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Die Reflexion über das Erzieherische an der Technik (Anfang/Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts) wandelte sich zu der heute verstärkten Thematisierung des Duals von Bildung und Digitalisierung. Der Beitrag versucht die These zu plausibilisieren, der zufolge mit dieser Transformation der Befund zu heben ist, dass das Erzieherische an der Digitalisierung mit dem Begriff der Bildung verdeckt wird. Die ahistorische Situierung des positiven Redens über Digitalisierung und Bildung wird in Bezug auf ihre dezidiert ideologische Form hin untersucht. Zur Frage steht, inwiefern die erziehende Technik der bildenden Digitalisierung mit dem Blick auf die Geschichte als ideologisch zu bezeichnen ist. (DIPF/Orig.)

Bad Heilbrunn : Verlag Julius Klinkhardt 2023, 262 S., Der Sammelband ist durch die Frage geleitet, ob die digitale Sphäre eine Materialität vorweist. Antworten werden im Horizont des erziehungswissenschaftlichen Grundbegriffs der Bildung ausgelotet. Ausgehend von unterschiedlichen theoretischen Zugängen umfasst der Band sowohl medienpädagogische und mediendidaktische Bezüge als auch Beiträge aus der Pädagogik der Kindheit, der historischen Pädagogik, der ästhetischen Bildung, der Inklusionspädagogik, der erziehungswissenschaftlichen Geschlechterforschung, der Schulpädagogik, der Erwachsenen- und Weiterbildung sowie der empirischen und theoretischen Bildungsforschung. Auf diese Weise werden vielfältige Begriffsbestimmungen von Bildung vorgeschlagen und kontextualisiert, die das Zusammenspiel von Materialität und Digitalisierung als Reflexionsraum ihres Denkens anerkennen. (DIPF/Orig.)

Uppsatsen diskuterar fem historielärares erfarenhet av att arbeta med skönlitteratur ihistorieundervisningen samt deras syn på dess användbarhet och roll i historieämnet.Studien har använt en kvalitativ metod och det empiriska materialet har bestått av femintervjuer med fem olika historielärare. Materialet har transkriberats och genomgått bådesortering samt reducering med hjälp av kodning där erfarenheter av att använda skönlitteratur ihistorieundervisningen på gymnasiet, hur skönlitteratur använts samt vilka möjligheter ochsvårigheter som finns med att arbeta med skönlitteratur i historieundervisningen var det somsöktes. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning samt tre begrepp, historisksignifikans, historiskt perspektiv samt evidens, från Seixas och Mortons teori kring historiskttänkande.Resultatet visar hur de fem lärarna arbetat med skönlitteratur i historieundervisningen ochde många fördelar som finns med skönlitteratur i historieundervisningen. Framför alltskönlitteraturens möjligheter att skapa ett intresse för ämnet hos eleverna, möjligheter att arbetamed källkritik och historiebruk samt för att hjälpa elever att utveckla sitt historiskaperspektivtagande sågs som positivt. Den stora svårighet som nämndes var den tidsbrist somfinns i historieämnet på gymnasienivå vilket har lett till att skönlitteraturen inte används i denutsträckning som hade önskats av lärarna. This paper discusses five history teachers experience working with fiction in history teachingas well as their views on its usefulness and role in the subject of history.The study has used a qualitative method and the empirical material has consisted of fiveinterviews with five different history teachers. The material has been transcribed and then beensorted and reduced with the help of coding, where experiences of using fiction in historyteaching at upper secondary school, how fiction has been used and what opportunities anddifficulties there are in working with fiction in history teaching were what was sought. Theresult was analyzed using previous research and three concepts, historical significance,historical perspective, and evidence, from Seixas and Morton’s theory of historical thinking.The result shows how the five teachers worked with fiction in history teaching and themany advantages of using fiction in history teaching. Above all, fiction’s opportunities to createan interest in the subject among the students, opportunities to work with source criticism andthe use of history and to help the students develop their historical perspective-taking were seenas positive. The major difficulty that was mentioned was the lack of time in the history subjectat upper secondary school level, which led to fiction not being used to the extent that mighthave been desired by the teachers.

