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It is unfortunate that scholars have given scant attention to what can be called immigrant dictionaries. These books are significant to the history of (learner) lexicography; they meet pressing needs of immigrants and refugees. This article examines four immigrant dictionaries, Slovenian–English and English–Slovenian (Kubelka 1904 , Kubelka 1912b , Košutnik 1912 , and Kern 1919), published in the early twentieth century at a time when the Slovenian immigration to the United States was at its height. The presentation of information in these dictionaries is investigated with a focus on the treatment of homonymy, polysemy, conversion, and parenthetical information. Findings address the implications of a macrostructure-oriented versus a microstructure-oriented approach for immigrant user understanding. The paper recommends that learner lexicography should prioritize the design of the lexicographic presentation in the microstructure and prioritize the presentation of meaning over other possible elements covered traditionally in dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lexical analysis of scientific terms in the works of French-speaking linguists (from F. de Saussure to modern researchers) allows identifying the epistemological reasons for the development of semantics and the formation of polysemy of terminological units. The semantic features of the considered terms determine a new classification of polysemy types depending on the level of terminological abstraction.

Notwithstanding the fact that 幽默 youmo ‘humour’ is a neologism and transliteration coined in the 1920s, the conception has been existing in Chinese civilisation for millennia. The earliest extant treatise on humour in Chinese literature is regarded to be an anthology 笑林 Xiao Lin ‘The Forest of Laughs’ cumulated circa 2ndc CE, yet the most illustrious pre-modern jestbook is a 1791 assemblage entitled 笑林广记 Xiao Lin Guang Ji ‘A Collection of Classic Chinese Jokes’. In the 2000s, stand-up comedy entered China’s entertainment market as a niche cultural import, though it was, and still is, mistranslated into 脱口秀 tuokouxiu ‘talk show’. Recently, stand-up comedy attains visibility in China by means of phenomenal online programmes. I postulate that Chinese stand-up comedy is featured by unique attributes, in that it is disparate from ‘A Collection of Classic Chinese Jokes’ and the traditional theatrical comedy called 相声 xiangsheng ‘cross-talk’, and it is not parallel to its equivalent in the West either. To be more specific, being subject to stringent censorship, stand-up comedy in China is circumspect about content appertaining to (homo)sexual titillation and supernaturalism. Nonetheless, I posit that in terms of inducing humorous effects, contemporary stand-up comedy still evinces similitude to ‘A Collection of Classic Chinese Jokes’ from phonetic, semantic and pragmatic perspectives.

Aristotle claims that cross-sense comparisons—that is, comparisons with respect to homonymous predicates—are impossible. At the same time, he uses such comparisons in arguments that are fundamental to his philosophical project, such as when he claims that happiness is better than instrumental goods. In this paper, I discuss how this tension arises, and I explain why the cross-sense comparisons Aristotle uses are nevertheless possible. Using evidence from the Protrepticus , I claim Aristotle distinguishes two kinds of comparisons: comparisons of degrees of a quality, and comparisons of the priority with which a quality applies. Only the latter admits of some cross-sense comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a discussion in Abu Nasr al-Farabi's Book of Letters (Kitāb al-Ḥurūf), which has to do with the importation of philosophical (including scientific) discourse from one language or nation (ummah) to another. The question of importing philosophical discourse from one language or nation to another touches on Farabi's views on a number of important philosophical questions. It reveals something about his views on the nature of philosophical and scientific concepts and their relation to concepts in non-philosophical or 'popular' discourse, as well as the means of grasping previously unencountered concepts. In this article, I will discuss these issues both to ascertain Farabi's views as well as to shed some light on them in their own right. I will argue that Farabi thinks that the understanding of some novel philosophical or scientific concepts sometimes depends on the grasp of related concepts from ordinary discourse, and that experts rely on these everyday concepts in acquiring the more specialized concepts. If the same linguistic terms are used to denote both concepts, they will be ambiguous, but this can be considered a case of 'productive ambiguity,' since it aids in the acquisition of novel concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is often a need for fast and effective communication in modern medicine. Time is often critical when providing care to multiple patients. Medical abbreviations are a form of shorthand that allows healthcare professionals to communicate with one another easily. However, the time and expense of writing acronyms are reduced in case they are clear and familiar to every person involved in communication. Misunderstanding between members of the medical staff often lead to misinterpretations of acronyms and hazard to patients’ health and lives. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze such interrelated phenomena as positive and negative sides of using abbreviations as a way of terminology in medicine, arguments of each of the positions, in order to reduce negative consequences of using abbreviations in modern medical documentation. The material of the study is abbreviations used in modern medical practice. The method of continuous sampling of medical abbreviations from scientific literature and medical documentation was used. The results of the study showed that the most common errors associated with the use of medical abbreviations were the ones in prescribing, incorrect dose/quantity and incorrect preparation of medication. About 80 % of the abbreviations contained in the notes and statements that were handed out were unclear to patients and required clarification by health care providers. Medicine must be based on accurate and correct information, literacy of professional actions, and a sense of the highest responsibility. In this regard, it is necessary to use only standard abbreviations and introduce a ban on the use of abbreviations with ambiguous interpretation. Information in prescriptions, instructions, and statements should be clear and unambiguous, in order to avoid awkward and mundane situations affecting the quality of patients’ perception of the information. All of these factors can contribute to the improvement of the quality of medical care and the patient’s quality of life accordingly.

