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There is a widespread notion that archives, especially national archival institutions, represent the nation’s memory. Historically, archives have played an important role for history writing, thereby contributing to the construction of national master narratives and the strengthening of national identities. What the association between archives and memory actually means is however debated in archival literature. Taking the discussion on the relation between archives and memory as a starting point, this study examines how national archives in today’s world present themselves to the public. The source material consists of mission statements collected from 138 webpages and 18 Facebook accounts all over the world. The first research question concerns the connection between mission statements and a national master narrative, the second asks where references to national memory and national identity are most pronounced, and the third asks whether self-images of national archives can be connected to historical experiences. The analysis shows that mission statements contain many allusions to history and heritage, while references to memory and identity are less widespread than expected. Some variations between continents, and between different groups of countries are identified, although relatively small. A possible explanation is that national archives are engaged in quite a lot of international cooperation, for instance in the International Council on Archives and UNESCO. Thus, they are likely to be as much influenced by each other as by the political environment in their own countries.

This article draws attention to the present-day transnational rise of state archives in the Greater Caribbean. It takes as a case study the Dominican Republic’s National Archives System (NAS) and National General Archives (AGN), which opened in 2008 and 2011, respectively, to signal a Caribbean neoliberal archival turn and interrogate the data politics behind these institutions’ neoliberal promises of equality, progress, and freedom. Intersecting Critical Archival Theory and Critical Caribbean Studies, the article pushes for a new critical archival theory of color that draws from scholarship centering the erasure of histories of enslavement and the hyper-masculinization of white colonial privilege. In doing so, it advocates for a decolonial practice of public archives demanding that archivists and archive users reckon with these archives’ historical role in powering anti-Black racism and structural oppression.

This paper studies the different ways of military mobilization the Hispanic Monarchy had in the Kingdom of Navarre. Just like in the rest of the Crown of Castile, troops could be recruited following the traditional system of commissioned officers and voluntary recruits. However, this Pyrenean territory had its own institutions –Diputacion and Cortes–, and these were very zealous of its own local laws –fueros–. Consequently, there were specific recruitment modalities regarding the raise of the local militias and the levy of new tercios, both under the scrutiny and mediation of the Cortes. This research, based on our work in regional and national archives, allows us to study the dynamics and problems seen between local institutions and the vice-regal authority in the context of the wars between Spain and France during the second half of the 17th century. What we look for in this paper is to measure Navarre’s contribution to the general war effort, hence putting into question the Navarrese war effort given the particularities of its own institutions and the resulting tensions between the small kingdom and the central authorities.

Introduction. In the article, the author examines the history of archives in Kalmykia within the 1962-1980 chronological framework. In 1962, the Archive Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the KASSR and the State Archives of the Republic were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Council of Ministers of the KASSR; and in 1980, the Archive Department under the Council of Ministers of the Kalmyk ASSR was reorganized into the Archive Department of the Council of Ministers of the Kalmyk ASSR. The article aims at examining the history of archives and archiving in this period, focusing on the impact of changes in the administrative-territorial division of the Republic on the formation of a network of archival institutions in Kalmykia. This has involved the study of issues of archival acquisition in the state archives, methods of preservation of archival records at the stage of departmental storage and in the state archives, and the use of archival documents for the purposes of national economic and scientific research. Data and research methods. The sources for the research were archival records of the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia, many of which are introduced for the first time. Results. The study indicates that the period under consideration saw radical changes in the archival organization in Kalmykia. The archival institutions of the Republic organized their work in accordance with the adopted normative legal acts, the instructions of the higher organizations, and the state of local archiving. In general, during this period, the archivists of the Republic succeeded in reaching the standards required in their professional field in the country at large, and, also, in creating the foundation for further improvement in the field.

This article is on the diplomatic processes leading to the decision to exchange populations between Greece and Turkey during the peace negotiations at the Lausanne Conference in 1923. The US National Archives has rich and hitherto unexploited archival material that encompasses the correspondence between Istanbul, Athens and the US Department of State. As the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives is still closed to researchers, US diplomatic correspondence gives a clear picture of how Greek and Turkish statesmen, as well as intermediaries such as the representatives of the League of Nations, developed and accomplished the idea of population exchange in 1922–23.

Making extensive use of official Holding Company Liquidation Commission (HCLC) documents possessed by the National Archives of Japan, this study examines accounting practices adopted by three major...

The Great War had a major impact on port activity at Dakar in Senegal. It increased bunkering and pushed up demand for daily labourers to provide an adequate service to the allied navies. This article analyses the changes in labour organization in the port during World War I. Based on archival sources held in the National Archives of Senegal, this study explores the ways in which the colonial administration tried to manage labour shortages on the docks. This research provides evidence of the institutional shifts in the colonial regime, where coercion strategies evolved into compensatory incentives to attract African workers. The vital military and economic roles played by Dakar as the gateway to French West Africa also explains the importance of institutional shift during the construction of colonial economic and political hegemony.

