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1. The effect of training load stress on salivary cortisol concentrations, health parameters and hematological parameters in horses

Author

Martin Massányi, Marko Halo, Eva Mlyneková, Eva Kováčiková, Katarína Tokárová, Agnieszka Greń, and Peter Massányi

Subjects
Training, Horse, Stress, Load, Cortisol, Hematology, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

The performance of sport horses is conditioned not only by the quality of its gene pool, but also by a large number of external factors. The most dominant being nutrition, quality of breeding, level of zootechnical care and the quality of the sports rider and coach. Important factor is the process of individuals’ adaptation to the training load occurring during the training itself. This study was focused on the analysis of salivary cortisol levels as well as hematological and biochemical blood parameters in relation to load to which the tested horses were subjected. In the study 14 horses of sport breeds were analyzed a all tested horses were in the same (medium) level of training load. Tested horses underwent following stages of workload – transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, shoeing and lunging of various intensity. Saliva samples were obtained using a tampon on a string which was inserted into horse's oral cavity, chewed by the horse and placed in a sterile tube with a closable lid. Afterwards, the samples were then stored in deep-freezing boxes at temperature of −80 °C. The EIA cortisol kit was used in this study. The absorbance was read at the wavelength of 450 nm against a reference wavelength of 620–630 nm or a blank sample. Blood samples were obtained at the beginning of the experiment, after half a year of running the experiment and at the end of the experiment from v. jugularis. Hematological analysis were carried out using automatic hematologic analyser and multiple parameters were observed. Analysis of biochemical parameters in blood serum were realized using commercial DiaSys kits and semiautomatic biochemical spectrophotometer. Sodium, potassium and chlorides were measured using automatic analyzer EasyLytePlus. In all monitored forms of exercise (transportation, jumping training, parkour competition, treadmill training, riding training, horse shoeing, lunging), an increase in cortisol concentrations immediately after the exercise was recorded, but only spotted statistically significant differences were found during the transportation of monitored horses. The levels of blood parameters were within the reference range during the experiment period. From a comprehensive evaluation of the results, it can be stated that there were no visible health changes to the horses that underwent the experimental load and that manipulation with horses is an important factor that has effect on horses’ stress response. In general, the results of this study show no visible impact of training and/or load on the health status of horses over entire 12-month duration of the experiment.

Published
2023
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2. Changes in haematological and biochemical parameters in blood serum of horses during exposition to workload stress

Author

Martin Massányi, Marko Halo, Jr., Peter Massányi, Eva Mlyneková, Agnieszka Greń, Grzegorz Formicki, and Marko Halo

Subjects
Horse, Biochemical parameters, Hematology, Stress, Blood, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Health state of animals undergoing experimental procedures is an important topic nowadays, as even the small changes can influence the outcome of entire outcomes. Main aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of horse training on variety of blood parameters including mineral profile, energy profile, hepatic profile and haematology. In the experiment, the studied group of horses underwent training programme which consisted of transportation, lounging, riding, jumping, racing, treadmill training and shoeing. Blood samples were collected and later evaluated at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of 1-year lasting process. Our results show multiple significant changes in blood parameters, including changes to multiple minerals, such as Ca, K, Na as well as significant changes of total proteins, urea and certain hepatic profile parameters. Haematology results have also been affected in individual sample collections. Based on results of our study we can state that there have been changes to the internal milieu of the horse but also that there have not been any visible changes of the health status of the animals over the duration of the experiment.

Published
2022
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3. Influence of Different Levels of Load on the Metabolic Profile of Horses – a Review

Author

Martin Massányi, Marko Halo, Marko Halo Jr., and Peter Massányi

Subjects
antioxidants, horse, load, metabolic profile, metabolism, review, Agriculture, Technology, Science
Abstract

Livestock breeding has been carried out for several millennia based on an external assessment, i.e. exterior. Especially in horses that are bred for muscular work, the relationship between the shape of the body structure on the one hand and the purpose of use or performance on the other hand is very clear. At first glance, it is obvious that good horses in pull, jump or racing have different body shapes and not every formation of a body part provides a precondition for maximum performance. This knowledge has been known since the Middle Ages and led to the search for the ideal, the most beautiful or best animal. The performance of a sport and racing horse is conditioned not only by the quality of its gene pool, but also by many external factors. Of these, nutrition, the quality of breeding, the level of zootechnical care and, finally, the quality of the sports rider and coach dominate. An important factor is the process of adaptation to the load. The use of knowledge from the physiology of horse adaptation is the first step to intensify and improve the training process. The correct composition of the degree of load induces a whole complex of positive adaptive changes in trained individuals. Load limits must be set in such a way as to maintain all animal health requirements while achieving a high level of performance.

