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This comprehensive, annotated bibliography records 3,380 basic books, periodicals, and articles on the lands and peoples of Czechoslovakia, East Germany (including the Lusatians and Polabians), Hungary, and Poland. Coverage focuses on political, socioeconomic, intellectual life, and some scientific research activities. Entries are in languages indigenous to these countries with English translations of titles in Slavic languages and Hungarian. English-language publications are frequently cited. Coverage begins with the more recent period of statehood of the various countries and also considers background and general historical development. For each country, the material is structured into eight or nine topics which are then subdivided as suggested by the particularities of each country. The prefatory table of contents, detailed statements at the beginning of major chapters, overviews, and an extensive author-title-subject index are intended to guide the reader in his search. A general overview of the East Central European area includes: (1) history, (2) the nationality question, (3) the economy, (4) the Council for Economic Mutual Assistance, and (5) Slavic culture. The Cyrillic alphabet is transliterated following the Library of Congress style practice. A biographical listing of contributors is included. (Author/RL)

Paper to be presented at the Seventh International Congress of Slavists in Warsaw, Poland, August 1973. (DS)

Prof. Zbigniew Bukowski is celebrating his 90th birthday anniversary in 2021. His impressive scientific record in the field of Bronze Age and early Iron Age archaeology of centralEurope is coupled with longtime service as deputy Director for Scientific Affairs of the Institute of the History of Material Culture (now the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology) of thePolish Academy of Sciences, a longstanding Editor-in-Chief of the journal “Archeologia Polski”, former Director of the Center of Rescue Archaeological Excavations at the Ministry of Culture and Science, member of different Polish and foreign scholarly organizations. In retirement for the past 20 years, the Jubilarian has been active continuously as a scholar in the Sopot and Gdansk research centers.

The article tackles Jan Brzechwa’s first works addressed to children. The author presents the moment the collections Tancowala igla z nitką and Kaczka Dziwaczka were created. The primary aim of the article is to show how Brzechwa’s first works of children’s literature collected in the above mentioned books were received by educators and literary critics. Another objective of the study is to depict how these books became a part of the national literary culture, using selected examples. The author achieved this goal by examining selected poems and showing how they gained popularity through reeditions issued by popular publishing houses, publication in anthologies of children’s literature, audiobooks read by popular actors, songs, on the Internet. The final aim of the article is to show to what extent quotes from Brzechwa’s selected works permeated the Polish language and became an essential part of the linguistic experience of contemporary Poles.

The article describes the idea for an educational game Polskie dziedzictwo na mapie Podola (Polish Heritage on the Map of Podolia) aimed at learning Polish as foreign language using a historical map. The article presents a map (as a game board) that was drawn up by a 17th-century cartographer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan. The map of Podolia provides a starting point for preparing scenarios of educational classes that would present historic figures, places, events and architectural monuments connected with Poland. The game is supposed to enhance the interest in learning Polish and teach respect for the common historical and cultural heritage, as well as encourage young people to study the past and discover their ‘personal homeland’. The author of the article suggests to use the board game as part of teaching the Polish language, which would certainly make linguistic education more attractive.

The author considers the way in which Polish studies could contribute to meeting the obligations of ecological humanities. The analysis of excerpts from the core curriculum of the Polish language subject and the reference to Kenneth White’s geopoetics suggest that the solution at school could be the use of the green reading method in Polish lessons and the readings available in the core curriculum: legends about Lake Gopło and Popiel referring to the beginnings of Polish statehood. As the analysis of the content of the legends shows, they also have a symbolic potential connected with the water element and referring to the folk tradition. A profiled reading, exposing this content, could contribute to awakening the ecological sensitivity of pupils, which is one of the important components of their ecological awareness.

The article focuses on the position of contemporary poetry in Polish language teaching at secondary schools. It highlights cultural contexts in lyric poetry created after 1989 from the standpoint of integrational education, by reviewing Polish language textbooks, and taking into account new tendencies in Polish poetry. The noticeable change in the poetic language is discussed in selected examples along with the filiations, and disputes with tradition, as well as problems of aesthetics. It was emphasised that contexts of literature play an important role in interpretation of poems by Marcin Świetlicki, Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki, Tomasz Różycki and others.