The concept of polysemy, in other words iştirâk-i lafzî also exists in Arabic language like it exists in every other language. Arabic language scholars have done various research about the concept of iştirâk-i lafzî since very early period. Although most of linguists have accepted that iştirâk-i lafzî exists in the language, some of them have rejected this idea. Each group has provided some sets of reasons supporting their arguments. Even though there exist various terms in Arabic language, such as “el-iştirâk”, “el-müşterek” and “elmüşterekü’l-lafzî”, denoting that a word in Arabic language can have many different meanings, the term “el-iştirâkü’l-lafzî” is the commonly used one in this regard. Due to the fact that the Arabic language is considere to be one of the the oldest written references, the topic has been investigated both in Qur’an and Arabic language (poem and prose) simultaneously. Arab linguists have tried to compare iştirâk-i lafzî (polysemy) with the concepts of “mütebâyin” “müterâdif” and “mütezâd” in terms of similarity, contrast and contradiction as this topic is the part of literal indicators of wordings. In the scope of this research, it is aimed to enlighten the lexical and term meanings of iştirâk-i lafzi, main discussions about the existence of Polysemy in Arabic language, the linguists who accept or do not accept its existence, polysemic direct reasons, negative and positive impacts of polysemy. In conclusion, the subject matters about vucûh and nezâir (homonymy and synonym) and their relation with iştirâk-i lafzî will be explained and the examples stated in Qur’an will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Нейросеть «Шедеврум» представляет собой инновационный инструмент, разработанный для решения сложной лингвистической задачи – разграничения омонимии и полисемии. Омонимия и полисемия представляют собой явления, при которых один и тот же словоформ имеет несколько значений, что может вводить в заблуждение как читателей, так и системы искусственного интеллекта. В статье рассматривается применение нейросетей для решения этой проблемы на примере «Шедеврума».В статье подробно рассматривается процесс обучения и работы нейросети, а также приводятся практические примеры ее применения. Показано, как «Шедеврум» может помочь в разграничении омонимии и полисемии, повысить точность понимания естественного языка системами ИИ и улучшить обработку естественного языка в различных приложениях.

The phenomenon of homonymy in the Ossetian language is considered as one of the complex and multi-aspect problems in Ossetian linguistics and in general linguistic theory. The lack of special works in Ossetian studies makes it relevant to consider this phenomenon in the context of functional homonymy. It is emphasized that the factors complicating the process of studying the conditions of emergence and functioning of homonyms in language and speech are the semantic intersections with polysemy, grammatically diverse “unpredictability”, functional variability, and as a result, the presence of various classifications and definitions within homonyms. An overview of the most well-known classifications of homonyms, analysis of lexicographical sources and literary texts has been made. As a result, the main criteria for “recognizing” functional homonyms have been identified and their differentiation from lexicalgrammatical homonyms in the Ossetian language has been carried out. The analysis has shown a number of difficulties in identifying functional homonyms. The author concludes that morphological instability and the syntactic functions of a word in a sentence can change its semantics, thus transferring it from one type of homonym to another. At the same time, it is noted that the main etymological principle of distinguishing homonyms may be ineffective when considering a larger number of parts of speech.

The name Rattus obiensis Fabre, Portela Miguez, Holden, Fitriana, Semiadi, Musser, & Helgen, was recently applied to a newly discovered species of Rattus known to date only from the Moluccan island of Obi in Indonesia. However, this name is preoccupied by Rattus rattus obiensis Sody, 1941, a name applied to a commensal rat and currently recognized as a synonym of Rattus tanezumi Temminck, 1844. A replacement name, Rattus ombirah Fabre et al., 2024. nom. nov., is here proposed for the endemic Rattus of Obi.

