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Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for regulating intestinal inflammation. Candidate microbe approaches have identified bacterial species and strain-specific molecules that can affect intestinal immune responses, including species that modulate Treg responses. Because neither all humans nor mice harbor the same bacterial strains, we posited that more prevalent factors exist that regulate the number and function of colonic Tregs. We determined that short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulate the size and function of the colonic Treg pool and protect against colitis in a Ffar2-dependent manner in mice. Our study reveals that a class of abundant microbial metabolites underlies adaptive immune microbiota coadaptation and promotes colonic homeostasis and health.

Zbtb20 is a member of the POK family of proteins, which function primarily as transcriptional repressors via interactions mediated by their conserved C(2)H(2) Krüppel type zinc finger and BTB/POZ domains. To define the function of Zbtb20 in vivo, we generated knockout mice by homologous recombination. Zbtb20 null mice display a stark phenotype characterized by postnatal growth retardation, metabolic dysfunction, and lethality. Zbtb20 knockout mice displayed abnormal glucose homeostasis, hormonal responses, and depletion of energy stores, consistent with an energetic deficit. Additionally, increased serum bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase levels were suggestive of liver dysfunction. To identify potential liver-specific Zbtb20 target genes, we performed transcript profiling studies on liver tissue from Zbtb20 knockout mice and wild-type littermate controls. These studies identified sets of genes involved in growth, metabolism, and detoxification that were differentially regulated in Zbtb20 knockout liver. Transgenic mice expressing Zbtb20 in the liver were generated and crossed onto the Zbtb20 knockout background, which resulted in no significant normalization of growth or glucose metabolism but a significant increase in life span compared to controls. These data indicate that the phenotype of Zbtb20 knockout mice results from liver-dependent and -independent defects, suggesting that Zbtb20 plays nonredundant roles in multiple organ systems.

Hosts and their microbes have established a sophisticated communication system over many millennia. Within mammalian hosts, this dynamic cross-talk is essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. In a genetically susceptible host, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and dysregulated immune responses are central to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous surveys of stool from the T-bet-/-Rag2-/- IBD mouse model revealed microbial features that discriminate between health and disease states. Enterobacteriaceae expansion and increased gene abundances for benzoate degradation, two-component systems, and bacterial motility proteins pointed to the potential involvement of a catecholamine-mediated bacterial signaling axis in colitis pathogenesis. Enterobacteriaceae sense and respond tomicrobiota-generated signals and host-derived catecholamines through the two-component quorum-sensing Escherichia coli regulators B and C (QseBC) system. On signal detection, QseC activates a cascade to induce virulence gene expression. Although a single pathogen has not been identified as a causative agent in IBD, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) have been implicated. Flagellar expression is necessary for the IBD-associated AIEC strain LF82 to establish colonization. Thus, we hypothesized that qseC inactivation could reduce LF82's virulence, and found that an absence of qseC leads to down-regulated flagellar expression and motility in vitro and reduced colonization in vivo. We extend these findings on the potential of QseC-based IBD therapeutics to three preclinical IBD models, wherein we observe that QseC blockade can effectively modulate colitogenicmicrobiotas to reduce intestinal inflammation. Collectively, our data support a role for QseC-mediated bacterial signaling in IBD pathogenesis and indicate that QseC inhibition may be a useful microbiota-targeted approach for disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]