The well-known, senatorial Sienieński family, Dębno coat of arms has not yet received a reliable genealogical study. The few attempts at presenting the genealogy of this family should be considered unsuccessful. They are full of all sorts errors and distortions. The article, written on the basis of extensive archival research, presents the genealogy of the least known Lublin Sienieński line. The author identified and described the lives of several dozen descendants of Wiktoryn Sienieński (died before 1556). He corrected and completed the biographical data of two representatives of this lineage who had biographies in Polski słownik biograficzny – the Lublin castellan Zbigniew (died 1633) and titular Maronite bishop Dominik (died 1743). He meticulously traced the marriages concluded by the members of the Sienieński family. He also presented their material status, as well as the most important facts from the lives of the most significant representatives of this family line. He also made some remarks of a more general nature. He drew attention to the fact that the peak of the splendor of the Sienieński family from Lublin voivodeship fell in the first half of the 17th century. In the second half of this century, their importance and position suddenly collapsed. The distribution of landed property among nine men alive at that time led to their relative impoverishment. The Sienieńskis also gradually lost their possessions. At the end of 17th century, they no longer owned any property in Lublin voivodeship. Znana, senatorska rodzina Sienieńskich herbu Dębno nie doczekała się dotąd rzetelnego opracowania genealogicznego. Nieliczne próby przedstawienia genealogii tego rodu należy uznać za nieudane, pełno w nich bowiem różnego rodzaju błędów i przekłamań. W artykule, napisanym na podstawie zakrojonych na szeroką skalę badań archiwalnych, przedstawiono genealogię i dzieje najmniej znanej, lubelskiej linii Sienieńskich. Autor zidentyfikował i opisał dzieje życia kilkudziesięciu potomków Wiktoryna Sienieńskiego (zm. p. 1556). Skorygował i uzupełnił dane biograficzne dwóch przedstawicieli tej linii, którzy doczekali się biogramów w Polskim słowniku biograficznym – kasztelana lubelskiego Zbigniewa (zm. 1633) i tytularnego biskupa maronickiego Dominika (zm. 1743). Drobiazgowo prześledził zawierane przez Sienieńskich związki małżeńskie. Przedstawił też ich sytuację majątkową, jak również najważniejsze fakty z życia najbardziej znaczących przedstawicieli tej linii rodu. Zawarł również kilka uwag bardziej ogólnej natury. Zwrócił uwagę na fakt, że apogeum świetności Sienieńskich z Lubelskiego przypadło na pierwszą połowę XVII w. W drugiej połowie tego stulecia nastąpiło zaś gwałtowne załamanie ich znaczenia i pozycji. Podział dóbr między dziewięciu żyjących w tym czasie mężczyzn doprowadził bowiem do ich relatywnego zubożenia. Sienieńscy stopniowo tracili też swoje posiadłości. Pod koniec XVII w. nie byli już właścicielami żadnego majątku w Lubelskiem.

The article attempts to compare two treatments of Russianisms in nowadays Polish practical lexicography. Many words in this group are registered in Polish dictionaries of foreign words, while at the same time being recorded in defining dictionaries. Therefore it raises a question about the linguistic status of some components of that lexicological category. Discrepancies in dictionary qualifications of Russianisms were used by the author to draw a few critical remarks about practices when forming word lists in dictionaries of foreign words.

The article discusses six dictionaries of the Polish language for preschool and early school-aged children published in Poland over the period of 1981–2015. The aim of the analysis was to indicate how the resources were adapted to the needs and competencies of a child user. It takes into account the scope and presentation of information about lexemes, paratexts and metatexts included in the dictionaries, as well as the editorial model and typographic solutions.

The aim of the research is to analyze changes as well as continuity observed in address practices used in Polish lingua-culture in the 20th century and the beginning of the 21 century. The period has been divided into three parts which are separated by two turning points in Polish history: 1945 — the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the period of Soviet dominance and communist rule in Poland; and 1989 — the Round-Table Talks and the first free parliamentary elections, which mark the beginning of Poland's transition from communism to liberal democracy and the opening to the West. In the analysis, we have employed a combination of historical sociopragmatics and the Discourse-Historical Approach (committed to Critical Discourse Analysis), which integrates “knowledge about the historical sources and the background of the social and political fields in which discursive ‘events’ are embedded” (Wodak, 2002: 65). The data used in the analysis come from (participant) observation, our corpus of Polish literary texts: 1900–2019 (consisting of 90 publications — 30 for each analyzed period), and Korpus Jezyka Polskiego PWN (the PWN Polish Language Corpus). The changes in Polish address patterns have been analyzed as an element of the discursive change resulting from contacts with different cultures and ideologies.

Not Only Bulla Gnieźnieńska. On the Importance of Zbylut’s Foundation Document (Issued in 1153) for Polish Historical and Linguistic Research. Part 1: Research Object The list of sources used in the research of the oldest period of development of the Polish language is very short. Only Bulla Gnieźnieńska exists in the common consciousness. Meanwhile, the foundation document issued in 1153 by knight Zbylut for the Cistercians in Łekno, called the Zbylut’s document, may be of value to historians of language for at least three reasons: first, it contains onomastic material from the mid-12th century; second, it is available in several versions (including two parallel originals from the mid-12th century and one copy from the end of the same century), which are fully legible and perfectly preserved; and third, it has been carefully studied by a few generations of historians who have carefully considered and resolved many issues related to the circumstances of creating the originals and the copies. The results of their research constitute an invaluable and basic context for historical and linguistic analyses. The aim of the article (the first one in a series) is to introduce the Zbylut’s document (its originals and copies) into the Polish historical-linguistic research, to verify and supplement the existing transliterations, to show the document as an object of studies, and to select historical information that may prove to be important from the historical-linguistic perspective. Further work is aimed at conducting historical-linguistic research on Polish language material, providing transcription (with linguistic justifications) of Polish words and formulating research perspectives. Further works are aimed at carrying out historical and linguistic analyses of Polish language materials, preparing transcriptions of Polish words with their justifications, and formulating research perspectives.

