions and NO metabolites in seminal plasma. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the total L-carnitine of blood plasma and NO metabolites in seminal plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possessing high meat and dairy productivity and good reproductive and adaptive qualities to year‐round grazing, the Kushum breed plays an exceptional role in the improvement of productive qualities in horse herding in Kazakhstan and the former Soviet republics. The aim of the study was to develop breeding methods for creating new highly productive breeding lines for the Kushum breed horses. The leading method was linebreeding, which is based on the systematic use of remarkable animals, the offspring of which will accumulate and develop all the desired qualities and traits. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that new highly productive breeding lines of the Kushum horse have been created. On this basis, a new intra‐breed type of horses with increased live weight, high productivity and adaptive qualities for winter grazing in the Republic of Kazakhstan was created. The results of the study were introduced in farms engaged in breeding Kushum horses. Highly productive stallions of the Kushum breed of new genotypes are sold in horse breeding farms of the republic. These studies are used in the development of a comprehensive plan for selection and breeding work and a scientifically grounded system for conducting productive horse breeding in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the creation of new highly productive breeding lines of stallions of the Kushum breed Krepysh and Grom, as well as in substantiating the creation of the Samotsvet line with high adaptive qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In a broad sense, "paedomorphosis" refers to the similarity within a species between the adult form and its juvenile counterpart, as seen in certain species such as dogs and cats. Yet in horse breeds, the study of phenotypic characteristics in juveniles primarily focuses on body and limb proportions, e.g., distal limb length. Conversely, in the Purebred Arabian Horse (PAH), the juvenile form is clearly representational in the adult, and in particular, the phenotypic characteristics of the head. In this study, we investigate paedomorphosis by examining the left lateral profile of the head from photographs of PAH and first-generation crossbred PAHs (F1 crossbreds). This enabled a somewhat consistent image to be examined. By utilizing methods of geometric morphometry, a set of 23 semi-landmarks were studied that defined the profile of the head. The results implied the concave profile of the juvenile remained consistent with age and, therefore, there is a retention of juvenile traits into adulthood. This suggests that PAHs and F1 crossbreds could be considered paedomorphic-like animals. This study examined paedomorphosis in PAH and F1 crossbreds. A sample of 99 horses was selected from 40 different breeders and consisted of three groups: stallions (n = 16), mares (n = 53), and geldings (n = 30), ranging from 10 months to 27 years in age. All horses presented a concave celloid lateral left head profile in the acquired photographic images. The hypothesis proposed in this study suggested the lateral profile of the head in juveniles was representational in the adult form due to the neonate's facial bones (part of the splanchnocranium) developing at a different rate to those of the skull. The methodology utilized geometric morphometrics to identify 23 landmarks so as to identify profile curvature indicative between the three groups (stallions, mares, and geldings). Principal component analysis reduced the number of variables to 14 examinable landmarks. Using a two-NPMANOVA and multivariate regression test, it was demonstrated that an isometric relationship between the concave celloid profile in the juvenile and its adult counterpart existed. This result supported the hypothesis that PAH and F1 crossbreds expressed a paedomorphic trait due to the adult form retaining the concave celloid profile identified in the juvenile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horses are seasonal polyoestrous animals, and the photoperiod is the main factor modulating their reproductive activity. There is no consensus on the andrological and biochemical factors that influence breeding seasonality. To assess the involvement of climate in reproduction, Mangalarga Marchador stallions were monitored over 1 year regarding semen quality and seminal plasma proteome. Here, we show that kallikrein (KLKs) proteoforms in seminal plasma are involved in climate conditioning of reproduction. During the breeding season, greater abundance and different types of KLKs occurred simultaneously to lower sperm motility, greater semen volumes and higher concentrations of glucose and cholesterol. Considering that vasodilation due to activation of the kallikrein-kinin system and the consequent inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system may be associated with lower sperm motility, unravelling the involvement of KLK proteoforms in reproductive seasonality is a priority in horse breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study is a part of an ample research concerning the genetic history of Hucul horse breed. The genetic analysis studies are part of animal genetic resources management because just start of them we elaborate the strategies for inbreeding management. The itself genetic relationship of a population is the average genetic relationship of all individuals between them, existing at a time. Therefore, this parameter can be described three components: the genetic relationship between stallions, between