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It is 200 years since the birth of Florence Nightingale. This keynote paper reviews some of her work relating to health statistics and outlines its continuing legacy to nursing informatics around the world and especially in poorer countries, like South Africa, in the 21st century.

This paper is part of Forum COVID-19: Perspectives in the Humanities and Social Sciences. In the current COVID 19 pandemic, the importance of professional nursing is widely recognized. In German-speaking and international research, the history of nursing during pandemics and epidemics is largely unwritten. This paper gives an overview of questions and results in this research area and discusses the potential of a pandemic nursing history.

The aim of the research was to analyse the experience of medical volunteers during World War II in the context of nursing history. Oral history data used in the study consisted of 30 interviews with Finnish wartime medical volunteers, known locally as Lottas. Interview data were analysed both thematically and by using the oral history method. Based on the analysis, the Lottas' experiences during wartime nursing became the leitmotif of this study. The main themes consisted of the following: 'taking care of wounded and ill patients', 'taking care of dying and deceased patients', 'taking care of mentally ill and psychoactive substance-addicted patients' and 'confronting ethical and role dilemmas in nursing'. The interview results showed that the Lottas' duties were sometimes more demanding than basic nursing tasks and that their education was not adequate for the challenges that they faced. In this paper, the terms Lotta, medical Lotta or medical volunteer are used interchangeably and refer to people who were assigned to medical volunteer tasks, regardless of whether or not they were trained. It also includes junior members of the organisation who served as medical volunteers as minors, with special permission., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Nursing as a profession was gradually introduced during the second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. Government initiatives in 1902, 1922, and 1946 constituted the three main steps toward nurses becoming professionally qualified, with the fundamental element being the completion of a certified training course. In this paper, we examine nurses becoming professionally qualified from both a diachronic and a synchronic historical perspective. The author proposes avenues for future research and suggests scientific issues that could be examined in order to deepen the understanding of this social phenomenon. These include state action, the role of jurists and physicians, the framework and content of professional training, nurses' social backgrounds, the features of society during their youth, the patterns of training courses and professional practices, and the dynamics of occupational identities. Lastly, the author points out that being qualified as a nurse is one of three skill levels in the field of professional health care. He believes that research projects on this topic need to draw upon different methods from the social sciences.

Abstract: Aim: To show the development of an emerging nursing profession through the eyes of Louisa May Alcott and Hospital Sketches. Background: In Hospital Sketches, Louisa May Alcott recounts her experiences when she worked as a nurse of injured soldiers during the American Civil War, in an autobiographically and masked‐referential way, which allows her to negotiate between transgression and convention. Unlike other reviews, in this paper the relevance of nursing remains highlighted. Design: Discussion paper. Data sources: Existing literature in databases, history books and our own reading of facts. Implications for nursing: Illuminating overlooked meanings hidden in nurses’ personal sources enables to approach their contribution to history, improve their visibility and project the future of nursing. Nursing care, whether domestic or professional, was and remains a catalyst for change. Conclusion: Through Alcott's words, we understand the transition of nursing care as a gradual extension of the middle‐class woman's domestic role and a progressive definition of nurses’ identity. In particular, we highlight how certain professional nursing nuances which appear in the text are compatible with the gradual extension of the boundaries of women's domesticity. Furthermore, Alcott's use of literary devices reveals the delicate balance between women's domestic role and some new nursing professional features, which anticipates nursing professionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the Francis report into shockingly deficient standards of care at an English hospital, this paper examines UK nurse education and revisits the premises on which the professional narrative of nursing was built. The UK government's response to the report is to introduce the 'associate nurse' role, to be nationally trained to do fundamental care in place of the registered nurse, and a nursing apprenticeship scheme-on-the-job training for a nursing degree. UK nursing bodies do not address the report's recommendations in regard to registered nurse education; rather, they advocate a further perpetuation of the current system. This shows deep uncertainty about what the 'true' nurse is. To those familiar with the Nightingale model that characterised nursing in England and elsewhere for a century before the introduction of Project 2000 in 1986, there is an intriguing historical echo in the Francis report. One might wonder whether Francis is really recommending a return to a virtue-based, practice-driven, nationally standardised version of nursing education developed by Nightingale and evidenced in nursing syllabuses in England and Wales 1860-1977. This paper supports this position, and shows from a review of historical and contemporary evidence that this Nightingale model has current relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives To challenge statements made about 'Careful Nursing' as a 'distinctive system' of nursing established by the Irish Sisters of Mercy, prior to Florence Nightingale, and which is said to have influenced her. Background Numerous publications have appeared claiming the emergence of a 'distinctive system' of nursing as 'Ireland's legacy to nursing', which, it is claimed, influenced Nightingale's system. One paper argues that the Irish system has its philosophical roots in Thomist philosophy. Several papers argue the ongoing relevance of the Irish system, not Nightingale's, for contemporary nursing theory and practice. Nightingale's influence on and legacy to Irish nursing are not acknowledged. Design A Discursive paper. Methods Archival and published sources were used to compare the nursing systems of Florence Nightingale and the Irish Sisters of Mercy, with particular attention to nursing during the Crimean War. Results Claims were challenged of a 'distinctive system' of nursing established by the Irish Sisters of Mercy in the early nineteenth century, and of its stated influence on the nursing system of Florence Nightingale. The contention of great medical satisfaction with the 'distinctive' system is refuted with data showing that the death rate at the Koulali Hospital, where the Irish sisters nursed, was the highest of all the British war hospitals during the Crimean War. Profound differences between the two systems are outlined. Conclusions Claims for a 'distinctive' Irish system of nursing fail for lack of evidence. Nightingale's principles and methods, as they evolved over the first decade of her school's work, remain central to nursing theory and practice. Relevance to clinical practice Nightingale's insistence on respect for patients and high ethical standards remains relevant to practice no less so as specific practices change with advances in medical knowledge and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the notion of 'rupture' from the French philosopher Michel Foucault, whose studies of discourse and governmentality have become prominent within nursing research during the last 25 years. We argue that a rupture perspective can be helpful for identifying and maintaining a critical potential within nursing research. The paper begins by introducing rupture as an inheritance from the French epistemological tradition. It then describes how rupture appears in Foucault's works, as both an overall philosophical approach and as an analytic tool in his historical studies. Two examples of analytical applications of rupture are elaborated. In the first example, rupture has inspired us to make an effort to seek alternatives to mainstream conceptions of the phenomenon under study. In the second example, inspired by Foucault's work on discontinuity, we construct a framework for historical epochs in nursing history. The paper concludes by discussing the potential of the notion of rupture as a response to the methodological concerns regarding the use of Foucault-inspired discourse analysis within nursing research. We agree with the critique of Cheek that the critical potential of discourse analysis is at risk of being undermined by research that tends to convert the approach into a fixed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: this paper articulates how three Nightingale scholars applied their theoretical reflections to Florence Nightingale's far-reaching anticipation of the year 1999 and to her comprehensive definition of "Health" derived from her 1893 essay "Sick-nursing and Health-nursing." Method: this is a historical narrative paper. With intentions to explore how Nightingale's insights might inform today's nursing culture and enhance nursing practice, these scholars joined a team of civil society activists to craft the Nightingale Declaration for A Healthy World as the founding credo of the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health. To follow in Nightingale's footsteps for more than two decades, these scholars since developed methods to increase public awareness of global health concerns and to engage today's nurses and concerned citizens in this public advocacy. Results: project demonstration results include specific advocacy for the United Nations Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals -- "Global Goals" targeted to achieve universal outcomes specific to "Health" and across the wider scope of social and environmental health determinants -- all anticipated by Nightingale throughout her 40-year career. Conclusion: given today's severe global health concerns, these scholars' theoretical reflections identify challenges to contemporary nursing culture -- calling for methods developed to strengthen nursing's voice in the global public arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Texto & Contexto Enfermagem is the property of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pos-Graduacao de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Patient advocacy is central to the nursing profession yet a sense of certainty about the concept, its meaning and its implications for nursing practice remains elusive. Aim: This scholarly paper examines the concept of patient advocacy and its relevance to the nursing profession in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Design: A broad historical overview of the evolution of the role of advocacy in nursing practice is provided including factors that encourage or discourage nurses to practice patient advocacy. Conclusions: This paper highlights the gap between the ideal of patient advocacy and the realities of everyday nursing practice. The responsibility for enacting advocacy sits with both individual practitioners and the organizations nurses work within. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sister (Sr.) Marie Simone Roach, of the Sisters of St. Martha of Antigonish, Nova Scotia, died at the Motherhouse on 2 July 2016 at the age of 93, leaving behind a rich legacy of theoretical and practical work in the areas of care, caring and nursing ethics. She was a humble soul whose deep and scholarly thinking thrust her onto the global nursing stage where she will forever be tied to a central concept in nursing, caring, through her Six Cs of Caring model. In Canada, she was the lead architect of the Canadian Nurses Association's first code of ethics, and her influence on revisions to it is still profound more than 35 years later. In this paper, four global scholars in nursing and ethics are invited to reflect on Sr. Simone's contribution to nursing and health‐care, and we link her work to nursing and health‐care going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of district nursing in Australia explored in this paper reveals a continuity in the essential values held by district nurses for over a century. These nurses practised holistic, family-centred nursing from the very origins of district nursing service. The events surrounding the establishment of Community Health Centres in the 1970s challenged district nurses to reconsider their role, while at the same time reconfirming their essential ethos. These values that underpinned district nursing practice and challenges to these values are examined in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to provide a critical synthesis of the factors that historically shaped the advancements of nursing regulators worldwide., Background: An in-depth examination of the different factors that moulded regulatory changes over time is pivotal to comprehend current issues in nursing., Introduction: In the light of global health scenarios, the researchers explored the factors that historically influenced the socio-contextual circumstances upon which governments made regulatory changes., Methods: A systematic search was performed on the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, OpenGrey and ScienceDirect. The review included papers from January 2000 to October 2016 published in English. The authors used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and an inductive thematic approach for synthesis., Results: Two main themes were identified: factors underpinning current challenges and historical and contextual triggers of regulation. The first theme was composed of three aspects: education, migration and internationalization, and policy and regulation; the second theme consisted of four attributes: demographics, economics, history of registration and wars, and historical changes in nursing practice., Discussion: Factors that shaped nursing regulation were linked to changing demographics and economics, education, history of nursing registration, shifting patterns of migration and internationalization, nursing practice, policy and regulation and significant societal turns often prompted by wars., Conclusion: A deeper understanding of the developments of the nursing regulatory institutions provides the foundation for portable standards that can be applied across an array of jurisdictions to guarantee a better public safety., Implication for Nursing and Health Policy: Understanding factors that socially, legislatively and politically have influenced the development of regulatory bodies over time helps to mould local, national and international policies that have a stronger impact on health worldwide. To achieve this, there must be effective cooperation among systems of nursing regulations globally., (© 2018 International Council of Nurses.)

ArgumentThis paper focuses on the Jewish nursing profession in Poland during the interwar period. We argue that the integration of Jewish women in medical activity under the AJDC (American Jewish Distribution Committee) and TOZ (Towarzystwa Ochrony Zdrowia Ludności Żydowskiej [the Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish People]) emerged in Poland less from the adoption of gender equality and more out of necessity. On the one hand, JDC and TOZ needed Jewish nurses and public health nurses to carry out their health campaigns and build a public health infrastructure. On the other hand, a new generation of Jewish women needed job opportunities that would enable them to make a living and be independent. More broadly this case study shows that the implementation of American "reformative" ideals into the local Polish reality, including in the newly emerging public health field, involved adaptation, negotiation, and in some cases, resentment.

HALLETT C and WAGNER L. Nursing Inquiry 2011; 18: 359-368 Promoting the health of Europeans in a rapidly changing world: a historical study of the implementation of World Health Organisation policies by the Nursing and Midwifery Unit, European Regional Office, 1970-2003 The World Health Organisation (WHO) was inaugurated in 1948. Formed in a period of post-war devastation, WHO aimed to develop and meet goals that would rebuild the health of shattered populations. The historical study reported here examined the work of the Nursing and Midwifery Unit (NMU) of WHO's European Regional Office during the later part of the twentieth century. The study examined archive sources lodged at the NMU archive. The sources included manuscripts relating to important NMU initiatives, reports and papers published by WHO, and a range of secondary sources. The study identified three main driving forces in the work of the NMU of the European Regional Office of WHO. One of the strongest of these was a drive to develop and promote the nursing profession within the countries of the European Region. The second was the promulgation and implementation of the positive public health strategies of WHO, particularly its '38 Targets for Health for All by the Year 2000'. The third focussed on securing equity across the European continent and on promoting the development of the nursing professions in poorer and less-developed countries. The study concludes that the nursing professions in European states grew in strength and influence, and that the health of populations improved throughout the continent between 1970 and 2003. It discusses the