The botanical publications of Boris S. Kharitontsev, who has worked on the flora and vegetation of Tobolsk District (Tyumen Region, south-western Siberia, Russia) for 30 years, make a typical case of grey literature in taxonomic botany. Kharitontsev has described about 400 local "new species" from a single district in this floristically poor territory. Although the taxonomic results of this work are not credible, this vast nomenclatural output requires attention and urges for comprehensive indexing due to requirements of the botanical nomenclature (principles of priority and homonymy). A new species name, Taraxacum stepanekii Sennikov, is proposed for Taraxacum roseolum Kirschner & Štěpánek from Kyrgyzstan, which is an illegitimate later homonym of Taraxacum roseolum Charit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of understanding polysemous words that differ in meaning has dominated discourse in communication studies in recent years. It has not only led to studies on problems of representation between homonymy and polysemy and their linkages in memory, but also involves the various ways that any message can be decoded for understanding. The paper is anchored on two theoretical underpinnings: the framing theory developed by Erving Goffman which explains the use of cognitive skills to make meaning out of individuals' environmental stimuli in daily life; and the relevance theory, which owes its origin to Paul Grice and posits that meaning is first a psychological phenomenon before becoming a linguistic one. The paper examines the concepts of communication production, circulation, use, consumption, distribution, and reproduction, which represent methods by which messages are produced and disseminated; as well as the preferred, the oppositional, and the negotiated forms, which are the major ways that messages are decoded. It also explains how cultural texts or codes, which are essentially systems of meaning whose rules and conventions are shared by members of a culture, lay the foundation for the interpretation of media texts and how 'readers' of media texts can combine their experiences of given media programmes to further communicate such texts to others, a process that is akin to the multi-step flow process of communication by opinion leaders in their extension of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has used its plenary power to emend the spelling of the family-group name CepheidaeBerlese, 1896 (Acariformes) to remove homonymy with CepheidaeAgassiz, 1862 (Cnidaria). The stem of the acariform generic name CepheusKoch, 1835 has been emended to Cepheus- to give CepheusidaeBerlese, 1896, while the stem of the cnidarian generic name CepheaPéron & Lesueur, 1810 remains unaltered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Современная терминология претерпевает массу изменений на протяжении последних нескольких десятков лет. Стремительный рост числа заимствованных терминов ведет к активизации таких процессов, как омонимия и полисемия. Некоторые ученые отрицают само явление омонимии в терминологии, полагая, что проявление многозначности того или иного термина является межсистемной полисемией. Другие рассматривают процесс омонимии как один из основных процессов, происходящих под влиянием заимствований, выделяя для терминологической омонимии отдельные характерные черты, явно отличающие ее от полисемии. В данной статье авторы пытаются выяснить, каковы же основные черты терминологической омонимии и полисемии, в чем их сходство и различие. Авторы демонстрируют точки зрения представителей различных научных школ, рассматривают многочисленные примеры из числа современных медицинских терминов, большая часть которых заимствована из английского языка, проводится анализ. Авторами предпринимается попытка определить основные причины возникновения данных явлений, выявляются основные факторы, способствующие их развитию. Результаты данного исследования могут быть использованы в практических рекомендациях для переводчиков и студентов медиков, а также при создании словарей и профильных методических пособий.

The author of the article considers the development of the differentiating function of the apostrof (apostrophe), which is realized in the contemporary Church Slavonic language in the pronominal paradigm. The comparison of facts in grammars and old-printed editions shows that the application of apostrophe-dissimilator was not presupposed by the Grammar of 1648, and appeared in the course of the work of the Moscow Print Yard correctors (from the Service Book of 1655). It first appeared in the forms yazhe, izhe with the support of productive forms (ya, i), then it spread to the forms im, imzhe (by external analogy with other forms of DatPl) and further to the rest of the pronominal homoforms (by internal analogy). The development of this spelling innovation was consistently reflected in the Moscow editions of the second half of the 17 th century up to its stage-by-stage codification in grammars of 1721, 1723, 1725 and 1733. The pronominal nature of the apostrophe-dissimilator predetermined the limitations in its functioning; however, the acquisition of a differentiating function became a necessary stage in the formation of the system of antistih (anti-verse) in its modern form. The expansion of apostrophe functioning, which has a precedent in the Grammar by F. Maximov (1723), may contribute to the logical completion of this formation. Also, the obtained data on the development of the apostrof (apostrophe) differentiating function can be used to identify Moscow editions along with other innovations, introduced in the period of the Nikon’s correctors work.

