14 results on '"Ncube F"'
Search Results
2. Risk of HIV and Hepatitis B and C Over Time Among Men Who Inject Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs in England and Wales: Results From Cross-Sectional Prevalence Surveys, 1992-2013.
- Author
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Hope VD, Harris R, McVeigh J, Cullen KJ, Smith J, Parry JV, DeAngelis D, and Ncube F
- Subjects
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data Collection, England epidemiology, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections etiology, Hepatitis B epidemiology, Hepatitis B etiology, Hepatitis C epidemiology, Hepatitis C etiology, Homosexuality, Male, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Wales epidemiology, Young Adult, HIV Infections complications, Hepatitis B complications, Hepatitis C complications, Performance-Enhancing Substances administration & dosage, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications
- Abstract
Background: Infection risks among people who inject drugs (PWID) are widely recognized, but few studies have focused on image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs). Globally, concern about IPED injection has increased and, in the United Kingdom, IPED injectors have become the largest group using Needle and Syringe Programmes. Blood-borne virus prevalence trends among IPED injectors are explored., Method: Data from 2 surveys of IPED injectors (2010-2011; 2012-2013) and the national bio-behavioral surveillance system for PWID (1992-1997; 1998-2003; 2004-2009) were merged. Psychoactive drug injectors and women were excluded. Logistic regression analyses explored temporal changes., Results: Between 1992 and 2009, median age increased from 25 to 29 years (N = 1296), years injecting from 2 to 4. There were 53 men who had sex with men (MSM). Overall, 0.93% had HIV, 4.4% ever had hepatitis B (HBV), and 3.9% hepatitis C (HCV, from 1998, N = 1083). In multivariable analyses, HIV increased in 2004-2009 [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 10 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94 to 106) vs. 1992-2003], and remained elevated (AOR = 4.12, 95% CI: 0.31 to 54, 2012-2013); HBV also increased in 2004-2009 (AOR = 3.98, 95% CI: 1.59 to 9.97). HCV prevalence increase was only borderline significant (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI: 0.90 to 6.77, 2010-2011). HIV and HBV were associated with MSM and HCV with sharing needles/syringes. Uptake of diagnostic testing for HIV and HCV, and HBV vaccination increased (to 43%, 32% and 44% respectively). Condom use was consistently poor; needle/syringe sharing occurred., Conclusion: Blood-borne virus prevalences among IPED injectors have increased and for HIV, is now similar to that among psychoactive drug injectors. Targeted interventions to reduce risks are indicated.
- Published
- 2016
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3. Gaps in HIV testing: results from an audit of abortion services in England.
- Author
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Omakalwala M, Logan L, Musoro L, and Ncube F
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- Adolescent, Adult, England epidemiology, Female, HIV Infections epidemiology, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Young Adult, Ambulatory Care Facilities statistics & numerical data, Delivery of Health Care statistics & numerical data, HIV Infections diagnosis, Mass Screening statistics & numerical data, State Medicine statistics & numerical data
- Published
- 2014
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4. Two decades of successes and failures in controlling the transmission of HIV through injecting drug use in England and Wales, 1990 to 2011.
- Author
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Hope VD, Harris RJ, De Angelis D, Croxford S, Marongiu A, Parry JV, and Ncube F
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- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Confidence Intervals, Drug Users psychology, England epidemiology, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Abuse, Intravenous prevention & control, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Wales epidemiology, Young Adult, Drug Users statistics & numerical data, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections transmission, Substance Abuse, Intravenous epidemiology
- Abstract
Responses to injecting drug use have changed focus over the last 20 years. Prevalence and incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among people who inject drugs (PWID) in England and Wales were examined in relation to these changes. A voluntary unlinked-anonymous surveillance study obtained a biological sample and questionnaire data from PWID through annual surveys since 1990. Prevalence and incidence trends were estimated via generalised linear models, and compared with a policy time-line. Overall HIV prevalence among 38,539 participations was 1.15%. Prevalence was highest among those who started injecting before 1985; throughout the 1990s, prevalence fell in this group and was stable among those who started injecting later. Prevalence was higher in 2005 than 2000 (odds ratio: 3.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40–9.03) in London, 3.40 (95% CI 2.31–5.02) elsewhere). Estimated HIV incidence peaked twice, around 1983 and 2005. HIV was an important focus of policy concerning PWID from 1984 until 1998. This focus shifted at a time when drug use and risk were changing. The increased incidence in 2005 cannot be ascribed to the policy changes, but these appeared to be temporally aligned. Policy related to PWID should be continually reviewed to ensure rapid responses to increased risk.