extent to which the role of the NMU in these advances may have been significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. The aim of this paper is to provide an account of the early development of what was originally known as 'mental deficiency' nursing in the UK and Ireland.Background. After a brief review of research literature, it analyses key issues behind the development of a workforce positioned on the margins of nursing in the two jurisdictions through a comparative discussion of similarities and differences.Design. The paper draws on two doctoral studies that examined the development of intellectual disability nursing using an historiographical design.Methods. Primary sources consulted included records of nursing regulatory bodies, national archives, Royal College of Psychiatrists, archives, nursing journals, individual institutional records in both jurisdictions.Results. In both countries, psychiatrists established early training programmes for nurses, although a nursing model was adopted to meet service needs in the 1950s.Conclusions. However, the way in which this branch of nursing developed laid the foundation for tensions as to whether it is appropriately located within the discipline of nursing. Ireland's colonial past and postcolonial position, the role of the church, welfare systems and diverse socio-political drivers for change represent key differences between the two jurisdictions.Implications. What eventually became known as learning or intellectual disability nursing poses a continued challenge for the profession as a whole in regard to its breadth, role and focus in working with marginalised groups in society. The paper considers the risks for UK and Irish intellectual disability nurses for marginalisation in nursing should they forge closer links to other disciplines concerned with common threads of disability, education or social care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the susceptible period when environmental factors affect disease risk is essential for understanding disease etiology. Most existing epidemiologic studies use oversimplified summaries of time-dependent exposures such as baseline or most current exposure, or the cumulative average of exposure over available follow-up periods. In this paper, we introduce a damped exponential weighting model for estimating optimal exposure weights for different time intervals. This model can accommodate flexible patterns of weights and can be fit using standard software. We applied the model to assess the latency of BMI and alcohol for post-menopausal breast cancer based on 30-year exposure history in the Nurses' Health Study. We have also performed a simulation study to assess the validity of the proposed hypothesis testing and estimation procedures in realistic conditions. We found that the type I error is close to 0.05; the bias in our parameter estimates is low and the coverage probability of interval estimates is close to 0.95. For ER+/PR+ breast cancer we found that recent BMI was a more important predictor of risk than more distant BMI; for ER−/PR− breast cancer, no latency was found and risk was characterized by cumulative high levels of BMI over a long period of time. For alcohol intake, we saw a strong positive association with cumulative intake for ER+/PR+ breast cancer; no significant association was found for cumulative intake or for any latency measure of risk for ER−/PR− breast cancer. Our results underscore the value of an easy-to-implement approach to latency analysis of exposure profiles for chronic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nursing staff are considered as the backbone of contemporary, high quality healthcare systems around the globe, where standards of health care performance and provision are determined by the knowledge and skills of nurses. This paper evolved out of a PhD Dissertation titled "Past, Present and Future Trends of Nursing Workforce Migration: Analysis and Policy Implications". This article provides an overview about nursing in healthcare delivery system of Pakistan and talks about Nursing in Pakistan. This article illustrates history of nursing in Pakistan, regulation of nursing in Pakistan including details regarding national regulatory bodies, provincial regulatory bodies and role of nursing federations and unions. It also discusses in detail nursing education system in Pakistan, status and image of nursing in Pakistan, the importance of nursing workforce in healthcare, nurse employment in healthcare hierarchy in Pakistan including power as nurse in current system and working conditions of nurses in Pakistan, shortage of nursing in Pakistan as a reason of demand and supply gap and migration of Pakistani educated nurses to foreign countries highlighting reasons for nurse migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A forgotten figure of the history of healthcare as well as Quebec's history, Charlotte Tassé (1893-1974) was a figurehead of the professionalization of Quebecoise nurses. This French-Canadian nurse established and ran two nursing schools, launched and directed a professional reference journal for thirty-five years, actively participated in the development of psychiatric nursing in Quebec, owned and managed one of the most important mental healthcare centers in the country, and also created a new class of nurses in Quebec: practical nurses. One of her main achievements was to establish and defend, with tenacity and persistence and through all her endeavors, a unique nursing model that was specific to Quebec: the French-Canadian nurses model. With its traditional values of care and femininity and avant-gardist representations of the nurses' job, which she dedicated to hospital management, her model contributed to making the history of nurses in Quebec unique and original. This paper focuses on the creation of this model and the active promotion it has benefited from for half a century by recounting, thanks to unpublished archives, the history of Charlotte Tassé's exceptional career.