Science is full of overlooked and undervalued research waiting to be rediscovered. Proteomics is no exception. In this perspective, we follow the ripples from a 1960 study of Zuckerkandl, Jones, and Pauling comparing tryptic peptides across animal species. This pioneering work directly led to the molecular clock hypothesis and the ensuing explosion in molecular phylogenetics. In the decades following, proteins continued to provide essential clues on evolutionary history. While technology has continued to improve, contemporary proteomics has strayed from this larger biological context, rarely comparing species or asking how protein structure, function, and interactions have evolved. Here we recombine proteomics with molecular phylogenetics, highlighting the value of framing proteomic results in a larger biological context and how almost forgotten research, though technologically surpassed, can still generate new ideas and illuminate our work from a different perspective. Though it is infeasible to read all research published on a large topic, looking up older papers can be surprisingly rewarding when rediscovering a "gem" at the end of a long citation chain, aided by digital collections and perpetually helpful librarians. Proper literature study reduces unnecessary repetition and allows research to be more insightful and impactful by truly standing on the shoulders of giants. All data was uploaded to MassIVE (https://massive.ucsd.edu/) as dataset MSV000087993.

Under 2000-talet har det producerats och spridits mängder av betydande forskning som publicerats via databaser. En betydelsefull länk i kunskapsspridningen utgörs av akademin som i dag står för den största andelen av vetenskapliga publikationer. I denna historiografiskt inriktade undersökning kartläggs och undersöks en del av svensk historieforskning och historieskrivning som ägt rum under 2000-talet. Den vetenskapliga disciplin som undersöks inom det humanistiska fältet är historievetenskapen, avgränsat till de resultat av forskning som studenter gjort runtom på de svenska universiteten och högskolorna, i ämnet historia. Källmaterialet består av studentuppsatser som publicerats i databasen Digitala vetenskapliga arkivet, DiVA vilket i dag ses som det nationellt mest använda systemet för publikationsdata, med över 400 tusen publicerade fulltexter varav antal nedladdade uppgår över 53 miljoner gånger. Genom empiriska och teoretiska studier och bruket av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder analyseras metadata, för att ge svar och resultat över frågan om vad studenter i det svenska utbildningssystemet, på universitet och högskolor skriver historia om under 2000-talet. För att få fram svar fungerade bibliometri som kunskapsområde och frågan om vilka nyckelord som dominerar och var de mest frekvent använda i taggningen (definitionerna) av forskningsresultaten ställdes. Delfrågan om hur bruket av nyckelord ser ut över tid användes för att få fram och se trend över resultat. Teoretiskt ramverk i undersökningen och läsning av de kvantitativa resultaten utgick från Kuhns teori om paradigm. Resultat visar att Genus, Historiebruk, Arkeologi, Historiemedvetande, Historiedidaktik, Identitet, Osteologi, Andra världskriget, Diskursanalys, Kalla kriget, Samer, Laborativ arkeologi och Utbildningshistoria utgör några ledande sakområden som studenterna skrivit historia om under 2000-talet. Resultat visar också att det nationella paradigmet är ledande för studenternas historieforskning, även om USA, Sovjetunionen, Jugoslavien, Japan, Finland, Sápmi och Israel förekommer frekvent. Avslutningsvis visade föreliggande undersökning att metadata kan användas som resurs i historieforskning samtidigt som det historiska perspektivet vidgas. During the 2000s, numerous significant researches have been produced and disseminated through databases. An important link in the dissemination of knowledge consists of the academy, which today accounts for the largest proportion of scientific publications. In this historiographically oriented study, a part of Swedish history research and history writing that took place during the 2000s is mapped and examined. The scientific discipline that is investigated in the humanities field is the science of history, limited to the results of research that students have done around the Swedish universities and colleges, in the subject of history. The source material consists of student essays published in the database Digital Scientific Archive, DiVA, which today is seen as the nationally most used system for publication data, with over 400 thousand published full texts, of which the number downloaded is over 53 million times. Through empirical and theoretical studies and the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods, metadata is analyzed, to provide answers and results on the question of what students in the Swedish education system, at universities and colleges write history about during the 2000s. To obtain answers, bibliometrics functioned as an area of ​​knowledge and the question of which keywords dominated and were the most frequently used in the tagging (definitions) of the research results was asked. The sub-question about how the use of keywords looks over time was used to bring out and see the trend over results. Theoretical framework in the study and reading of the quantitative results was based on Kuhn's theory of paradigm. Results indicate that Gender, History Use, Archeology, History Consciousness, History Didactics, Identity, Osteology, World War II, Discourse Analysis, the Cold War, Sami, Laboratory Archeology and Educational History are some leading subject areas that students wrote history about during the 2000s. Results also point out that the national paradigm is leading for students' history research, although the United States, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Japan, Finland, Sápmi and Israel occur frequently. In conclusion, the present study showed that metadata can be used as a resource in history research while broadening the historical perspective.