Published
2023

4. The Effect of Age on Biochemical Parameters on Horses

Author

Marko Halo Jr., Martin Massányi, Michal Strečanský, Anton Kováčik, Grzegorz Formicki, Agnieszka Greń, Marko Halo, and Peter Massányi

Subjects
age, biochemical parameters, blood, horse, Agriculture, Technology, Science
Abstract

The aim of this study was to observe the effect of age on selected biochemical parameters of horses’ blood. Horses were divided in four age categories (5, 6, 7 and 9 years old). Blood was collected from 31 horses (Furioso breed). Assessment of biochemical parameters was realized by Randox RX Monza analyzer. Significant differences were observed between different groups in total proteins. Concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chlorides correlate with the age of the animals. Similarly, liver enzyme activities correspond to age groups. In the other monitored biochemical parameters any significant differences between the groups were found. The achieved results confirm the connection between age of horses and values of biochemical parameters.

Published
2023

5. The effect of induced training on selected equine blood plasma indicators on treadmill trained horses

Author

Martin Massanyi, Marko Halo, Anton Kovacik, Ivan Imrich, Grzegorz Formicki, Eva Mlynekova, and Peter Massanyi

Subjects
stress, horse, biochemical profile, blood, training, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of induced training on the horses' metabolism during an experiment lasting nine weeks where we continually scaled up the load on the horses by three defined stages. Blood was obtained from eighteen horses - two stallions, eight mares and eight geldings. In the experiment, we focused on the biochemical analysis of the blood plasma on multiple mineral profile indicators - Ca, P, Mg, K, Cl and Na, and some other variables (energy, nitrogen, AST, ALT, glucose, urea, creatinine kinase, total proteins). The result showed significant changes between the groups in most indicators. A significant increase in the potassium, phosphorus and calcium and a decrease in the concentrations of magnesium over the course of the experiment were found. For the other indicators, a significant increase in the activities of the AST and ALT out of the other indicators and the fluctuating values in the total proteins were noticed. Summarised, significant changes of multiple indicators were observed in different stages of the experiment. These changes had no visible effect on the horses' organisms throughout entire duration of the experiment and were most probably caused by the muscular work and possible muscular damage during training.

Published
2020
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6. Level of Inbreeding in Norik of Muran Horse: Pedigree vs. Genomic Data

Author

Radovan Kasarda, Nina Moravčíková, Ondrej Kadlečík, Anna Trakovická, Marko Halo, and Juraj Candrák

Subjects
horse, genetic diversity, inbreeding, local population, Norik of Muran, Agriculture, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyse the level of pedigree and genomic inbreeding in a herd of the Norik of Muran horses. The pedigree file included 1374 animals (603 stallions and 771 mares), while the reference population consisted of animals that were genotyped by using 70k SNP platform (n = 25). The trend of pedigree inbreeding was expressed as the probability that an animal has two identical alleles by descent according to classical formulas. The trend of genomic inbreeding was derived from the distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROHs) with various length in the genome based on the assumption that these regions reflect the autozygosity originated from past generations of ancestors. A maximum of 19 generations was found in pedigree file. As expected, the highest level of pedigree completeness was found in first five generations. Subsequent quality control of genomic data resulted in totally 54432 SNP markers covering 2.242 Mb of the autosomal genome. The pedigree analysis showed that in current generation can be expected the pedigree inbreeding at level 0.23% (ΔFPEDi = 0.19 ± 1.17%). Comparable results was obtained also by the genomic analysis, when the inbreeding in current generation reached level 0.11%. Thus, in term of genetic diversity both analyses reflected sufficient level of variability across analysed population of Norik of Muran horses.

