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The article highlights the history and features of parliamentarism development in the Latin America countries. In addition, the need for training on the subject and the effect of increasing students and educators' awareness in this field is examined. This process was lengthy, replete with the examples of various social groups, political trends and parties struggle intensity increase. Since the beginning of the 19th century, there have been almost no favorable conditions for the practical implementation of democratic government in the countries of Latin America, and the institutionalization of the party system has not taken place yet. However, there have been exceptions to the general rule in the history of Latin America. Chile and Argentina were such an example. The success of democratic transformations in the countries of the region depended on various reasons: (a) whether the country had a democratic experience in its past; (b) the conditions for the political and economic development of this country to develop representative institutions in the future; (c) the importance of the parties in the political course development and the adoption of state decisions. The results of democracy and parliamentarism development in the states of Latin America are rather complicated by the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. On the one hand, the last decades of the XX-th century and the beginning of this century was marked by the democratization of political life, reforms, and the replacement of military regimes with civilian governments. Since the beginning of the 60-ies, they started the process of democratization and formation of independent island states in the Caribbean and Central America. Despite the successful development of the economy, culture, education, the presence of a large middle class in Argentina, the military governments overcame civilian ones in the 30-70-ies. Therefore, it is needed to consider this aspect as a part of education system to improve the educators' level.

This article argues that food acts and eating in the nineteenth century children's novel "The Coral Island" (1858) reveal adult socializing intentions in the context of an expanding British Empire. Written during a transitional historical moment, R. M. Ballantyne's "The Coral Island" communicates to middle- and upper-class public school boys messages encoded in food to control their physical appetites and to become leaders of an expanding imperial power. Food acts and feasting fantasies become instrumental in inscribing these messages to the young audience of this novel, which drew inspiration from Daniel Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" (1719), and later influenced other novels like Robert Louis Stevenson's "Treasure Island" (1883) and William Golding's "Lord of the Flies" (1954). Food acts become critical in revealing how the boys achieve a sense of cultural distinction from the natives and also learn to become enterprising leaders of the British Empire.

The Word Blind Centre for Dyslexic Children opened in London in 1963. It was not only the first clinic established in Britain specifically to cater for children diagnosed with dyslexia. It was also intended to provide compelling evidence that a condition called dyslexia actually existed. The results of this work were published in Sandhaya Naidoo's path-breaking study, "Specific Dyslexia," which did exactly what its promoters had hoped it would, drawing on in-depth studies of 196 children to argue that dyslexia was indeed a distinct 'constitutional disorder'. Using the archives produced by Naidoo and other sources, my article offers the first-ever account of this pioneering enterprise, exploring the reasons the Centre was set up, the way it worked, and the consequences of its work. In particular, it focuses on the rationale for Naidoo's report, which only dealt with the experiences of middle-class boys. This choice is highly revealing, illuminating attitudes to reading, to class and gender, and to the competition for authority amongst the professionals who sought to explore all these issues. An intriguing case study in its own right, this also sets the scene for many of the themes that follow in this Special Issue.

In the context of the popular Women's March on Washington and sister marches elsewhere, we analyze the tension between the marches as a valuable political act and a perpetuation of feminism as a space for white, middle-class women. We present short narratives of our own varying experiences with the Women's March--and with white feminists/feminism--as a mechanism for understanding and unpacking the tensions inherent within the present sociopolitical environment. Within the context of this tension, we explore the implications and opportunities for adult education operating with respect to the learning around political activism, inclusive practices for educators and contemporary feminism(s). We conclude with recommendations for action in personal and professional spaces.

The article explores the ways in which concerns of history, in terms of content, concepts and methodology, find space or do not find space within textbooks used for teaching languages. These may be more important as sites of "knowledge" than social science books, because the latter are often regarded as insignificant within the formal schooling system. How are great men (and women) constructed? What are regarded as "suitable" examples of historical achievements? How is change understood and explained? Are there spaces for escaping from a normative, increasingly homogeneous and homogenised understanding of the past dominated by the preoccupations of a visible, majoritarian middle class? These are some of the questions raised.

This article contributes to research on the impact of high stakes accountability on social studies teaching where it is "not" tested by the state, and addresses the question of what is happening in middle and higher performing versus struggling schools (Wills, 2007). The author presents complex findings from a qualitative study in five California classrooms spanning grades four through seven. Different from previous accounts of social studies under high stakes accountability, teachers in these middle and higher performing, middle class settings were generally satisfied with their social studies teaching. Yet observations revealed that in combination with other factors, accountability did influence social studies gatekeeping, or teachers' curricular-instructional decision making, in both direct and indirect ways. Its impact varied according to school performance status and student demographics, combined with other factors. A few teachers embraced the goals of raising test scores and developing skills in literacy, but in the lowest performing school with the most students of color, academic literacy skills training interfered with exploration of history. The author closes with questions raised by the study and recommendations for future research. (Contains 1 table.)