How has the question of Swedish neutrality been taught in the Swedish school during the 1950s, 1960s and 2000s? Neutrality is changeable and can be linked to shifts in history culture, conscious and contemporary perceptions during time. The material has been interpreted through the hermeneutics guidelines, which means that I have made the interpretation. At the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, the Swedish government declared the country neutral. Sweden was represented during the war by a collective government led by Per Albin Hansson and declared the country as "non-warring". The consequence of this was that Sweden was not drawn into any armed conflict. In our school books, the knowledge is conveyed that Sweden was not included in the Second World War. Between historians and within history science, it is continuously debated to what extent the Swedish government maintained and protected the neutrality. The essay will analyze and study material in which Sweden’s neutrality is portrayed and in what way the transit agreement is reported in the textbooks and how it differs. Differences in history consciousness will be investigated with the help of current research. Compared to previous research, this study provides a more complex understanding of neutrality changes in school textbooks. The analysis has concluded that the historiography appears different over time and that the ethical aspect is becoming increasingly apparent.

This article argues that contemporary antislavery activism in the United States is programmatically undermined and ethically compromised unless it is firmly grounded in a deep understanding of the African American past. Far too frequently those who claim to be “the new abolitionists” evince no interest in what the original abolitionist movement might have to teach them and seem entirely detached from a U.S. history in which the mass, systematic enslavement of African Americans and its consequences are dominating themes. As a result contemporary antislavery activism too often marginalizes the struggle for racial justice in the United States and even indulges in racist ideology. In an effort to overcome these problems, this article seeks to demonstrate in specific detail how knowledge of the African American past can empower opposition to slavery as we encounter it today.

Our text does not intend to develop a history of French banks' Europeanisation, but instead to scrutinise the mentalities of French bankers, in order to determine whether they were confined to relationships with French business or embedded within networks of personal relations with their European colleagues. Did some French bankers follow a career more oriented\ towards international activities and were they involved in international travels? Were some bankers committed to designing European strategies and thereafter to implement them through a direct presence in those foreign countries? Did some bankers emerge as key managers of Europeanised strategies and what was their influence within their banking firms? Of course, answers will be relevant to the chronological stages, to assess, for example, whether the decline of the Haute Banque houses was unfavourable to Europeanisation, to analyse how the new joint stock banks adopted a Europeanised business model, and whether deposits banks and investment banks (banques d'affaires) reacted differently in response to Europeanised strategies and a new way of life.

Under the influence of popular history, recent historiography on the Ottomans has focused mainly on such subjects as the influence of women on politics and indirectly on issues of the harem. However, such a focus indicates limited information and an insufficient number of studies on the sons-in-law in the dynasty of the late Ottoman state. The purpose of this article is to develop a theoretical framework concerning sons-in-law in the dynasty of the late Ottoman state period by collating the related but limited references in the historical sources. In this context, such issues as the policy of marriage in the Ottoman dynasty, the status of the dynasty sons-in-law, and the privileges they had are studied in terms of the late period of the Ottomans. Thus, the study's major purpose is to discuss the late Ottoman history in the light of such an important but ignored subject. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.