Published
2019
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7. Runs of Homozygosity as Footprints of Selection in the Norik of Muran Horse Genome

Author

Nina Moravčíková, Radovan Kasarda, Ondrej Kadlečík, Anna Trakovická, Marko Halo, and Juraj Candrák

Subjects
autozygosity, horse, genomic data, local population, selection sweeps, Agriculture, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse the genome-wide distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) segments in the genome of Norik of Muran horse and to identify the regions under strong selection pressure. Overall, 25 animals genotyped by the GGP Equine70k chip were included in the study. After SNP pruning, 54479 SNPs (75.72%) covering 2.25 Gb of the autosomal genome were retained for scan of ROH segments distribution. The ROHs were present in the genome of all animals and covered in average 13.17% (295.29 Mb) of autosomal genome expressed by the SNP loci. The highest number of ROHs was identified on autosome 1 (404), while the lowest proportion of autosome residing in ROH showed ECA31 (38). The footprints of selection, characterized by SNPs with extreme frequency in ROHs across specific genomic regions, were defined by the top 0.01 percentile of signals. Overall, nine genomic regions located on seven autosomes (3, 6, 9, 11, 15, 23) were identified. The strongest signal of selection showed three autosomes ECA3, ECA9 and ECA11. The protein-coding genes located within these regions suggested that the identified footprints of selection are most likely consequences of intensive breeding for traits of interest during the grading-up process of the Norik of Muran horse.

Published
2019
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8. Comparison of the interior characteristics of Slovak warmblood horses and Lipizzan horses

Author

Michaela HORNÁ, Marko HALO, Eva MLYNEKOVÁ, and Monika IVANČÍKOVÁ

Subjects
character, horse, interior, Lipizzan, Slovak warmblood, temperament, Agriculture
Abstract

One of the important factors that significantly affects the intensity and content of training and determines the performance it the horse interior. Character and temperament traits are described in the breeding goals of each breed of horse. The aim of this study was to analyze the horse interior and comparison the interior characteristics of two studied horse breeds Slovak warmblood horses and Lipizzan horses. Into the analysis were included 65 horses from National Stud Farm Topoľčianky, Slovak warmblood horses (n1 = 33) and Lipizzan horses (n2 = 32).Interior was analyzed through a questionnaire with 13 indicators with 10 point system, where 10 being the highest rating. Slovak warmblood horses become the highest ratings (average 89.1 pt, 74.42%) and Lipizzan horses (86.1 pt, 66.2%), so both breeds of horses can be considered as the breeds with balanced characteristics of temperament and character. But Lipizzan horses are more balanced, because their results had lower variability. There were insignificant differences between the analyzed horses in the studied breeds. Nevertheless, a several analyzes of individual indicators showed that between the Slovak warmblood horses and Lipizzan horses there is a significant difference in a single indicator of interior - 10 - Stress managing. In particular, it has been shown that Lipizzan horses manage stress significantly better than Slovak warmblood horses.

Published
2018
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9. Composition of Stallion Seminal Plasma and Its Impact on Oxidative Stress Markers and Spermatozoa Quality

Author

Filip Tirpák, Marko Halo, Katarína Tokárová, Lukasz J. Binkowski, Jaromír Vašíček, Andrea Svoradová, Martyna Błaszczyk-Altman, Anton Kováčik, Eva Tvrdá, Peter Chrenek, Norbert Lukáč, and Peter Massányi

Subjects
horse, prooxidant activity, antioxidant activity, micro and macroelements, spermatozoa, DNA, Science
Abstract

The composition of seminal plasma of individual sires varies and so does the fertilizing ability. Micro and macro elements along with seminal enzymes, hormones, proteins, and lipids contained in seminal plasma are essential for the proper physiological function of spermatozoa. However, elevated levels against the normal physiological values, especially in the case of trace metals, result in the production of reactive oxygen species. The deficiency of antioxidants in the seminal plasma that could scavenge free radicals causes an impairment of spermatozoa quality. Ejaculates were obtained from 19 stallions. The fresh semen was analyzed to evaluate qualitative parameters of spermatozoa in terms of the motility, viability, and integrity of DNA. Separated seminal plasma underwent the assessment of the chemical and biochemical composition and RedOx markers. Based on the obtained concentrations of individual chemical elements, the correlation analysis suggested a negative impact of Cu in seminal plasma on the SOD, GPx, and LPO. Contrary, positive correlation was detected between FRAP and motility features. While Cu negatively correlated with sperm motion parameters, the adverse effect on viability was suggested for Cd. Our data suggest that seminal plasma has a potential due to its availability to become the potential biomarker of the reproductive health of farm animals.