The abundance of strategic planning documents and the dynamic nature of strategic planning necessitate the evolution of analysis tools. This study aims to develop a comprehensive methodology for analyzing strategic planning documents using electronic data processing tools. The core of the proposed methodology is content analysis with the identification and synthesis of semantic structures. It relies on tools such as a content analyzer, a semantic and syntactic parser for in-depth text analysis, and a semantic mapping tool for condensing information gathered in the preceding stages. Initially, we identified three key structures to uncover value orientations, combinations of measures, and anticipated outcomes embedded in the documents of several regions of the Russian North and South. Subsequently, the tools mentioned were utilized for language pattern identification, definition, and classification. In the following stage, using a word cloud toolkit (semantic map), which factors in word frequency and collocation strength, visual representations were derived from the pre-processed data provided by the strategic planning documents. The analysis and comparison of the regional strategies under study revealed that Northern regions’ strategies are more balanced and comprehensive in terms of their underlying values. However, the language patterns describing measures taken and their outcomes mainly concentrate on employment. In addition, it should be noted that semantic structures concerning the lives of indigenous peoples of the North were not identified in the course of the analysis. These conclusions can be useful for both improving the content of long-term regional development planning documents and stimulating scholarly discussions regarding the essence of the strategic planning process across different government levels.

Türkçede çok anlamlılık sözcüğüyle karşılanan iştirâk kavramına ilk olarak, 2./8. yy.’da yaşayan Arap dilbilimcisi Sîbeveyhi’nin (ö. 180/796), el-Kitâb isimli eserinde lafızlarla ilgili yapmış olduğu üçlü taksimde rastlanmaktadır. Buna göre lafızlar lafız ve anlamları farklı kelimeler; lafızları farklı, anlamları bir olan kelimeler ve lafızları bir, anlamları farklı kelimeler olarak kendini göstermektedir. O, her ne kadar terim olarak adından bahsetmese de iştirâkı; lafızları bir, anlamları farklı kelimeler şeklinde açıklamıştır. Ondan sonra gelen dil bilginleri de genel olarak bu taksimi esas almış, söz konusu kavramın tanımında bir farklılık kaydedilmemiş ve bu konuda yapılan açıklamalar, verilen örnekler çok az bir değişiklik yapılarak aktarılmıştır. Modern döneme gelindiğinde ise iştirâk kavramıyla ilgili yapılan açıklamaların yine ilk dönemlerde olduğu gibi herhangi bir şart ve kayıt ortaya konulmadan genel olarak ifade edildiği görülür. Yalnız Müneccid bu kavramı, “Mürekkeb (bileşik) değil de müfred (basit) olup hareke ve harf düzenin bir değişikliğe uğramadığı, tek bir çevrede ve aynı zaman dilimi içerisinde özel bir delâletle delâlet eden, yine aralarında herhangi bir mana ve belâgat cihetiyle bir bağın olmadığı lafızlardır” şeklinde tarif ederek ortaya bir çerçeve koymaya çalışmıştır. Öte yandan iştirâkın varlığı meselesi eskiden beri tartışılan bir konudur. Kimileri her lafzın bir anlam için vaz’ edildiğini, bir sözcüğün iki farklı veya birbirine zıt anlamlar için konulmasının dilin açık olması bir tarafa anlam bulanıklığına neden olduğunu, dilin fesâhatını bozduğunu gerekçe göstererek onun varlığını inkâr ederken, kimileri de Arap dilinin zenginliklerinden biri kabul etmişlerdir. Nitekim bu olgu sayesinde sınırlı kelimelerle sınırsız nesne anlatılarak dile bir esneklik kazandırılmaktadır. Ayrıca dilde anlamlar sınırsız, lafızlar ise sınırlı olduğundan müşterek lafızlara olan ihtiyaç kaçınılmazdır. Diğer taraftan iştirâkın bütün dillerdeki yaygınlığına bakıldığında onun evrensel bir tarafının olduğu görülebilir. Müşterek lafızların anlam karışıklığı ve belirsizliğine neden olduğu düşüncesi yerinde olmayıp bu olumsuzlukların bertaraf edilip anlamın tayin edilebilmesi için bağlamın dikkate alınması yeterli olacaktır. Yine müşterek lafızların dilin fesâhatini bozduğu düşüncesi isabetli olmayıp bunlar sözün beliğ ve edebî olmasını sağlamaktadır. Kimileri “bir lafzın iki zıt anlamı ihtiva etmesi” anlamına gelen ezdâd kavramını, “birden çok anlamı taşıması” hakikatinden yola çıkarak iştirâk içerisinde değerlendirmiş, kimileri de müşterek lafızların anlamları arasında (zıtlık vb.) herhangi bir bağın olmaması şartını ileri sürerek Arap diline has müstakil bir kavram olarak nitelemiştir. Yine bazıları eş adlılığı iştirâk/çok anlamlılık kapsamında değerlendirirken bazıları da aralarında anlam ilişkisi olmadığı için eş adlılığın müşterek lafızlardan farklı olduğunu savunmuştur. Bu çalışmada Arap dili kavramlarından biri olan iştirâkın geçmişten günümüze kadar devam eden bir ıstılah olma yolundaki tarihsel seyri irdelenmiş, semantik analize tabi tutularak delâlet gelişimi ve kavramsal çerçevesi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Kavramsal değişimin gösterilebilmesi için doküman analizi yönteminden faydalanılmış ve klasik- modern kaynaklar kronolojik olarak taranarak dönemler arası karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır.

