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Book review, Daniela Tănase, Craftsmen and Jewelers in the Middle and Lower Danube Region (6th to 7th Centuries), BRILL: Leiden/Boston, 2021, 406 pag. done by Sergiu MUSTEAȚĂ

À la charnière entre les xviie et xviiie siècles, une communauté de bâtisseurs et de stucateurs originaires de la Valsesia, une vallée du nord de l’Italie, arrive en Franche-Comté, province en pleine reconstruction. Appréciés des commanditaires, ils s’installent durablement et ouvrent la voie aux générations suivantes. L’article qui suit a pour but d’analyser ce phénomène migratoire, qui se vérifie encore au début du xixe siècle, de le contextualiser et d’en proposer un premier bilan, comprenant à la fois des aspects artistiques, sociaux et géographiques. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, a community of builders and stucco workers from the Valsesia Valley in northern Italy, arrived in Franche-Comté, an area which was under significant reconstruction. Appreciated by the sponsors, they were settled permanently and opened the path for the future generations. The article analyzes this migratory phenomenon, which is still observable in the early nineteenth century, contextualizes it and proposes an initial assessment, while taking into account various artistic, social and geographical aspects.

The topic of this paper is a series of architectural models of the holy sites of Jerusalem made by Conrad Schick, a German missionary and craftsman who lived in the Holy Land for the latter half of the nineteenth century. The focus of the analysis is twofold: On the one hand, it traces the life and career of Conrad Schick, from central Europe to the Middle East, and from craftsman-missionary to distinguished model-maker, archeologist, and architect. And on the other, it concerns the models he constructed (particularly those of the Holy Sepulchre and the Temple Mount). They are considered as objects and artifacts of their specific context, and compared with the multitude of other miniature objects produced in the nineteenth century - from decorative knick-knacks to educational toys, and from cuckoo clocks to battlefield maps. Similarly, the aims of the analysis are twofold. On the one hand, it shall be demonstrated that Schick’s original training as a craftsman in southern Germany and Switzerland affected the way he dealt with the task of constructing scaled models of highly contested religious sites in Jerusalem. Secondly, it shall be pointed out that his models were objects at the intersection of radically different discourses, from folk art to architecture, and from pedagogy to geopolitics. Thema des Artikels ist eine Reihe von Architekturmodellen der heiligen Stätten Jerusalems, die der in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts im heiligen Land lebende deutsche Missionar und Handwerker Conrad Schick anfertigte. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung stehen zwei Aspekte: Zum einen geht es um Leben und Werk Conrad Schicks, der aus Zentraleuropa in den Nahen Osten kam und vom Handwerker-Missionar zum anerkannten Modellbauer, Archäologen und Architekten avancierte. Zum anderen geht es um die von ihm gefertigten Modelle, insbesondere des heiligen Grabs und des Tempelbergs, die als Objekte und Kunstgegenstände in ihrem speziellen Kontext betrachtet und mit der Vielzahl anderer im 19. Jahrhundert aufgekommenen Miniaturgegenstände – von dekorativem Nippes bis hin zu pädagogischem Spielzeug, von Kuckucksuhren zu Schlachtfeldkarten – verglichen werden. Zudem verfolgt die Untersuchung zwei Anliegen: Erstens wird die Bedeutung von Schicks ursprünglicher Handwerksausbildung in Süddeutschland und in der Schweiz für seine Herangehensweise an die maßstabsgetreuen Modelle höchst umstrittener religiöser Stätten in Jerusalem herausgearbeitet. Zweitens wird dargelegt, dass seine Modelle Objekte an der Schnittstelle radikal gegenläufiger Diskurse zwischen Folklore und Architektur, Pädagogik und Geopolitik