Mainstream nursing history often positions itself in opposition to philosophy and many nursing historians are reticent of theorizing. In the quest to illuminate the lives of nurses and women current historical approaches are driven by reformist aspirations but are based on the conception that nursing or caring is basically good and the timelessness of universal values. This has the effect of essentialising political categories of identity such as class, race and gender. This kind of history is about affirmation rather than friction and about the conservation of memory and musealization. In contrast, we will focus on how we imagine nursing history could be used as a philosophical, critical perspective to challenge the ongoing transformations of our societies. Existing reality must be confronted with strangeness and the historically different can assume the function of this counterpart, meaning present and past must continuously be set in relation to each other. Thus, critical history is always the history of the present but not merely the pre-history of the present - critique must rather present different realities and different certainties. In this paper, we use this approach to discuss the implementation of the nursing process (NP) in Germany. The nursing process appears to be a technology that helped to set up an infrastructure - or assemblage - to transform nursing interventions into a commodity exchangable between consumers and nurses in a free market. In our theoretical perspective, we argue that NP was a step in the realization of the German ordoliberal program, a specific variety of neoliberalism. In order to implement market-orientation in the healthcare system it was necessary to transform hospitals into calculable spaces and to make all performances in the hospital calculable. This radically transformed not just the systems, but the ways in which nurses and patients conveived of themselves., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The origin story of professional nursing associated with antebellum American faith communities is all but lost. This paper provides historical evidence for professional nursing for that period using a case study approach that examines three faith communities: the Sisters and Daughters of Charity, the Shakers, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The purpose is to present an historical analysis of the three communities' health beliefs, recipes and remedies that were foundational to the spiritual formation and education of professional nurses within their communities. The focus of the analysis is to place the evidence for professional nursing in these faith communities within the broader context of the contemporary American narrative of the "secularization" of professional nursing associated with the adoption of the Nightingale Training Model after 1873. Nursing became a profession in America because of the courage and passion of many for spiritual formation in community around a need to relieve suffering and demonstrate kindness. The history of American nursing is comprised of stories of powerful nurse ancestors that have the potential to inspire and unite us in that same purpose today despite the ambiguities that may still exist around spirituality, religiosity, and secularization., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The term 'nurse' (hushi-'caring scholar') did not enter the Chinese language until the early 20th century. Modern nursing-a fundamentally Western notion popularized by Nightingale and introduced to China in 1884-profoundly changed the way care of the sick was practiced. For 65 years, until 1949, nursing developed in China as a transnational project, with Western and Chinese influences shaping the profession of nursing in ways that linger today. Co-authored by Chinese, Canadian, and American nurses, this paper examines the early stages of nursing in one province of China as an exemplar of the transnational nature of nursing development. By identifying sociopolitical influences on the early development of nursing in Shandong, the authors aimed not only to contribute to the nascent body of knowledge on China nursing history, but also to heighten readers' sensitivity to the existence of historical echoes, residue, and resonances in their own nursing practices. Tracing current issues, values, or practices back to their roots provides context and helps us to better understand the present. Whether we are aware of the details or not, the gestalt of nursing practice in a particular place has been shaped by its history-including in Shandong province in China., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This historical study aims to refine understanding of the nature of nursing work. The study focuses on the 1880 crisis at Guy's Hospital in London to examine the nature and meaning of nursing work, particularly the concept of nursing work as many 'little things.' In this paper, an examination of Margaret Lonsdale's writing offers an original contribution to our understanding of the ways in which nursing work differs from medical practice. In this way, we use the late-nineteenth-century controversy at Guy's Hospital as a prism through which to examine the contested nature of nursing work. Lonsdale's ideas are corroborated by examination of writings by nurse leaders Florence Nightingale and Eva Luckes. Luckes, in particular, elaborated what was meant by nursing as the performance of a thousand little things, which are specific to nursing work. While physicians had been performing much of what was considered to be nursing work, nurses developed some of these and other interventions into a unique body of work characterized by meticulous attention to significant details. Some implications regarding current nursing practice are discussed., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The purpose of the current article is to describe the development of nursing and nurses' training in the context of social and political changes in Estonia. The historical overview of nursing development in Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic States in general gives the contextual backround in which Estonian nursing started and progressed. Focus is on the development of nursing during the period of the restoration of independence, pointing out further development perspectives in nursing and training of nurses. Special attention has been paid on the last decade's emigration of nurses from Estonia - a trend that is continually growing and that can cause problems for health care system. The data used in this paper are based on reviewing and summarising relevant articles, books, and studies, which have been conducted in several European countries, and were inspired by the ideas of nursing education in specific countries which have historically influenced Estonia most. Based on historical research methods, this publication provides Estonian nurses with a documented history of their profession during a critical period of development. Historical research method was used to analyze written nursing history in Estonia. Research materials included documentary sources, old newspapers, books, and journals pertaining to nursing education and practice. Estonian nursing and nursing education have got influences from all over Europe. While the development of European nursing education was interrupted for several decades by the World War II, the first nursing programmes in universities were opened in 1990s. The modern nursing education is mainly influenced by the Bologna process. Thanks to the Bologna process nursing education has been harmonized and Estonian nurses can work all over the Europe with this education. This has resulted in the increase of the professionally educated nurses internationally migrating to work in higher income countries. Nursing education as a whole is becoming more academic - the first Estonian nurses have already acquired PhD. There have been published monographies about nursing and nursing education history in Estonia, but there is a lack of review articles about the history of nursing and nursing education in comparison to historical and modern European nursing education. The present article is trying to fill this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a call for papers for the annual history issue of the periodical "Nursing Inquiry." It invites submissions from historians of nursing or health-care on any topic of historical concern. Individual or themed submissions welcome. Interested parties are advised to contact Sioban Nelson for discussion on themed issues. Other contact information relative to the matter is presented.