The National Archives of Zimbabwe possesses a collection of film, approximately 320 hours, mainly produced by the Central African Film Unit (CAFU). An international project aims to digitize this pa...

The continued use of social media by governments requires that the resultant records, currently termed liquid communication, be governed for accountability purposes. However, some governments worldwide and many in Africa do not have information governance policies to ensure accountability for social media generated records. Therefore, this study examines the roles and responsibilities for the governance of liquid communication generated through social media use by the Botswana government. The study adopts a qualitative approach to collect data from purposively selected participants. This study reveals that public relations officers administered the Botswana government’s social media pages. Furthermore, the Botswana National Archives and Records Services was not involved in the country’s liquid communication governance. Therefore, the study recommends a cross-functional approach to the governance of liquid communication in Botswana. All stakeholders' roles and responsibilities in government information management should be clearly spelled out and documented, which is currently not the case.

Two rival records management models emerged during the 1990s. Duranti’s model involved moving records out of business applications into a repository which has a structure/schema optimised for recordkeeping. Bearman’s model involved intervening in business applications to ensure that their functionality and structure/schema are optimised for record keeping. In 2013 the US National Archives and Records Administration began asking Federal agencies to schedule important email accounts for permanent preservation. This approach cannot be mapped to either Duranti or Bearman’s model. A third records management model has therefore emerged, a model in which records are managed in place within business applications even where those applications have a sub-optimal structure/schema. This model can also be seen in the records retention features of the Microsoft 365 cloud suite. This paper asks whether there are any circumstances in which the in-place model could be preferable to Duranti and Bearman’s models. It explores the question by examining the evolution of archival theory on the organisation of records. The main perspectives deployed are those of realism and of records continuum theory. The paper characterises the first two decades of this century as an era of partial automation, during which organisations have had a general capability to automate the assignment of business correspondence to a sub-optimal structure/schema (that of their email system and/or other messaging system) but not to an optimal structure/schema. In such an era any insistence on optimising the structure/schema within which correspondence is managed may paradoxically result in a reduction in recordkeeping efficiency and reliability.

The first and still the only film about Andranik Ozanian (1865–1927) was shot during the summer of 1928 in Bulgaria. Who financed and created the movie, why did the director Archavir Chakhatouny (1882–1957) choose Bulgaria for the scenes in the open, why wasn’t the film shown in Soviet Armenia and how did it get to Yerevan – those are part of the questions the paper will try to answer. To that end the author searched for the archival documents in the archives and museums of Armenia and Bulgaria. The richest source is the personal fund of the Armenian emigrant in Paris Arshavir Shakhatuni (1882–1957). After his death, the documents were transferred to the Yeghishe Charents Museum of Literature and Arts in Yerevan. Among them, a special place is occupied by biographical documents, documents about theatrical roles and roles in cinema, which he performed, materials about early cinema and the history of the creation of the film “Andranik”. The National Archives of Armenia keeps the documents which detail the participation of Chakhatouny in the First World War and in the government of the First Armenian Republic (1918–1920) as the commandant and chief of police of Yerevan. The most valuable source is the film “Andranik” which was received by the State Archives of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) in 1972. During the period, the name of Andranik was banned until the end of the 80s of the 20th century. There was censorship and contradicting assessments of Andranik by Armenians and Azerbaijanis (“hero” or “enemy”) were “concealed”. For this reason, the film might have got into Armenia through the Armenian Society for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, founded by the resolution of the Communist Party of the ASSR. The official activity of the Society was related to the cultural events abroad but in fact it was used to gather information about the political emigrants. In the Bulgarian archives one may find the archive “traces” of Chakhatouny’s performances on the Bulgarian theatrical scenes and also his correspondence with the actor Georgi Stamatov (1893–1965), that documents contain the valuable data on the history of the film creation. Thanks to the archives, the film ‘Andranik’ can be seen and the story of its creation and distribution in the past century can be reproduced.

This research deals with studying the record of registering the proces –verbal of religious lawsuits during the period 1268 AH / 1852 AD - 1272 AH /1856 AD, archival and documentary in terms of defining the record and itsimportance, procedures for conducting lawsuits and issuing judgments therein,studying and publishing samples of the documents included in it, along withcreating archival description cards for these forms according to the internationalcodification of the Archival description (TADO).The National Archives House contains many documents and records ofthe Diwans that resulted from the activity of the Diwans and institutions in thenineteenth century, and many of them have not been discovered yet, and theyhave not been used to enrich the historical, documentary and archival studiesMy choice of this topic is due to several reasons, including: The record ofregistering the records of process-verbal of religious lawsuits in the KhediveDiwan or publishing any of its documents was not previously studied, sheddinglight on the juridical competencies of the Khedive Diwan and finally encouragingresearchers to study the documents and records of Diwans in the nineteenthcentury because they include very important archival, documentary and historicalinformation .