waren. architectural model, folk art, material culture, knowledge transfer, craftsmen Cet article s’intéresse aux maquettes des lieux saints de Jérusalem réalisées par Conrad Schick, un missionnaire et artisan allemand qui vécut en Terre sainte pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Retraçant d’abord la vie et la carrière de Conrad Schick qui, de l’Europe centrale au Moyen-Orient, sera passé du statut d’artisan-missionnaire à celui d’éminent maquettiste, archéologue et architecte, l’étude se concentre ensuite sur les maquettes qu’il a réalisées (notamment celles du Saint-Sépulcre et du mont du Temple). Appréhendées comme des artefacts témoignant du contexte spécifique dans lequel ils s’inscrivent, les maquettes de Schick sont mises en parallèle avec les objets miniatures produits en grande quantité au cours du XIXe siècle – bibelots décoratifs, jouets éducatifs, pendules à coucou ou encore cartes des batailles militaires. L’objectif de l’analyse sera de montrer d’une part que la formation initiale de Schick à l’artisanat dans le sud de l’Allemagne et la Suisse a influencé sa manière de concevoir les modèles réduits de sites religieux sujets à de fortes dissensions à Jérusalem. Nous montrerons d’autre part que ses maquettes étaient des objets à la croisée d’une grande diversité de discours, entre art populaire et architecture, entre pédagogie et géopolitique. Questo articolo prende in esame una serie di modelli architettonici dei luoghi sacri di Gerusalemme realizzati da Conrad Schick, un missionario e artigiano tedesco che visse in Terra Santa nella seconda metà dell’Ottocento. L’analisi presenta un duplice focus. Da un lato ripercorre la vita e la carriera di Conrad Schick, arrivato in Medio Oriente dall’Europa centrale come missionario artigiano, e diventato poi un apprezzato modellista, archeologo e architetto. Dall’altro esamina i modelli da lui costruiti (in particolare quelli del Santo Sepolcro e del Monte del Tempio), considerandoli come oggetti e manufatti risultanti da un contesto specifico, e confrontandoli con una moltitudine di altri oggetti in miniatura prodotti nel corso del diciannovesimo secolo, dai soprammobili decorativi ai giocattoli educativi e dagli orologi a cucù alle mappe dei campi di battaglia. Analogamente, l’analisi presenta un duplice obiettivo. Se da un lato mira a dimostrare l’influenza della formazione di Schick nel sud della Germania e in Svizzera sul suo modo di affrontare la costruzione modelli in scala di siti religiosi di Gerusalemme particolarmente controversi, dall’altro intende illustrare che le sue creazioni erano oggetti al crocevia di discorsi radicalmente diversi, che spaziavano dall’arte popolare all’architettura e dalla pedagogia alla geopolitica. Este artículo se interesa a las maquetas de lugares santos de Jerusalén realizadas por Conrad Schick, un misionero y artesano alemán que vivió en tierra santa en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Rastreando primero la vida y la carrera de Conrad Schick que, de Europa central al Medio Oriente, pasó del estatuto de artesano-misionero al de eminente maquetista, arqueólogo y arquitecto, el estudio se concentra seguidamente sobre las maquetas que realizó ( notablemente las de San - Sepulcro y monte del templo). Aprehensivos como artefactos testimonian del contexto específico en el cual se inscriben, las maquetas de Schick son puestas en paralelo con objetos en miniatura producidos en grandes cantidades durante el siglo XIX – objetos decorativos, juguetes educativos, relojes cucú y también cartas de batallas militares. El objetivo del análisis será de enseñar por una parte que la formación inicial de Schick al artesanado en el sur de Alemania y de Suiza ha influenciado su manera de concebir los modelos reducidos de lugares religiosos sujetos a fuertes desacuerdos en Jerusalén. Mostraremos de otro lado que sus maquetas eran objetos a la vez de una gran diversidad de discursos, entre el arte popular y la arquitectura, entre pedagogía y geopolítica.