Polysemy is an essential linguistic process that occurs intensively in language. It plays a significant role in creating phraseological combinations and generating various semantic changes in the language. Polysemy should be distinguished from eurysemy (lexical broadness) and homonymy. Polysemy and eurythmy in language and speech reveal some common properties; however, they are essentially different linguistic phenomena. In Eurysemy, the word's meaning is realized similarly through the context, but it does not undergo significant changes. One of the structural components of a polysemous word is a lexico-semantic variation or separate meaning, which is essential in the study of polysemy. Elimination of polysemy - actualization of a particular meaning of a word is carried out in context. There are two opposing views regarding the nature of a word's linguistic meaning in linguistics. The word itself has no lexical meaning and acquires it only in context. The lexical meaning initially enters the word and is only expressed and recognized in context. A polysemantic word implemented within a set of fixed indicators has a phraseologically related meaning, and each combination of a given polysemantic word with a specific hand becomes a separate phrase. The article deals with polysemy in language generally and in literary works. It explains its significant role in creating phraseological combinations and generating semantic changes in the language and other linguistic features.

The text is devoted to a rarely described and analysed problem of a gap in the distribution of aspectual prefixes in Polish. Lexical prefixes do not appear as parts of word-internal morphology of synthetic change of state (COS) verbs suffixed with verbalizing morphemes -e-/-ej-, -ną-, and -owa-. The analysis presented below treats such COS verbs as homonymous pairs of lexical items. The telic homonym is equipped with the result phrase (RP) headed by the zero morpheme, whose appearance blocks the insertion of any other telicizing morpheme in the form of a lexical prefix. The zero morpheme is selected by the verbalizers peculiar to COS verbs of synthetic type. The atelic homonym does not have the RP in its structure and, in consequence, does not include a structural position for telicizing heads in the form of lexical prefixes to be ever inserted. The model strongly supports the distinction between the concepts of telicity and perfectivity in Polish, and by extrapolation – in other Slavic languages.