Monuments of the Polish language contain numerous examples of apposition groups of the type jezioro Błędno, imię Bartłomiej, miasto Betsaida, Maryja, match Boża, królewna Nebraska, Jesusa Krysta syna Dawidowego, Bogu Oćcu. Metalinguistic appositions refer to intra-textual elements, e.g. słowo Pokłada, słowo Betanija, imię Jan, imię Fryzon. The article focuses on an overview and description of expressions of this type from the formal point of view (internal structure, grammatical features of the members), semantic (issues of the connotation of the basis of apposition and apposition, denotation, function) and syntactic (deep structure, the arrangement of members, syntactic accommodation). As it turned out, these groups were, to a large extent, shaped in terms of their specific features in the oldest Polish language and have preserved them until the present times. In semantic and grammatical terms, contemporary constructions of the word Sometime or the name Piotr imitate the old Polish groups, such as the słowo Zawżdy or the imię Bartłomiej. They are connoted on both sides, characterized by inclusion and restrictiveness of appeals. Appeals are not accommodated; expressions have a strict chord and are derived from the use of elements SOUND or HAVE A CHARACTER. Even today, they appear extremely rarely in the texts.

The aim of the paper is introduction and analysis of regionalisms of Vilnian polish youth’s sociolect. Regionalisms and dialectical forms that are typical of Polish language of the North–Eastern Borderlands were given to the study. In the given collection the most substantial group constitutes lexical regionalisms. Morphological (word–formative and inflectional) and phonetical regionalisms appeared in the lower range. They represent different theme range. The analysis of regional lexeme meaning, given by the respondents, revealed that a part of them were used in their main regional meaning. However, there are frequent examples of neosemanticism that are used in a metaphorical meaning with a severe emotional tone.

The Enlightenment comprises various processes occurring in Europe from the middle of the eighteenth century to at the beginning of the nineteenth century. This era was a breakthrough in social, ide...

This article analyses the use of the indefinite marker jeden ?one? in contemporary Kashubian, which has often been treated simply as an indefinite article in previous studies. A synchronic description has been presented in the first part of this paper, comparing the use of the indefinite marker in Kashubian with that in Polish, Upper Sorbian and German. The second part deals with the diachronic change in Kashubian in this respect. The main conclusion of this paper is that Kashubian has never developed the indefinite article per se, while its usage was far more frequent in the past, which could be explained by the emergence of the German influence.

Статтю присвячено ролі «руської» народної мови в релігійному житті українського народу першої половини XVII ст. В основу дослідження покладено бачення згаданої проблеми письменником-полемістом Касіяном Саковичем, котрий виклав свою позицію у вступі до твору «Desiderosus» 1625 р. Актуальність теми полягає у зв’язку націєтворення європейських народів з проникненням національних мов у їхнє релігійне життя й перекладом Біблії.На основі вступу Касіяна Саковича до польського видання книги «Desiderosus», яке він опублікував, установлено підходи автора до визначення ролі «руської мови» в релігійному житті Русі (України та Білорусі). Передусім зроблено загальний огляд «мовної дискусії» XVI – початку XVII ст., пов’язаної з виходом у світ Біблії Франциска Скорини, Заблудівського Євангелія, а також на основі творів Івана Вишенського й Антонія Селяви. Було відзначено, що попит на переклади Св. Письма «руською мовою» в суспільстві існував. Проте представники консервативних кіл православного та унійного духовенства насторожено ставилися до народної мови, яку пов’язували з єресями й замахом на сакральну церковнослов’янську традицію.Звернено увагу на те, що Касіян Сакович з метою релігійного виховання вірних та фахової підготовки духовенства вважав за необхідне перекласти твори Отців Східної Церкви простою народною мовою. Він також порушив питання про глибше ознайомлення православного суспільства з релігійним спадком Римо-Католицької Церкви. Було підкреслено, що визнання необхідності підвищити статус «руської мови» не мало ознак «мовного шовінізму». Касіян Сакович вважав, що релігійне життя в Україні має розвиватися на основі позитивного досвіду християнської культури Сходу та Заходу. Тож православні в духовному житті потребуватимуть не лише рідної мови, але й мов церковнослов’янської, польської, грецької та латинської. Особливо це стосувалося проповідників, якість діяльності котрих була прямо пов’язана з рівнем освіти., The article deals with the role of the “Ruthenian” vernacular language in the religious life of the Ukrainian people in the first half of the 17th century. The study is based on the respective vision of the famous polemicist Cassian Sakowicz and his position declared in the introduction to his work “Desiderosus” (1625). The topic is important due to its relation to the building of European nations with the penetration of national languages into their religious life and translation of the Bible.The introduction to the Polish edition of the book “Desiderosus”, published by Cassian Sakowicz, serves as the basis for describing his approaches to determination of the role of the “Ruthenian” language in the religious life of Rus (Ukraine and Belarus). First of all, there is a general overview of the “language discussion” in the 16th – early 17th century, related to the publication of the Bible by Francysk Skaryna, the Gospel of Zabludov, as well as the works by Ivan Vyshensky and Antin Sielava. It is noted that the society had a need for the translation of the Holy Scripture “into Ruthenian”. However, representatives of the conservative circles of the Orthodox and Uniate clergy were cautious of the vernacular language, which was associated with heresy and an assault against the sacred Church Slavonic tradition.The article draws attention to the fact that Cassian Sakowicz considered it necessary to translate the works by the Eastern Church Fathers into a simple vernacular language for religious education of believers and professional training of the clergy. It is noted that Cassian Sakowicz raised the question of a deeper acquaintance of the Orthodox society with the religious heritage of the Roman Catholic Church. It is emphasized that the recognition of the need to enhance the status of the “Ruthenian” language had no signs of “linguistic chauvinism”. Cassian Sakowicz believed that religious life in Ukraine had to develop relying on the positive experience of both Eastern and Western Christian culture. Therefore, the Orthodox society would require in its spiritual life not only the native language but also other languages of the Church—Slavonic, Polish, Greek, and Latin. This was especially true for preachers, whose work quality was directly related to their level of education.