Màster de Cultures Medievals. Facultat de Filologia i Comunicació. Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2019-2020, Tutor: Antoni Riera i Melis, [cat] El projecte que té a les mans el lector és el resultat de nombroses recerques sobre la ciutat de Manresa durant els segles XIV i XV, així com del complex teixit social que la formava, donava vitalitat i la situava –juntament amb altres elements– en la ciutat més important de la Catalunya Central. Estudiar els individus que vivien en aquest nucli fa més de sis-cents anys és una oportunitat extraordinària per comprendre millor la riquesa i el valor que tenia l’actual capital del Bages. En aquest projecte, s’ha proposat fer una radiografia de la societat manresana dels darrers segles medievals, examinant els nombrosos estaments que la composaven i posant el focus d’atenció sobre la classe menestral. Conèixer a fons els manresans del XIV-XV significa comprendre una mica més la complexitat i la fascinació que aquesta ciutat té a ulls de l’investigador. Aquest treball constitueix una oportunitat de treure a la llum les veus d’aquelles persones oblidades, entrar a les seves cases, veure què menjaven, a què es dedicaven o simplement com es deien i situar-les en el lloc que els correspon a la Història., [spa] El proyecto que tiene en sus manos el lector es el resultado de numerosas investigaciones sobre la ciudad de Manresa durante los siglos XIV y XV, así como el complejo tejido social que la formaba, daba vitalidad y la situaba –junto con otros elementos– en la ciudad más importante de la Catalunya Central. Estudiar los individuos que vivieron en este núcleo hace más de seiscientos años es una oportunidad extraordinaria para comprender mejor la riqueza y el valor que tenía la actual capital del Bages. 4 En este proyecto, se ha propuesto hacer una radiografía de la sociedad manresana de los últimos siglos medievales, examinando los numerosos estamentos que la componían y poniendo el foco de atención sobre la clase menestral. Conocer a fondo los manresanos del XIV-XV significa comprender un poco más la complejidad y fascinación que ésta ciudad tiene a ojos del investigador. Éste trabajo constituye una oportunidad para sacar a la luz las voces de esas personas olvidadas, entrar en sus casas, ver qué comían, a qué se dedicaban o simplemente cómo se decían y situarlas en el lugar que les corresponde en la Historia., [eng] The project that the reader has on his hands is the result of exhaustive research about not only the city of Manresa in the 14th and 15th century, but also the complicated social fabric that constituted, gave live and made it (along with other aspects) the most important city of the Central Catalonia. Studying the people who lived in this city more than 600 years ago is an extraordinary opportunity to understand better the richness and the value of this capital city in Bages. The aim of this project is to carry out a depiction of the society in Manresa of the last medieval centuries, examining the several strata that constituted ii and focusing on the workers class. Getting to know deeply the people from Manresa in the 14th and 15th centuries means understanding a little bit the complexity and the fascination that this city has for a researcher. This project could be understood as an opportunity to bring to light the voices of those forgotten people, getting into their homes, seeing what they ate, what they did for a living, or simple knowing their names and locating them in the place they deserve in History.

Review, Aethiopica, Vol 21 (2018)

This article focuses on the history of the family and households in eighteenth-century Ukraine. The aim of the article is to observe the demographical characteristics of craftsman guild families and households in the Cossack Hetmanate (an autonomous Cossack territory situated on the Left Bank of the Dnieper River) in the cities of Poltava, Pereiaslav and Nizhyn. Calculations are based on the General Description of the Left-bank Ukraine of 1765–1766. In the article, population size indicators for the artisan households and their families are established. Family household types are defined on the basis of works by Peter Lasslett and Cezary Kuklo. Craft specialization is taken into account for clarifying the influence of the occupation on the size of the households and family household types. The calculations were made separately for the crafts that were the most widespread in all the cities: weaving, blacksmithing, tailoring, shoemaking and butchering.

Enjoying a special attention from Wallachian princes, Târgovişte became a prosperous trade fair during the first decades of the 15th century. A century later, during 1532-1534, an Italian traveller, Francesco della Valle of Padua, noted that Târgovişte had really raised a town profile. A few years later, another traveller, Anton Veranciscs would point out that, at that time, Târgovişte was the most important town in Wallachia, the more so as the princes of the country had their main residence there. If around 1581 the town counted 1022 homes and about 5000 inhabitants, by the mid of the 17th century it reached about 4000 houses and 20000 inhabitants. In the first half of the 16th century, the town of Târgovişte gained a growing economic and commercial importance, which will be highlighted in the present study., Neagoe Claudiu. Merchants and craftsmen in Târgovişte (16th-17th centuries). In: Annales d'Université "Valahia" Târgovişte. Section d'Archéologie et d'Histoire, Tome 20, 2018. pp. 91-96.