Aim To explore nurses' archived accounts of Matron Muriel Powell's management and leadership style and the impact of this on the implementation and sustainability of innovation in the workplace. Background In popular discourse, the matron has become an emblem of leadership. Although the title disappeared in the UK in the late 1960s as part of the re-organization recommended by the Salmon Report, it re-appeared in 2002 in an attempt to improve care standards by reasserting a strong nursing presence and clinical leadership role. Design Secondary data analysis using qualitative thematic analysis. Methods This paper draws on interview data held in the 'Nurses Voices' archive. The interview transcripts of 132 nurses who trained or worked at St George's hospital in 1920-1980 were analysed in depth between March 2011-January 2012 and themes were generated inductively by grouping together emergent codes in the data with similar meaning. Results Looking back, the nurses recalled strong memories of the leadership of Matron Powell. Her presence emerged as a significant influence throughout the interviews. Two resonant themes were identified: innovation and open communication. Conclusions Through her visibility and direct access with patients and staff, Dame Muriel Powell showed what we would now call transformative leadership qualities. Her leadership created a culture of open communication and innovation that initiated change in the organization and the nursing workforce. Looking back and learning from historical figures can deepen understanding and provide pointers for the nurse leaders of today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern American nursing has an extensive ethical heritage literature that extends from the 1870s to 1965 when the American Nurses Association issued a policy paper that called for moving nursing education out of hospital diploma programs and into colleges and universities. One consequence of this move was the dispersion of nursing libraries and the loss of nursing ethics textbooks, as they were largely not brought over into the college libraries. In addition to approximately 100 nursing ethics textbooks, the nursing ethics heritage literature also includes hundreds of journal articles that are often made less accessible in modern databases that concentrate on the past 20 or 30 years. A second consequence of nursing's movement into colleges and universities is that ethics was no longer taught by nursing faculty, but becomes separated and placed as a discrete ethics (later bioethics) course in departments of philosophy or theology. These courses were medically identified and rarely incorporated authentic nursing content. This shift in nursing education occurs contemporaneously with the rise of the field of bioethics. Bioethics is rapidly embraced by nursing, and as it develops within nursing, it fails to incorporate the rich ethical heritage, history, and literature of nursing prior to the development of the field of bioethics. This creates a radical disjunction in nursing's ethics; a failure to more adequately explore the moral identity of nursing; the development of an ethics with a lack of fit with nursing's ethical history, literature, and theory; a neglect of nursing's ideal of service; a diminution of the scope and richness of nursing ethics as social ethics; and a loss of nursing ethical heritage of social justice activism and education. We must reclaim nursing's rich and capacious ethics heritage literature; the history of nursing ethics matters profoundly.

The purpose of this paper is to present descriptions of nurses and first female physcians in Serbia. I used different types of literary genres and applied methods of New Historcism, Literary Theory and Feminist Theories. The authors of these descriptions were women and men of different social status: princess/queen, nurse, actress, physician; police officer and a prison accountant. The princess Natalie Obrenović and the actress Milka Grgurova described the work of Serbian and Russian nurses in different places during the Serbo-Turkish War in 1876. Later in her memoir, Queen Natalie Obrenović wrote about a big humanitarian role of Belgrade women during the Serbo-Bulgarian War in 1885. The first Serbian police officer and one of the first Serbian female physicians described first female physicians in their diaries while Milutin A. Popović depicted compassionate nurses in the Album of female prisoners. These literary works have been keeping facts about important roles of Martha von Sabinin, a renowned Russian worker who in the past received many Serbian medals, but in the present has remained forgotten. Literature allows completer knowledge and a better understanding about the history of nurses and international bonds, but it also discovers counteractions. For example, Queen Natalie had a leadership role in organizing Belgrade women as nurses during the Serbo-Bulgarian War in 1885. These facts were not mentioned in the memoirs by a Head of the Army Medical Corps, Vladan Đorđević. While male authors shortly described Serbian female medical doctors and nurses, female authors provided more details in self-documenting their role and the role of women from other countries, especially Martha von Sabinin. Some important similarities between diaries by Draga Ljočić and Marie Curie are found and presented. The author of the paper stressed the need of thinking across disciplinary perspectives and borders.