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- 2014
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5. Male IDUs who have sex with men in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: are they at greater risk of bloodborne virus infection and harm than those who only have sex with women?
- Author
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Marongiu A, Hope VD, Parry JV, and Ncube F
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- Adolescent, Adult, England epidemiology, Female, HIV Infections diagnosis, Hepatitis C virology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Northern Ireland epidemiology, Prevalence, Risk Assessment, Wales epidemiology, Young Adult, Blood-Borne Pathogens isolation & purification, HIV Infections epidemiology, Hepatitis C epidemiology, Heterosexuality, Homosexuality, Male, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications
- Abstract
Objectives: In the UK, although transmission of HIV among injecting drug user (IDUs) has been limited since the 1980s, IDUs and men who have sex with men (MSM) have higher HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalences than the general population. MSM who are also IDUs (MSM-IDUs) may therefore have a higher risk of infection than male IDUs who only have sex with women., Methods: Analysis of data from a national survey of IDUs attending services (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) between 1998 and 2007, which collected demographic and behavioural data and oral fluid samples for HIV and HCV antibody testing., Results: Of the 8671 men who reported injecting drugs and having sex during the preceding year, 96% (8354) were men who only had sex with women (MSW). MSM-IDUs and MSW-IDUs had similar age and number of years of injecting. MSM-IDUs had a higher prevalence of HIV (adjusted OR=4.08, 95% CI 1.9 to 8.5) and of HCV (adjusted OR =1.34, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.8) and were about four times (adjusted OR =3.78, 95% CI 2.9 to 4.9) more likely to have unprotected sex with multiple partners. Among those who injected in the 4 weeks prior to participation, the MSM-IDUs had a higher level of needle/syringe sharing (adjusted OR =1.72, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.2)., Discussion: MSM-IDUs have a fourfold higher risk of HIV; HCV prevalence in MSM-IDUs is a third higher than among MSW-IDUs, suggesting elevated risk from injecting and possibly sexual transmission. These findings emphasise the need for public health interventions specifically targeted at MSM-IDUs.
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- 2012
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6. Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in healthcare workers in England and Wales, 1999-2005.
- Author
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Crofts JP, Kruijshaar ME, Delpech V, Ncube F, and Abubakar I
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- Adult, England epidemiology, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Wales epidemiology, Coinfection epidemiology, HIV Infections complications, HIV Infections epidemiology, Health Personnel, Tuberculosis complications, Tuberculosis epidemiology
- Abstract
This study used linked national tuberculosis (TB) and HIV surveillance data to investigate recent trends and factors associated with HIV co-infection (TB-HIV) in healthcare workers (HCWs) with TB in England and Wales. Methods applied were the χ2 trend test and logistic regression. Overall 14% (231/1627) of HCWs with TB were co-infected with HIV, increasing from 8% in 1999 to 14% in 2005 (P<0·001). Most (78%) HCWs were non-UK born and 74% of these developed TB ⩾2 years post-entry. Being born in Sub-Saharan Africa was an independent predictor for TB-HIV, especially for female HCWs (odds ratio 66·5, 95% confidence interval 16·3-271·1), who also had a lower median CD4 count than other co-infected women (106/mm3, interquartile range 40-200, P<0·01). Voluntary HIV testing of new HCWs should be encouraged as an opportunity for early diagnosis. Post-entry, a high index of clinical suspicion for TB in those most at risk remains important.
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- 2012
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7. Modelling HIV in the injecting drug user population and the male homosexual population in a developed country context.