In this article is studied the presence of a great group of servants, officials and craftsmen in the Benedictine monastery of Vega, situated in the bank of the river Cea, who, with their work, were contributing to the maintenance of the monastery. The study centres in the centuries X and the XVth, and in it, departing exclusively from the documentary sources, there is analyzed and values the work of artisans and craftsmen dedicated to the pastoral and agricultural tasks (shepherds, horticulturists, farmers and millers), others related to the nourishment (confectioners, bakers, butlers, butchers, fishermen, cooks and charcoal-burners), the garment and the footwear (tailors, cobblers and launderers), the construction (stonecutters, carpenters, bricklayers and blacksmiths), the trade (shopkeepers), the hospitality (doormen and innkeepers), the control of the servants ("merinos" and butlers), or to other activities related to the law and the right (arbitrators, attorneys, executioners, notaries and auctioneers).En este artículo se estudia la presencia en el monasterio benedictino de Vega, sito en la ribera del río Cea, de un nutrido grupo de criados, oficiales y artesanos que, con su trabajo, colaboraban en pro del sostenimiento del monasterio. El estudio se centra en los siglos X y XV, y en él, partiendo exclusivamente de las fuentes documentales, se analiza y valora el trabajo de menestrales y artesanos dedicados a las tareas pastoriles y agrícolas (pastores, hortelanos, labradores y molineros), otras relacionadas con la alimentación (reposteros, panaderos, bodegueros, carniceros, pescadores, cocineros y carboneros), el vestido y el calzado (sastres, zapateros y lavanderos), la construcción (pedreros, carpinteros, albañiles y herreros), el comercio (tenderos), la hospitalidad (porteros, posaderos y albergueros), el control de los criados (merinos y mayordomos), o bien a otras actividades relacionadas con la ley y el derecho (jueces árbitros, procuradores, sayones, escribanos o pregoneros).

The epigraphic inventory of the Latin inscriptions mentioning craftsmen discovered in Algeria allows presenting a first social study of the African artifices. The epigraphic attestations inform about the production specialties, especially in cities, as well as on craftsmen legal status, age and gender. For some of them, the role in the workshop or in the production line can be also identified more precisely. Less frequent than in Italy and in Gaul, these African monuments do not figure craftsmen. Nevertheless, archaeological data or ancient texts show that craftsmen could praise their job and their “savoir-faire” through other kinds of representation. This article appears as the first part of the results of a vaster research on African craftsman and his links of sociability., L’inventaire épigraphique des inscriptions latines mentionnant des artisans découvertes en Algérie permet de présenter une première étude sociale des hommes de métier africains. Les témoignages épigraphiques informent sur les métiers et les spécialités de production présents surtout dans les villes ainsi que sur le statut juridique, l’âge et le genre des artisans. Le rôle de certains de ces artifices dans l’atelier ou dans la chaîne de production peut aussi être parfois identifié avec plus de précision. Moins fréquents qu’en Italie et en Gaule, ces monuments africains n’offrent quasiment pas de figurations d’artisans. Néanmoins, les données archéologiques ou les textes antiques montrent que l’artisan pouvait faire l’éloge de son métier et de son savoir-faire à travers d’autres modes de représentation. Cet article se présente comme la première partie des résultats d’une recherche plus vaste sur l’artisan africain et ses liens de sociabilité.

A poet and glazier, Jan Vos (1610-1667) ran his own small glazier business in the Kalverstraat in Amsterdam. His careers as both poet and glazier converged in several ways. This article shows how Vos the poet portrayed himself as a glazier in his poems, while Vos the glazier profited from his reputation as (city) poet, as he used his poetry to obtain orders from the Amsterdam city government to install/replace window panes.

The article on “The Craft of Relief Carving Relief Art and Its Impact on the 21st Century Jepara Craftsmen's Economic Life” describes the craft of relief carving which has an impact on the economic life of the Jepara craftsmen. The existence of Jepara relief art had been proven historiographical. Relief art has existed since the time of Queen Kalinyamat in the 16th century. The artifacts of relief carving art in Queen Kalinyamat's period are found in Mantingan Mosque in Jepara. The relief of carving craft gets its influences from various fields, including the influence of religion, local culture, Chinese culture, and others. In the 1990s to the beginning of the 21st century, relief craft increasingly innovated by enriching motifs and decorative reliefs in the form of flora, fauna and other motifs. Through various motives in the relief craft, the craftsmen get economic impact in the form of job sustainability.