mother mares themselves and the genetic relationship between stallions and mares. The last component is most important because of the average population inbreeding increases in successive generations. Methods: The research was carried out during 2012-2020. The material are represented by genealogical information from reproductive nucleus of Hucul breed from Lucina studfarm. The sample extracted from population was represented by seven sire stallions and seventy-three broodmares. The method are based on A matrix coefficients. All analysis were performed in the profile laboratories of Animal Sciences Faculties from Bucharest and Timisoara. Result: Between individual average genetic relationship values of stallions with mares, is found significant differences, highlighted by the global test of homogeneity test (F=4.891). These differences allow us to assert that, through stallions selection, is made a reproductive discrimination much more intense than in mares case. The average genetic relationship of the population was calculated at 0.1941±0.0053. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kushum breed is one of the top breeds in the structure of horse breeds in the Aktobe region. In terms of numbers, it ranks third after the Kazakh and Mugalzhar breeds. The Kushum breed in the Aktobe region compares favorably with a number of horse-draft factory breeds in terms of early maturity, fertility, high meat, milk productivity, and economy of keeping. This article describes a new intra-breed type, the “Mamyr-Aktobe” type of the Kushum horse breed of the Aktobe population. The structure of the intra-breed type of Mamyr Aktobe of the Kushum breed includes three factory lines of stallions: 118 Krepysh 33-64, 116 Grom 98-58, and 137 Samotsvet 77-73 tested in 2010 and 2015 (Samotsvet) and patents No. 187,186 and No. 586were obtained for them. Adult stallions of a new intra-breed type are characterized by high measurements and live weight: 159.7-165.3-202.5-21.0 cm and 626.5 kg and massiveness - 153.8 and exceed the breed standard in live weight by 126.5 kg or by 25.3%, according to the massiveness index by 31.8%, and mares, respectively: 155.2-159.1- 187.8-19.8 cm and 531.0 kg and massiveness - 165.2 and also exceed the breed standard in terms of live weight by 71.0 kg or 15.4% and terms of massiveness index by 7.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study covers data from the DNA-card for determining the identity of 90 horses born after 2010, belonging to 6 genealogical lines of the East Bulgarian Horse breed. Nucleotide polymorphism (SSRs) data in 15 loci were analyzed. High genetic diversity in the ASB23 and ASB2 loci has been established for lines found by Thoroughbred stallions. Above average for the respective line was the polymorphism in HTG10 and HMS3 in the Tihany line, and ASB17 in the lines of Vusterhir, Da Kapo, Eistanzer and Ladykiller. The diversity in the HMS2, HMS7 and HMS3 loci was also noticeable in the Da Kapo and Eistanzer lines, descended from Hanoverian stallions. There were specifics regarding to degrees of certain alleles fixation by loci and the type and frequency of alleles belonging to the “rare” category for each of the studied genealogical units. Later set lines were characterized by higher polymorphism in the conditions of medium level of differentiation between the lines. Close distances have been established between the Tihany and Zenger lines, followed by Da Kapo and Eistanzer, and between the Da Kapo line and the Zenger and Vusterhir lines. The highest number of migrated alleles per generation in the genealogical lines was observed in the loci HMS2 (6.954), AHT4 (5.565) and HMS1 (4.080). Carrying out possible monitoring of the change of the microsatellite DNA profile of the formed lines would give the breeders information on the deviation from the population averages of the above mentioned parameters and at what stage of their development a new components of heredity should be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Danubian horse was created on the former Klementina stud farm near Pleven to satisfy the demands of the Bulgarian Army for light draft horses and to improve the working capacity of the local horse population. The privatization of the Klementina stud farm in the late 1990s and the lack of economic activity have led to a sharp reduction in the number of mares and stallions and their sale to private owners. At present, only six of the main paternal lines which participated in the creation of the Danubian horse breed are preserved: Zdravko, NONIUS XVII-30, Torpedo, Lider, Kalifa, and Hrabar. This is the first study on the genetic and population diversity of the Danubian horse paternal lines based on microsatellite markers (STRs). The results showed that the studied Danubian horse population was characterized by a high level of genetic diversity with a medium value of 0.84. The fixation index (FST) was 0.08 for all studied markers, which is indicative of the low genetic differentiation of the Danubian horse population. Our analysis also confirmed the low level of inbreeding and heterozygous deficiency among the animals selected from the six paternal lineages of the Danubian horse. The present research could be helpful for the development of breeding and conservation programs for the Danubian horse, as well as for making informed decisions on the management of paternal lines. The Danubian horse, together with the Pleven and the Eastern Bulgarian horse breeds, is one of the modern breeds in Bulgaria. The objective of this study was to compare the genetic structure and genetic diversity of six paternal genealogical lineages of the Danubian horse breed (Zdravko, NONIUS XVII-30, Torpedo, Lider, Kalifa, and