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Sutton AJ, House T, Hope VD, Ncube F, Wiessing L, and Kretzschmar M
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- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Statistical, Prevalence, United Kingdom epidemiology, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections transmission, Homosexuality, Male statistics & numerical data, Substance Abuse, Intravenous epidemiology
- Abstract
In many high income countries men who have sex with men (MSM) and injecting drug users (IDUs) are the two groups with the highest HIV prevalence. Yet these two groups are not mutually exclusive, and those MSM who are also IDUs (MSM-IDUs) may be particularly vulnerable to HIV infection. This may be particularly relevant to the IDU population in countries, like the UK, with a much lower HIV prevalence amongst IDUs than MSM, as the MSM-IDUs could provide a route of HIV infection into the IDU population. In this research two alternative modelling approaches that describe the transmission dynamics of HIV within the IDU, MSM, and heterosexual populations are proposed. These models are constructed with two aims. The first is to investigate the possible impact of interventions that target HIV transmission in the MSM and IDU populations, and the second aim is to investigate the impact of the model structure on the model results. An examination of the assortativity of mixing between risk groups is also undertaken. The models are parameterised for England and Wales. While the MSM-IDU population is small, targeting MSM-IDUs was the most efficient intervention strategy in terms of cases averted per 100 individuals targeted with the intervention. Sensitivity analysis showed that variations in the assumed assortativity of mixing between the population groups in both models have a large impact on model results. This means that to generate quantitatively robust estimates for the impact of different intervention strategies it will be necessary to obtain estimates for assortativity values through empirical work., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2012
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8. [Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus, and associated factors among injecting drug users in Catalonia].
- Author
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Huntington S, Folch C, González V, Meroño M, Ncube F, and Casabona J
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- Adult, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Equipment Contamination, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Needle Sharing adverse effects, Needle Sharing statistics & numerical data, Prisoners, Risk-Taking, Socioeconomic Factors, Spain epidemiology, Young Adult, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Seroprevalence, Hepatitis C epidemiology, Substance Abuse, Intravenous epidemiology
- Abstract
Introduction: The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among injection drug users (IDUs) and identify the sociodemographic and behavioral factors in this population associated with these infections., Methods: Cross-sectional study in IDUs recruited in Catalonia in 2006., Results: Ever-sharing syringes was associated with both HIV and HCV infection. Indirect sharing of injecting equipment and injecting cocaine as the main drug were factors associated with HCV infection, and the fact of having injected in prison was associated with HIV infection., Conclusion: Identification of sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with these infections can be of help when designing specific preventive interventions for IDUs., (Copyright 2008 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
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9. HIV prone occupational exposures: epidemiology and factors associated with initiation of post-exposure prophylaxis.
- Author
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Zenner D, Tomkins S, Charlett A, Wellings K, and Ncube F
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- Adult, Anti-HIV Agents administration & dosage, Blood-Borne Pathogens, Female, HIV Infections transmission, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Occupational Diseases prevention & control, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Population Surveillance, Young Adult, HIV Infections prevention & control, HIV-1, Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional prevention & control, Occupational Exposure statistics & numerical data, Patient Acceptance of Health Care statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Occupational exposures to bloodborne viruses are very common. Whilst occupational HIV transmissions are rare, the serious physical, psychological and cost implications of potential transmission make this an important public health topic. European and UK guidelines recommend HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) as a valuable tool of preventing occupational HIV infection. Yet one in five UK healthcare workers did not initiate PEP despite having been exposed to an HIV-positive source patient. The aim of the study is to examine factors associated with PEP uptake behaviour., Methods: The study is based on an analysis of the UK Health Protection Agency surveillance database of 'Significant Occupational Exposures to Bloodborne Viruses in Healthcare Workers'. Associations between possible predicting factors and PEP-uptake have been examined with univariate analysis and logistic regression modelling., Results: Univariate analysis and logistic regression found significant associations between PEP-uptake and visible blood on the device (p<0.0001) and a linear relationship with increasing injury depth (p<0.0001). Doctors were significantly more likely to start PEP than nurses (OR 1.88, 1.16; 3.02). Multiple imputation of missing values did not significantly alter these results., Conclusions: PEP-uptake was associated with known transmission risk factors, suggesting awareness of current guidelines. The significant differences in PEP-uptake across occupation categories may be due to differential risk perceptions or other underlying factors. This is the first national study to examine PEP-uptake following occupational exposures to HIV. Further research and exploration of these findings are warranted, to understand the role of PEP-uptake behaviour in preventing occupational HIV transmission.
- Published
- 2009
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10. A comparison between the force of infection estimates for blood-borne viruses in injecting drug user populations across the European Union: a modelling study.