Copyright of L'Infermiere is the property of IPASVI - Italian Nursing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper looks at the history of operating room nurses in the light of the history of nursing and the history of surgery at a time of change in both domains. Geographically, its focus is on the United States as a national context where the specialization in this field occurred early on. The examination of instructional literature, e.g., textbooks, provides insight into the normative universe of the American operating rooms at the time. It shows how nurses played an integral, yet often overlooked part in the development of modern surgical practices. At the same time, operating room nurses were confined to a very gender-specific sphere of activities - they were basically responsible for cleanliness and maintaining order - and they were strictly subordinated to the operating surgeon's authority. Operating room nursing thus offered a new field of professional activity for women while simultaneously reproducing and cementing contemporary gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present position paper provides an account of the life of Martha Entwistle, the earliest recorded convict nurse who worked within the Castle Hill Asylum. In our review of primary historical sources, Australia's first convict mental health nurse was found to be a resilient woman who endured several traumatic life experiences. Her nursing within Australia's first mental health asylum was highly valued by the superintendent of the service. She nursed in a harsh colonial environment, short of adequate resources, during an era of fast‐paced industrial and technological a change. Martha Entwistle's experiences provide a historical account of the role of the early convict mental health nurse. Her life story enables modern‐day nurses to reflect on the advances made in mental health nursing and contexts of care for nurses today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the critical role of nursing in the face of the global COVID-19 pandemic and various social challenges, emphasizing the importance of nursing innovations and solutions. It introduces Nursing Now USA (NNUSA) and presents three commissioned papers focusing on nursing practice, education, and leadership innovations and these papers highlight the impact of nurse-led initiatives and provide valuable insights for the future of nursing research, practice, and scholarship.

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The popular iconic image of Florence Nightingale as the ‘Lady with the Lamp’, who administered acute nursing care to the casualties during the Crimean War, belies a more integrated approach to Nightingale's nursing, which was shaped by her use of evidence-based medicine, promulgated in her statistical reports, books and papers. This image thus undermines Nightingale's prodigious statistical work and her innovative statistical graphs that led to major health reforms in military and civilian hospitals, usually with the full support of the government. It was this empirically based strategy that enabled her to establish the necessary and essential nursing and hospital reforms, which modernized nursing in the mid- to late-Victorian period. This paper will examine the mathematical and statistical graphs that arose in the nineteenth century, which influenced Nightingale's use of statistical graphs. The iconography of her polar area graph, which was based on the mortality rates of British soldiers during the Crimean War, will also be assessed. It will be shown that Nightingale's role in promoting this graph helped to establish its iconic status, as did her introduction of new elements into the ordinary polar area graph. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

There is a plethora of routes to obtaining a doctorate in nursing and this arises due to international differences in the modes of study, preparation of the final submission and examination systems. The variety of pathways and outcomes leads to some confusion over the status and purpose of doctorates in nursing. In this discursive paper we review the historical development of the doctorate in nursing and describe the various routes to doctorate in Europe, Australia and the United States. There is much in common between the various routes with increasing evidence of formal elements across the countries studies and, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States, evidence that the fitness for purpose of the doctorate in nursing is being examined and changes being introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives. To describe and analyse the nurses’ role in responding to the influenza epidemic in New York City in 1918. Background. Today the world is facing the threat of pandemic avian influenza and there is renewed interest in lessons learned from the influenza pandemic of 1918, one of the deadliest disease outbreaks recorded in history. Much of the published history has been written from a medical or military perspective. No comprehensive account of nursing’s role has been written. Design. A social history framework was used. Methods. Traditional historical methods were used for data collection, data immersion, the development of a chronology and themes. Critical analysis of social, political and economic context was also done. Primary sources included the Lillian D. Wald papers at the New York Public Library, newspapers, journal articles and other archival data. Results. In 1918, New York City nurses provided care to thousands of patients. They did so with minimal federal support, relying on local community agencies to establish makeshift hospitals and provide soup kitchens. The Henry Street Visiting Nurses, assisted by numerous social agencies and Red Cross volunteers, visited patients in their homes and provided them with the only treatment there was: nursing care. Conclusions. In 1918, immediate cooperation among a previously established network of nursing and other social organisations and prompt cooperation with the American Red Cross and the United States Public Health Service was essential to New York City’s response to the crisis. Relevance to clinical practice. Should an influenza pandemic occur today, as many as a billion people could fall ill. Shortages of antiviral drugs, the speed with which the pandemic could occur and its widespread effects are such that nursing, public health and medical professionals will need to rely on local personnel and supplies. Immediate cooperation and collaboration among federal, state and local organizations will be essential to the response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the mid nineteenth to mid twentieth century sanatoria loomed large in the popular consciousness as the space for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). A review of the historiography of sanatoria at the beginning of this paper shows that the nursing contribution to the care of TB patients is at best