Although research on African American family socialization is increasing, little is known about the beliefs, goals, and strategies of middle-class parents of young children. This study's aim was to address this research gap by examining three key aspects of parental socialization. First, the authors investigated whether and how African American mothers engage in racial socialization. Second, they examined the meanings of educational achievement to these mothers and how these meanings are conveyed through academic socialization. Third, the authors investigated which aspects of interdependence and independence these mothers promote in their children. Twelve mothers of 3- to 6-year-old children were interviewed, and 5 of these mothers participated in a focus group. Three themes were identified: (a) teaching children about African Americans' history and their ancestors' "struggle," (b) promoting educational achievement to overcome barriers of racism, and (c) promoting autonomy while maintaining close family relationships. Implications for educators and family practitioners are discussed. (Contains 3 tables.)

This paper considers how one teacher educator, Dr. Gomez, took up revisionist history and inquiry in her social studies methods classroom. The concepts of figured worlds (Holland et al., 1998) [Holland, D., Lachicotte, W. Jr., Skinner, D., & Cain, C. (1998). "Identity and agency in cultural worlds." Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press], and artifacts and mediation (Holland & Cole, 1995; Vygotsky 1978, 1986) [Holland, D., & Cole, M. (1995). "Anthropology & Education Quarterly," 26(4), 465-490; Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). "Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes." Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). "Thought and language." Boston: The MIT Press] are used to present a case study. The study focuses on the artifacts that made up the figured world of history learning in Dr. Gomez's social studies methods class and the learner identities afforded by this context. The purpose of this study is two-fold: (a) explore how teacher education classes can recruit primarily white, middle class students into a figured world of history learning that is culturally congruent with urban settings, and (b) demonstrate the application of the figured worlds framework to the study of learning in a teacher preparation program.

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the representation of Catalan identity in Ventura Pons's 2007 film Barcelona (un mapa). The discussion breaks down the daring, anti-objectivistic ways in which Pons revisits early Francoism in order to denounce the regime's essentialist rhetoric and counter its lasting imprint on the city of Barcelona. Special emphasis is devoted to the film's complex portrayal of those members of the Catalan bourgeoisie who supported Franco, a portrayal that foregrounds secrecy and the practice of cross-dressing as a fitting sociopolitical metaphor. First, the adoption of an anthropological perspective illuminates the dynamics of the massive religious events that allowed individuals to affect their adhesion to the Francoist state in public. Secondly, a Derridean examination of the act of cultural transmission in the film suggests that Pons invites spectators to experience the violence inherent in Catalan heritage in order to overcome its despotic hold on contemporary politics and culture. The conclusion argues that Barcelona (un mapa) centers often neglected processes of construction and performance of identity and opposes the notion that constructed identities need be "false." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papeles del CEIC is the property of Centro de Estudios sobra la Identidad Colectiva, Facultas de Ciencias Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Eleuthera is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article critiques the History of Sex Education, a publication by SIECUS: Sex Ed for Social Change (SIECUS). This document identifies the foundations of sex education in the United States. It recognizes the white middle class's centering within the historically racist, classist, and fear-based sex education. SIECUS utilizes this publication to explore the organization's history and its impact on the progress of sex education. Still, this history is missing recounts of the intersection of gender, race, and sex, including reproductive justice and notable organizations, works, and people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A generation of South Africa's new black middle class shuttles between the suburbs and the townships. This has become the focus of some South African humorous essayists, among them [...]

Abstract This article focuses on the impact of the policies of the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union--Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) government on Zimbabwe's black middle class. It docs so by exploring [...]

In the history of literature, the best-selling phenomenon is relatively new, it appeared with the modernization of printing, the cheapening of paper, the development of the middle class and the expansion of the reader market in the nineteenth century. In his book, Frédéric Rouvillois concludes that a bestseller is rather a socio-economic phenomenon: it tells us what interests a society at a given time, draws our attention to marketing campaigns orchestrated by publishers and to networks and conjunctures. The bestseller has been influenced, over time, by the advent of cinema and television, and by the existence of the internet. Although there are charts with the most read books and recipes on how to write a bestseller, publishers have not yet been able to answer the question of what determines the success of a book. There is, as Rouvillois believed, a certain mystery surrounding the appearance of a bestseller, and this is because literary success escapes rational explanation, it is technically unrepeatable and unpredictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians accept the death of oral sources, but expect newspaper archives in state institutions to be available for ever. Yet the majority of Indonesian newspaper titles in the National Library are today endangered. These crumbling papers are often the only copy in the world. This article frst reviews the role these archives have played in pathbreaking historical work, both Indonesian and foreign. Provincial newspapers record the chatter of a new, literate middle class that emerged in the middle of the tumultuous twentieth century. Indonesian historiography is transformed by the many surprises scholars experience when reading their lives there. When those sources turn to dust, historical research dies. This will affect not just specialized historians, but social scientists in many felds. The article then maps quantitatively the extent to which these papers are endangered. It fnally urges the social science community as a whole to campaign to save them through comprehensive digitization.