Trata-se dos resultados de uma pesquisa que contempla o mapeamento e a análise das características dos livros e livros raros identificados como arquivísticos no acervo da Biblioteca Maria Beatriz Nascimento do Arquivo Nacional do Brasil. Por meio de uma pesquisa documental que analisou as referências de 3.449 obras, observou-se que, nesse universo, os livros estrangeiros e brasileiros possuem ocorrências próximas, com destaque para o Brasil e a França, como os países que mais publicaram, assim como Rio de Janeiro e Paris, como cidades predominantes. Em relação às autorias, quase metade diz respeito à autoria única. O Arquivo Nacional possui a maior quantidade de publicações, seguido pelos Archives Nationales da França. Semelhantemente, o Arquivo Nacional liderou no caso dos editores. Os anos de maior incidência de publicação foram os do final da década de 1990. Observou-se que 54 obras (30,51%) foram traduzidas do idioma de origem para outro idioma. Os dados obtidos demonstram que o Brasil tem se destacado no fortalecimento da literatura arquivística no país, cuja origem principal é o Rio de Janeiro. No âmbito internacional, a França se destaca, contribuindo com as interlocuções arquivísticas entre os dois países. As instituições de arquivo aparecem como protagonistas na literatura da área, tanto na condição de autoria quanto de editoria, o que reitera o seu importante papel na institucionalização da Arquivologia como disciplina no mundo e no Brasil. This article deals with the results of a research that includes the mapping and analysis of the characteristics of books and rare books identified as archival in the collection of the “Maria Beatriz Nascimento” Library of the National Archives of Brazil [Arquivo Nacional]. Through a documentary research that analyzed the references of 3.449 works, it was observed that, in this universe, foreign and Brazilian books have similar occurrences, with emphasis on Brazil and France, as the countries that most published, as well as Rio de Janeiro and Paris, as predominant cities. Regarding authorship, almost half are related to single authorship. The National Archives of Brazil has the largest number of publications, followed by the Archives Nationales de France. Similarly, the National Archives of Brazil led in the case of publishers. The years with the highest incidence of publication were those of the late 1990s. It was observed that 54 works (30.51%) were translated from the source language to another language. The data obtained show that Brazil has stood out in strengthening the archival literature in the country, whose main origin is Rio de Janeiro. At the international level, France stands out as a leader, contributing to the archival interlocutions between the two countries. Archival institutions appear as protagonists in the literature of the area, both as author and editor, which reiterates their important role in the institutionalization of Archivology as a discipline in the world and in Brazil.

The author examines the demonstrations carried out by university students in Istanbul on December 4, 1945 and the raid on the printing operations of the pro-Soviet Tan newspaper, known as the Tan Raid, in light of U.S. State Department documents, namely the related fi les in National Archives Records Administration. The infl uence of the Tan Raid on Turkey’s international relations is discussed in the context of Turkish-American and Turkish-Soviet relations. The Raid is regarded as a signifi cant incident since it coincides with the post WW2 period when Turkey’s relations with the Soviet Union had already deteriorated due to Moscow’s demands to revise the Montreux Convention by 19th of March 1945. Furthermore, Turkish-American diplomatic contacts in the aftermath of the Raid show Washington’s perspective on policy towards Soviet Union, as U.S. offi cials advised a moderate line to their Turkish counterparts. On the other hand, preparations for the Raid seem highly controversial since Turkish government offi cials did not strongly condemn the event and the police did not intervene against the protestors despite of their violent actions towards Tan and some left leaning bookstores. The slogans during the demonstration show its anti-Soviet character, which Ankara denied in order to decrease tensions with the Soviets by arguing that it was Tan ’s owner, the Sertel couple to whom the anger was directed, not the Soviet Union. The intelligence obtained by diplomats at the U.S. Embassy in Ankara, the meetings they conducted with Turkish politicians, their conclusions regarding the process leading up to the raid, and their opinions on Turkish-Soviet relations provide the background for the analysis.

The author analyzes the Armenian self-government of the Nakhichevan-on-Don Armenian colony that had been established in 1779 after Armenians from Crimea were resettled to the Don region. The municipal self-government in Russia of the pre-reform period in general, and in particular the peculiar organization of the administration, police, and court in Nakhichevan-on-Don, have so far barely been studied. The present research is based on archival sources from the National archives of Armenia and on little-known publications in the Armenian language, as well as on Russian legislation of the 19th century. The main feature of the Nakhichevan system of self-government was the unifi cation of all Armenian immigrants from the Crimea - city dwellers as well as residents of fi ve Armenian villages - into one self-governing community. Based on a Charter issued by Catherine II, self-government in Nakhichevan was carried out on an ethnic basis, by Armenian immigrants from the Crimea. However, the Armenian self-government was gradually integrated into the general system of the Russian administration and court system. Several parallel processes can be discerned: 1) since the beginning of the 1850s, the expediency of the formation of a city Duma in Nakhichevan-on-Don was discussed at diff erent levels of government; 2) the magistrate was stripped of police functions in 1865; 3) in 1866 a temporary subsidiary body was established under the mayor: a council of 24 trustees and four assistants of the mayor, to be in action until a city Duma is established; 4) a six-member city Duma comes into being in 1866; 5) the magistrate was abolished in 1866 (its judicial and related functions were removed by May 1869); 6) in 1870 the economic part of the magistrate, which remained after its formal abolition, were transferred to the mayor, and the unique system of Armenian self-government in Nakhichevan ended despite the Nakhichevanis’ request to preserve the “rights and advantages” granted by Catherine II.