This study aims to highlight the difficulties of translating Al-Mušākalah in the Holy Qurʾan into English by selecting six pairs that involve this phenomenon. It examines the accuracy of the English renditions of these expressions in five well-known English translations of the Holy Qurʾan, namely: Sahih International (1997), Yusuf Ali (1982), Abdel-Haleem (2005), Al-Hilali & Khan (2018), and Shakir (1987), based on a number of popular exegeses in the Islamic world. The English equivalents selected by the translators were looked up in Collins English Dictionary to check their compatibility with the interpretations given in the exegeses. The study found that the translators could not fully reflect the slight differences between the homonymous pairs in some cases. The translation of Al-Hilali and Khan was the most successful in achieving the intended meanings, followed by Yusuf Ali's. Shakir and Abdel-Haleem had almost the same level of accuracy, and Sahih International translation was the least consistent with the Qurʾanic interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Late Latin, dolus 'deceit' expanded its semantic scope and took on the meanings of dolor 'pain, suffering, grief, anguish'. This article lays out the literary and epigraphic attestations for dolus 'suffering' in full and discusses the difficulties in determining whether a change in semantics has occurred. Using digital resources such as Perseus Digital Library and the linguistic corpus LatinISE as the basis for quantitative analysis, suggested routes by which dolus took on the meanings of dolor are evaluated. The article proposes that analogy played an important role and suggests several instances of four-part analogy based around s-stem nouns and adjectives formed from them by the suffix -oso-. It also considers the way in which the prescriptivist rhetoric of ancient authors still shape modern scholarship on Latin. Late Latin features are not evidence of decay or the result of speakers being ill-educated or incompetent, and should not be discussed as mistakes. The article also considers how social hegemonies influence semantics and the study whereof, and how the dominance of certain voices in Latin may skew our understanding of the meaning of words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address the interaction of various interpretations of lexical items, which leads to a change in the correlation between signifieds and signifiers and the formation of new signs. Addressing the polysemic slogan ‘ОМОН-И-МЫ — АНТОНИМЫ’, we explicate the mechanism of semiotic Perpetuum mobile, that is, the cyclic recursions that allow simultane­ous actualization of various interpretations of this utterance. We demonstrate that the analy­sis of semantic relations in their dynamics requires the introduction of new theoretical con­cepts. The general principle of dynamic semiosis is demonstrated — that is the recursive rela­tions when a signified of one sign through intermediate operations (homonymy and synony­my) becomes a signifier of another and vice versa. In this semantic Perpetuum mobile, no single interpretation reaches the final point. It goes back to the previous state without produc­ing new meanings and signs but repeating the already passed cycle. Each of the co-existing interpretations returns to itself, demonstrating — in a paradoxical and tautological way — Luhman’s concept of paradox and tautology as two only possible states of a self-describing system. The same process, but being considered from the starting point demonstrates the par­adoxicality and tautology of the process of signification.

Homonymy, as a type of lexical relations between words, is a significant linguistic phenomenon which has received a lot of attention in recent years. English contains numerous homonymous forms with different meanings, which often cause confusion for EFL/ESL learners. In line with that, this research was carried out primarily to investigate the linguistic difficulties of learning and teaching homonymy in English in the Yemeni context. Hence, this data-oriented descriptive study was designed to investigate the difficulties in learning using homonymous English words as the data of the study. A total sample of 80 third-year English major students and 20 of their teachers at the Faculty of Education, Aden, University of Aden, were selected randomly as the subjects for this study. The qualitative and quantitative data required for this investigation were collected by employing two research instruments: a diagnostic test and a questionnaire. The major findings of the study revealed that phonological and orthographical identities of homonymic words, 'unrelatedness' of meanings, similarity in pronunciation, insufficient vocabulary size and knowledge, inadequate practice, poor focus in the course materials and stereo-typed teaching methodology contribute to learner difficulties with homonymy. Significantly, the literature survey and the findings of this work would be a modest contribution to vocabulary teaching and learning with special reference to homonymy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Édouard Levé's works are framed by a reading device that allows us to situate them in relation to the author's biography, to identify the main features of his poetics and to formulate genetic hypotheses. His works thus reveal themselves to be highly coherent, like so many variations on a series of gestures and questions that are both very simple and very radical. Inspired largely by Raymond Roussel's Process, Levé has based part of his work on a poetics of shifts that consists of blurring the relationship between words and images. This poetics is implemented in three series Homonyms, Anguish and America, produced by the same linguistic constraints and similar production protocols, but they respond to different attitudes and effects of these constraints and protocols. Anguish is about creating fiction, Homonyms is about interrogating the cultural pantheon and America is about offering a negative of the American dream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies of meaning-sound systematicity haveconsistently found a small but significant positive correlationbetween semantics and phonology. The current study addsfurther evidence from an etymologically distinct language,Korean. Through multiple methods, the study shows thatsimilar sounds tend to have similar meanings in Koreanmonosyllables. Several cultural aspects of the language are alsoquantified. Pure Korean words return stronger meaning-soundcorrelation than Sino-Korean words, which is attributable tothe higher portion of homonyms in Sino-Korean. The mostfrequent words show the strongest systematicity, whichpermeates all of the monosyllables. Certain types of vowelsseem to contribute to this effect.