- Author
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Sutton AJ, Hope VD, Mathei C, Mravcik V, Sebakova H, Vallejo F, Suligoi B, Brugal MT, Ncube F, Wiessing L, and Kretzschmar M
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Europe epidemiology, European Union, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Risk Factors, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections transmission, Hepatitis B epidemiology, Hepatitis B transmission, Hepatitis C epidemiology, Hepatitis C transmission, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications
- Abstract
A number of studies have been conducted in injecting drug user (IDU) populations in Europe, in which the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) was measured together with demographic and epidemiological information such as age and the age at first injection. A measure of the risk of becoming infected is the force of infection (FOI), defined as the per capita rate at which susceptible individuals acquire infection. The objective of this study was to estimate the FOI and its heterogeneity for HBV, HCV and HIV (where available) for IDU populations in a number of countries in Europe. Data were obtained from five countries: Belgium, the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy, and the Czech Republic, which provided two data sets. The model describes the prevalence of infection as a function of the FOI that may vary over time or duration of IDU. In addition to this, if two or more infections were being considered then a parameter describing the potential heterogeneity of the FOI within the IDU population was also estimated. The results here add to the growing evidence that new initiates to injecting are at an increased risk of blood-borne viral infection compared with more experienced IDUs. In addition, there is evidence of individual heterogeneity of FOI estimates within the overall IDU populations. This suggests that different proportions of individuals in each population are at increased risk of infection compared with the rest of the population. Future interventions should identify and target these individuals. Moreover, changes over time in individual heterogeneity estimates of IDU populations may provide an indicator for measuring intervention impacts.
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- 2008
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11. HIV transmission in part of the US prison system: implications for Europe.
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Testa AC, Weilandt C, Ncube F, and Gill ON
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- Europe epidemiology, Georgia, HIV Infections etiology, HIV Infections prevention & control, Homosexuality, Male, Humans, Infection Control, Male, Prevalence, Sexual Behavior, Substance Abuse, Intravenous complications, Tattooing adverse effects, HIV Infections transmission, Prisons
- Published
- 2006
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12. MOTION: Experts have not just been 'seeing what they wanted to see' by 'ignoring' health care transmission of AIDS in Africa. Sexual transmission is indeed the major mode of transmission. PROPOSAL: Initiatives to prevent sexual transmission of HIV in Africa should not be over-shadowed by current debate.
- Author
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Dougan S, Tomkins SE, Harris JP, Ncube FM, and Evans BG
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- Adult, Africa epidemiology, Child, Female, HIV Infections epidemiology, Humans, Male, Preventive Health Services, Delivery of Health Care, Disease Transmission, Infectious, HIV Infections prevention & control, HIV Infections transmission, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Sexual Behavior
- Published
- 2004
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13. Hepatitis C virus infection epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe: a systematic review of data for scaling up treatment and prevention
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Wiessing, L., Ferri, M., Grady, B., Kantzanou, M., Sperle, I., Cullen, K. J., Hatzakis, Angelos E., Prins, M., Vickerman, P., Lazarus, J. V., Hope, V. D., Matheï, C., Busch, M., Bollaerts, K., Bogdanova, V., Nesheva, E., Fotsiou, N., Kostrikis, Leontios G., Mravčík, V., Řehák, V., Částková, J., Hobstová, J., Nechanská, B., Fouchard, J., Abel-Ollo, K., Tefanova, V., Tallo, T., Brummer-Korvenkontio, H., Brisacier, A. -C, Michot, I., Jauffret-Roustide, M., Zimmermann, R., Fotiou, A., Gazdag, G., Tarján, A., Galvin, B., Thornton, L., Cruciani, M., Basso, M., Karnite, A., Caplinskiene, I., Lopes, S., Origer, A., Melillo, J., Camilleri, M., Demanuele, C. O., Croes, E., Op De Coul, E., Rosińska, M., Struzik, M., Martins, M., Duran, D., Vilar, G., Resende, M. E., Martins, H. C., Abagiu, A. O., Ruta, S., Arama, V., Kopilovic, B., Kustec, T., Klavs, I., Aleixandre, N. L., Folch, C., Bravo, M. J., Gómez, R. S., Berglund, T., Strandberg, J., Hotho, D., Van Houdt, S., Low, A., Mcdonald, B., Platt, L., Kalamara, E., Giraudon, I., Groshkova, T., Palladino, C., Hutchinson, S., Ncube, F., Eramova, I., Goldberg, D., Vicente, J., and Griffiths, P.