The National Archives of Australia has already been busy telling its own story of what happened in the Palace Letters affair. Visitors to an exhibit at its Canberra East Block headquarters will lea...

The purpose of this study was to assess the preservation of and access to archives at the eSwatini National Archives (ENA). The study was based on the interpretive research paradigm, which encompasses a systematic literature review. Data were collected through different documents, such as journal articles, web pages, monographs, strategic plans, annual reports and archival legislation, with the latter providing the ENA with a statutory role to manage and preserve public records in the country. The key findings suggest that the ENA is making a remarkable effort in preserving public records. However, there was also evidence of different records preservation challenges for the ENA, including the absence of legislation and policies relating to the management and preservation of records, an inadequate budgetary allocation to support the archival activities, as well as inadequate archives and records preservation training. The researchers recommend the updating of the legislative and policy framework; regular training for archives staff; and soliciting government support for the ENA.

The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, part of the National Archives and Records Administration, is a vast repository for the records of the Reagan Administration (1981–1989) and records relating to President and Mrs Reagan directly. The close relationship the Reagan Administration fostered with the United Kingdom is reflected in the related holdings. This material, including speeches, memos, video and audio recordings, and artefacts, would be of value to scholars in the field of Anglo-American relations. These myriad types of holdings interrelate to greater illuminate certain topics. With the unique laws that govern federal records in the United States, primarily the Freedom of Information Act, material may be made publically available more readily than at other institutions or in other countries. Archival staff seek to understand areas of greatest interest from researchers while balancing these with sound archival practices and practical concerns. Digitization of records is one tool they are utilizing to increase access to the collection, but it brings about its own set of challenges. The Library is navigating these while searching for best practices, as is the archival profession as a whole.

This paper will focus on the history of Kellie 's Castle, built by William Kellie Smith in Batu Gajah, Perak, between the period 1870 to 1926 and the relationship between Kellie Smith and the Indian plantation labourers. This would indicate that the writing of the history of the state of Perak would not be complete without touching Kellie's Castle in Perak with the first elevator shaft in Malaya with some other peculiarities as 3 tunnels under the castle. Needless to say, Kellie had a clear fascination and deep involvement with Indian culture and that appeared to have been the motivation behind his actions. The Historical studies like these that focus on the Indian community in every state in Malaya is very important because the writings are very limited and would give a clear picture of their social life especially in plantation. This paper used a variety of sources especially National Archives records that have never been used by any previous researchers. The main question of this paper is focused on the history of the most historic buildings and relations between India labour in Malaya during the British era. The whole study shows that, kellies castle not only became important in British times but it also carries a great meaning in the history of Perak and Malaysia. This is because the uniqueness of the construction of the building makes us amazed because it is a combination of construction from various countries. In the meantime, the Indian community plays a big role in build it and without their sacrifice we cannot feel the history of the kellies castle building that exists today in Batu Gajah, Perak.

The national archives of Colombia house a robust number of slave deeds. These documents remind us that Colombia, as a nation, just nine years ago celebrated the bicentenary of its independence from...

In April 2018, I was invited to submit an expression of interest for the position of visiting Cabinet historian to the National Archives of Australia (NAA). I was informed that the Archives had con...

The creation of the Royal Historical Manuscripts Commission formed part of a wider movement of institutional renewal and reform in mid-Victorian Britain, including growing professionalisation of both public administration and the academic study of history, particularly from the 1850s. Two features of the commission’s work continued to influence its development and The National Archives’ engagement with the archives sector today: first, the need to respect the legitimate rights and interests of both individuals and organisations, and second, the relationships by necessity based on collaboration with many partners. This has led to the evolution of a distinctive British mixed economy embracing public and private archives. This article considers the Commission’s evolution from surveying and publishing reports on the contents and locations of private collections to becoming the central advisory body on all issues related to archives and manuscripts not covered by the 1958 Public Records Act. The social and technological changes over this time have had a profound influence on the commission’s professional practices. In addition, the range and rights of stakeholders have evolved, presenting new challenges. Meeting all the demands and possibilities of the commission’s delivery needs to be seen in the context of frequently operating with significant resource constraints.