Kanhaiyalal Munshi was a pre-eminent Gujarati author, freedom fighter and politician. A member of the Indian National Congress and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, he is credited with having developed and popularized the concept of Gujarat ni asmita, or Gujarati self-consciousness. This paper focusses on a trilogy of Munshi's historical fiction namely Patan Ni Prabhuta (The Glory of Patan) (1916), Gujarat No Nath (The Master of Gujarat) (1917–1918) and Rajadhiraj (The King of Kings) (1922). This paper offers a close reading of these texts, to argue that the trilogy offers the possibility of opening up notions of Gujarati identity, and of showing its constructed nature. Munshi's engagement with the ideas of politics, heroism and nation-building reflects the concerns of a movement that is trying to understand both itself and the nation that it is in the process of imagining. Highlighting the subversion of the texts is an attempt to stretch the boundaries of Gujarati identity, and think differently about the meaning of being Gujarati.

The influence of Christianity on the South African society It was not the intention of the first Christians to change the world, but their behaviour soon influenced society. The Euro- pean settlers who came to South Africa brought calvinist Christianity to the region. For the next 340 years, Christianity was a very influential force in the South African society, usually taken for granted by Christians and not allowed to be ques- tioned, challenged or opposed by non-Christians. Today the society bears both the scars and medals of the Christian era in South African history although South Africa was never officially a Christian country. After 1994, South Africa became a neutral state, with religious freedom, and the privileged position of Christianity began to fade rapidly. More than ten years later, however, the influence that Christianity had on the country and its people is still visible. This article is an introductory investi- gation into the influence of Christianity on the South African society from an historical perspective.

Ethnicity, Development and the ‘Good Life’: Critical Reflections within a Historical Perspective The objective of this article is to reflect on the binomial ethnicity-development within a historical perspective and from the vantage point of the Andean world. It seeks to visualize the ambivalences and contradictions around which the discourses on development have circulated, including those of conventional applications regarding Buen Vivir or Sumak Kawsay . The text also addresses four remarkable aspects of this process: a) the period in which cultural difference or ‘otherness’ was conceptualized as an obstacle to so-called ‘modernization’; b) the establishment, under neoliberalism, of discernible standards regarding the perceived potentialities of ethnicity in view of generating processes of endogenous or internal development; c) the difficulty of being able to precisely define what is referred to as Buen Vivir or Good Life, depending upon the viewpoint taken from positions of the government or of the opposition; and d) to what extent does Sumak Kawsay constitute (or does not constitute) a form of alternative paradigm that could potentially lead to a scenario of empowerment for subaltern groups in whose name they are said to be acting. Resumen: El proposito del articulo es reflexionar sobre el binomio etnicidad-desarrollo en perspectiva historica y desde la atalaya del mundo andino. Pretende visibilizar las ambivalencias y contradicciones por las que han circulado los discursos sobre el desarrollo, tanto los de corte convencional como los del Buen Vivir o Sumak Kawsay . El texto aborda cuatro aspectos remarcables de ese proceso: a) el tiempo en el que la alteridad cultural fue conceptualizada como un obstaculo a la llamada ‘modernizacion’; b) el establecimiento, bajo el neoliberalismo, de lineamientos sensibles a las potencialidades percibidas en la etnicidad de cara a generar procesos de desarrollo endogenos; c) la dificultad de definir con precision a que se refiere el Buen Vivir segun se ubique el punto de mira desde posiciones de gobierno o de oposicion; y d) en que medida el del Sumak Kawsay constituye o no una suerte de paradigma alternativo potencialmente conducente a un escenario empoderativo de los grupos subalternos en nombre de quienes se dice actuar.