This article aims to present the development of digital and analog games to be used in portuguese language classes. The focus is on resolving and/or mitigating deviations from the current reference standard, in order to improve writing. As a theoretical framework, the works of Fernandes (2010), Macedo et al. (2000), Boal (2009), Vasconcellos (2003) and Volpato (2017). The starting point was the following hypothesis: if portuguese language teachers used games to teach, in practice, homonymy and graphic accentuation rules, the distances from the current reference standard would be alleviated, at least the most recurrent ones, identified in the students textual productions. It is concluded that games can be used as pedagogical tools, since they mobilize mental schemes that stimulate thinking and the ordering of time and space; integrate several dimensions of personality; favor the acquisition of cognitive behaviors and the development of skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graded readers are a great asset to learners acquiring the vocabulary of another language. Homonyms, on the other hand, are a recognized source of trouble for students with that same goal. Publishers of graded readers control the presentation of old and new words, but does this control extend to homonyms? Are only the word forms controlled for--in which case, the unrelated meanings of match (a pairing and a stick for starting fire) would together constitute two uses of the word? Or would these tally as separate words which, semantically and etymologically, they are? A comparison of a 4.2 million-word corpus of graded readers with previous research on the distributions of homonymic meanings in general English reveals that the meanings presented to learners are frequently quite different to those in general-purpose texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the phenomenon of homonymy in the field of abbreviation. Until now, homonymy has rarely been considered along with the topic of abbreviations, and yet it is all closely interconnected, since the frequency of using homonymous abbreviations in English literature is quite high. Despite the fact that there are quite numerous, albeit fragmentary, studies on the problems of abbreviation in modern languages, there is a small amount of research in the field of abbreviation-homonymous relations, abbreviated lexical units remain in many respects a mystery in linguistic terms, since in relation to them one has to consider from a specific point of view such fundamental problems as the problem of the structure of a word and its meaning, the problem of a morpheme, etc. This complexity explains the heterogeneity of opinions, and sometimes a contradictory approach to homonymous abbreviated lexical units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The explanations about the definition of the concept of ishtirāq, which is understood as polysemy in Turkish, are found first in the triple classification regarding the expressions made by the Arab linguist Sībawayh (d. 180/796), who lived in the 2nd/8th century, in his book named “al-Kitāb” Accordingly, the expressions appear as words with different forms and meanings, words with different forms but the same meaning, and words with the same form but different meanings. Although he did not mention it by name as a term, he described the ishtirāq as words with the same form but different meanings. The linguists who came after him generally followed this classification, no difference was recorded in the definition of this concept and the explanations and examples given were transmitted with very little change. In the modern period, it is observed that the explanations made regarding the concept of ishtirāq are generally presented without any specific condition or limitation, as in the early periods. However, al-Munajjid tried to put a framework by defining this concept as “Words that are not compound but simple, in which the movement and letter order do not undergo any change, and which signify with a special signification in a single environment and within the same period of time, and in which there is no connection between them in terms of meaning and eloquence.” The issue of the existence of ishtirāq has been debated; some deny its existence by arguing that each word is coined for a single meaning, and putting two different or opposite meanings into a single word creates ambiguity and uncertainty, which ruins the eloquence of language. Others, however, accept it as a reality of language and consider it a richness of the language. Indeed, thanks to this phenomenon, unlimited objects can be described with limited words, which provides flexibility to the language. Moreover, since meanings in language are limitless but words are limited, the need for common words is inevitable. On the other hand, when we consider the prevalence of ishtirāq in all languages, its universal aspect cannot be ignored. The notion that common words cause confusion and uncertainty in meaning is not correct. Rather, to eliminate these negatives and determine the meaning, it is sufficient to consider the context. Furthermore, the notion that common words damage the eloquence of language is not correct. On the contrary, they ensure that speech is clear and literary. Some have interpreted the concept of "aḍdād" which means "the presence of two opposite meanings in a single word," as part of ishtirāq based on the fact that a word can have multiple meanings. Others have referred to it as a separate concept unique to the Arabic language, arguing that there is no connection between the meanings of the common words, including opposites. Some argue that synonymy should be considered within the scope of polysemy/ multiple meanings, while others claim that because there is no relationship between the meanings, homonymy is different from polysemy. In this study, the historical development of ishtirāq, one of the concepts in the Arabic language, which has been an ongoing term from the past to the present, has been examined, and its semantic analysis has been conducted to reveal its referential development and conceptual framework. Document analysis method was used to demonstrate conceptual change, and classical and modern sources were chronologically reviewed and compared between periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philologica Canariensia is the property of Philologica Canariensia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii şi Cercetări de Onomastică şi Lexicologie is the property of University of Craiova, Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the example of a toponym with a hydronym origin in a small and closed geographical area, the paper discusses the significance of homonymy in 12th-14th century sources. In the process of toponym formation, the Sár hydronym first referred to the entire catchment area, later to the estate parts established on it, and finally the settlements of the estates. The Sár name survived as long as the independent name of these did not become widespread and it carried numerous meanings as a homonym. Data repository I includes the occurrences of the Sár toponym in the Árpád Era, indicating the underlying estate parts, while Data repository II Introduces the most important data of these parts and their short history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, Humanities & Management Sciences is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trimorus (Lochana) nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for the subgenus Trimorus (Neotrimorus) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a junior homonym of Neotrimorus Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). This subgenus has a distinct striated medial mesoscutellar spine as well as basal depressions on the third metasomal sternum. 'Basal depressions on the third metasomal sternum', earlier considered to be present only in Xenomerus in Teleasinae, are now found to be shared by Trimorus (Lochana). Two new species, Trimorus (Lochana) karna sp. nov. and T. (L.) satyaki sp. nov., are described and illustrated. The following new combinations are proposed: Trimorus (Lochana) spinostriatus comb. nov.; T. (L.) scutellospinosus comb. nov.; T. (L.) ferrari comb. nov. Keys to the females and males of all species of Trimorus (Lochana) are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the position of the noun mantl (from the German Mantel) and its derivatives on the peripery of the Czech lexical system; the author points out the new discovered meaning recorded in the folk song from the late 18th century. The seemingly disparate semantic spectrum of the lexeme (,coat'; ,intrigues'; ,illegitimate child') is caused by its repeated discontinuous borrowing from German, each time in a different meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new data on the interpretation and processing of homonymy in Spanish. The objectives are to define the theoretical concept of homonymy and to offer experimental data on how these units are processed. Firstly, the definition of homonymy is reviewed, from a diachronic and synchronic point of view. Then a brief state of the art on the processing of homonymous words, considering different psycholinguistic studies that have found an ambiguity effect on word processing. Due to the fact that the material of English experiments may be problematic regarding the concept of homonymy that they use, and that the results in Spanish are not consistent, in this paper two experimental studies are presented. They aim to answer two research questions: how homonymy is interpreted in Spanish and how it is processed. All these data have implications for the models of mental representation.