Published
2021
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10. Impact of training load on the heart rate of horses

Author

Eva Mlyneková, Marko Halo, Miroslav Maršálek, and Lucie Starostová

Subjects
heart rate, horse, load, training, horses, Agriculture, Agriculture (General), S1-972
Abstract

In our work, we analyzed the effect of training load on the heart rate of horses in a simulated load by the loading regulator for horse motion Horse Gym 2000. In the experiment were observed 8 Slovak Warmblood horses (3 mares, 4 geldings, 1 stallion) aged 6-10 years. The experiment was divided into two parts after three weeks. The speed of the tested horses was 4.9 km/h in the first part of experiment, in the second part was the speed 5.2 km/h with a gradual uphill up to 7 %. The tested horses achieved during the experiment an average heart rate level below 70 beats a minute, which is a light load. The maximum values of heart rate were recorded at 120 to 147 beats/min. Differences between tested horses in the values of heart rate were not statistically significant. After three weeks we recorded in the values of average and maximum heart rate onset of bradycardia, which is documented the adaptation of body to the specified load.

Published
2016
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11. INFLUENCE STRES ON THE TRAINING PROCESS OF THE HORSES

Author

Marko Halo, P Strapák, A Hollý, E Mlyneková, E Kovalčík, and M Horný

Subjects
horse, etology of horses, training horses, Agriculture
Abstract

Etological and physiological tests were realized on 48 horses. There were observed following activities: spontaneous kinetic activity, voice display; the elimination behavior (excretion and urination) and motionless standing. The horses were observed in 40 minute periods during the morning hours. The horses were classed into the following groups: EHB+ - crossing more than 220 sq. per 40 min. (high sensitiveness to stress), EHB+/- - crossing 131 - 220 sq. per 40 min. (mean sensitiveness to stress), EHB- - crossing 130 and less sq. per 40 min. (low sensitiveness to stress). After the evaluating of mineral, energetic, lipid, nitrogen, and enzymatic profile of sport horses there were not observed significant differences from the reference values.

Published
2008

12. Salivary cortisol concentrations changes in horses during daily routine

Author

Martin Massányi, Eva Mlyneková, Marko Halo, and Peter Massanyi

Subjects
Saliva, business.industry, Horse, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Blood serum, Animal science, Warmblood, Medicine, Animal Science and Zoology, Circadian rhythm, Sample collection, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science, Morning
Abstract