This article is devoted to the research of the Book of Psalms manuscript from A. S. Norovʼs book collection stored in the Department of manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The manuscript is written in the beginning of the 18th century in Church Slavonic language Polish letters. This manuscript has never been studied before, it is nonetheless of interest primarily as a Latin-graphic text, which is a transliteration of the originals in Church Slavonic. Very few such texts have survived, and almost all of them were created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article provides a complete description of the manuscript and analyses of its language peculiarities. The analysis has made it possible to identify Church Slavonic protographs of the manuscript, and also to establish that the manuscript was written by women (most likely nuns) for private use. Since the authors of the transliteration themselves had very good command of Church Slavonic, it can be assumed that the text was written to order. Against the background of the cultural and historical context of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries it can be assumed that the manuscript was written by the nuns of one of the southwestern Russian Uniate monasteries who had moved to one of the monasteries in Russia at that time.

The subject of the article is an analysis of selected four lexemes (Latin loanwords) having one form and different meanings, acquired through borrowing or their development on the basis of the Polish language. Based on the assumption that neosemanisation is an increasing phenomenon which is clearly visible in the last 30 years, I decided to use in the analysis, among others words that were already the subject of the description in the first half of the 90s’ — filozofia (philosophy) and opcja (option). The next pair consists of lexemes atencja (attention) and protagonista (protagonist), whose meanings are currently being modified. Looking at the lexical and semantic phenomena of the Polish end of the XX century and the beginning of the XXI century, we can speak about the universality of the process of neosemanization and its intensification. Undoubtedly, neosemanisation is a manifestation of linguistic globalization and progressive homogenization of culture. Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza wybranych czterech leksemów (zapożyczeń łacińskich), posiadających jedną formę i różne znaczenia nabyte w drodze zapożyczenia lub ich rozwoju na gruncie języka polskiego. Wychodząc z założenia, że neosemantyzacja jest zjawiskiem nasilającym się i dobrze widocznym w perspektywie ostatnich 30 lat, postanowiłam wykorzystać w analizie m.in. wyrazy, które były już przedmiotem opisu w 1. poł. lat 90. — filozofia i opcja. Następną parę tworzą leksemy atencja i protagonista, które obecnie modyfikują swoje znaczenia. Obserwując zjawiska leksykalno-semantyczne polszczyzny końca XX i początku XXI w., możemy mówić o powszechności procesu neosemantyzacji i jego intensyfikacji. Bez wątpienia neosemantyzacje są przejawem globalizacji językowej i postępującej homogenizacji kultury.

The aim of the article is to reflect on linguistic manifestations of ordering information regarding the edition of source documents from the field of law by XIX century scholars dealing with the history of Poland. The work on preserving the printing of Polish monuments in the XIX century was motivated by the desire to document and prove the antiquity of Polish culture and Polish language, the historical significance of the Polish nation in the period of statehood loss. Organizing content in the studied source material is done by choosing materials, selecting them, giving them a chronological order, determining their origin and adding a commentary on linguistic, historical and moral themes. Reflection on the language concerns graphics, the writer’s efficiency, grammar and lexical correctness of the text, the realization of Latin, and exceptionally etymology. The authors of the commentary most often take the floor on the authenticity of the text. Reflections on the language of the document serve as an argument about the originality or inauthenticity of the source. Adjudication about the authenticity of a text and its meaning reflects one of the basic cognitive ideas of this period — ordering the editing of monuments of Polish law. In the discursive strategy of historians, reflections on language have been subordinated to it. Celem artykułu jest refleksja nad językowymi przejawami porządkowania informacji dotyczących edycji dokumentów źródłowych z dziedziny prawa przez XIX-wiecznych uczonych zajmujących się historią Polski. Prace nad utrwaleniem drukiem pomników polszczyzny były w XIX w. motywowane pragnieniem udokumentowania i udowodnienia dawności polskiej kultury i języka polskiego, historycznego znaczenia polskiego narodu w okresie utraty państwowości. Porządkowanie treści w badanym opracowaniu źródłowym następuje poprzez dobór materiałów, selekcję, nadanie im układu chronologicznego, określenie ich pochodzenia oraz opatrzenie komentarzem o tematyce językowej, historycznej, obyczajowej. Refleksja nad językiem dotyczy grafii, sprawności pisarza, poprawności gramatycznej i leksykalnej tekstu, realizacji łaciny, wyjątkowo etymologii. Autorzy komentarza najczęściej zabierają głos w sprawie autentyczności tekstu. Refleksje o języku dokumentu służą jako argument o oryginalności lub nieautentyczności źródła. Orzekanie o autentyczności tekstu i jego znaczeniu odzwierciedla jedną z podstawowych idei poznawczych tego okresu — porządkowania edycji pomników polskiego prawa. W strategii dyskursywnej historyków refleksje nad językiem zostały jej podporządkowane.