In the 1930s–40s, the Government of the People’s Republic of Tuva (PRT) followed the Soviet practices of using personal savings and enterprises’ resources to raise funds to accelerate the republic’s economic advance and reinforce its agricultural sector. To take control of these resources, public bonds were issued. This article, making use of materials preserved at the National Archives of the Republic of Tuva, the 1930s–40-s regional newspapers and collections of the Aldan-Maadyr National Museum of Tuva, for the first time ever attempts to present an overall picture of the issuance, placement and circulation of the USSR and TPR public bonds in the territory of Tuva, as well as of how the borrowed funds contributed to the republic’s economy. The first USSR public bonds (1927, 1928, 1929, 1930 issues) were placed among Soviet professionals on an assignment in Tuva, and among residents of the Russian Self-Administering Workers’ Colony (RSWC). Later on, the Government of Tuva widely used public bonds issued by the USSR. After TPR’s accession to the USSR, the Tuvan government bonds issued in 1942 and 1943 were converted into those issued through the 3rd Public War Loan of the USSR. The article analyzes various methods of the bond placement. For instance, there were planned actions with mandatory bond purchase targets, “Socialist competitions” and obligatory subscription to loans through labor collectives. The bonds were also sold to rural population for cash. The authors also examine the involvement and role of the TPR government and party organs, financial sector, the Tuvan Bank of Industry and Trade and the Committee of Russian Citizens in the campaign of bond placement among the population of Tuva.

Using the critical emancipatory paradigm grounded on the power elite theory that addresses issues of oppression and power relations, the paper was able to show, among other issues, how African nationalism created leaders who were against societal plurality, which takes diversity into consideration and celebrates it. Also the critical emancipatory paradigm along the power elite theory made it understandable that those who are oppressed would always find a way of expressing themselves and try to shape the world they want to live in. For example, in addressing the decimation of their self-identity by those in power, the minority groups in Zimbabwe and South Africa are seen forming ‘dissident’ community archives parallel to the so-called mainstream national official archives such as National Archives of Zimbabwe and National Archives and Records Services of South Africa which are presided over by ‘ruling political party government bureaucrats’ pushing the agenda of their elite leaders who are obsessed with ‘only’ preserving their history and ignoring the histories of the minority groups, as the paper revealed. This phenomenon in this paper was considered through national mainstream archives and selected community oral history methodologies. The paper concludes that even in critical emancipation, there is elitism as those in power will always push their own agendas. In decolonising the archives through a collection of oral histories, archival institutions in both countries have further perpetuated the marginalisation of minority groups by covering only stories of elite members of society.

Federal documents held at National Archives locations across the country can be a surprising source of state and local history. This article highlights U.S. Food Administration records in the holdings of the National Archives at Riverside (Perris, California) and the National Archives at San Francisco (San Bruno, California). Established with the passage of the Food and Fuel Control Act of August 10, 1917, the U.S. Food Administration was responsible for ensuring the stable production, distribution, and conservation of food during the war. To this end, the primarily volunteer agency worked with nonfederal groups and organizations to support the war effort and touched many aspects of Californian life. Using these documents, we explore the Food Administration's impact on the state's fishing industry and related immigrant community before moving on to the role of the farmerette and her military-style units in sustaining American food production.

Bu makalede, Hollanda’daki muhtelif arşiv ve kütüphanelerde tutulan Osmanlı tarihi ile ilgili birincil kaynakların tanıtımı yapılarak bunların Osmanlı tarihi çalışmaları açısından taşıdıkları potansiyel tartışılmaktadır. Hollanda’nın Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile gerek ticari ve gerekse diplomatik ilişkilerini yürüten ve koordine eden kurumların zaman içerisinde uğradıkları dönüşüme paralel olarak bu ülkenin Osmanlı tarihine dair kaynakları da hem nitelik hem de nicelik yönüyle değişim göstermektedir. On altıncı yüzyılın sonunda Doğu Akdeniz’de önemli bir ticari aktör olarak ortaya çıkan Hollandalılar 1612 yılında Osmanlı Devletinden ilk ahidnamelerini elde ettikten sonra İstanbul’da elçilik ve çeşitli ticaret merkezlerinde konsolosluklar ihdas etmişlerdir. Osmanlı topraklarında ihdas edilen bu diplomatik ve ticari temsilciliklerin gerek kendi faaliyetlerine ve gerekse Osmanlı İmparatorluğundaki muhtelif gelişmelere dair tuttukları kayıtlar Osmanlı tarihi için önemli kaynaklardır. Lahey’deki Hollanda Milli Arşivlerinde tutulan bu kayıtların ötesinde çeşitli yerel arşivlerde ve kütüphanelerde de Osmanlı tarihine dair kaynaklar mevcuttur. Söz konusu kütüphaneler içerisinde Leiden Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, sahip olduğu “Doğu elyazmaları koleksiyonu” dolayısıyla özel bir öneme sahiptir. Yerel arşivler olarak tanımlanabilecek muhtelif belediye arşivlerinde de gerek noterlik kayıtları ve gerekse Osmanlı pazarıyla ticaret yapan bir takım şirketlerden kalan evrak, özellikle Osmanlı ticari hayatına oldukça farklı bir perspektiften bakma imkânı sunan kaynaklardır.