This article delves into the practices of administering first-instance justice in the municipal ground of minor quarters –administrative units dividing the city of Mexico since the end of the 18th century. Notably, we will aim to look at detentions and the subsequent trials of individuals of popular groups in the middle years of the 19th century as well as the discourse strategies and tactics used in front of such control and coercion mechanisms. En este artículo se exploran las prácticas de administración de justicia en primera instancia en el terreno municipal de los cuarteles menores —unidades administrativas que dividían a la ciudad de México desde fines del siglo XVIII—. Puntualmente, se intentará examinar las detenciones y el posterior enjuiciamiento a los individuos de los grupos populares al promediar el siglo XIX y las estrategias y tácticas discursivas utilizadas frente a estos mecanismos de control y coacción.

La Calabria, estremità del Regno delle Due Sicilie, conserva ancora un ingente patrimonio di architetture industriali; tra queste, il piccolo paese di Mongiana, fondato dagli operai intorno alla Reale Fabbrica di Armi borbonica. Ancora oggi il borgo presenta le sue caratteristiche originarie, frutto di particolari dinamiche evolutive.Calabria, extreme extension of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, still maintains an enormous wealth of industrial architecture, among them, the small country of Mongiana, founded by workers around the establishment of the Royal Arms Factory Bourbon. Even today the small country presents its original characteristics, fruit of particular evolutionary dynamics.

From Chalkeia to Hephaisteia: Considerations on Craftsmen, Citizenship and Hephaestus. The discussion of the two main festivals of Hephaistus in Athens, the Chalkeia and the Hephaisteia, and especially, the evolution of the former, which was restricted only to craftsmen, according to information provided by late lexicons, can be understood in conjunction with the role of craftsmen and their divine patron, Hephaistus, in the development of the Archaic and Classical Athenian polis., Des Chalkeia aux Hephaisteia : considérations sur les artisans, la citoyenneté et Héphaïstos. L’analyse des deux fêtes principales d’Héphaïstos à Athènes, les Chalkeia et les Hephaisteia, et surtout, le changement de la première, qui se restreint aux artisans, selon l’information des lexiques tardifs, peuvent se comprendre par rapport au rôle des artisans et de leur patron, Héphaïstos, dans les déroulements de la polis d’Athènes d’époque archaïque et classique., El análisis de las dos fiestas principales de Hefesto en Atenas, las Calqueas y las Hefestias, y, sobre todo, los cambios de la primera que se restringe a los artesanos según la información proporcionada por los léxicos tardíos, pueden comprenderse en relación con el papel de los artesanos y de su patrón, Hefesto, en los desarrollos de la polis de Atenas de época arcaica y clásica., Valdés Guía Miriam. De las Calqueas a las Hefestias: consideraciones sobre los artesanos, la ciudadanía y Hefesto. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 41, n°2, 2015. pp. 19-40.

El artículo que aquí se presenta tiene la intención de mostrar los datos de cuatro campañas de investigación etnoarqueológica realizadas por el proyecto arqueológico español “Thutmosis III Temple Project”, centradas en estudiar los trabajos alfareros de Luxor y su región circundante. El desarrollo de un análisis focalizado desde perspectivas técnicas, ha permitido entender la complejidad social que actualmente subyace dentro de lo que se denomina oficialmente como comunidad egipcia, al mismo tiempo que ha reforzado la visión de la cerámica como un contenedor cargado de significado social y simbólico. This paper aims to present the data obtained by the Spanish archaeological project “Thutmosis III Temple Project” during four ethnoarchaeological research seasons devoted to the study of potter workshops from Luxor and its surrounding areas. An analysis focused on technical perspectives was developed, which ultimately allowed to understand the social complexity that currently lies within what is officially labelled as Egyptian community, while reinforcing the view of ceramics as containers full of social and symbolical meaning.