The disruptive figure of the "striped layman" appeared in printed texts and images around the year 1500 in the southern German lands. This essay shows how it came to represent a new kind of reader of vernacular medical publications. Exploring the illustrated books of the Strasbourg surgeon-apothecary Hieronymus Brunschwig, their local context of humanist discourse, and the visual practice of their publisher, Johann Grüninger, I argue that their oft-neglected woodcuts of people in striped clothes constitute powerful visual commentary of Brunschwig's (and others') mission to impart medical agency and expertise to the "common man" at the eve of the Reformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the first exhibition tour of professional boxers in Spain in 1911. The scandal produced by their exhibition caused boxing to be banned in Madrid. After being abandoned in Madrid's streets with no money, the boxers were required by the Barcelona sportsmen as great sports figures before returning to their home countries. Their vicissitudes allow us to understand, first, the conditions in which these international boxing troupes worked as pioneers of professional sports. In addition, it shows the development of the concept of sport in Spanish society, which was similar to that of other Mediterranean nations. The intellectual middle classes promoted sport as a tool for regeneration and democratisation. This progressive view clashed with the elitist and conservative beliefs held by the first sportsmen, arising from the high industrial class of Barcelona. Madrid's economic and political elites also used the supposed violence of boxing to reject any Europeanisation and defend national traditions – specifically bullfighting. Through the study of this specific case, we can observe the interrelationships of social groups within their progressive integration into international sport networks developing at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The first period of agrarian reforms with clear state control over the land (African socialisms) took place between 1945 and 1980, but then a second period started in which [...]

The Nepali-Canadian Living Standards Survey is collaborative research that assesses the economic and social incorporation of newly immigrated Nepalese into Canada. The study is based on survey interviews with sixty-two Nepali households in the Greater Toronto Area, conducted between November 2015 and April 2016. In this paper, we show that those who have immigrated from Nepal since 2012 are still struggling to find work commensurate with their expectations and their overall high human capital. The persistence of single income families, and a lack of female participation in the labour force, appear to be factors in this struggle. Those who have migrated earlier, however, report that they are more firmly anchored, both economically and socially, in the Canadian middle class, even though they continue to lag behind the native-born population. Both groups reported a high degree of investment in their children's education. The study suggests that policy makers find resources for retraining current immigrants who are attempting to secure better employment, including provisions for early childcare. Finally, Nepali-Canadian voluntary organizations are encouraged to pursue these same goals, both with levels of government and with each other. Keywords: Immigrant incorporation, human capital, labour market participation, Nepali-Canadians. Le sondage nepalais sur les niveaux de vie au Canada est une recherche collaborative qui evalue l'incorporation economique et sociale des Nepalais nouvellement immigres au Canada. L'etude est basee sur des entrevues menees entre novembre 2015 et avril 2016 aupres de soixante-deux menages nepalais dans la region de Toronto et ses environs. Nous demontrons dans cet article que, ceux qui ont immigre du Nepal depuis 2012 se deploient encore pour trouver un travail a la hauteur de leurs attentes malgre leur capital humain generalement eleve. La persistance des familles a revenu unique et le manque de participation feminine sur le marche du travail semblent etre un facteur dans ce combat de survie. Cependant, ceux qui ont immigre plus tot affirment qu'ils sont plus solidement integres, tant sur le plan economique que social, dans la classe moyenne canadienne, meme s'ils continuent d'etre a la traine par rapport a la population nee au pays. Les deux groupes ont signale un fort degre d'investissement dans l'education de leurs enfants. L'etude suggere que les decideurs trouvent des ressources pour la reconversion des immigrants actuels qui cherchent a obtenir un meilleur emploi, y compris des dispositions pour la garde des jeunes enfants. Enfin, les organisations benevoles nepalaises et canadiennes sont encouragees a poursuivre ces memes objectifs, a la fois avec les gouvernements et entre eux-memes. Mots-cles : Incorporation d'immigrants, capital humain, participation au marche du travail, Canadiens d'origine nepalaise., INTRODUCTION The question of how new immigrant groups incorporate into Canadian economic and social life is particularly crucial when a nativist mood in domestic politics threatens Canada's multicultural model and [...]