- Subjects
multivariate logistic regression analysis ,Pathology ,Epidemiology ,men who have sex with men ,lcsh:Medicine ,HIV Infections ,Comorbidity ,high risk patient ,Global Health ,Interquartile range ,Prevalence ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Public and Occupational Health ,Substance Abuse, Intravenous ,lcsh:Science ,media_common ,Immunoassay ,education.field_of_study ,Multidisciplinary ,Hepatitis C virus ,adult ,Incidence ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Hepatitis C ,virus transmission ,Europe ,hospital patient ,female ,multivariate analysis ,Infectious Diseases ,risk factor ,outpatient ,health insurance ,Viral hepatitis ,insurance ,Research Article ,Hepatitis C virus testing ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Population ,review ,Gastroenterology and Hepatology ,male ,Environmental health ,Mental Health and Psychiatry ,medicine ,follow up ,Humans ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,controlled study ,human ,European Union ,infection risk ,European union ,education ,outcome assessment ,screening test ,medicaid ,Primary Care ,Disease burden ,business.industry ,practice guideline ,patient care ,lcsh:R ,CD4 lymphocyte count ,heterosexuality ,medicine.disease ,major clinical study ,United States ,Health Care ,Intravenous drug abuse ,lcsh:Q ,hepatitis C ,business ,RA - Abstract
Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) are a key population affected by hepatitis C virus (HCV). Treatment options are improving and may enhance prevention; however access for PWID may be poor. The availability in the literature of information on seven main topic areas (incidence, chronicity, genotypes, HIV co-infection, diagnosis and treatment uptake, and burden of disease) to guide HCV treatment and prevention scale-up for PWID in the 27 countries of the European Union is systematically reviewed. Methods and Findings: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library for publications between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012, with a search strategy of general keywords regarding viral hepatitis, substance abuse and geographic scope, as well as topic-specific keywords. Additional articles were found through structured email consultations with a large European expert network. Data availability was highly variable and important limitations existed in comparability and representativeness. Nine of 27 countries had data on HCV incidence among PWID, which was often high (2.7-66/100 person-years, median 13, Interquartile range (IQR) 8.7-28). Most common HCV genotypes were G1 and G3; however, G4 may be increasing, while the proportion of traditionally 'difficult to treat' genotypes (G1+G4) showed large variation (median 53, IQR 43-62). Twelve countries reported on HCV chronicity (median 72, IQR 64-81) and 22 on HIV prevalence in HCV-infected PWID (median 3.9%, IQR 0.2-28). Undiagnosed infection, assessed in five countries, was high (median 49%, IQR 38-64), while of those diagnosed, the proportion entering treatment was low (median 9.5%, IQR 3.5-15). Burden of disease, where assessed, was high and will rise in the next decade. Conclusion: Key data on HCV epidemiology, care and disease burden among PWID in Europe are sparse but suggest many undiagnosed infections and poor treatment uptake. Stronger efforts are needed to improve data availability to guide an increase in HCV treatment among PWID., peer-reviewed
- Published
- 2014
14. Recent trends in HIV and other STIs in the United Kingdom: data to the end of 2002.
- Author
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Brown, A. E., Sadler, K. E., Tomkins, S. E., McGarrigle, C. A., LaMontagne, D. S., Goldberg, D., Tookey, P. A., Smyth, B., Thomas, D., Murphy, G., Parry, J. V., Evans, B. G., Gill, O. N., Ncube, F., and Fenton, K. A.
- Subjects
HIV infections ,MEDICAL personnel ,PUBLIC health ,HEALTH surveys ,CHLAMYDIA ,GENITOURINARY organs - Abstract
Sexual health in the United Kingdom has deteriorated in recent years with further increases in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) reported in 2002. This paper describes results from the available surveillance data in the United Kingdom from the Health Protection Agency and its national collaborators. The data sources range from voluntary reports of HIV/AIDS from clinicians, CD4 cell count monitoring, a national census of individuals living with HIV, and the Unlinked Anonymous Programme, to statutory reports of STIs from genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics and enhanced STI surveillance systems. In 2002, an estimated 49500 adults aged over 15 years were living with HIV in the United Kingdom, of whom 31% were unaware of their infection. Diagnoses of new HIV infections have doubled from 1997 to 2002, mainly driven by heterosexuals who acquired their infection abroad. HIV transmission also continues within the United Kingdom, particularly among homo/bisexual men who, in 2002, accounted for 80% of all newly diagnosed HIV infections acquired in the United Kingdom. New diagnoses of syphilis have increased eightfold, and diagnoses of chlamydia and gonorrhoea have doubled from 1997 to 2002 overall; STI rates disproportionately affect homo/bisexual men and young people. Effective surveillance is essential in the provision of timely information on the changing epidemiology of HIV and other STIs; this information is necessary for the targeting of prevention efforts and through providing baseline information against which progress towards targets can be monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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