Extant studies have shown that at the outset of the 21st century, the most immediate danger faced by nations of the world, apart from global climate disruption is fundamentalism. It has shown that this phenomenon has tended to divide the world on the line of religion. In the case of Nigeria, this dividing line is always in the increase and is setting the people against themselves. This is because, this has not only disrupted development but has led to a situation in which some people have become second class citizens in their native country, so much so that they arguably constitute what the Catholic Doctrine refers to as the “Church Suffering”-faithful who are undergoing the purification of purgatory while on earth. This is hinged on the premise that perhaps for the sake of Christ and the Church, they are being prepared for heaven after torturous life on earth. The qualitative method is used for this particular research. Data obtained from primary and secondary sources were deployed to carry out the study with an analytical and narrative historical approach. This includes historical, descriptive, and analytical approaches based on gathered evidence. The primary source for this research is based on field investigations conducted in the area and surrounding territories. Among other things, the data collection process includes semi-structured interviews with individuals. The research also uses historical documents from the national archives, relying on previous research conducted on issues relating to Colonial and Missionary activities in northern Nigeria, Religion, doctrine, and intergroup relations in addition to documentary data taken from newspaper accounts, diaries, letters, and verbal reports. Keywords: Religious Fundamentalism, The Church, Doctrine of Church Suffering

The article examines documents from the personal fond of composer Saaya Manmyrovich Byurbe (1924–2012). Saaya Byurbe is a bright figure of the first generation of the Tuvan composers. His biography covers the most important stages in the history of Tuvan culture – pre-Soviet (PRT), Soviet and post-Soviet. The documents reveal the versatility of S. M. Byurbe’s creative mind.Saaya Byurbe`s personal collection, now held at the National Archives (prior to 07.04.2020 known as the State Archives) of the Republic of Tuva, consists of documents donated by the composer himself and provided by his children - biographical documents, memoirs and creative materials.Among the latter are manuscripts of musical works in different genres (symphonies, choral works, opera "Chechek", and songs), posters from concerts and educational events, an essay on Tuvan musical instruments, the text of Saaya Byurbe's speech at the Congress of Tuva`s composers, a manual titled "Developing musical culture in Tuva", and another one, "Practical assistance in primary national schools". The personal collection also contains essays and literary works in different genres (poems, a ballad, a fairy tale in verse, a fable-cum-fairy tale, short stories, a piece of documentary fiction and a short sketch).A study of S.M. Byurbe’s personal fund has allowed us not only to present and assess his contribution to Tuvan culture in a new light, but also to discover materials of great research value and of interest to researchers of Tuvan folklore, history and tradition.

The article examines the history of collections containing documents of personal origin at the National Archives (prior to 07.04.2020 known as the State Archives) of the Republic of Tuva. The article presents an overview of these collections and a more in-depth analysis of some of them. All in all, there are 63 personal collections at the archives, totaling 4556 archival units.The first sets of documents of personal origin were acquired in mid-1950s, when they started collecting memoirs and memorabilia of those who participated in the revolutionary events of 1917-1921 in Uriankhai Territory, as Tuva was known in early 20th century. Since 1958, work has been getting more and more meaningful and dedicated. The Archive’s fonds have been expanded a number of times, and the public interest in archival storage of documents has been increasing in 1980s and 1990s. Between 2014 and 2018, 18 personal collections were added to the Archives, altogether containing about 800 archival units. Most of these are documents related to politicians, notable figures in Tuvan culture and fine arts, veterans and Tuvan volunteers in the Great Patriotic War (WWII). A special place in the archives belongs to the S.K. Toka collection. S.K. Toka was a renowned political figure and Communist Party functionary in Soviet Tuva. This collection has been classified as ‘highly valued’.Two collections of the documents which belonged to Maksim Monguzhukovich and Kara-Kys Namzatovna Munzuk, a creative couple, have been joined to form a “family archive”. The article presents an overview of the documents in the new collection, totaling 254 archival units. A collection of documents belonging to the famous singer, Nikolai Oskeyevich Olzei-ool, is quite interesting and sadly, remains understudied. The archive also preserves the Mongush Borakhovich Kenin-Lopsan collection. Kenin-Lopsan, a renowned historian, donated some documents to the Archives himself.The total share of personal collections in the National Archives is quite small. In order to expand it and vary the sources of acquisition, an action plan has been developed. It aims to develop a methodology of engaging prominent people of the region who played a crucial role in its development.