The aim of this study is searching and forming about the innovative solutions in preservation of the culture heritage and historical sites. The restoration of damaged heritage represents a fundamental theme in the architectural debate to provide answers at an international level. The history of civilisation reveals that the great cities of the past were destroyed by war. These destructive forces threaten the structural heritage of our great cities, putting the entire political and religious system in jeopardy. The research concentrates on the case study of Quang Tri Citadel where the culture and history experienced two wars, the French and the American one. The methodology of this study is based on the field survey, oral history, and social participation. Therefore it is appropriate to include a historical perspective in the project, assuming it unfolds on three levels within the defensive belt represents a constant and integral element of the scheme: the technical recovery of the walls, the functional transformation of the existing foundation in order to improve sociological topics, the level of architectural studies and proposals. The result of this research illustrates a new approach of the scientific debate to the cultural and historical values of the sites. DICEA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Brecce Bianche st. 60131 Ancona IT, Doctoral School on Engineering Sciences, DICEA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, sdfdf.

What does "historical distance" mean? Starting with Johan Huizinga, the famous Dutch historian who refused to lecture on contemporary history, this introductory article argues that "historical distance" is a metaphor used in a variety of intellectual contexts. Accordingly, the metaphor has ontological, epistemological, moral, aesthetic, as well as methodological connotations. This implies that historical distance cannot be reduced to a single "problem" or "concept." At the same time, this wide variety of meanings associated with distance helps explain why an easily recognizable tradition of scholarly reflection on historical distance does not exist. In a broad survey of nineteenth-and twentieth-century historical theory, this article nonetheless attempts to show that distance has been a major, if seldom explicitly articulated, theme in European and American philosophy of history. In doing so, it pays special attention to those few authors who in recent years have taken up the metaphor for critical study. Finally, the paper summarizes some of the main arguments put forward in the articles comprising this issue on historical distance.

Erziehungswissenschaftliche Revue (EWR) 7 (2008) 4, Rezension von: Sieglind Ellger-Rüttgardt: Geschichte der Sonderpädagogik. München: Reinhardt / UTB 2008 (381 S.; ISBN 978-3-8252-8362-9; 29,90 EUR).

History of cardiac pacing in India dates back to late 1960s. Kar1 reported that cardiac pacing was introduced in India in 1966. Basu2 while discussing on cardiac pacemaking in Calcutta, mentions that the first pacing was performed in April 1967 at the Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R). Bhatia et al3 started pacemaker implantation at AIIMS, New Delhi in 1968. Their first patient was a doctor from Assam and the pulse generator was supplied by Medtronic Inc. The pulse generator was powered by a mercury-iodide battery which lasted for about 2 ½ years, after which the patient underwent pulse generator replacement. Unfortunately he succumbed to miliary tuberculosis about a year after that. Currently around 8000 pacemakers are being implanted annually in India, in various centers around the country. G.B. Pant Hospital New Delhi has been the pioneering center in the field of Invasive Cardiac Electrophysiology in the country. Bhatia M.L et al9 and Khalilullah M et al 10,11,12,13 were the pioneers in His bundle electrography in the country. Prof. K.K. Sethi was the first to perform catheter ablation in the country. Direct Current ablation was started in 1988 followed by Radio Frequency (RF) ablation later on. The number of centres having electrophysiology setup in the country has increased from about 10 in 1997 to around 30 in 2001 (Fig 4). The number of RF ablations being performed in the country has gone up from 800 to 2000 during the same period. Newer insights in the field of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease have been obtained by electrophysiological studies from the country. Atrial disease due to rheumatic carditis is an important parameter, in addition to valvular involvement in the genesis of atrial fibrillation. Multiple substrates for atrial fibrillation are present in these cases, namely: stretch, fibrosis, raised pressures, increased atrial size and increased anisotropy. Atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease is generally of long duration and affects a younger population. Control of Rate versus Rhythm in Rheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Trial -CRRAFT conducted at Mumbai has documented the effectiveness of amiodarone in the treatment of rheumatic atrial fibrillation. Surgical RF pulmonary vein isolation using Thermaline Multi-Electrode Catheter [EP Technologies] has been done in 27 patients with rheumatic atrial fibrillation of more than one year duration. Lesions were as follows: bilateral pulmonary vein isolation, isolation of the left atrial appendage and connection lesion between left atrial appendage and pulmonary veins.Prof. K.K. Talwar, AIIMS, New Delhi and Dr. T.S. Kler, Escorts Heart Institute & Research Centre, New Delhi were the first to implant Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICD) in India. Current annual ICD implantation rates stand at 60 per year.