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-20 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.1-4 Abstract The aim of the study was to observe the salivary concentrations of cortisol in horses during daily routine over the course of four weeks lasting experiment in three different stages of day to monitor the changing values of cortisol in horse saliva during the day. Saliva was obtained from 12 Slovak warmblood horses – 1 stallion, 6 mares and 5 geldings. In the experiment we focused purely on changes of salivary cortisol concentrations over the course of the daily routine.The results shown us multiple significant changes between individual sample collections and thus, we can state that according to our results the highest concentration of cortisol in horse saliva is in the morning and it decreases throughout the day with lowest measured concentrations being in the final sample collection of the day (at 22:00). These changes had no visible effect on horses´ organism throughout entirety of the experiment and were caused due to horses daily rhythm. Keywords: horse, cortisol, saliva, rest, daily routine References Bohak, Zs, Szabo, F, Beckers, J-F, Melo de Sousa, N, Kutasi, O., Nagy, K, Szenci, O. 2013. Monitoring the circadian rhythm of serum and salivary cortisol concentrations in the horse . Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 45:38-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.04.001 Contreras-Aguilar, MD, Lamy, E, Escribano, D, Ceron, JJ, Tecles, F, Quiles, AJ, Hevia, ML. 2020. Changes in salivary analytes of horses due to circadian rhythm and season: A Pilot Study. Animals. 10(9):1486. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091486 Halo, M, Hollý, A, Mlynekova, E, Polyakova, L, Horný, M, Kovalcik, E. 2009. Influence feeding and training on the metabolic profil sport horses . J Cent. Eur. Agric. 10(4):411-416. Halo, M, Strapak, P, Mlynekova, E, Kovalcik, E, Horný, M. 2008. Influence stres on the training process of the horses. J. Cent. Eur. Agric. 9(1):217-224. Ille, N, von Lewinski, M, Erber, M, Wulf, M, Aurich, J, Mostl, E, Aurich, C. 2013. Effects of the level of experience of horses and their riders on cortisol release, heart rate and heart rate variability during a jumping course. Anim. Welf. 22:457-465. 10.7120/09627286.22.4.457 Irvine, CHG, Alexander, SL. 1994. Factors affecting the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations in the horse. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 11(2):227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(94)90030-2 Kang, O-D, Lee W-S. 2016. Changes in salivary cortisol concentration in horses during different types of exercise . Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 29(5):747-752. 10.5713/ajas.16.0009 Kang, O-D, Yun Y-M. 2016. Influence of Horse and Rider on Stress during Horse-riding Lesson Program. Asian Australas J Anim Sci. 29(6):895-900. 10.5713/ajas.15.1068 Leal, BB, Alves, GES, Douglas, RH, Bringel, B, Young, RJ, Haddad, JPA, Viana, WS, Faleiros, RR. 2011. Cortisol circadian rhythm ratio: A simple method to detect stressed horses at higher risk of colic? Equine Vet. J. 31:188-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.02.005 Massanyi, P, Stawarz, R, Halo, M, Formicki, G, Lukac, N, Cupka, P, Schwarcz, P, Kovacik, A, Tusimova, E, Kovacik, J. 2014. Blood concentration of copper, cadmium, zinc and lead in the horses and its relation to hematological and biochemical parameters. J. Environ. Sci. Health A. 49:973-979. 10.1080/10934529.2014.894322 Peeters, M, Sulon J, Beckers J-F, Ledoux D, Vandenheede M. 2011. Comparison between blood serum and salivary cortisol concentrations in horses using an adrenocorticotropic hormone challenge . Equine Vet J. 43(4):487-493. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00294.x Schmidt, A, Mostl, E, Wehnert, Ch, Aurich, J, Muller, J, Aurich, Ch. 2010. Corisol release and heart rate variability in horses during road transport . Hormones Behaviour. 57: 209-215. 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.11.003 Strzelec, K, Kankofer, M, Piertzak, S. 2011. Cortisol concentration in the saliva of horses subjected to different kinds of exercise. Act Vet. Brno. 80:101-105. 10.2754/avb201180010101 Stull, CL, Morrow, J, Aldridge, BA, Stott, JL, McGlone, JJ. 2008. Immunophysiological responses of horses to 12-hour rest during 24 hours of road transport. Vet. Rec. 162:609-614. 10.1136/vr.162.19.609 Van der Kolk, JH, Nachreiner, RF, Schott HC, Refsal KR, Zanella AJ. 2001. Salivary and plasma concentration of cortisol in normal horses and horses with Cushing´s disease. Equine Vet J. 33(2):211-213. 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00604.x

Published
2021
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13. Composition of Stallion Seminal Plasma and Its Impact on Oxidative Stress Markers and Spermatozoa Quality

Author

Peter Chrenek, Peter Massanyi, Marko Halo, Lukasz J. Binkowski, Norbert Lukáč, Eva Tvrdá, Anton Kováčik, Martyna Błaszczyk-Altman, Filip Tirpák, Katarína Tokárová, Jaromír Vašíček, and Andrea Svoradová

Subjects
Science, Motility, antioxidant activity, medicine.disease_cause, prooxidant activity, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Andrology, spermatozoa, medicine, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Reactive oxygen species, micro and macroelements, Paleontology, DNA, Sperm, horse, Enzyme, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Correlation analysis, Composition (visual arts), Oxidative stress, Hormone
Abstract