The article provides an overview of fonds and documents which contain information on resettlement of the Khakas to Uriankhai Territory (Tuva) in late 19th and early 20th century. The documents are preserved at the National Archives (prior to 07.04.2020 known as the State Archives) of the Republic of Tuva. They can be found in Fonds FR-123 “Head of Russian Settlement in Uriankhai”, FR-112 “Commissioner for the Affairs of Uriankhai Territory”, 870 “Civil Registry Office of the Republic of Tuva”, 357 “Mongush Bayan-oolovich Artas, Minister of the Interior, Tuvan ASSR”The resettlement of the indigenous population of Minusinsk Uezd to the Uriankhai Territory was a consequence of Stolypin’s land reform in 1906-1913. Since their native lands were now a desired target for Russian settlers, Khakases, along with some of the Russian farmers, continued further to Tuva. They settled densely around Russian trade posts along the valleys of the rivers Khemchik and Shagonar, as well as in the south of Tuva. Their main occupations were cattle breeding, grain husbandry, and sometimes trade and breeding Siberian red deer (maral).Archival documents include names, ages, occupations and places of residence of each family member. This allowed us to identify 68 households (327 individuals all in all) as of early 1916. Birth registers contain data on birth rate and names of the newborn.Settling on new lands did not come easily. The archives contain documents of the court which reveal the complex relations between the Khakas and local Russian authorities. However, the similarity of language, culture, lifestyle and housekeeping between Tuvans and the Khakas made adaptation easier for the latter, sometimes even to the level of assimilation. For instance, archival sources revealed the Khakas roots of Mongush Bayan-oolovich Artas, Minister of the Interior of Tuvan Autonomous Oblast (1913-1994).

The article presents an overview of letters individuals living in Tuva wrote to the authorities over a number of issues from 1940 to the 1950s. The documents are preserved at the National Archives (prior to 07.04.2020 known as the State Archives) of the Republic of Tuva. Ethnic Russians living in the republic vigorously exercised their right to appeal to the authorities over a range of urgent issues in their everyday lives. Overall, 33 such appeals and requests have been found and analyzed.Communication between authorities and private individuals are seen as sources of utmost importance by researchers investigating the state of records keeping in institutions of regional power, as well as a whole range of issues dealing with people’s attitudes and everyday lives and their administrative and cultural interactions. Letters, complaints and requests they write to the authorities reveal both the nuances of their individual experience and the public attitudes people express at a certain moment in history.A study of the letters showed that their authors were primarily concerned with the issues of social policy, pensions and benefits. Second most popular were the problems of employment, personnel affairs, relocation allowance, etc. Some of the authors of the letters lived in Kyzyl, while others, in the republic’s rayons or even outside Tuva. Many requests and appeals were addressed to the head organization, with the authors working in one of its affiliated structures. In most cases, the responding officials provided an explanatory answer. The cases when the request was denied mainly concern asking for benefits or housing-related complaints and appeals. In all of the latter situations, USSR and RSFSR legislation was promptly cited.

The article traces the history of managing the massive of documents in Old Mongolian writing preserved at the National Archives (prior to 07.04.2020 known as the State Archives) of the Republic of Tuva. We focus on Mongol fond No. 115, since all other fonds which contain Mongolian documents later split away from this collection. The fond covers documents created over a large span of time: the Qing period (early 18th century to 1912), the short period of the Russian protectorate (1914-1921) and the first decade of the Tuvan People’s Republic (1921-1933). All of the documents are in Old Mongolian language.The history of the fond is part and parcel of the history of the archive itself. Originally, the documents were grouped together by their chronological, thematic and subject matter features. Traditional chronological record keeping was accompanied by having some of the documents translated into Tuvan. In the Soviet years, archival work followed the common USSR guidelines. While the amount of archival material grew, there was an obvious lack of well-trained specialists who both knew Tuvan history and could read Old Mongolian writing. Documents have been moved between fonds. A significant contribution to studying the Mongolian fond was made by Buryat scholar P.B. Baldanzhapov (born 1957).Materials preserved in the fond were actively studied and used in 2011-2014 when the Archives did a joint project with Tuvan Institute for the Humanities and Applied Socioeconomic Studies. 4 volumes of “A collection of archival documents on the history of Tuva” were published between 2011 and 2014.At the moment, Fond 115 is still being improved, with an electronic catalogue to be set up. Other plans include digitizing and restoring the documents.

This article presents a social and philosophical analysis of the rise and development of archives as a social institute and archival work in Tuva. In this process, the key role belongs to the National Archives of the Republic of Tuva (prior to 07.04.2020 known as the State Archives of the Republic of Tuva, SA RT). In 2020, the institution will celebrate its 90th anniversary. Our article sketches out four stages in the prehistory and history of this social institution.The earliest, prehistorical, stage covers the period from mid-18th century to 1921. Tuva was then ruled by the Manchurian house of Qing, and its various institutions had differing policies on preserving documentation. The second stage (1921-1944) saw the introduction of archival practices in the newly-declared republic. Its statehood mandated setting up new institutions, which started accumulating the bulk of records to be kept. The third stage (1944-1990) started with the accession of Tuva in the USSR. Throughout those years, archival work in Tuva became a full-fledged social institute with a set of functions of its own within the general social structure. It was now a part of the Soviet system of archival work and faced the problems thus entailed. The fourth, Post-Soviet, stage began in 1991 when the archival service of the country underwent structural reorganization. Rethinking history became a priority in this period, which endowed archives with new functions and gave them a new meaning.Each of the stages traced in the article had its own characteristic features found in published records and documents from the Archives’ collections. Copies of some of the documents are used as illustrations in our article.