The aim of the paper is the presentation of the newer Slovene nouns (600) referring to people (mostly nomina agentis, nomina attributiva). The Slovene data from the mentioned dictionary was compared with the content of the Polish dictionaries. The conducted analysis confirms the differences between the Polish and the Slovene data. A tendency for semantic condensation and derivative potential were observed in the Slovene material. Equivalents of such Slovene words as: adrenalinec, agresivec, barbika, čokoholik, predzakonec, prestižnež, piarovka, piknikar, savnar are not confirmed in the Polish dictionaries. According to the author the Slovene data reveals a tendency for standardization and normalization. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja rzeczowników należących do nowszego słownictwa słoweńskiego (600 jednostek) określających ludzi (w większości nomina agentis, nomina attributiva). Materiał słoweński skonfrontowano z polskim, w tym z danymi leksykograficznymi, a przeprowadzona analiza wykazała różnice między materiałem z obu języków. Polskie słowniki nie notują odpowiedników takich słoweńskich leksemów, jak: adrenalinec, agresivec, barbika, čokoholik, predzakonec, prestižnež, piarovka, piknikar, savnar. W materiale słoweńskim dostrzeżono kondensację treści i potencjał słowotwórczy oraz dążenie do normalizacji i standaryzacji słownictwa przez umieszczenie w słowniku.

The article juxtaposes two perspectives guiding the perception of ethnographic shows, namely, a contemporary and an earlier one. The article uses the example of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West shows, staged in 1906 in the Polish territories under Austrian rule. Deriving from present criticisms of ethnographic shows and their interpretation through the prism of colonial studies, the author examines the types of reception of such performances met in places in which the inhabitants did not identify with colonialism. Analyzing reactions to the Wild West shows published in the Polish-language dailies, the author offers an interpretation of these performances as foreign, distant from the local social context, and evoking antipatriotic acts. While presently, criticism of ethnographic shows inspires reflection on human rights and equality, the article looks at how the philippics directed against Buffalo Bill’s performances contributed to the promotion of patriotic attitudes by the intellectual elites of the time.

Wojciech Piotrowicz (born in 1940) is a Vilnius poet, prose writer, translator, journalist, social and cultural activist. He is the author of several poetry collections and volumes of memoirs. Research on which this paper is based consists of two main parts: we present the writer’s biography, which introduces a representative of the Polish intelligentsia in Lithuania, and an analysis of his lexis from his collection of short stories Moja czasoprzestrzeń (My Space-Time) (2015). The aim of the research is to investigate the lexical layers in the idiolect of the writer. Piotrowicz’s idiolect is the domain where the erudite vocabulary of the standard language blends in with the dialectical vocabulary of the Švenčionys district, in which words of rural life are frequent. In the vocabulary of his idiolect, we distinguish the following groups of lexemes: words from family language, archaisms, dialect words, and postwar Russian borrowings, referred to as “Soviet words”. The multi-layer nature of Piotrowicz’s idio­lect is a result of a complicated reality on the border between cultures, languages, times, and evidence of changes in social stratification. To summarize the research results, it can be stated that the analysis of 179 words (phrases) from the writer’s individual language shows a world of concepts, thoughts, and values that are characteristic of representatives of the intelligentsia of peasant origin, born in the 1940s. The authors of the paper consider that this study is only a contribution toward determining the peculiarities of the Polish language spoken by the intelligentsia in Lithuania in the 20th century, and that this article does not exhaust all issues of Wojciech Piotrowicz’s idiolect.

After the transfer of Instytut Literacki from Rome to Paris, the break of the nineteen-forties and the nineteen-fi fties turned out to be formation time for the editorial strategy of Jerzy Giedroyc. During these days, the monthly Kultura acquired the leading part in the activities of the Instytut, and in this role it published, fervent at times, polemics, concerning the political line of the periodical. The printing of the fi rst part of the documentary by Aleksander Janta-Polczynski “Wracam z Polski 1948” (Upon my return from Poland, 1948) was received with indignation by the majority of the Polish emigre milieu. It also revealed the differences in the attitude of the “Polish” London and the Parisian Kultura towards post-war Poland. Kultura, upon the instructions of General Anders, was withdrawn from sale in Great Britain. Under such pressure, Giedroyc refused to publish the second part of the documentary in Kultura, but, fi nanced the edition of the complete book in early 1949. Giedroyc, and the Kultura team, refused to support the June 1947 resolution of the Union of Polish Writers, which in reality prohibited the publishing of “older and current works” in Poland. Giedroyc was also sceptical of the stance assumed by the London based journal Wiadomości, directed by Mieczyslaw Grydzewski, which cut itself completely off from what was happening in Poland, and criticised the persons who decided to return home, in particular the writers. The publishing of Janta’s article resulted in an exchange of letters between Jozef Czapski, General Wladyslaw Anders, and Jerzy Giedroyc, in October and November 1948. Each of them presented his own views, but no compromise was reached. Nevertheless, the most vehement turned out to be the so called “Pastoral” letter by Jan Lechon to Jerzy Giedroyc, written by the poet, after having read the book in May 1949. At the time, Lechon belonged to the closest collaborators of Mieczyslaw Grydzewski and the London Wiadomości. In his highly emotional dispatch, Lechon accused Janta of conscious, or unconscious, writing for the Bolshevik cause, and the defence of Janta’s attitude by the Kultura milieu, in Lechon’s eyes, was “most scandalising and extremely damaging with respect to the already disoriented and demoralised Polish emigre opinion”. However, Giedroyc refused to respond to the letter. In his opinion, the publishing of Janta’s book closed the issue. Lechon’s letter is one of the most representative texts for the “indomitable” and “uncompromising” wing of the Polish emigration after World War II.