The composition of seminal plasma of individual sires varies and so does the fertilizing ability. Micro and macro elements along with seminal enzymes, hormones, proteins, and lipids contained in seminal plasma are essential for the proper physiological function of spermatozoa. However, elevated levels against the normal physiological values, especially in the case of trace metals, result in the production of reactive oxygen species. The deficiency of antioxidants in the seminal plasma that could scavenge free radicals causes an impairment of spermatozoa quality. Ejaculates were obtained from 19 stallions. The fresh semen was analyzed to evaluate qualitative parameters of spermatozoa in terms of the motility, viability, and integrity of DNA. Separated seminal plasma underwent the assessment of the chemical and biochemical composition and RedOx markers. Based on the obtained concentrations of individual chemical elements, the correlation analysis suggested a negative impact of Cu in seminal plasma on the SOD, GPx, and LPO. Contrary, positive correlation was detected between FRAP and motility features. While Cu negatively correlated with sperm motion parameters, the adverse effect on viability was suggested for Cd. Our data suggest that seminal plasma has a potential due to its availability to become the potential biomarker of the reproductive health of farm animals.

Published
2021

14. Level of Inbreeding in Norik of Muran Horse: Pedigree vs. Genomic Data

Author

Nina Moravčíková, Marko Halo, Radovan Kasarda, Anna Trakovická, Ondrej Kadlečík, and Juraj Candrák

Subjects
Population, inbreeding, Biology, Runs of Homozygosity, Genome, Norik of Muran, lcsh:Agriculture, 0502 economics and business, SNP, Allele, education, lcsh:QH301-705.5, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, 05 social sciences, 0402 animal and dairy science, lcsh:S, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, genetic diversity, 040201 dairy & animal science, horse, local population, lcsh:Biology (General), Evolutionary biology, Herd, 050211 marketing, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Inbreeding
Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyse the level of pedigree and genomic inbreeding in a herd of the Norik of Muran horses. The pedigree file included 1374 animals (603 stallions and 771 mares), while the reference population consisted of animals that were genotyped by using 70k SNP platform (n = 25). The trend of pedigree inbreeding was expressed as the probability that an animal has two identical alleles by descent according to classical formulas. The trend of genomic inbreeding was derived from the distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROHs) with various length in the genome based on the assumption that these regions reflect the autozygosity originated from past generations of ancestors. A maximum of 19 generations was found in pedigree file. As expected, the highest level of pedigree completeness was found in first five generations. Subsequent quality control of genomic data resulted in totally 54432 SNP markers covering 2.242 Mb of the autosomal genome. The pedigree analysis showed that in current generation can be expected the pedigree inbreeding at level 0.23% (ΔFPEDi = 0.19 ± 1.17%). Comparable results was obtained also by the genomic analysis, when the inbreeding in current generation reached level 0.11%. Thus, in term of genetic diversity both analyses reflected sufficient level of variability across analysed population of Norik of Muran horses.

Published
2019

15. Comparison of the interior characteristics of Slovak warmblood horses and Lipizzan horses

Author

Marko Halo, Michaela Horna, Monika Ivančíková, and Eva Mlyneková

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, Significant difference, lcsh:S, Horse, interior, temperament, Biology, language.human_language, Breed, character, horse, lcsh:Agriculture, charakter, interiér, kôň, lipican, slovenský teplokrvník, Warmblood, Point system, Single indicator, Lipizzan, language, Animal Science and Zoology, Slovak, Agronomy and Crop Science, Slovak warmblood
Abstract