For the first time, the article analyzes the newspaper collections at the National Archives (prior to 07.04.2020 known as the State Archives) of the Republic of Tuva, its composition, features and degree of preservation. Preserved there are 627 sets of newspapers published between 1929 and 2013. All of these are local newspapers or those delivered by subscription from Buryatia and Mongolia. Tuvan newspapers come in three categories – those published under the Tuvan People’s Republic, under the Soviet Union or in contemporary Tuva.The biggest focus in the article is made, naturally, on the first group. Collected in 48 binders, these sets are of greatest value, and include such newspapers as The Red Plowman, Tuvinskaya Pravda, Sьn (Pravda), Tьʙa Arattьꞑ Sьnь (Pravda of the Tuvan Arat), Xostuƣ Arat (“Free Arat”) and other periodicals that were published in the republic from 1924 to 1944. They appeared in Russian, Mongolian and Tuvan and were printed in fonts of different alphabets: Old Mongolian, New Turkic Latinized and Russian. The collection also offers catalogized metadata, including their publishing bodies, language(s) and years of publication. However, some of the issues are missing. The article analyzes the content of these newspapers, focusing on preferred topics, dates and typical cases.There has been a growth in interest in the history of Tuvan newspapers as seen from the number of orders in the archive’s reading room. The article also looks at the statistics of readers’ use of the collection.Unresolved issues include worsening of the newspapers’ physical condition, lower readability, and mechanical damage to the pages. The archives’ employees bind newspapers together in sets to protect them from wear and improve storage conditions. A program to digitize the collection is under development, and the collection itself is being catalogized.

В статье проанализированы практически все документы Национального архива (до 07.04.2020 г. — Государственного архива) Республики Тыва, в которых встречаются упоминания названий муниципальных образований (их насчитано 49 ед.). Это документы управленческой деятельности органов местной власти и управления. Рассматривались происхождение наименований, а также вопросы их дальнейших изменений. Ретроспективный анализ формирования и эволюции муниципальных образований Тувы охватил документы с 1759 г. до 2005 г.В качестве основной единицы муниципальных образований выделены муниципальные районы, в частности, административно-территориальные единицы Тувы, отдельные населенные пункты Тувы, начиная с впервые создававшихся в Туве поселений русских купцов до городов Кызыл, Чадан, Ак-Довурак, Шагонар, Туран.В истории формирования и развития административно-территориального деления Тувы выделены четыре основных этапа: 1) 1759–1921 гг.; 2) 1921–1944 гг.; 3) 1944–1991 гг.; 4) с 1992 г. по настоящее время (2005 годом датирован последний проанализированный нами архивный документ). Документы первого этапа написаны на старомонгольском языке и оформлены по правилам китайского делопроизводства. Остальные документы — на тувинском, русском языках.Трансформация наименований некоторых муниципальных образований в Туве связывалась с административными реформами, государственным строительством, созданием или преобразованием на новый лад политических и социальных институтов. Происходило неоднократное районирование, которое приводило то к укрупнению, то к разукрупнению муниципальных районов, а также появлению новых административных центров. Переименования проводились в соответствие с принятыми на тот период языковыми нормами.

The article is a source study of a number of administrative documents on the history of school construction. The documents are preserved in the collection of the Office of Director of Russian Settlement in the Uriankhai Territory for the years 1907-1921. They illustrate the rise of schools in what came to be the Republic of Tuva – the rise which gave a powerful impetus to the further development of education in the People’s Republic of Tuva. 914 archival units of documentation are comprised into four units of opis’ (1-3 and 5) within Fond 123 at the National Archives (prior to 07.04.2020 known as the State Archives) of the Republic of Tuva.All in all, the documents belong to the category of administrative documentation. They are relatively well-preserved, with the largest part handwritten, and a small section typewritten. In their volume and number of archival units, the opis’ materials are quite variegated: they include presentations, correspondence, newspaper clippings, memos, registers, employee files, plans, reports and cost sheets. The file “On appointing teachers to work at the settlements of the Uriankhai Territory” is of special interest for researchers.Almost every aspect of the Resettlement Agency’s work concerning school construction can be seen in 29 documents from Opis’ 3 and 5, which include meeting proceedings, protocols, presentations, nomination documents, cash advanced reports, etc.Shedding light on a little-known set of unpublished historical sources will allow us to expand the horizon of studies in the history of education in Tuva.