Towarzystwo Jezusowe powołane do życia w 1540 r. w Rzymie przez papieża Pawła III z czasem rozszerzyło swoją działalność intelektualną na inne kraje. Na zaproszenie biskupów z Braniewa jezuici osiedlili się także na ziemiach polskich (1565). Autor artykułu prowadzi poszukiwania pierwszego opisu historii powstania jezuitów w języku polskim. Swoje badania koncentruje na pracach Mikołaja Łęczyckiego, który uchodzi na pierwszego Polaka analizującego dzieje wspólnoty jezuickiej, jednak w języku łacińskim. Natomiast analiza przeprowadzona w publikacjach jezuity Jakuba Wujka wykazuje, że w jego Dialysis. To iest Rozwiązanie albo rozebranie Asserciy… (1580) został zawarty pierwszy opis powstania Towarzystwa Jezusowego w języku polskim. Praca ta przyczyniła się do upowszechnienia w języku narodowym podstawowych informacji o wspólnocie jezuitów w Rzeczypospolitej.

The article deals with the main trends of modern biblical studies of ancient literature, in particular the Ukrainian Polish-language prose of the Baroque period. Attention is focused on the universal and individual factors of sacral images and motifs interpretation derived from the Scriptures and designed on the background of fiction. Accordingly, the polycultural character of Polish-language works created on the borders of Ukrainian and Polish literatures is underlined. The author analyzes the creative work of baroque writers such as Meletii Smotryckyi, Ipatii Potii, Andrii Muzhylovskyi, Lazar Baranovych, Petro Mohyla, Ioanykii Galiatovskyi, Teofil Rutka, Pahomii Woina Oranskyi, etc. In the context of their bible interpretation a special place is dedicated to the quotation of the Holy Scriptures, as well as concord series of biblical images for which numerous references have been given, biblical paraphrases and repositions of evangelical parables, liturgical symbols, and metaphorical constructions derived from the Bible mentioned by ancient authors as works possessing individual and typological characteristics.

This article analyses polonisms used in B. Akunin’s novel The Sennight of the Three-Eyed . The paper considers changes in the meaning of loanwords from Polish and the ways they are introduced into the text: without an interpretation, with an incomplete (partial) explanation, with a Russian equivalent in a narrow or wider context; the author resorts to both expanded and single inclusions from Polish into the text. Polish rarely acts as a donor for the Russian language, but more often — as a mediator in the transfer of lexemes from European languages. The example of the Rus. поручик and Pol. porucznik shows the process of a lexeme entering the Russian language in a specific form in detail. The “Polish text” is viewed through the prism of Boris Akunin’s individual author’s style. Polonisms perform characterological and evaluative functions in the novel, describe the historical atmosphere, act as markers of the character’s Polish origin, and demonstrate the diversity of language play. Loanwords from Polish give an aesthetic and ideological evaluation of characters and events and act as coded elements. Among polonisms, there are appellative, onomastic, and precedent lexemes. The Polish people are portrayed as negative characters in the novel, and pejorative elements can be regularly found in dialogues and descriptions associated with them. Polonisms are perceived by readers as clear, familiar words, although their ostentatious “simplicity” can often lead to misunderstandings, since the volume of lexical meaning in loanwords remains the same only in the rare cases when the lexeme was originally borrowed by the Polish language and almost immediately from it — by Russian.

Today, the martyrological discourse is one of the most conspicuous traditions of Polish Romanti-cism. When searching for the genesis of this discourse, one cannot overestimate the importance of the literary and political activities of Adam Mickiewicz from the autumn of 1832 to the middle of 1833. However, little is known about the problem of the resonance of Mickiewicz’s martyrological language and about how this discourse functioned in various texts of the Great Emigration. This paper attempts to answer those questions in reference to left-leaning texts of Komitet Narodowy Polski (KNP) and To-warzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (TDP) from the 1830s. A study of the writings of KNP has led the author to the conclusion that they represent a common martyrological code of the emigration’s logo-sphere, while the TDP publications constitute an interesting variation of the martyrological collective imagination. The original character of the martyrological expression of the democrats stems from their views on the role of the people in regaining independence. On the other hand, certain common traits existed between TDP and Mickiewicz, which demonstrates that democrats modified the martyrological framework as a national narrative established by Mickiewicz.