One of the important factors that significantly affects the intensity and content of training and determines the performance it the horse interior. Character and temperament traits are described in the breeding goals of each breed of horse. The aim of this study was to analyze the horse interior and comparison the interior characteristics of two studied horse breeds Slovak warmblood horses and Lipizzan horses. Into the analysis were included 65 horses from National Stud Farm Topoľčianky, Slovak warmblood horses (n1=33) and Lipizzan horses (n2=32). Interior was analyzed through a questionnaire with 13 indicators with 10 point system, where 10 being the highest rating. Slovak warmblood horses become the highest ratings (average 89.1 pt, 74.42%) and Lipizzan horses (86.1 pt, 66.2%), so both breeds of horses can be considered as the breeds with balanced characteristics of temperament and character. But Lipizzan horses are more balanced, because their results had lower variability. There were insignificant differences between the analyzed horses in the studied breeds. Nevertheless, a several analyzes of individual indicators showed that between the Slovak warmblood horses and Lipizzan horses there is a significant difference in a single indicator of interior - 10 - Stress managing. In particular, it has been shown that Lipizzan horses manage stress significantly better than Slovak warmblood horses., Jedným zdôležitých faktorov, ktorý podstatne ovplyvňuje intenzitu a náplň tréningu a udáva výkonnosť koní je interiér. Vlastnosti charakteru a temperamentu sú popísané v chovných cieľoch jednotlivých plemien koní. Cieľom našej práce bolo analyzovať interiér koňa a porovnať interiérové vlastnosti dvoch skúmaných plemien koní, slovenského teplokrvníka a lipicana. Do analýzy bolo zahrnutých 65 koní z Národného žrebčína Topoľčianky, slovenský teplokrvník (n1=33) a lipican (n2=32). Interiér sme analyzovali prostredníctvom dotazníka s 13 ukazovateľmi 10 bodovým systémom, kde 10 bola najvyššia známka. Kone plemena slovenský teplokrvník získali najvyššie hodnotenie (priemerne 89,1 bodov, 74,42%) a kone plemena lipican (86,1 bodov, 66,2%), takže obe plemená môžeme považovať za plemená s vyrovnanými vlastnosťami charakteru a temperamentu. Avšak kone plemena lipican sú viac vyrovnané, pretože ich výsledky majú nižšiu variabilitu. Zaznamenali sme štatisticky nevýznamné rozdiely medzi analyzovanými plemenami koní. Avšak niekoľko analýz jednotlivých ukazovateľov ukázalo, že medzi koňmi slovenského teplokrvníka a lipicana je štatisticky významný rozdiel v jedinom ukazovateli interiéru – 10 – Zvládanie stresu. Konkrétne sa ukázalo, že kone plemena lipican zvládajú stre s významne lepšie ako kone plemena slovenský teplokrvník.

Published
2018

16. Impact of training load on the heart rate of horses

Author

Lucie Starostová, Marko Halo, Eva Mlyneková, and Miroslav Maršálek

Subjects
Bradycardia, medicine.medical_specialty, Sports medicine, 040301 veterinary sciences, lcsh:Agriculture, 0403 veterinary science, Heart rate, heart rate, Cardiovascular problems, Heart rate variability, Medicine, lcsh:Agriculture (General), Training load, horses, training, business.industry, lcsh:S, 0402 animal and dairy science, Horse, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, load, lcsh:S1-972, 040201 dairy & animal science, horse, Warmblood, Anesthesia, Animal Science and Zoology, medicine.symptom, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract

Received: 2016-02-18 | Accepted: 2016-03-04 | Available online: 2016-12-22 http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.04.167-170 In our work, we analyzed the effect of training load on the heart rate of horses in a simulated load by the loading regulator for horse motion Horse Gym 2000. In the experiment were observed 8 Slovak Warmblood horses (3 mares, 4 geldings, 1 stallion) aged 6-10 years. The experiment was divided into two parts after three weeks. The speed of the tested horses was 4.9 km/h in the first part of experiment, in the second part was the speed 5.2 km/h with a gradual uphill up to 7 %. The tested horses achieved during the experiment an average heart rate level below 70 beats a minute, which is a light load. The maximum values of heart rate were recorded at 120 to 147 beats/min. Differences between tested horses in the values of heart rate were not statistically significant. After three weeks we recorded in the values of average and maximum heart rate onset of bradycardia, which is documented the adaptation of body to the specified load. Keywords: heart rate, horse, load, training References COUROUCE, A., CHRETIEN, M. and VALETTE, J. P. (2002) Physiological variables measured under field conditions according to age and state of training in French Trotters. Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 34, pp. 91-97. CROSS, N. et al. (2008) Effects of lighting conditions on the welfare of horses being loaded for training. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, vol. 3, pp. 20-24. DOBSAK, P. (2009) Clinical physiology of physical load. Brno: Masaryk university, pp. 47-53. ENGELHARDT, W. V. (1977) Cardiovascular effect of exercise and training of horses. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med., vol. 21, pp. 173-205. EVANS, D. L. (2007) Physiology of equine performance and associated tests of function. Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 33, p. 543. FREEMAN, J. V. et al. (2006) Autonomic nervous system interaction with the cardiovascular system during exercise. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, vol. 48, pp. 342-362. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2005.11.003 HANAK, J. and OLEHLA, C. (2010) Clinical physiology of horses and their training. University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Science, Brno, pp. 130-136. KRZYWANEK, H. et al. (1970) The heart rates of Thoroughbred horses during a race. Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 2, pp. 115-117. LEINO, J. et al. (2010) Exercise-test-related heart rate variability and mortality: The Finnish cardiovascular study. International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 144, pp. 154-155. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.123 LINDHOLM, A. and SALTIN, B. (1974) The physiological and biochemical response of standardbred horses to exercise of varying speed and duration. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, vol. 15, pp. 310-324. LITTLEJOHN, A. (1987) Exercise-related cardiovascular problems. In: ROBINSON, N. E. (ed.) Current therapy in equine medicine 2. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., p. 176. MARR, C. M. and BURTON, M. (2010) Cardiology of the horse. 2. ed. London: Elsevier. p. 84 MOHR, E., WITTE, E. and VOSS, B. (2000) Heart rate variability as stress indicator. Archive Tierzucht., Sonderheft, Dummerstorf, vol. 43, pp. 171-176. PERINI, R. and VEICTEINAS, A. (2003) Heart rate variability and autonomic activity at rest and during exercise in various physiological conditions. Eur. Journal Application Physiology, vol. 90, pp. 317-325. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0953-9 PERSSON, S. G. B. (1967) On blood volume and working capacity in horses. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, vol. 19 (Suppl.), pp. 101-121. PERSSON, S. G. B. and LYDIN, G. (1973) Circulatory effects of splenectomy in the horse, III Effect on pulse-work relationship. Journal of Veterinary Medicine [A], vol. 20, pp. 521-530. POOPLE, D. C. and ERICKSON, H. H. (2004) Heart and vessels function during exercise and response to training. In: HINCHCLIFF, K. W., KANEPS, A. J., and GEOR, R. J. (eds.) Equine sports medicine and surgery. New York: Saunders, p. 699. SCHMIDT, A. et al. (2010) Cortisol release, heart rate, and heart rate variability in transport-naive horses during repeated road transport. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, vol. 3, pp. 205-213. VOSS, B., MOHR, E. and KRZYWANEK, H. (2002) Effects of aqua-treadmill exercise on selected blood parameters and on heart-rate variability of horses. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A, Physiology, Pathology and Clinical Medicine, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 137-143. YOUNG, L. (2004) Diseases of the heart and vessels. In: HINCHCLIFF, K. W., KANEPS, A. J. and GEOR, R. J. (eds.) Equine sports medicine and surgery. New York: Saunders, p. 727.

Published
2016
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17. Blood concentration of copper, cadmium, zinc and lead in horses and its relation to hematological and biochemical parameters

Author

Eva Tušimová, Robert Stawarz, Marko Halo, Jaroslav Kovacik, Pavol Schwarcz, Norbert Lukáč, Grzegorz Formicki, Peter Čupka, Peter Massanyi, and Anton Kováčik

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Environmental Engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Environmental pollution, Zinc, Animal science, Blood concentration, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Horses, Whole blood, Cadmium, Hematology, Hematologic Tests, Horse, General Medicine, Copper, chemistry, Lead, Environmental chemistry
Abstract

Environmental pollution results in serious health hazards to animals and blood analysis serves as a good alternative for health status assessment. The target of this study was to analyze the concentration of selected metals in equine blood, to analyze the blood parameters and to find possible correlations. Blood samples were collected from the vena jugularis of healthy adult horses. The highest concentration of all elements was found in whole blood (Cu 3.84 ± 0.90 mg L(-1); Cd = 0.81 ± 0.90 mg L(-1); Zn 26.67 ± 14.12 mg L(-1); Pb 9.33 ± 5.76 mg L(-1)). Higher concentrations of copper, cadmium, zinc and lead were detected in blood clots compared to blood sera (44.04%). A similar tendency was found for cadmium (50%), zinc (13.08%) and lead (46.02%), which showed generally higher concentrations in blood clots (cells). Correlation analysis proved some relations between analyzed elements. In blood clots there is a strong positive correlation between Cd - Pb (r = 0.93) and Zn - Pb (r = 0.71) was detected. For biochemical and hematological parameters mainly medium correlations were detected. Obtained results prove different correlations of analyzed elements in blood components as well as the effect on parameters of blood biochemical and hematological profiles.

Published
2014

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