Abstract: At the turn of the 1870s, the daughters of the Congregation of Notre-Dame presented politically-themed theatrical plays within the walls of the convents. Depicting European revolutionaries portrayed as Satan, [...]

Introduction. Sports games are one of the most passionate chapters of sporting activities in the world. Of these, football play is particularly remarkable. Soccer-like games have been practiced since ancient times in various regions of the globe, with about 5,000 years of age. Origins of football can be found in all corners of the earthly world. They were celebrated in 2018, 156 years since a sportive game that for centuries developed by chance, living longer in the shadow of myths and legends, has made its own status, being caught in the rules of a regulation selfstanding and receiving a perfect organization set up by English. Conclusion. Throughout history, all civilizations have had round-ball games, many of which can be considered precursors to today's modern game, a game that was officially born in England in the nineteenth century. Ball games took place for the first time in Egypt before 1800 BC However there are voices claiming that such games were recorded even earlier in ancient China, probably earlier than 2500 BC. Today's soccer tactic, scientifically directed football differs radically from what has been practiced in the past. Using new methods has made today's game the expression of a pronounced physical commitment, speed, skill, strength and resilience being indispensable qualities for current players. The current soccer player is a complex athlete who, during training, sums up high indexes of all sports training factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Secuencia: Revista de Historia y Ciencias Sociales is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones - Dr. Jose M. Luis Mora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay reviews Deirdre McCloskey’s trilogy in political economy: Bourgeois Virtues, Bourgeois Dignity, and Bourgeois Equality. In this trilogy McCloskey seeks to reestablish the ethical, historical, and political legitimacy of modern capitalism. Success of the project is offset by misapprehension of normativity and thus of how human economy is ethical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses a lost housing alternative at the dawn of post-New Deal, homeownercentered America. At the end of the 1940s, the State of New Jersey attempted to launch a state public housing program for lower-middle-income families who had been left out of both the private market for prospective homeowners and the existing public housing projects. The program, however, was incompatible with business-backed plans to create a mass homeownership society. Galvanized by anti-tax sentiment among current and prospective homeowners, voters rejected a state housing bond referendum necessary to the program. An additional factor was white residents' politics of exclusion that produced anti-public housing hysteria. Finally, plan proponents' lack of consensus about financial resources and grass-roots activities failed to sway public opinion and resulted in low voter turnout in central places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From February to April 2018 Thailand was captivated by a historicalromantic soap opera screened on Channel 3 television, Bupphesanniwat. The series is set in the late seventeenth century at a time of Siam's heightened commercial and political engagement with Western countries and with Westerners, especially the French. The series culminates with the 1688 "revolution", when the pro-French faction led by King Narai was overthrown by forces loyal to Phra Phetracha, who proceeded to usurp the throne and establish a new dynasty at Ayutthaya. What are the reasons for -- and possible implications of -- the wild popularity of the series? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the earliest decades of the settlement of Melbourne, people’s backgrounds and origins were hazy and unknown, allowing a golden opportunity to reinvent and reprise not just individual wealth and success but also, consequently, the nature of society. At the same time, Melbourne was emerging as a truly global colonial city. Within this context, John Thomas Smith was making a rapid progression from son of a convict shoemaker to middle-class mayor of Melbourne. Such dramatic social mobility was a uniquely colonial phenomenon and material culture had a vital role to play in the renegotiation of Melbourne’s middle class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians have maintained that popular music had an influence upon individuals and in turn society. Yet the historiography of popular music has focused far more on bands and wider social reactions to the music than on understanding how and why fans consumed music. This article demonstrates how a more fan-centric approach can allow for more subtle understandings of the influence and role of popular music in the twentieth century. During the 1970s, progressive rock was an important part of life for many young music fans. It provided them with escape, entertainment and a sense of individualism, community and intellectual reward, much of which centred upon the idea that the genre was different, uncommercial and difficult to access and understand. Progressive rock also encouraged some debate around issues of class amongst the young and helped cement the importance of individualism in middle-class and educated circles. However, many of the values articulated in progressive rock, not least the discontent with contemporary society and the emphasis on intellectual values, were also shared by many within the broader social framework that fans wanted to rebel against. Moreover, other musical subgenres liked to imagine themselves as similarly ‘different’ and thus progressive rock shows that the real significance of popular music for historians is not the music itself but rather how it was consumed and thought about by the fans themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]