ignored and at worst attracts negative comment. Added to this TB nursing was not viewed as prestigious by contemporaries, leading to problems attracting recruits. Using a case study approach based on surviving archival material, this paper sets out to provide a glimpse of the work of TB nurses in a rural sanatorium at Westwood, Queensland, Australia. For the nurses geographical isolation was compounded by professional stagnation, which created a working environment influenced by friction and discord among the staff. It reveals how despite this, nurses coped with working in hostile conditions, to make the long stay of their patients, separated from their families and familiar life style more bearable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been increased interest in the role of religion in the reform of nursing during the mid-nineteenth century. However, less is known about how ‘party’ disputes between evangelicals and followers of the ‘Oxford Movement’ may have affected nursing. This study examines a proposal to create a nursing association for the Diocese of Lichfield in 1864, which leads to a public dispute concerning the ‘ecclesiastical’ nature of the organisation. Leading evangelicals in Derby campaigned against the idea of nurses belonging to a ‘sisterhood’. This resulted in two rival organisations being created in 1865. This paper reports upon the nature and origins of the dispute within the diocese, unsuccessful attempts to draw Florence Nightingale into the dispute and the relative success of the two institutions. The results of this research indicate that the importance of context and of place must be recognised when studying the history of nursing. This research is based mainly, upon newspaper reports, correspondence and miscellaneous sources, including biographies as there are few surviving records from the two organisations under scrutiny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on research in progress focusing on the histories of mission hospitals in the rural communities of KwaZulu Natal, while also building on earlier research into the pluralism of medical systems within the South African Cape. Sources have been drawn from a range of historical documents, including medical and nursing journals, the archives of a number of medical missionary societies and of the Overseas Nursing Association, but the research has also been informed by oral histories of a broad cross-section of health professionals who practised in South Africa. A large literature search included a number of biographies and institutional histories. The paper will be divided into three parts--the first provides a brief background to colonialism and the early nursing history of South Africa; the second looks in more detail at the role played by missionary nurses in establishing nursing as a profession and providing training opportunities for African nurses. The final part contrasts missionary nursing with the supply of, and work done by nurses from the Overseas Nursing Association operating within their quite specific, colonial remit. This will show how the two contrasting professional spheres--one reflecting a fairly short-term commitment, the other, a much broader, 'vocational' involvement--may be seen to represent quite different colonial attitudes, and ultimately quite diverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking as its starting point Carr's view that historical narrative reflects the preoccupations of the time in which it is written and Foucault's concept of consensual historical discourse as the outcome of a social struggle in which the victor suppresses or at least diminishes contrary versions of historical events in favour of their own, this paper traces and discusses the historical narrative of British nursing in the Crimean war and, in particular, three competing narratives that have arisen in the latter half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st. These are the established narrative surrounding Florence Nightingale, the new narrative surrounding Mary Seacole and an Irish narrative surrounding the role of the Sisters of Mercy. It is argued that the increased vehemence of the debate surrounding these narratives is representative of the changes that have taken place in British society. However, we also argue that the Irish narrative and its critique are reflective of deep-rooted Anglo-Protestant attitudes articulated by Nightingale and uncritically accepted by subsequent historians even in modern British historiography., (© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This paper draws on official records of international and British organizations, newspaper reports, and volunteer memoirs to study the failure to protect humanitarian workers in the Second World War. The Second World War saw a significant expansion in the use of air warfare and flying missiles and these technological advances posed a grave threat to civilians and humanitarian workers. In this context, the International Committee of the Red Cross advocated unsuccessfully to restrict air warfare and create safe hospital zones. The British Government grappled with the tension between military and humanitarian objectives in setting its bombardment policy. Ultimately, humanitarian principles were neglected in pursuit of strategic aims, which endangered civilians and left humanitarian workers particularly vulnerable. British Voluntary Aid Detachment nurses experienced more than six-fold greater fatality rates than civil defence workers and the general population. The lessons from failures to protect humanitarian workers in the face of evolutions in warfare remain profoundly relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The work of Nightingale and his team in the Crimean War was significant. Their interventions were recognized in England and other countries. At that time, in Spain, care was mostly in the hands of the Church. This paper aims to identify the ideological position disseminated in the Spanish press on the role of Nightingale in the Crimean War. A bibliographic review was carried out in the Digital Newspaper Library of the National Library of Spain, obtaining 27 publications in Spanish press that referred to news of Nightingale and the Crimean War. The content was analysed following Gadamer's hermeneutics. Based on the political and religious ideology of each newspaper, the publications show discrepancies regarding the perception of Nightingale's work. Some newspapers define her as a imitator of religious institutions; others highlight a woman with an academic background and great leadership in health management. These divergences result from Nightingale's analysis in a cultural, political, and social context that was different from Protestant England. For future research it is proposed to analyse whether the information in the Spanish press in relation to the Nightingale nursing training initiative also generated discrepancies in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]