Polish philosopher, writer and expert on ancient culture Stanislaw Vincenz (1888–1971) is one of those who are almost forgotten in Poland. Lovers of the Eastern Carpathians as well as a handful of researchers of his creative works make efforts to ensure that his legacy, which is definitely of a timeless character, will still be reviewed by critics. Vincenz, who was the spiritual teacher of the Polish Nobelist Czeslaw Milosz, merits this at least for his outstanding contribution to the studies on folk culture of the Hutsuls and his philosophy of dialogue between cultures. It was undoubtedly the childhood and living in a multicultural environment, in Sloboda Rungurska, where Hutsul, Polish and Rumanian influences merged with each other, that became an inspiration for Vincenz to study the cultures which surrounded him and which lay at the foundation of the world in which he existed. It was also there that he while yet a child made himself familiar with the language of the Hutsuls which inspired him to repeatedly return to that place almost like to an actually existing Arcadia. In his long life, Vincenz experienced the crossing of both physical and mental borders. One of such spiritual aspects was the decision to translate Fyodor Dostoevsky into Polish. Thus, from the unconscious entry into another dimension in the childhood, through the choices made during his life, Vincenz became the citizen of many cultural worlds and tried to acquire something valuable so that he might at the same time bring these contents into his own cultural circle. His cultural circle was determined by the Polish language, and because of his crossing of the borders and returning to his own place, Vincenz created works that enriched Polish culture but praised other cultures, too. Vincenz is currently becoming an inspiring figure for creating the cultural identity of Ukraine.

Przedmiotem badań jest jednojęzyczna leksykografia elektroniczna. Celem artykułujest ukazanie wpływu technik komputerowych na organizację, rozmiar, przeznaczeniei zawartość słowników. W swych badaniach autorka koncentruje się na elektronicznychbazach danych. Definiuje, czym są, oraz objaśnia, jak ich budowa i sposób organizacjizgromadzonych w nich danych wpływają na postać słowników elektronicznych. W artykulezostały poddane analizie trzy współczesne słowniki języka polskiego: Uniwersalny słownikjęzyka polskiego PWN, Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN oraz Słownik gramatycznyjęzyka polskiego. Autorka dowodzi, że sposób organizacji i prezentacji wiedzy w omówionychdziełach umożliwia użytkownikom korzystanie z nich w sposób zaawansowany,co oznacza sprawne dotarcie do szczegółowych informacji o jednostkach leksykalnych,grupowanie ich, jak również doraźne kompilowanie „podsłowników”, spełniających określoneoczekiwania odbiorców.

This article is dedicated to characteristics of the contents, micro- and macro-structure of the first, independent spelling dictionary of the Polish language, prepared by Antoni Jerzykowski and published in Poznań in 1885. Apart from meta-lexicographic matters, also the views of the dictionary’s author were presented on selected points of dispute in the Polish spelling of the late 19th century and the methods of their realisation in dictionary entries. The analysis demonstrated that in terms of structure and informative contents, the dictionary does not differ significantly from numerous spelling dictionaries published in the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, the characteristic feature of which was enriching pure spelling information with the content from other areas of grammar and language correctness.

The formation process of the Crimean Tatar theater can be divided into the following periods: medieval – folk theater (the initial round dance and toy puppet theater of shadows “Karagoz”, the theater of one actor “meddah”, the arena theater “orta oyuny”); Khan`s theater in the middle of the XVIII century (penetration into the Crimea of European theater traditions in the era of the Crimean Khan Crym Girey I); the revival of traditions of the Crimean Tatar theater late XIX–XX centuries (the activities of a theater-goers group of the Jadidist Crimean Tatar youth–followers of I. Gasprinsky, under the leadership of J. Meinov – the efforts of the Crimean Tatar noblewoman-myrzachkas under the leadership of A. Taiganskaya; organization of a professional Simferopol Tatar theater troupe under the People’s Commissar of Education of the Crimean ASSR in 1921 and creation and activities of the Crimean Tatar Drama Theater, headed by A. Taigan, and the Crimean Tatar amateur movement in the Crimea, and among the Crimean Tatar foreign diaspora of 1923–1944 (Soviet pre-deportation period); recreation and current activities of the Crimean Tatar theater in the Crimea,1989 (post deportation period). In this article, for the first time in the art history, is revealed the so-called Khan`s period in the formation of the Crimean Tatar theater, discussed the revolutionary activity in the field of Crimean Tatar art, the ascetic activity of the Crimean Khan Crym Girey I to promote the ideas of European theater traditions and create a classical theater in the Crimea. The picture of the actions undertaken by the Crimean ruler in the construction of theater business in the Crimea, as well as his thoughts and statements about the theater, was recreated according to the text published in the XVIII century, memories of personal meetings and conversations with Crym Girey I of European authors: German – von der Goltz, Polish – Pilshtynova, Russian – Nikiforov, Frenchman – de Tott, Austrian – Kleeman. Based on these recollections is built a clear and explicit picture of a role of Crym Girey I as a pioneer in bringing European theater traditions and creation of a classical theater in the culture of the Crimea, the Turkic and Muslim worlds.

The present paper focuses upon syntactic peculiarities of an arabographic text by Belarusian-Lithuanian-Polish Tatars. The text is extracted from manuscript P97 which dates back to the 18th century and is now stored at the Central Scientific Library of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. The object of our study is a compound sentence. The paper concludes that the text under analysis, abundant in bookish constructions, displays no competition between literary Polish of that period, its regional variant and the East Slavic languages at the level of syntax, i.e. in terms of compound sentences.