Until about 50 years ago, the altering of a normal drug effect by a genetic deficiency was only rarely observed. Here, my discovery of the genetic variant of butyrylcholinesterase affecting succinylcholine action is described in some detail. Such discoveries led to the combination of the two older sciences, genetics and pharmacology, thereby forming pharmacogenetics. After the discovery of similar examples in the years that followed, pharmacogenetics expanded on the basis of two discoveries. First, the common occurrence of interethnic differences in drug response and, secondly, the fact that most pharmacological differences were multigenic. New methodologies brought a transition to pharmacogenomics; this included detection of clinically important genetic variants and has uncovered potentially new drug targets. The arrival of personalised medicine -- where a patient's genes determine the choice of drug to be administered -- can be hoped to gradually improve drug safety and efficacy. Efforts to reach this level of perfection are, however, dogged by uncertainties.

The Electricity and the Heart website1 is intended to facilitate the collection, cataloging and presentation of historical information about technical and scientific advances in cardiac devices. Over the course of the past century as the fields of cardiac pacing and electrophysiology have evolved, the technological devices used by physicians and researchers has been a fascinating and rapidly changing portion of the history of the fields. NASPE's Oral History Project houses hundreds of devices collected over the years that illustrate the evolution from crude and simple machines to the sophisticated and advanced technological wonders that are used in the field today. The photos and descriptions of many of these devices show just how far we have come in the advancement of treatment and patient care.

This paper examines the history and development of Machine Translation (MT) applications for the Arabic language in the context of the history and machine translation in general. It starts with a discussion of the beginnings of MT in the US and then, depending on the work of MT historians, surveys the decline of the work on MT and drying up of funding; then the revival with globalization, development of information technology and the rising needs for breaking the language barriers in the world; and last on the dramatic developments that came with the advances in computer technology. The paper also examined some of the major approaches for MT within a historical perspective. The case of Arabic is treated along the same lines focusing on the work that was done on Arabic by Western research institutes and Western profit motivated companies. Special attention is given to the work of the one Arab company, Sakr of Al-Alamiyya Group, which was established in 1982 and has seriously since then worked on developing software applications for Arabic under the umbrella of natural language processing for the Arabic language. Major available software applications for Arabic/English Arabic MT as well as MT related software were surveyed within a historical framework., Cet article examine l’histoire et l’évolution des applications de la traduction automatique (TA) en langue arabe, dans le contexte de l’histoire de la TA en général. Il commence par décrire les débuts de la TA aux États-Unis et son déclin dû à l’épuisement du financement ; ensuite, son renouveau suscité par la mondialisation, le développement des technologies de l’information et les besoins croissants de lever les barrières linguistiques. Finalement, il aborde les progrès vertigineux réalisés grâce à l’informatique. L’article étudie aussi les principales approches de la TA dans une perspective historique. Le cas de l’arabe est traité dans cette perspective, compte tenu des travaux effectués par les instituts de recherche occidentaux et quelques sociétés privées occidentales. Un accent particulier est mis sur les recherches de la société arabe Sakr, fondée dès 1982, qui a mis au point plusieurs logiciels de traitement de langues naturelles pour l’arabe. Ces divers logiciels de TA arabe-anglais-arabe ainsi que des applications associées sont présentés dans un cadre historique.