Hrabar). In total, 166 individuals from the six genealogical lines were investigated, based on 15 STR markers (short tandem repeats, also known as microsatellites). In total, 184 alleles were found in the six populations, using 15 microsatellite loci. The mean number of alleles, the effective number of alleles, and the polymorphic information content (PIC) values per locus were 12.28, 9.48, and 0.73, respectively. In a comparison of the allelic diversity among sire lineages, the highest genetic diversity (Na) was observed in Lider and Kalifa (14.60 ± 0.21), while the lowest value of this parameter was observed in the Zdravko lineage 4.20 ± 0.35. The largest genetic diversity was found in loci HMS3 and HMS7, with 13 alleles, and the smallest polymorphism was noted for the locus ASB17, with 10 alleles. The level of observed heterozygosity was in the range of 0.65 ± 0.069 for the Zdravko lineage to 0.93 ± 0.01 for the Torpedo lineage. The expected heterozygosity level range was from 0.57 ± 0.048 to 0.91 ± 0.01 for all horse lineages. Structure analysis revealed three main gene pools in the study population. The first pool included the Zdravko lineage; the second had the NONIUS XVII-30, Torpedo, Lider, and Kalifa lineages; and the third defined the Hrabar lineage, which was significantly differentiated from the other genealogical lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The current stable housing of Colombian Creole Horses severely restricts the animals’ locomotion and natural behaviors. In addition, their feed consists of a combination of high-energy concentrates with considerably little forage which potentially leads to locomotor or oral stereotypies. This study aimed to report the frequency of locomotor and oral stereotypies in Colombian Creole Horses in Girardota (Antioquia, Colombia) and associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from 2019 to 2020, in which 102 stabled horses aged 28 months and older participated. A questionnaire was developed to collect information on the horses’ daily barn routines. The horses were observed twice a day for 2 h for 3 consecutive days to record information related to stereotypy behaviors. The Fisher’s exact test and the Mann–Whitney U test were utilized for data analyses. Associations were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: Among the horses evaluated, 32.35% presented at least one stereotyped behavior. The most common was cribbiting (i.e., cribbing), with 17.65% exhibiting this behavior. Age, weight, gender, type of feeding, visual contact between horses, and natural lighting were all associated with oral stereotypies. Crib-biting was most common in young horses (U=1.36, p≤0.05), wind-sucking was more common in lighter weight animals (U=1.45, p=0.01), and lip-smacking was more common in stallions (χ2 =9.10, p≤0.01). It is noteworthy that their feeding diet included bran, molasses, and gopher. Horses that did not have visual contact with other horses and those that did not have natural lighting were associated with pica (χ2 =9.52, p≤0.02; χ2 =3.72, p≤0.05; and χ2 =3.72, p≤0.05, respectively). Of locomotor stereotypies, kicking the wall was significant in young animals (U=1.54, p=0.03) and walking in circles in lactating mares (χ2 =13.20, p≤0.02). Conclusion: Housing conditions in this study were found to have several risk factors affecting horses that exhibit stereotypic behaviors, and all these factors resulted in a higher frequency of stereotypies. Establishing risk factors for the presentation of abnormal behaviors allows for the implementation of better management practices in the production systems of the Creole Colombian Horse and will help improve their overall welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) is 1 of the main treatment options for atrial fibrillation (AF) in horses. Large‐scale studies on factors affecting success and prognosis have primarily been performed in Standardbred populations. Hypothesis/Objectives: To determine factors affecting cardioversion success, cardioversion difficulty and recurrence in a predominant Warmblood study sample. Animals: TVEC records of 199 horses. Methods: Retrospective study of TVEC procedures of horses admitted for AF without severe echocardiographic abnormalities. Horse and procedural factors for success and cumulative amount of energy (≤ 600 J vs > 600 J) were determined using multivariable logistic regression. A survival analysis was performed to determine risk factors for recurrence. Results: Two hundred and thirty‐one TVEC procedures were included, with a 94.4% success rate and 31.9% recurrence rate (51/160). Mitral regurgitation (OR 0.151, 95% CI 0.032‐0.715, P =.02) and AF cycle length (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01‐1.09, P =.02) were independent determinants for success. Catheter type (OR 0.154, 95% CI 0.074‐0.322, P <.001), previous AF episode (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.20‐8.01, P =.02), tricuspid regurgitation (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.25‐5.13, P =.01), and body weight (OR 1.009, 95% CI 1.003‐1.015, P =.004) were significantly correlated with cumulative amount of energy delivered. Significant risk factors for recurrence after a first AF episode were sex (stallion; HR 3.05, 95% CI 1.34‐6.95, P =.008), mitral regurgitation (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.08‐3.38, P =.03), and AF duration (HR 1.001, 95% CI 1.0001‐1.0026, P =.04). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Both horse and procedural factors should be considered when assessing treatment options and prognosis in horses with AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Variations in the appearance of the caudal cervical spine have been acknowledged in horses, particularly with regard to the sixth (C6) and seventh (C7) cervical vertebra. The sixth cervical vertebra can show a symmetrical lamina ventralis at the level of the transverse process. In addition, a unilateral or bilateral transposition of the lamina ventralis from C6 onto C7 is a common finding in horses. In this case, the transposed ventral lamina appears as a bony protuberance at the ventral aspect of the last cervical vertebra. The clinical relevance of this transposition remains unknown; such variations can be associated with severe clinical signs or appear as incidental findings. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of possible transpositions at the level of the last two caudal cervical vertebrae in our population. This retrospective study evaluated standard latero-lateral radiographic images of the cervical spine, acquired with an orthograde beam path. First, the range of possible occurring variations was defined as follows: bilateral ventral lamina at C6, unilaterally missing ventral lamina at C6, bilaterally missing ventral lamina at C6, no bony protuberances at C7, unilateral bony protuberance at C7, bilateral bony protuberances at C7. Then the occurrence of these findings, including concurrent incidence of two or more categories, was analysed. 129 horses fulfilled the study inclusion criteria. The patient collective consisted of 32.6 % mares, 8.5 % stallions, 54.2 % geldings and 4.2 % horses where data concerning the sex was missing. 78.3 % of the examined horses were Warmbloods, 2.3 % Thoroughbreds, 7.9 % Ponies and small horses and 8.1 % of the patients belonged to other breeds. The average age of the horses at the time of radiographic examination was 10 years (range 2–24 years). 17 % of the horses were younger than 5 years of age, whereas most of the patients were at least 5 years or older (79 %). For 4 % of the horses data concerning the age was not retrievable. 20.9 % of the horses showed altered appearance of the last two cervical vertebrae. The most frequently encountered variations consisted in a bilaterally present ventral lamina at C6 (78.8 %) and no bony protuberances at C7 (80.6 %). A combination of these two findings was observed in 79.1 % of the horses. These variations were followed in frequency by unilaterally missing ventral lamina at C6 and unilaterally present protuberance at C7. When considered separately, they occurred with an incidence of 11.6 %, whereas they were found simultaneously in 10.8 % of the horses. In 7.7 % of the patients, symmetrical findings, by means of a bilaterally missing ventral lamina at C6 and the presence of a bilateral protuberance at C7, were detected. Further variations were recorded with a low frequency in the patient group. Moreover, no horse showed a bilateral ventral lamina at C6 associated with the presence of two protuberances at C7. The prevalence of morphological variations at the level of the transverse processes of C6 and C7 encountered in this study (20.9 %) is in line with data mentioned in the current literature. Mostly Warmblood horses were examined in the present study, so a possible relation between breed and the occurrence of the radiologic findings mentioned above could not be determined. Variations occurred among horses of different ages, with 17 % of the patients being younger than 5 years. Since the variations described are congenital, age was not of relevance for the present study. Given the variable appearance of the ventral laminae or caudal tubercle of C6 and the variable occurrence of bony protuberances at C7 observed in the present study, the authors suggest referring to these findings as “morphological variations”. However, multicentre studies, including mature horses examined via standardised techniques are required to elucidate a possible clinical relevance of caudal cervical spine variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Kachchhi-Sindhi horses are famous for their 'Rewal chal' (a unique style of running). These horses dominantly exist in the western-northern border of India adjoining Pakistan. The breeding tract of these horses is Surat, Navsari, Kachchh district of Gujarat and Jaisalmer-Barmer districts of Rajasthan in India. Most familiar colors in the Kachchhi-Sindhi horses are bay and chestnut. Roman nose, ears curved at tips but not touching each other, short back, short pastern length, broader hoof for better grip and docile temperament are major characteristics of these horses. Methods: The present study is an effort to phenotypically characterize Kachchhi-Sindhi horse breed based on their different biometric indices for selection and conservation of stallions and mares for breeding purposes by private breeders. Fourteen biometric indices were recorded for phenotypic characterization of each breed viz., height at wither (HW), body length (BL), heart girth (HG), neck length (NL), face length (FL), face width (FW), pole, ear length (EL), ear width (EW), foreleg length (FLL), canon, pastern, hoof length (HoL) and hoof width (HoW). On average, these horses stand 148 cm height, have a body length of ~140 cm, a heart girth of ~165 cm, an ear length of ~15 cm and a face length of ~61 cm. Result: Horse keepers sustain horses in intensive as well as an extensive system of rearing. It has also been ascertained from various sources that horse number is declining rapidly, however, breed population statistics are not available. There is, therefore, an urgent need to conserve this breed. Proper managemental practices and conservation efforts will pave the way for the multiplication of this valuable equine genetic resource of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]