The diversity of a word’s contexts affects its acquisition andprocessing. Can differences between word types such asmonosemes (unambiguous words), polysemes (multiple relatedsenses), and homonyms (multiple unrelated meanings) be re-lated to distributional properties of these words? We tested fortraces of number and relatedness of meaning in vector repre-sentations by comparing the distance between words of eachtype and vector representations of various “contexts”: their dic-tionary definitions (an extreme disambiguating context), theiruse in film subtitles (a natural context), and their semanticneighbours in vector space (a vector-space-internal context).Whereas dictionary definitions reveal a three-way split betweenour word types, the other two contexts produced a two-way splitbetween ambiguous and unambiguous words. These inconsis-tencies align with some discrepancies in behavioural studiesand present a paradox regarding how models learn meaningrelatedness despite natural contexts seemingly lacking suchrelatedness. We argue that viewing ambiguity as a continuumcould resolve many of these issues.

Word Formation Guide (WFG) – one of the services of the Information System of Resources of the Lithuanian Language E. kalba (E -Language). It is intended to quickly and concisely introduce the means of word formation of Lithuanian nouns and the essential regularities of their formation. This guide is intended for the general public, but may also be useful for the specialists in word formation. The article briefly introduces a fast and detailed data search in the WFG. The quick search provides two ways of searching for means of word formation, focusing on their formal expression or derivative and lexical semantics. The detailed search is designed to search according to several features of the word formation means, base, and the semantics of the derivatives. In this search various combinations of the features are possible. Next, the article discusses several problematic issues that arose during the creation of the WFG data structure and data management. This is the homonymy of means of word formation, the classification of initial and final borrowed (neoclassical and other) formatives of words (prefixes, combining forms etc.) and their place in the word formation system of the Lithuanian language, and in the guide under discussion, experimental separation of (lexical) semantic features. In conclusion, the development possibilities of the Word Formation guide are introduced, not only by increasing the number of examples of noun derivatives and compounds but also by redesigning the current data structure and including the word formation data of other parts of speech.

Copyright of Slavistična Revija is the property of Slavisticno Drustvo Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)