In this article, the author analyses honorifics in relation to the codified general Polish norm in terms of the modes of addressing people, congratulating and well-wishing, as well as the use of the words “pan/pani” (sir/ma’am) in front of anthroponyms in non-addressable structures of information texts, on the basis of the texts of the Gazeta Polska Bukowiny periodical which represent the written version of Polish as a heritage language in Ukraine. The author reveals the reasons for the persistence of those forms among the small linguistic community: instances of interference from East Slavic languages; influence of the general Polish usage; the traditions of specific structures in those areas; as well as a series of extra-linguistic factors, e.g. the intention to express respect towards a recipient, warming relations with them, the efficiency of linguistic expressions, and, finally, the acceptability of specific etiquette units within a community. W artykule na materiale tekstów „Gazety Polskiej Bukowiny” reprezentujących pisaną odmianę polszczyzny odziedziczonej na Ukrainie przeanalizowano swoiste na tle skodyfikowanej normy ogólnopolskiej formy grzecznościowe w zakresie sposobów zwracania się do adresata, składania gratulacji i życzeń, podziękowań, a także używania słów pan/pani przed antroponimami w strukturach nieadresatywnych tekstów informacyjnych. Ujawniono przyczyny trwałości tych form w małej wspólnocie komunikatywnej: interferencja z języków wschodniosłowiańskich, oddziaływanie uzusu ogólnopolskiego, tradycyjność określonych struktur na tych trenach, także szereg czynników pozajęzykowych – np. chęć szczególnego wyrażania szacunku wobec odbiorcy, ocieplania z nim relacji, ekonomiczność wyrażeń językowych, wreszcie akceptowalność swoistych jednostek etykietalnych w ramach wspólnoty.

The major works by Bruno Schulz and Witold Gombrowicz were translated into Japanese in the 1960s, mainly by Yukio Kudō. I was enchanted by those Japanese texts to such an extent that I decided to abandon French literature and switch to Polish contemporary literature. In 1974, I came to Poland on a post-graduate fellowship of the Polish government, and I began studies in literature and the Polish language at the Jagiellonian University. During that two-year stay in Krakow, my view of Polish literature changed several times. The phase well established in the Japanese translations I had known ended quickly. Then I began to “hunt” for promising Polish authors not yet present in world literature. I thus discovered the prolific, esoteric and difficult Teodor Parnicki (1908–1988). This essay is my description of my “penetrating” the world of the Polish language at that time. Najważniejsze dzieła Brunona Schultza i Witolda Gombrowicza zostały przetłumaczone na język japoński już w latach 60. XX wieku, głównie przez Yukio Kudō. Zostałem uwiedziony do tego stopnia przez te japońskie teksty, że zdecydowałem się porzucić literaturę francuską na rzecz polskiej literatury współczesnej. W 1974 roku przyjechałem do Polski na staż podyplomowy jako stypendysta rządu polskiego i podjąłem studia w zakresie literatury i języka polskiego na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim. Podczas dwuletniego pobytu w Krakowie mój obraz literatury polskiej przechodził różne fazy. Szybko minęła ta, która była ugruntowana na znanych mi wcześniej japońskich przekładach, potem rozpoczęło się moje „polowanie” na obiecujących autorów polskich nieobecnych jeszcze w światowej literaturze. Tak odkryłem pisarza płodnego, ezoterycznego i trudnego – Teodora Parnickiego (1908–1988). Niniejszy esej jest opisem mojego „przedzierania się” przez polszczyznę w owych czasach.

The paper is dedicated to some selected units of biblical origin in the Polish language, namely fixed word combinations (idiomatic expressions). The author is trying to answer the question whether the collection of such units has the qualities of a closed set, or demonstrates a contemporary tendency to multiply its resources. What is essential for this description is the division into primary and secondary units of biblical origin. Apart from historical data and conditions, which are linked with this issue of Polish phraseology, the paper also contains several examples of the processes, as a result of which the language acquired new phrases of biblical origin.

On the Polish language and cultural heritage in the village of Belostok in SiberiaThe village of Belostok is known as one of originally Polish villages in Siberia. As it is today, only one woman in the village (from the oldest generation) still speaks dialectal Polish, and another one remembers Polish prayers. This article attempts to reconstruct the original sociolinguistic situation in the village, including the use of Polish at home, at church and at school. It is based on published documents and interviews with the two villagers recorded in 2016–2017. O polskim dziedzictwie językowym i kulturowym we wsi Biełostok na SyberiiWieś Biełostok (Białystok) na Syberii Zachodniej uważana jest za miejscowość pierwotnie polską. Obecnie tylko jedna osoba należąca do najstarszego pokolenia zachowuje znajomość języka polskiego w ustnej postaci gwarowej; druga, jej rówieśniczka, pamięta polskie teksty modlitw. Artykuł stanowi próbę rekonstrukcji dawnej sytuacji socjolingwistycznej w tej wsi, włączając w to używanie języka polskiego w domu, w Kościele i w szkole, na podstawie opublikowanych dokumentów oraz rozmów z mieszkankami Biełostoku nagranymi w latach 2016–2017.